ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

ME 3560 Fluid Mechanics

Chapter V. Finite control Volume
Analysis

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

5.1 Conservation of MassContinuity Equation

Reynolds Transport Theorem states that: The rate of change of a
property in a control system is equal to the property accumulated within
the control volume plus the rate at which the property is leaving the
control volume.
dB
b dV b (V n ) dA
dt Sys t cv cs

The previous equation applied to the mass of a control system (B = m

and b = 1) results in:

0
t cv
d V
cs
(V
n ) dA

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

t cv
dV (V n ) dA 0
cs
This equation is also know as continuity equation.
The first term represents the mass accumulated within the CV.
The second term represents the amount of mass per unit time crossing
the boundaries of the control surface (flux of mass)

If the process occurs under steady state conditions

(V n) dA 0
cs
m VA
If the density of the fluid is constant (incompressible flow):


cs
(V n ) dA 0
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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

5.2 Newton's Second Law:

The Linear Momentum

dB
b dV b (V n ) dA
dt Sys t cv cs

Linear Momentum Equation: B = mV and b = V

To determine the
d (mV )

dt Sys t cv
V dV
cs
V (V
n ) dA

Additionally, we know that NewtonsSecond Law states that

d (mV )
F
dt Sys 4
Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

Thus, the conservation of momentum equation can be presented as

V d V V (V
n ) dA F
t cv cs
That is: The amount of momentum accumulated per unit time in the
CV plus the net rate of momentum flowing through the CS is equal to
the forces acting on the CV.

In general the right hand side of the previous expression can be

expressed as:

F FSurface F Body
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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

F FSurface F Body
Fsurface are external forces acting on the CV.
Fbody is the component of the weight in the corresponding direction.
In general the coordinate system will be selected such that the
components of the weight in two of the three directions are zero.
Fsurface Net force due to Normal Stress (pressure)

Fpressure pndA
CS
CV
If p = uniform =p0 Fpressure dA 0
p
CS
n

Gauss Theorem nds dV If =Const then=0

S V 6
Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

In conclusion, the net force due to a uniform pressure on the CV is zero.

Therefore, it is necessary to use gage pressures when applying the
momentum equation.
The momentum equation is a vector equation which can be written as:

u dV u (V n ) dA Fx
t cv cs

v dV v (V
n ) dA Fy
t cv cs

w dV w (V n ) dA Fz
t cv cs

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

Selection of Control Volume

A horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of 10 ft/s,
strikes a vane, and is turned through an angle .
Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the vane stationary if
gravity and viscous effects are negligible

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

A horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of 10 ft/s,

strikes a vane, and is turned through an angle .
Determine the friction between the fluid and the vane.

Fy

Fx

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

5.3 First Law of ThermodynamicsThe Energy Equation

dE
Esys Q W Q W
dt sys
Time rate of Net rate of heat Net rate of
total energy in = added to the + work added to
the system system the system

E = Total Energy = U + P.E. + K.E. P.E. = mV2 K.E. = mgz

B = E and b = e = u + V2 + gz

Units for E are J, cal, BTU

Units of e are J/kg, BTU/slug, lbft/slug

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017
Applying Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Q W
t CV
e d V
Cs
e (V
n )dA

Heat and Work added to the control volume are positive.

In the most general situation

W WShaft W pressure WShear

W T
Shaft

p
W pressure pV n dA V n dA
CS CS

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

WShear FTangential V
The work due to shear stress can be eliminated
by selecting the CV on solid surfaces or setting
the inlets and exits perpendicular to the velocity
such that V = 0.
Most of the time the effect of viscous shear
stresses are grouped with other terms to
determine the losses.
Thus, the energy equation can be written as

p V 2

t cv
edV

cv
u
2
gz


V
n dA W
Q Shaft

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017
Realizing that h = u + p/
V 2


t cv
edV

cv
h
2
gz


V
n dA W
Q Shaft

If u, p, V and z are all assumed to be uniformly distributed over the flow

cross-sectional areas involved:
p V2 p V2
cv 2
u gz
V
n dA
u

gz
m
flow 2
out

p V2
u gz m
flow 2
in

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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

p V 2

t cv
edV
Q W
Shaft

flow
u

gz
m
2
in

p V2
u gz m
flow 2
out

p V2
For steady state
processes: u
flow 2
gz m

out

p V2
u gz m Q W Shaft
flow 2 14
in
Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017
By dividing this equation by the mass flow rate:
p V2 p V2
u
flow 2
gz u
2
gz q w
flow
out in
For only one inlet and one exit:

pout pin V 2
V 2

out
g ( zout zin ) q w uout uin
in
2
Applying the previous equation to a situation where there is not shaft
work done by or on the CV.

pout pin V 2
V 2

out
g ( zout zin ) q uout uin
in
2
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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis
ME3560 Fluid Mechanics Spring 2017

2
pout Vout pin Vin2
gzout gzin loss
2 2

loss uout uin q

pin Vin2 2
pout Vout
gzin gzout loss
2 2
In general, if the device analyzed has work (shaft) interactions:

pin Vin2 2
pout Vout
zin hshaft zout hL
2g 2g
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Chapter V. Finite control Volume Analysis