UMTS Basic Algo PDF

Introduction to UMTS
Mohamed Arshad
MoAD RNE SSEAI
Kuala Lumpur
November 2008
Content
1. Introduction to UMTS Standard
2. W-CDMA Basic
3. Radio Environment
4. Logical / Transport / Physical Channels
5. Basic Algorithm
2 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

IMT-2000
ITU: International Telecommunications Union

needs for a 3rd generation mobile system referred as IMT-2000 within ITU
IMT-2000 stands for International Mobile Telecommunications and 2000 for the year,
the bit rate (2Mbps) and the frequency (2GHz)
High level requirements : world-wide standard supporting new advanced services
with high bit rates (up to 2 Mbps) in multiple environments
IMT-2000 spectrum band identified in 1992 (Confrence Mondiale des

Radiocommunications)

IMT-2000 objectives
Indoor Urban Rural outdoor

low mobility reduced mobility high mobility
2 Mbit/s 384 kbit/s 144 kbit/s
Variable bit rate capability

Variable Quality Of Service (BER, delay)
Support of asymmetric traffic
Service multiplexing
High spectrum efficiency
European objective: ensure compatibility with GSM

Multi-environment
Satellite
Zone 4: Global
Zone 3:
Zone 2:
Suburban Urban Zone 1:
In-Building
Micro-Cell Pico-Cell
Macro-Cell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
Integration with the Fixed Network

3G Frequency Band World-Wide
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

2010 MHz
ITU Allocations IMT 2000 IMT 2000

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
Europe GSM 1800 DECT

UMTS MSS MSS
UMTS
1880 MHz 1980 MHz 2170 MHz
1850 MHz WLL WLL
MSS
China GSM 1800 IMT 2000 IMT 2000 MSS
1885 MHz 1980 MHz
1885 MHz 1918 MHz
Japan PHS
MSS
IMT 2000 MSS
IMT 2000
Korea (w/o PHS)
1895 MHz 2160 MHz
PCS M
North AA D B E F C AA D B E F C
MSS Reserve D
S
America
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

Source: The UMTS Forum

IMT-2000 standards
Each worldwide standardization

body submitted their technology
candidate for IMT-2000 to ITU
5 interface standards:
IMT-SC: IMT Single Carrier (TDMA or
GSM EDGE (IS-136) standard)
IMT-MC: IMT Multi Carrier (US CDMA
2000 standard)
IMT-DS: IMT Direct Spread (WCDMA or
UMTS Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD))
IMT-TC: IMT Time Code (UMTS Time
Division Duplex (TDD))
IMT-FT: IMT Frequency Time (DECT
standard)

UMTS
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

UMTS was the 3G European standard
ETSI (European standardization body) selected its radio interface for UMTS
(UTRA) in January 1998 based on W-CDMA for FDD mode and TD-CDMA for TDD
mode
W-CDMA was also chosen by ARIB (Japan) and also in USA and Korea
Creation of 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) to join efforts on the

standardization of the UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) solution:
ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), TTC (Japan), T1P1 (USA) , CWTS
(China)

UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200

TDD MSS TDD MSS
FDD UL UL UL/DL FDD DL
UL/D DL
L
FUL FUL/DL
FDL
FDD Mode TDD Mode

2 modes:
W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

uplink and downlink are separated in frequency
TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

uplink and downlink are separated in time
flexible time duration for uplink and downlink for asymmetrical traffic

Multiple Access Techniques
time
time
power density
power density time
channel bandwidth
power density
TDMA
channel bandwidth
CDMA
channel bandwidth
TD/CDMA

UTRA FDD - Characteristics
W-CDMA multiple access
Frequency band Region 1 (Europe)
Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz
Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz

Carrier Bandwidth
2x5 MHz (theor. occupied bandwidth=Chiprate 3,84 Mcps)
Services
Both circuit and packet data and asymmetric bitrates
User bitrate up to 384 kbit/s
FDD foreseen for Macro- and Microcellular coverage

UMTS Radio Access Network
Radio Access
Network Node B
ISDN
RNC
Node B Iu
Iub
Core
Network
Node B Iur
Node B
RNC Internet
Node B
Node B

User equipment
Uu
Uu
Uu is the UMTS air interface between the
terminal and the access network
ME-Mobile Equipment
U S IM
The mobile equipment is the radio
Cu terminal used for radio communication
over the Uu interface
ME USIM-UMTS Subscriber Identity Module
Smart card, which stores subscriber

identity and other information
UE
U ser Eq u ip m en t

UMTS radio access network
Iu Node B
Node B radio station like the BTS in GSM.
RNC
RNC-Radio Network Controller
Node B RNS controls radio resources of several Node Bs
Iub Iur supports the Iu interface to the core network
Node B RNS-Radio Network Subsystem
RNC like BSS in GSM
Node B
RNS
UTRAN

UMTS radio access network interfaces
Iu Iur interface
Node B logical interface between RNCs

RNC basic inter RNC mobility (e.g. soft
handover)
Node B RNS
Iub interface
Iub Iur
interface between RNC and Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
RNS
UTRAN

Core network - circuit switched
Iu-CS
Iu-CS
for circuit switched services
MSC/VLR GMSC
MSC-Mobile Services switching Center
switch for circuit switched (CS) services

HLR
VLR-Visitor Location Register
register database for visitors of the radio

SGSN GGSN network
Iu-PS GMSC-Gateway MSC
switch from mobile network to external

CN networks for circuit switched services
Core Network

Core network - packet switched
HLR-Home Location Register

Iu-CS
MSC/VLR GMSC permanent database of subscriber data
Iu-PS
for packet switched services

HLR
SGSN-Serving GPRS Support Node
switch for packet switched (PS) services

SGSN GGSN
GGSN-Gateway GPRS Support Node
Iu-PS
switch from mobile network to external
networks for packet switched services
CN
Core Network

