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Sampling & Data Collection: Qsb3933 Research Methodlogy Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Hons.)
Sampling & Data Collection: Qsb3933 Research Methodlogy Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Hons.)
Sampling & Data Collection: Qsb3933 Research Methodlogy Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Hons.)
COLLECTION
QSB3933 RESEARCH METHODLOGY
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS.) 1
QSB3933_MAK_SAMPLING & DATA COLLECTION
What is Sampling?
Sampling is selecting a sub-set of a whole
population.
Sampled population & target population
should be similar to one another.
SAMPLING 2
QSB3933_MAK_SAMPLING & DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING PLANS
A method or procedure for specifying how a sample will
be taken from a population.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
SIMPLE STRATIFIED
CLUSTER
RANDOM RANDOM
SAMPLING PLANS 3
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A sample selected in such a way that every possible
sample of the same size is equally likely to be chosen.
Example:
Drawing three names from a hat containing all the
names of the students in the class. Any group of three
names is as equally likely as picking any other group of
three names!
VERY EASY TO DEFINE!
EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO DO!
Random sample of 100 cokes bottles today at the coke
plant.
Random sample of 50 pine tress in a 1000 acre forest.
Random sample of 5 deer in a national forest.
CLUSTER SAMPLING 7
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DATA
COLLETION
Problem
Survey Case Study
solving
DATA COLLECTION 8
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Data derived from a large number of respondents
Within a limited time frame
Concern with generalized results
Data is abstracted from a particular sample or population
SURVEY
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL
SURVEY APPROACH 9
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Aims to answer questions such as: HOW
MANY, WHO? WHAT IS HAPPENING?
WHEN? WHERE?
Counts the number of respondents with
certain opinion/ view towards a specific
object/ concern.
Example: Number of respondents that answer
YES to a question posed.
DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY 10
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Aims at establishing relationship and
association between the attributes/
objects of questionnaire.
Example: Workers motivation and site
productivity
YES answers given by the workers
No answers given by site managers
ANALYTICAL SURVEY 11
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May be administered through:
SURVEYS 12
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Decide who Pilot test the
should be questionnaire Think about
involved in the and other analysis
process materials
Communicate
Define survey Develop the
about your survey
content questionnaire
and its results
Develop budget,
Identify your Decide on the timeline and
respondents survey method management
process
RESPONSE RATE 14
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RESPONSE RATE = # that responded/ answered the survey
# you contacted
RESPONSE RATE 15
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High response rate promotes
confidence in results.
RESPONSE RATE 16
QSB3933_MAK_SAMPLING & DATA COLLECTION
Generate positive publicity for your survey
Over sample
Ensure that respondents see the value of participating
Use a combination of methods
Make multiple follow up contacts
Provide incentives
Provide 1st class postage/ return postage
Set return deadlines
Make the survey easy to complete
Example:
The data suggests vs. These data show
It appears vs. We can conclude
OBSERVATION 19
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To provide information about real life
situations and circumstances
To assess what is happening
Because you cannot rely on
participants willingness and ability
to furnish information
OBSERVATION 20
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When you want direct information
WHEN IS OBSERVATION
USEFUL? 21
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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
OBSERVATION 22
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Potential for bias
Effect of culture on what you observe and interpret
Reliability
Ease of categorization
OBSERVATION -
LIMITATIONS 23
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Train the observers
Determine who/ what Collect the
and have them
will be observed information
practice
Determine aspects
Pilot test the Analyze & interpret
that will be observed
observation record the collected
(characteristics/
sheet information
attributes/ behaviors)
PHOTOGRAPHS
(series of photos that demonstrate each of the grades on
the rating scale)
INTERVIEWING 28
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The subject is sensitive
People are likely to be inhibited in speaking about
the topic in front of others
People have a low reading ability
Bringing a group of people together is difficult (e.g
in rural areas)
INTERVIEWS 30
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Uses script & questionnaire
No flexibility in wording or order of
questions
Closed response option
Open response option
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW 31
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Outline of topics or issues to cover
SEMI STRUCTURED
INTERVIEW 32
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May not know that an interview is taking place
Spontaneous
Questions emerge from the situation and what is
said
Topics or questions are not predetermined
Individualized and relevant to situation
NON STRUCTURED
INTERVIEW 33
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INTERVIEW QUESTION:
What did you like best about this program?
Response: I liked everything
Probe 1: What one thing stood out?
R: Being with my friends
Probe 2: What about the program activities?
R: I liked it when we worked as a team
Probe 3: How come?
R: It was neat to hear each others perspectives. I heard
some things I hadnt considered before
Probe 4: What is one thing that you learned?
PROBING 34
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Keep language pitched to that of respondent
Avoid long questions
Create comfort
Establish time frame for interview
Avoid leading questions
Sequence topics
Be respectful
Listen carefully
INTERVIEWING TIPS 35
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Write down response
Tape record
Key in computer
Work in pairs
RECORDING RESPONSES 36
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Data collection instruments used to collect standardized
information that can be expressed numerically or through
short answers.
Basic instruments of surveys and structured interviews.
Appropriate when:-
1. You want information form many people.
2. You have some understanding of the situation and can
ask meaningful questions.
3. Information is sensitive or private anonymous
questionnaires may reduce bias.
QUESTIONNAIRES ARE 37
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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- Can reach large - Might not get careful
numbers feedback
- Provide anonymity - Wording can bias
- Relatively inexpensive clients response
- Easy to analyze Response rate is often
low
Literacy demands
QUESTIONNAIRES 38
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Respondents can provide useful information about the
topic.
You know what it is you want to know & are
reasonably sure that you can ask standardized
questions to get the information.
Respondents can be relied upon to provide the
information you need (perhaps with incentives).
Meaning, they can comprehend the questions and
respond properly, they are truthful & motivated
enough to respond carefully.
Counting
Counting,
concept is Asks why things
association &
applied on happened
relationship
detailed case
hand.
format.
SECONDARY DATA
COLLECTION 43
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Refers to official statistics collected by the
government and its agencies.
STATISTICAL FORMAT 44
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Using information that already exists in records,
receipts, meeting minutes, reports, budgetsrather
than collecting new data.
DOCUMENT REVIEW 45
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ADVANTAGES ISSUES
DOCUMENT REVIEW 46
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What you must ask yourself:
Will the data answer my research question?
To answer that
You must first decide what your research
question is
Then you need to decide what data/ variables
are needed to scientifically answer the
question
49
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S = X NP(1-P)/d (N-1)+X P(1-P)
2 2 2
S= required sample
N= population size