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Honors Notes - Mendelian Genetics
Honors Notes - Mendelian Genetics
Honors Notes - Mendelian Genetics
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P generation- parental generation (1st cross)
F1 generation- first filial generation (2nd cross)
F2 generation- second filial generation (3rd
cross)
Mendels experiments:
Crossed 2 pure lines
P: tall x short pea plants
F1: 100% tall hybrid
Crossed tall hybrid X tall hybrid
F2: 75% tall 25% short 3:1
In genetics we use symbols for the traits
T= tall
t = short
P: TT X tt
F1: 100% Tt or tall, hybrid
Punnett Square
2
F1: Tt X Tt
Law of Dominance:
In a cross between 2 pure contrasting traits
only one of these traits appears in the next
generation. This is the dominant trait and the
one that does not appear is recessive.
So T(tall) is dominant, t (short) is recessive
Law of Segregation-
During gamete formation, the 2 genes
responsible for each trait separate from each
other so that each gamete contains only one
gene for each trait
Problem: Mendel found pure wrinkled seeds
crossed with pure round seeds resulted in
100% round seeds. So.what would a cross
between a pure wrinkled and hybrid round
yield?
Problem: Black coat in guinea pigs is dominant
over white coat. Parents: Black X Black
4Black
Are parents hybrid or pure?
Incomplete Dominance
A type of heredity in which the hybrid is
noticeably different from both pure bred parents
Ex: Japanese Four OClock Flowers
red x red red white x white white
red x white pink
Key: R-red, W-white, RW-pink
Problem: Cross a red flower plant x white flower
plant
RR x WW
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Problem: Cross a pink flower with a pink flower
RW x RW
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Multiple Alleles
- a gene with more than 2 alleles, but only 2 can be
expressed at once
- exampleblood types
3 alleles A, B, and O
blood types: A, B, O, or AB
depends on proteins on outside of red blood cell,
protein A or B (protein called antigen)
Cross: type A x B
AO or AA x BO or BB
Could type AxB have an O offspring?
AO x BO
OO
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Problem: Mother is A, could type O be the father of a
baby with type AB?
Mom: AA or AO x Dad: AB, BO or BB
AB OO Dad not
possible
Rh factor:
- another type of protein (antigen) located on red
blood cells
+ dominant, have the protein, no antibodies
- recessive, dont have the protein, anti +
antibodies
possible genotypes: ++, +- , --
Sex determination
Somatic cells-body cells
Sex cells-gametes
- humans, 23 chromosomes in a sex cell
- #1-22 are autosomes
- #23, sex chromosomes
males XY females XX
all eggs contain the X chromosome
sperm: 50% have the X chromosome and 50%
have the Y chromosome
so during fertilization : X+Y male (XY) OR
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X+X female (XX)
Males determine the sex!
Y sperm slightly faster than X sperm
pH of vagina may affect the different sperm