UMTS QoS Architecture TS23.107
UMTS
e.g. UE
TE MT UTRAN CN TE CN = Core network
CN Iu
EDGE Gateway (e.g. UE) TE = Terminal Equipment
NODE MT = Mobile Termination
End-to-End Service or Teleservice
TE/MT Local UMTS Bearer Service External Bearer

Bearer Service Service
Each bearer offers its
individual services
Radio Access Bearer Service CN Bearer
(RAB) Service Each bearer is using
the services offered
Radio Bearer Iu Bearer Backbone by bearers below
Service (RB) Service Bearer Service
QoS parameters are
UTRA FDD/TDD
given by the core to
Service
Physical the RAN in radio
Bearer Service
(Radio Physical access bearer set-up
Bearer Service)

QoS Classes
4 classes have been identified:

conversational
AMR speech service
Video telephony + -
CS: H324
PS: H323
streaming Delay Data
sensitive Integrity
interactive sensitive
location based services
computer games - +
background
e-mail delivery
SMS ...
Application Groups TS22.105
Conversational Interactive Streaming Background
Error Conversational Streaming Audio

Voice and Video Voice Messaging Fax
tolerant and Video
Error Telnet, E-commerce, FTP, still image, E-mail arrival

intolerant Interactive Games WWW browsing, paging notification
(delay <<1 sec) (delay 1 sec) (delay <10 sec) (delay >10 sec)

Bearer Service Attributes
The Attributes (QoS Parameters) of a Bearer Service can be negotiated at the

beginning of a connection and during a connection
Several different Bearer Services can be established simultaneously by one UE
Important Quality Parameters are

Maximum transfer delay
Delay variation
Bit error ratio
Data rate

Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Service Attributes
The service attributes shown in the following table characterize a Radio

Access Bearer Service
Traffic class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
class class class class
Maximum X X X X
bitrate
Delivery order X X X X
Maxum SDU size X X X X
SDU format X X
information
SDU error ratio X X X X
Residual bit X X X X
error ratio
Delivery of X X X X
erroneous SDUs
Transfer delay X X
Guaranteed bit X X
rate
Traffic handling X
priority
Allocation/ X X X X
Retention
priority
Source statistics X X Note: SDU = Service Data Unit
descriptor

QoS Examples for specific services (1) TS23.107
AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate) speech codec payload
Bit rate: 4,75 - 12,2 kbit/s

Delay: 100ms end-to-end delay at maximum
CODEC frame length is 20ms
BER:
10-4 for Class 1 bits (A,B)
10-3 for Class 2 bits (C)
FER < 0,5% (with degradation for higher erasure rates)

QoS Examples for specific services (2)
MPEG-4 video payload

Bit rate: variable, average rate scalable from 24 to 128 kbit/s and higher
end-to-end delay between 150 and 400ms

video CODEC delay is typically less than 200 ms
BER:
10-6 - no visible degradation
10-5 - little visible degradation
10-4 - some visible artefacts
> 10-3 - limited practical application

W-CDMA Basics
Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

Po w er
uses band pass for carrier signal which are non-

overlapping in the frequency domain
Ti m e
O n e U ser
Po w e r
Fr eq u en cy
U ser TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
carrier signals are non overlapping in the time

Ti m e domain
Power Fr e q u e n cy
Time
Carrier 1 Carrier 2
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
spreads the signal over the entire available
Frequency
bandwidth by using codes with good correlation
One User properties

W-CDMA
W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

Users are separated with code sequences (spreading/de-spreading technique)
All users are transmitting simultaneously on the same frequency

In FDD mode, different frequencies are used on uplink and downlink

Spread spectrum technique
The user bits are coded with a unique sequence (code).
The bits of the code are called chips and the chip rate is higher than the user
bit rate
Code
Ci(t)
Chip Rate =Rc = 3.84 Mcps in UMTS
Source signal Si (t) Resulting spread signal

before spreading Di (t) = Si (t) x Ci(t)
Time
Bit1 Bit2
Domain
Bit Rate =Rb Chip Rate =Rc

Spreading Factor
SF =Rc/Rb
Frequency
Domain
Bandwidth = 3.84 Mhz for UMTS
Narrowband signal

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Ts
+1
[1 1 -1 1 -1] [1 -1 -1 -1 1]
Symbol
-1
Spreading Chips +1
Spread Chip Sequence
-1 -1 -1 -1
Ts
L=
Spreading Factor
Tc
Tc

Spreading
SPREADING

Despreading
DESPREADING

Own and other signals

Spreading / Despreading
In the receiving path, de-spreading is

achieved by auto-correlation with the same
code
Due to low cross-correlation properties with
other codes, the received signal energy is
increased compared to noise and other
signal interference
The gain due to despreading is called
processing gain
Example for 12.2 AMR speech:
Chip Rate 3840 kcps

PG = = = 314.75 = 25dB
User Bit Rate 12.2 kbps

Spreading and scrambling codes
Node B UE
UL
Descrambling Despreading
Spreading Scrambling
OVSF PN
(Service/ user identifier)(Cell identifier) Scrambling Spreading
PN OVSF
(User identifier) (Service identifier)
Despreading Descrambling
DL
Spreading codes (channelization codes)
used to differentiate mobiles and services

different lengths (spreading factor) according to service in UMTS
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) in UMTS
Scrambling codes
used to differentiate un-synchronized codes (from other UEs or Node-Bs)

1 scrambling code per sector on downlink
PN code family in UMTS

Channelization codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) are used for channelization, that
means for spreading
The codes are mutually orthogonal, if they are synchronized in the time
domain
Codes are taken from the OVSF code tree
Following codes are not allowed to be used:
Codes between a used code and the code tree root
Codes following a used code

Spreading codes: OVSF code tree
copy
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
copy c4,1= 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
c2,1= 1 1 reverse
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
c4,2= 1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
c1,1= 1 reverse -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 Up to SF=256
c4,3= 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
c2,2= 1 -1 reverse -1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
c4,4= 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
SF= 1 SF= 2 SF= 4

