Maya Hunter

References
Allison, D. (2016). Black women's portrayals on reality television : the new Sapphire. Lanham:
Lexington Books.
(Allison, 2016)
This source is a recent book that analyzes current television portrayals of black women. This
source will be used to show the current negative stereotypes of black women that are perpetuated
by the media and the lack of positive black female characters. The strengths of this source lie in
that it is an entire book about how the new stereotypes of black women are recycled versions of
previous ones. A weakness is that since the author is a black woman, there could potentially be
bias. Donnetrice Allison is a very credible author, she holds a PhD in Africana Studies, and has
both taught and written extensively about the portrayal of African Americans on television.

Durham, M. G. (December 01, 2015). Quvenzhane and the Comedians: Black Girlhood and
Sexuality at the Edge of Mediated Humor. Communication, Culture & Critique, 8, 4, 5
05-521.
(Durham, 2015)
This source is an article that analyzes the medias lack of empathy for black girls, specifically
with Quvenzhane Wallis. This source will be used to depict the overlooking of black females
beginning in their childhood, as well as the lack of innocence associated with black girls. The
weakness of this source is that it only talks about comedians in the media, and not all of
television, like our topic focuses on. The strength lies in that the source develops the idea of
black girls being frowned upon from an early age. In regard to the author, Durham is very
credible. She has written numerous novels on the subject of the hypersexualization of young
girls.

French, B. (2013). More than Jezebels and Freaks: Exploring How Black Girls Navigate Sexual
Coercion and Sexual Scripts. Journal Of African American Studies, 17(1), 35-50. D
oi:10.1007/s12111-012-9218-1
(French, 2013)
This source is an online article that depicts black girls responses to the sexualization that is
associated with them from a young age. This source will be used to argue that not all black girls
fit the overly sexual stereotypes that are associated with them. The strength of this article comes
from that it has interviews with black girls, so it gives a firsthand account of black girls facing
negative stereotypes.This source was published in the Journal of African American Studies,
which is a very credible source for learning about the struggles of African Americans.
Hall, J. C. (2017). No Longer Invisible: Understanding the Psychosocial Impact of Skin Color
Stratification in the Lives of African American Women. Health & Social Work, 42(2),
71-78. doi:10.1093/hsw/hlx001
(Hall, 2017)
This is an online journal article, which analyzes the effects of colorism on black women.
Colorism is also known as the stratification of skin color, which includes the debate of light
skinned versus dark skinned girls. This source will be used to show the division within the
community of black women based solely upon skin color and to emphasize the lasting impacts of
this division. The source is peer-reviewed, so it has been looked over multiple times by experts
on the topic; this adds to the strength of the argument that the article makes. Also, the source is
strong because it uses real statistics to make its point. In regard to the author, Hall is a reliable
author, as she holds a PhD in Africana Studies and has written numerous works on diversity in
society.

Hill, M. A. (2016). Do black women still come first? Examining Essence magazine post Time
Warner. Critical Studies In Media Communication, 33(4), 366-380. D
oi:10.1080/15295036.2016.1225968
(Hill, 2016)
This source is an online article which analyzes the magazine, Essence. Essences primary
audience is African American women, and the article unfolds the modern history of the
company, now that only fifty one percent of the owners are African American. This source will
be used to develop the argument that black women are constantly overlooked because even a
magazine that was intended for black women no longer puts them first. The sources strength is
drawn from its analysis of the target audience for Essence after they were bought by Time
Warner. Some weakness comes in to the article because the author uses some opinion. The
journal, Critical Studies in Media Communication is credible because they regularly analyze the
intentions of the media.

Kamalipour, Y. R., & Carilli, T. (1998). Cultural diversity and the U.S. media. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
(Kamalipour & Carilli, 1998)
This source is a book that goes into depth about diversity in the United States and its reflection
within the media. This source will be used to enhance the argument about negative media
portrayals of black women. The weakness of this novel is mainly drawn from the fact that it was
written in 1998, so the cultural diversity then, is not the same as it is currently. However, the
novel discusses the lack of representation of minorities, which is still problematic in todays
society, which gives it more strength. Kamalipour and Carilli are very credible authors on this
subject as they have written many articles about diversity within the United States.

Raley, R. K., Sweeney, M. M., & Wondra, D. (2015). The Growing Racial and Ethnic Divide in
U.S. Marriage Patterns. Future Of Children, 25(2), 89-109.
(Raley et al., 2015)
This source is an online journal article which shows the differences in marriage patterns among
blacks and other races. This source will be used to display the wide gap in the number of black
women married versus white women in society. This is a strong source because it gives statistical
evidence of the difference in marriage statistics among different races, which eliminates some
bias as many cultures are being represented.This will support the claim that black women are
being neglected even by their own community, as well as the rest of society. Future of Children
is a respected journal within the field of social psychology.

Thomas, A., Hacker, J., & Hoxha, D. (2011). Gendered Racial Identity of Black Young Women.
Sex Roles, 64(7-8), 530-542. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9939-y
(Thomas et al., 2011)
This source is an online journal article which develops the connection between being black and
being female. The article follows a study of seventeen black girls and describes their
discouragement based on neglect by the community. The strength of this source comes from the
fact that it uses interviews with young black women, so their firsthand, personal experiences are
within the journal rather than another persons interpretations of them. This source will be used
to describe the pressure put on black females by unrealistic beauty standards, as well as negative
stereotypes perpetuated by the media. Hacker and Hoxa are very credible authors because they
are very knowledgeable about the topic of African American portrayal within the media.

Walton, D. (2013, October 7). Essence's Images Study:Bonus Insights. New York.
(Walton, 2013)
This source is a magazine article which depicts the results of a study that they conducted
regarding the images of black women in the media. The results were overwhelmingly negative,
and the article gives the statistic that out of all the images of black women in the media, negative
imagery is seen twice as often as positive imagery. The weakness of this article stems from the
fact that this is a magazine, and their role is to obtain certain reactions from their audience,
which implies the use of bias and possibly misconstrued interpretations of the photos within the
article. Essence is a magazine whose target audience is African American women. This target
audience may allow for some bias from the magazine.

Ward, J. R. (2015). Real sister : stereotypes, respectability, and black women in reality tv. New
Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
(Ward, 2015)
This source is a recent book that discusses the modern negative portrayal of black women in the
media. The novel focuses on the negative criticism of popular shows with predominantly black
casts, such as, Love and Hip Hop and Flavor of Love. This source is strong because it is recent,
and it thoroughly describes the troubling stereotypes within modern media. Though there is some
opinion by the author, it is developed with factual evidence. This source will be used to reinforce
our argument that current media outlets only care to make money off of old stereotypes of
African Americans, especially black women. This source is very credible. The author, Jervette
Ward is an accredited author on the subject of stereotypes within the media and she is very
knowledgeable in Ethnic Studies.