Spreading codes
Code tree organisation
SF16
SF32
x 16
SF64
SF128
SF256
Not available
Available C256, 0
C256, 3 C256, 2 C256,1 P-CPICH
Used by DL DPCH C64, 1
S-CCPCH AICH PICH P-CCPCH

OVSF : Orthogonality property
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c4,1= 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
c2,1= 1 1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
c4,2= 1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
c1,1= 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
c4,3= 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
c2,2= 1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
Codes free
c4,4= 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Codes used

Scrambling codes
Long scrambling codes

Improved cross correlation
Uniform distribution of the interference
A Gold sequence is used with length of 38400 chips
In case of Multi-User detection (MUD), short scrambling codes (different

family of codes) can be used (easier computations)

Downlink Scrambling Code
Downlink scrambling code

One code per cell (sector/carrier) : Configurable by operator
512 sets of 16 codes each (1 primary and 15 secondary)
Only the primary scrambling code is used for all Common Channels
SC#129
SC#128
SC#0 RNC
SC#1 Node
B
Node
B
SC#130
SC#2
SC: Scrambling Code

Uplink scrambling code groups
o UE uses scrambling code from 0 to max 241-1
o The network assigns the scrambling code to be used by the UE

Done on RNC basis
Groups per RNC to be planned
o The uplink scrambling codes are divided into 512 code groups
o Each code group has max 232 codes
o These 512 code groups match to the 512 primary codes of the downlink

Interference limited system
Thanks to spreading/de-spreading
Desired signal is raised
Interference signals are kept low

B
B
Channel Processing
gain
spreading Despreading
Thermal Noise
However the level of interference must be controlled to to avoid receiving

too much interference and not being able to discriminate useful signal

Near-Far-Problem
UE 1

UE 2
Before despreading After despreading
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2
If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 : so-
called near-far effect
Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast
fading!

Power Control
TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each connection is received with the

required Eb/Nt of its service
Uplink: Avoid Near-Far-Problem
Downlink: Power share allocation
Policy: No one gets a higher quality (Eb/Nt) than he needs. Everyone gets
exactly the required quality or is not served at all
no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles
no waste of common power resource in the downlink

Interference limited
When the number of users in the cell increases, the interference level
increases (noise rise), the required received power at the base station
to reach a given Eb/Nt (quality) increases
20
Interference level relative to Noise level
18
16
14
12
(dB)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of simultaneous users per sector
For high interference level, the required received power becomes

infinite: power control is unstable pole capacity
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
Cell breathing
Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power, the increase of

required received power due to high traffic will lead to decrease the
cell range
The cell coverage decreases when the traffic increases : so-called cell
breathing phenomenon
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems

Load control
Deployed intersite distance

Traffic density
increases
In order to avoid power control instability and coverage holes due to high
traffic level, the level of interference received by a base station should be
controlled by means of admission and load control algorithms

CDMA Uplink capacity
CDMA uplink capacity depends on the service bit rate, required Eb/No, load
(interference) level =>Theory of Pole point formula (pole capacity) in
monoservice
N : number of simultaneous users per
1 X
N= 1 +
sector
1 + F Eb Rb
N W
o
F : ratio between intracell and extracell
interference
X : cell load level (related to noise rise)
Soft capacity : if a cell is surrounded by lower loaded cells, this cell can
support a higher number of users

Uplink Cell load (monoservice)
The UL cell load is directly linked to the so called Noise Rise or interference
level
100 % UL cell load means infinite mobile power required
NoiseRise = 10 log(1 X UL ) monoservice
Interference level as a function of capa city

Interference level (dB)
35 Note:
For cell load above 75 %, the
30 system gets unstable
25
20
15 max loading : 75%
50% of cell load
10 (3dB of interference)
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cell loa ding (%)

CDMA downlink
Downlink particularities
The downlink signals of the Node-B are synchronised
In W-CDMA, OVSF spreading codes have orthogonality properties : less
intracell interference
The total transmit power of Node-B is shared between traffic channels and
common channels (pilot, paging, synchronisation)
A constant part of power is dedicated to common channels
Downlink traffic channels are power controlled. The maximal transmit power
and the dynamic of power have to be parameterized for each service
The maximal total downlink power is the limiting factor

Other W-CDMA particularities
No frequency reuse pattern

Scrambling code planification required
512 scrambling codes in W-CDMA

Soft-handover capability
RAKE receiver

Radio Environment
UMTS Radio Environment
Propagation model
o No special propagation model currently used for broadband signals at 2GHz
o Standard propagation model based on Hata-Okumura model for macrocellular

COST-HATA is only valid for 1500-2000 MHz
Calibration of morpho correction factors required

Shadowing and Fast fading (1)
Due to reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on obstacles, the

received signal will suffer from slow and fast attenuations
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
-10
-20
Received Power [dBm]
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
10.6
13.2
15.9
18.5
21.1
23.7
26.3
29.0
31.6
34.2
36.8
39.4
42.1
44.7
47.3
49.9
0.1
2.8
5.4
8.0
Distance [m]

Shadowing and Fast fading (2)
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and fast fading
25
20
Fast fading samples (dB) Transmit power
Transmit power (dBm)
Received Power at Node-B (dBm)

15 Received power
Fast fading values (dB)
10
Power (dBm)
-5
-10
-15
0 1000 2000 3000

-20
0 1000 2000 3000 Slot Number(0,666ms)
Slot Number (0,666 ms)

Shadowing
Same as in GSM
Slow fading variations due to obstacles (buildings, hills,) are called

shadowing
Normal/Gaussian Distribution
0.3
0.25
Probability Densitiy Function

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fade Level
Shadowing can be modeled as a random variable with log-normal distribution

of 0 mean and standard deviation that is characteristic of the environment

Multipath Diversity
Due to Reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on obstacles there is

not only one path but a large number of paths with different delays and
amplitudes
Multipa th profile
In W-CDMA, due to larger bandwidth, RAKE receiver will take benefit of this
diversity

RAKE receiver (1)
RAKE receiver is a spread-spectrum receiver that is able to track and

demodulate resolvable multipath components :
It takes benefit of multipath diversity
RAKE receiver
combining
In W-CDMA, with 3.84 Mcps, a RAKE receiver will be able to discriminate

multipath having delays higher than one chip duration (0.26 s)

RAKE receiver (2)
It combines the delayed replicas of the transmitted signal to improve

reception quality : time-diversity technique:
Identify the delay positions on which significant energy arrives and allocate
correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks
Within each correlation receiver, track the changing phase and amplitude
values and correct them (thanks to pilot symbol estimation)
Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all active

fingers and present them to the decoder for further processing (maximal
ratio combining)

Typical multipath channels (1)
o Typical multipath channels can be derived from measurement campaigns
o ITU defined such typical profiles and they were used during the UMTS radio
interface evaluation process:
Vehicular A & B,
Outdoor to Indoor A & B,
Indoor Office A & B

Typical multipath channels (2)
Power Power
0 110 190 410 t [ns]

0 310 710 1090 1730 2510 t [ns]
P e d e s tr ia n A V e h ic u la r A
Tap R e la tiv e A v e ra g e R e la tiv e A v e ra g e
D e la y (n s ) P o w e r (d B ) D e la y (n s ) P o w e r (d B )
1 0 0 0 0
2 110 -9 .7 310 -1 .0
3 190 -1 9 .2 710 -9 .0
4 410 -2 2 .8 1090 -1 0 .0
5 - - 1730 -1 5 .0
6 - - 2510 -2 0 .0
Channel power
Interchip
Environment variance for 1 Power control gain
interference
antenna (dB)
Large gain can be expected at low
Pedestrian A 24.5 Small
speeds (<10 km/h)
Vehicular A 8.5 Medium Large

Fast fading (1)
o Each main path is a superposition of multiple paths that are very close to
each other which implies that its amplitude is Rayleigh distributed
This effect is known as Rayleigh or Fast fading
Rayleigh PDF
Rayleigh
Small-Scale Fading
o Fast fading is not symmetrical (deeper negative fades than positive fades)

Fast fading (2)
6 paths with
Veh. A : 2 main paths Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes (90 ms for
3km/h, 5.4 ms for 50km/h)
10
Vehicular A 3 km/h
Vehicular A
Tap Relative Average Vehicular A 50 km/h
delay (ns) power (dB)
5
1 0 0
2 310 -1
Fast Fading value (dB)
3 710 -9
4 1090 -10
0
5 1730 -15
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
6 2510 -20
-5
-10
-15
Slot number (every 0,666ms)

C/I and Eb/No
C/I Ec/Io Eb/No

DEMODULATOR
chips chips bits

Decoder
RF Filter Down LP Filter D.A.C Digital Filter Descrambling

60MHz Converter 3.84 MHz Nyquist Despreading
o Eb/Nt target = minimum required power density (or energy per bit) over the
interference (or noise) power density to reach target BER/BLER after decoding
C/I = (Eb*Rb)/(No*W) = (Eb*Rb)/(No*Rc) = Eb/No * Rb/Rc

(C/I)
(C/I)target dB = (Eb/No)target dB - PG dB
target dB = (Eb/No)target dB - PG dB
o Example of speech : (Eb/No)target around 6 dB for good BER means a

(C/I)target of 6-25= -19 dB (GSM : 9-12 dB)

Link level simulations
o Eb/No figures gives performance for dimensioning
o Eb/No figures depend on service, mobile speed, multipath channel profile,

diversity technique used
o Link level simulations model the transmitter and receiver channels (coding,
decoding, spreading, despreading, demodulation, power control)
o Link level simulations enable to derive Eb/No figures according to required

BLER target

Eb/No measurements
o Eb/No can also be measured on the equipment:

on lab tests
on the field (on-air network)
o Note that specific test conditions have been defined by 3GPP to characterize
the performances of the Node-B:
specific channel mapping Not suited for
specific multipath channel
dimensioning purpose
without power control

Receiver Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity calculation : minimum required C level to reach a given quality

(C/I target) when facing only thermal noise
in dB
Reference
ReferenceSensitivity
Sensitivity = (C/I) +NF + 10log(NtW)
in dBm = NF +10log(Nt)+ 10log[(Eb/N0)] + 10log(Rb)
Where:
Service dependent
Nt Thermal Noise density, 10log(Nt) =-174 dBm/Hz
(Eb/No) : Service target Eb/No (here: non-logarithmic)
Rb: Service bit rate
NF: Node-B Noise figure in dB

Logical/Transport/Physical
Channels
Logical, Transport, Physical channels
Logical Channels
are defined by the kind of information transported
signaling, system information, user data,
Transport Channels
are defined by how and with what characteristics data is transported
max delay, type of coding, required BER, transport format, ...
Physical Channels are defined by
information transported
stand alone (Layer 1 support)
signaling, common and dedicated channels
slot format

Mapping between different channel types in FDD
MAC data transfer

services provided
on logical channels
PHY data Control Channels
transfer Traffic Channels
services UPLINK DOWNLINK
provided on RLC Layer
transport
channels DCCH LOGICAL DCCH
CCCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
DTCH CHANNELS DTCH
Dedicated
Transport MAC Layer
Channels TRANSPORT
RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
CHANNELS
Common
Transport PHY Layer
Channels
DPCCH PHYSICAL DPCCH
PRACH PCPCH SCCPCH PCCPCH PDSCH
DPDCH CHANNELS DPDCH
Variable bit
rate support
and
multiplexing
Standalone physical channels
SCH CPICH AICH PICH CSICH CD/CA-ICH
without connection to transport layer

Mapping between different channel types in FDD
Dedicated Paging and Point-to-

Control info channels broadcast multipoint
bw UE and channel
network UPLINK DOWNLINK
DCCH LOGICAL DCCH

CCCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
DTCH CHANNELS DTCH
Random
access
TRANSPORT
RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
CHANNELS
DPCCH PHYSICAL DPCCH

PRACH PCPCH SCCPCH PCCPCH PDSCH
DPDCH CHANNELS DPDCH
Common control
physical
channels
Standalone physical channels
SCH CPICH AICH PICH CSICH CD/CA-ICH
without connection to transport layer
Acquisition Paging
Synchro Pilot Indicator
Indicator

Logical channels
PCCH - Paging control Channel (DL)

DL Paging information
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel (DL)
DL System control information
e.g. Cell identity, UL interference level
CCCH - Common control Channel (UL/DL)
For transmitting control information between the network and Ues. The CCCH is
commonly used by UEs having no RRC connection and after cell reselection
e.g. initial access (RRC connection request, cell update)

Logical channels
CTCH - Common Traffic Channel (DL)

channel to transfer dedicated user information to all or a group of UEs
e.g. SMS Cell broadcast
DCCH - Dedicated Control Channel (UL/DL)
transmits dedicated control information between UE and UTRAN
e.g. measurement reports, radio bearer setup
DTCH - Dedicated Traffic Channel (UL/DL)
The DTCH carries user data
e.g. speech, Fax, video, web, ...

Transport Channels
Why?
A transport channel offers flexibility to arrange information on any service-

specific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical channel:
provides flexibility in traffic variation
enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel
Provide flexibility in supporting different technologies: ATM, IP, ADSL, etc

Transport Channels
Definition
Services provided by PHY layer to higher layers
Defined by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the air
Dedicated Channels
Common Channels
Dedicated Channels
DCH - Dedicated to a single UE
Uplink or Downlink
Common Channels
BCH Broadcast (DL, system and cell information, single TF)
FACH Forward Access Channel (DL)
PCH Paging Channel (DL)
RACH Random Access Channel (UL)
CPCH Common Packet Channel (UL)
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel (DL)

Transport Channels
General Concepts
Transport Block: Basic unit b/w MAC and Layer 1, Layer 1 adds a CRC to each
Transport Block
Transport Block Set: Set of TB exchanged at the same time using the same
Transport Channel
Transmission Time Interval: MAC delivers one Transport Block Set per TTI (multiple
of 10ms) to Layer 1
Transport Format: Information describing a TBS and how it has to be delivered
Transport Format Set: Set of Transport Formats associated to a Transport Channel
Transport Format Combination: Authorized combination of TF that can be
simultaneously submitted to Layer 1
Transport Format Combination Set: Set of TFC on a CCTrCH
Transport Format Indicator: Label for a TF within a TFS
Transport Format Combination Indicator: Representation of the TFC

Transport Channels

Transport Channels
General Concepts
MAC indicates the TFI to L1 at each delivery of TBS on each Transport Channel
L1 builds the TFCI from all TFI from parallel Transport Channels
L1 processes the Transport Blocks appropriately
L1 appends the TFCI to the physical control channel

Transport Channels
BCH - Broadcast Channel

for broadcasting of system information over entire cell
no power control, fix bit rate
PCH - Paging Channel
association with Page Indicator Channel PICH, to support efficient sleep mode
procedures
must be broadcast over entire cell
FACH - Forward Access Channel
Common DL channel used for transmission of
control information
small amount of packet data
open loop power control

Transport Channels
DCH - Dedicated Channel

DCH is the only Dedicated Transport Channel
Channel dedicated to one UE
Supports
Fast Power Control, variable bit rate, SHO, transmit diversity, beam
forming
DSCH - Downlink Shared Channel
Similar to the FACH
Carries dedicated user data and/or control information
Always associated with a downlink DCH (with SF of 256)
DSCH supports
sharing between different users
no SFH, but Fast PC due to associated DCH

Transport Channels
RACH - Random Access Channel

carries control information or small amounts of packet data
e.g. for initial access or non-real-time dedicated control or traffic data
transmitted over entire cell supported by open loop power control
CPCH - Common Packet Channel
Similar to DSCH in DL, used for transmission of bursty data traffic
possibility to
transmit over part of the cell (beam forming)
change rate fast
fast power control
initial risk of collision, but collision detection (CD/CA-ICH)
Is shared by the UEs in a cell -> common resource

Physical Channels (TS25.211)
Channels without connection to transport channels are called Stand-alone

channels
All Stand-alone channels exist in DL only
Stand alone channels are
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
SCH Synchronization Ch (Primary & Secondary)
AICH Acquisition Indication Channel

PICH Paging Indicator Channel
CSICH CPCH Status Indicator Channel
CD/CAICH Collision Detection / Channel Assignment

Indicator Channel

Physical Channels
Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH

DPDCH carries the DCH transport channel Feedback
DPCCH carries L1 control information Information for
closed-loop
I/Q multiplexed TxDiv
Data
DPDCH Ndata bits
Channel Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
estimation
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC
DPCCH Npilot bits NFBI bits NTPC bits
NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

Transport DPCCH: Fixed spreading factor of 256
Format Power Control
Combination command
Indicator
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

Physical Channels
Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
Ndata1 bits NTPC bits NTFCI bits Ndata2 bits Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

Physical Channels
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

Based on slotted ALOHA with fast acquisition indication
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
Repetition
4096 chips
of a 16 chip 10 ms (one radio frame)
signature
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
Data part 4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)

mapped to Data
Data
Ndata bits
the RACH
Pilot TFCI
Control Npilot bits NTFCI bits
Control part
for channel
estimation
and TFCI
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms

Physical Channels
AICH: Acquisition Indicator Channel

Fixed rate (SF=256)
Carries Acquisition Indicators (AI)
An AI corresponds to a signature on the PRACH
AI part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols 1024 chips
a0 a1 a 2 a30 a31 Transmission Off
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
20 ms

Physical Channels
CPICH: Common Pilot Channel

Fixed rate (30Kbps, SF=256)
Aid the channel estimation at UE
Provide phase reference for the common channels
Used for measurements in case of hand-over and cell selection/re-selection
Pre-defined bit sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits

Physical Channels
P-CCPCH: Primary Common Control Physical Channel

Fixed rate (30Kbps, SF=256)
Carries BCH Time-
multiplexed
with SCH
256 chips
Data
(Tx OFF)
Ndata1=18 bits
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits

Physical Channels
S-CCPCH: Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

Carries FACH and PCH
TFCI Data Pilot

NTFCI bits Ndata1 bits Npilot bits

Physical Channels
SCH - Synchronization Channel

Time multiplexed with PCCPCH
first 256 chips of slot SCH, rest PCCPCH
Primary SCH
Consists of a a fixed 256 chips code Primary Synchronization Code (PSC)
The PSC is the same for every cell in the system
The PSC is repeated in each slot
Secondary SCH
Transmitted in parallel to the Primary SCH
In each of the 15 slots a different Secondary Synchronization Code SSC is
transmitted
The SSC sequence indicates the used downlink scrambling code set (8 codes) out of
64 scrambling code groups

Physical Channels
AICH - Acquisition Indication Channel

SF256, Frame length 20ms 5120 chips/slot
Used to confirm reception of (P)RACH
PICH - Paging Indicator Channel
SF=256, carries the paging indicators
associated with an SCCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped
Once a PI message has been detected on the PICH, the UE decodes the next PCH
frame transmitted on the SCCPCH whether there is a paging message intended for
it.
CSICH - CPCH Status Indication Channel
CD/CA-ICH - CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel

All CPCH related physical channels support the operation of the UL CPCH transport
channel

Basic Algorithms
Interfaces to Layer 1
Radio Resource Control Layer 3
CPHY primitives
Control of the Medium Access Control Layer 2
configuration
Transfer of transport blocks
Status of Layer 1 PHY primitives

Transport blocks and error indication
Physical Layer Layer 1

Layer 1 Functions
FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels

Measurements
Macro-diversity distribution/combining and soft-handover
Error detection on transport channels
Multiplexing of transport channels and de-multiplexing of CCTrCh
Rate matching
Mapping of CCTrCh on PHY channels
Modulation/de-modulation and spreading/de-spreading of PHY channels
Frequency and time synchronization
Closed-loop power control
Power weighting and combining of PHY channels
RF processing

Cell Search
Cell Search
Step 1: Slot synchronization

UE uses SCH primary synchronization code
Primary synchronization code is common to all cells
The primary synchronization code is the same in every slot slot boundary
Step 2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification
UE uses the SCH secondary synchronization code
Correlation with all possible 64 secondary synchronization codes
Step 3: Scrambling code identification
Correlation over the CPICH with all (8) codes of the code-group
P-CCPCH can be detected

Random Access
o UE randomly selects an access slot and a signature
o It transmits a Preamble with Preamble_Initial_Power
o If no answer, it chooses a new slot and a new signature; power is increased

by Power_Ramp_Step
o In case of positive answer, message part is transmitted

Near-Far-Problem
UE 1

UE 2
Before despreading After despreading
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2
If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 :
so-called near-far effect
Solution : power control
Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast
fading!

Power control
In UMTS FDD, all users are sharing the same frequency band
W-CDMA requires power control to minimize the level of interference

(interference-limited system)
Power control is applied on both uplink and downlink
Power control minimizes the transmission power to match the quality target
for each radio access bearer service
No one should get more power than necessary to reach the required QoS
Avoids near-far problem on uplink

Power Control
Need for a fast power control (1)
o The transmit power must vary 0
Lognormal fading
in time to compensate for the Raleygh fading
-10
variations of the attenuation
over the air interface: -20
Received Power [dBm]

attenuation due to distance,
-30
Slow attenuation (shadowing

due to obstacles) -40
fast attenuation (fast fading).

-50
-60
-70 10.6
13.2
15.9
18.5
21.1
23.7
26.3
29.0
31.6
34.2
36.8
39.4
42.1
44.7
47.3
49.9
0.1
2.8
5.4
8.0
Distance [m]

Power Control
Need for a fast power control (2)
o Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes
o Mean time between 2 fading holes at 2 GHz:

90 ms at 3 km/h
5 ms at 50 km/h
2.25 ms at 120 km/h
o In W-CDMA UMTS FDD, the rate of power control is equal to one power
control command every 0.666 ms (1500Hz vs. 2Hz in GSM)
Power Control
Example of Fast fading according to speed
6 paths with
Veh. A : Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes (90
2 main paths
ms for 3km/h, 5.4 ms for 50km/h)
10
Vehicular A 3 km/h
Vehicular A
Tap Relative Average Vehicular A 50 km/h
delay (ns) power (dB)
5
1 0 0
2 310 -1
Fast Fading value (dB)
3 710 -9
4 1090 -10
0
5 1730 -15
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
6 2510 -20
-5
-10
-15
Slot number (every 0,666ms)
Power Control
Power Control behaviour
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and fast fading
25
20
Fast fading samples (dB) Transmit power
Transmit power (dBm)
Received Power at Node-B (dBm)

15 Received power
Fast fading values (dB)
10
Power (dBm)
-5
-10
-15
0 1000 2000 3000

-20
0 1000 2000 3000 Slot Number(0,666ms)
Slot Number (0,666 ms)
Power Control
Open and closed loops
o In UMTS, different power control loops are defined:

open-loop power control
closed-loop power control
inner loop
outer loop
o The open-loop enables to compute UE transmit power (initial traffic channel

power or PRACH preamble power) from system information broadcast by the
cell
o The closed-loop enables to compute the transmit power according to the

power control commands (TPC) received from the opposite link
Power Control
Open loop
No feedback whether the transmit power setting was ok or not
Uplink Downlink
Node-B sends: UE sends:
output power measurement reports
needed SIR UTRAN calculates output
uplink interference level power from:
UE calculates output power from: UE measurement reports
Node-B output power Node-B output power
Measured received signal needed SIR
needed SIR
uplink interference level
Power Control
Uplink closed loop
TPC commands SIR target (FP) Serving RNC

Node B
INNER-LOOP OUTER-LOOP
UL DPCCH/DPDCH Transport blocks + CRCI (FP)

UE NODE B SRNC
Adjusts Tx power SIR measurement on UL DPCCH Adjusts SIR target based
based on received Generate TPC commands by on CRCI to reach the
TPC commands comparing the measured SIR to target BLER (given by CN
SIR target at RAB assignment
request)
Decode data blocks and generate
CRCI
Power Control
Uplink inner loop
o TPC command generation every 0.666ms (1500 times per second)

If SIRmeas > SIRtarget, TPC command = power down one step
If SIRmeas < SIRtarget, TPC command = power up one step
o The step adjustment size is 1dB by default
o SIRtarget is estimated by the outer loop to reach the target BLER specified for
each service
The SIR target is typically determined 10-100 times per second
Power Control
Uplink inner loop
o Algorithm 1:
o If SIRest > SIRtarget TPC command is -1
o If SIRest < SIRtarget TPC command is +1
o Upon reception of more than one command: Algorithm 1 is based on soft
symbol decision on each command
o Algorithm 2: after 5 slots
o if all 5 TPC commands are 1 resulting TPC command is +1
o if all 5 TPC commands are 0 resulting TPC command is 1
o otherwise resulting TPC command is 0
o Upon reception of more than one command:
o For each link, compute TPC_cmd(i) as previously over 5 slots
o if 1/N TPC_cmd(i) > 0.5 resulting TPC command is +1
o if 1/N TPC_cmd(i) < -0.5 resulting TPC command is 1
o otherwise resulting TPC command is 0
Power Control
Uplink outer loop
o The following algorithm is used :
At each received block:

Nblocks = Nblocks + 1
If CRCI = fail Nerrors = Nerrors +1
If Nblocks Ntb
If Nerrors > Nerror_up increase SIRtarget by SIR_up
If Nerrors < Nerror_down decrease SIRtarget by SIR_down
Nblocks = 0, Nerrors = 0
o The parameters of the algorithm can be configured (one value per service)
o Thanks to the outer loop, the system will be able to adapt the Eb/No target (for a
target BLER) according to the environment moving conditions (multipath, speed for
instance)
Power Control
Downlink closed loop
DL
DPCCH/DPDCH Target BLER Serving
Node B RNC
Outer
loop INNER-LOOP
within
UE
TPC
UE commands SRNC
NODE B
SIR measurement on DL Adjusts Tx power Signals the target BLER
DPCCH based on received TPC to the UE via RRC
Generate TPC commands commands signaling
by comparing the measured
SIR to the SIR target
Decode data blocks and
generate CRCI
Adjusts SIR target to reach
the target BLER
Power Control
Needs for Power Balancing
o For the DL power control, the UE sends the same TPC command to all cells in
the active set:
When a new link is added the initial DL transmit power is not aligned with the other
cells in the Active Set
When some errors occur during UL transmission, different cells in the active set
may interpret the command differently
o This will cause a decrease of the soft-handover gain since this gain is the
largest when the receive powers from all cells in the active set are equal.
o Thus, a mechanism, known as Power balancing, is required
o Alcatel-Lucent claims 10-15% gain on capacity with power balancing
Power Control
Power balancing algorithm
DL Power control (NBAP)

Serving
Node B RNC
Measurement report (RRC) SRNC

NODE B Regularly computes
UE Change the DL DPCCH the DL DPCCH power as
CPICH_Ec/Io is transmit power of each cells for the initial power
in the UE active set when
regularly measured by the Regularly sends a DL
receiving a DL power
UE for all cells in the power control command
control command from the
active set and reported to CRNC to all Nodes B in the UE
the CRNC via RRC active set (only for UE in
A correction is periodically
signaling. SHO) DL reference
performed towards the
reference power power
Goal = align Node Bs transmitter powers involved in a Soft HO with a UE
Soft Handover (SHO)
Principles
Connection is shifted softly from one cell to

RNC
another cell on the same carrier
All Node Bs, which are involved in soft/softer
handover belong to the Active Set (AS) of
the communication
The decision to change the AS will mainly rely
on the measured PCPICH level of the cell
Max AS size is limited by parameter settings
All Node Bs from the AS process the signal
from the UE
Node-B 2 A softer handover is a soft handover between
different sectors of the same Node B
Received
Pilot
3 dB The UE receives the same signal from
Signal
different cells and therefore from different
Node-B 1
Macrodiversity paths diversity gain
Soft Handover (SHO)
Macrodiversity gain
Soft HO
In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at RNC level -
selection diversity RNC
In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE
For UL & DL good decorrelation due to different locations of Node

Bs many multipaths
Softer HO
In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B
In DL Maximum Ration combining due to RAKE receiver at UE RNC
For UL & DL less decorrelation due to same location of sectors

less multipaths
Soft Handover (SHO)
Events vs. Periodic Reporting
o The UE is told by the UTRAN, which events shall trigger a measurement report
less reports than every 480 ms in GSM
o The report is evaluated by the HO algorithm
o For Release 99 only intra frequency events are defined:

1A - a PCPICH enters the reporting range
1B - a PCPICH leaves the reporting range
1C - a nonactive PCPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH
1D - change of best cell (Primary)
1E - a PCPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
1F - a PCPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold
Soft Handover (SHO)
Algorithm example
Measurement
T T T
CPICH 1
Only cell 2 in AS
As_Th + As_Th_Hyst
Only cell 1 in AS AS_Th As_Th_Hyst
As_Rep_Hyst
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
Time
Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B

Add Cell 2 Replace Cell 1 Remove Cell 3
with Cell 3
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Soft Handover (SHO)
UL closed loop Power Control and SHO
o In SHO, more than one TPC commands are sent to the UE
o The UE must combine all received TPC commands and get a single TPC value.
If at least one of the Node-Bs in the active set is sending a power down
command, the UE will reduce its output power.
TPC = Down TPC = Up
TPC = Down
Soft Handover (SHO)
DL closed loop Power Control and SHO
Received TPC = Sent TPC ?
TPC
o As each Node-B processes the UE TPC command independently power drifting

is possible
o One Node-B performs power up while another one performs power down
o This would degrade the SHO performance and should be avoided with slower power
control:
o UE sends 3 times the same TPC and Node-B combines all the 3 to improve accuracy
Inter-Frequency handover
Hard handover
o RNC can trigger blind hard hand-over or Compress Mode HHO
o The terminal must make measurements on other frequencies while still

having the connection running on the current frequency:
Dual receiver
simple handover operation, but expensive receiver
Compressed mode (or slotted mode)

simple receiver, but complicated handover operation
UTRA cell GSM cell
o The information is compressed time periodically (a few ms), in order to

perform measurements on the other frequencies
Compressed
frame
Downlink
10ms frame Idle period

Hard handover
o Blind hand-over: requires overlapping of the source cell by the target cell
o Compressed mode:
o Transmission and/or reception is stopped during few ms
o UE can do measurements on another frequency
o Frames are compressed to create transmission gaps
Hard handover
o 3GPP has defined three methods for compressed mode:

o Higher layer scheduling: through reduction of the data rate
o Spreading factor reduction: PHY data rate is increased
o Puncturing: symbol rate reduction at PHY layer
o Measurements types:
o GSM Initial BSIC identification
o GSM BSIC reconfirmation
o GSM carrier RSSI
o WCDMA carrier RSSI
Call Admission Control
Principle
CAC (Call Admission Control)

Rejects all calls requesting UTRAN resources above the existing hw/sw limits
Applies to all types of traffic (CS & PS)
iRM CAC part of larger set of iRM

algorithms (intelligent resources
management)
Performs PS RABs downsize at admission according
to the load level of different resources monitored
(RF Power, Codes, CEM, Iub) and also RL quality.
Applies only on R99 PS traffic.
Other features acting during Call admission in case of lack of UTRAN resources:
HSPA2DCH Fallback: HSPA call can be reconfigured to DCH if no HSPA resources.
iMCTA CAC allows to redirect a call on another Frequency or RAT if no resources available on
the current primary cell
Call Admission Control
High traffic load behaviour
UE requests an UTRAN resource (Power, Codes, CEM, Iub) and is not getting it because
the resource is not available => resource Blocking
Blocking can impact different phases of the call:
Call Phase Blocking Cause Effect

Call Admission Lack of resources at call setup Call admission failure
Call Reconfiguration Lack of resources to perform iRM transitions Call is not reconfigured (impact on user
(RB Adaptation Upsize, iRM Sched Upgrade) throughput)
Mobility No resources available for additional RL Additional RL not added in the Active
Set (risk of call drop)
Blocking during Call Admission phase as it is considered the most impacting for call
integrity (direct impact on call success).
The only solutions against blocking:
Additional hw resources
Resources management features activation (iRM, HSDPA fallback, iMCTA CAC)
Resources management features (iRM) usage is highly recommended

in order to avoid useless hw upgrade
RAB Allocation Procedure
Successful PS RAB Allocation
UE BTS RNC CN
PS call initial connection (RRC phase)
RAB Assignment Request
iRM CAC
RNC mechanisms
RNC CAC
Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
BTS mechanism BTS CAC

Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
UP / DL Synchronization
UP / UL Synchronization
Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit
Radio Bearer Setup
Radio Bearer Setup Complete

RAB Assignment Response (Success)
BTS and RNC CAC mechanisms are involved in different call establishment phases.
iRM CAC is a specific RNC mechanism
RAB Allocation Procedure
Successful PS RAB Allocation
Main UTRAN Resources that can trigger CAC action (call admission blocking):
BTS Channel Elements Resource managed by BTS CAC
Blocking of this resource RB rejection or RL Setup/Reconfiguration failures
Iub ATM Resource managed by RNC CAC
Blocking of this resource RB rejection
RF power Resource managed by RNC CAC
UL load (RTWP) Resource managed by BTS CAC
Blocking of this resource RB rejection or RL Setup/Reconfiguration failures
OVSF Codes Resource managed by RNC CAC
RNC CPU Resource managed by the RNC
Blocking of this resource Overload mechanism => RB rejection
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Introduction to UMTS

1. Introduction to UMTS Standard

4. Logical / Transport / Physical Channels

2 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

ITU: International Telecommunications Union

IMT-2000 spectrum band identified in 1992 (Confrence Mondiale des

3 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Indoor Urban Rural outdoor

2 Mbit/s 384 kbit/s 144 kbit/s

Variable bit rate capability

4 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Integration with the Fixed Network

5 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

ITU Allocations IMT 2000 IMT 2000

Europe GSM 1800 DECT

1885 MHz 1980 MHz

1885 MHz 1918 MHz

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

6 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Each worldwide standardization

7 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Creation of 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) to join efforts on the

8 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200

FDD Mode TDD Mode

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

9 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

power density time

10 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

W-CDMA multiple access

Frequency band Region 1 (Europe)

Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz

Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz

2x5 MHz (theor. occupied bandwidth=Chiprate 3,84 Mcps)

User bitrate up to 384 kbit/s

FDD foreseen for Macro- and Microcellular coverage

11 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

12 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Smart card, which stores subscriber

13 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Node B RNS-Radio Network Subsystem

RNC like BSS in GSM

14 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Node B logical interface between RNCs

15 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

switch for circuit switched (CS) services

register database for visitors of the radio

Iu-PS GMSC-Gateway MSC

switch from mobile network to external

16 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

HLR-Home Location Register

for packet switched services

switch for packet switched (PS) services

17 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

End-to-End Service or Teleservice