Anatomy & Physiology I Lab Review #2

PRACTICAL #2 will have 65 questions plus 5 bonus

questions.

EXERCISE 8 OVERVIEW OF THE SKELETON

See my Lab Notes and the Lab Guide for EX 8 for the information that youre responsible
for.

EXERCISE 9 THE AXIAL SKELETON

1) See my Lab Notes for EX 9

2) See the Lab Guide for EX 9
We will cover the sections regarding intervertebral discs and ligaments of the
vertebral column with EX 11 (joints)
3) See the Lab Guides for Bone Markings (pages 1-5)
iv. Temporal bones (should list both the stylomastoid foramen & styloid process)

EXERCISE 10 THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

1) See my Lab Notes for EX 10

2) See the Lab Guide for EX 10
3) Lab Guide for Bone Markings (pages 6-10)
Add iliac fossa to the ileum
Add lateral and medial epicondyle to femur

EXERCISE 11 ARTICULATIONS & BODY MOVEMENTS

1) See my Lab Notes for EX 11 (overview below)

2) See the Lab Guide for EX 11

functional classification of joints:

1. synarthroses (immovable)
2. diarthroses (freely movable)
3. amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
structural classification of joints: (See figure 11.1 for examples of types of joints)
i. bony - type is synostosis
ii. fibrous - type may be suture, gomphosis, or syndesmosis
iii. cartilaginous - type may be synchondrosis or symphysis
iv. synovial (fig 11.3) - types may be gliding (plane), hinge, condylar (ellipsoidal),
saddle, pivot, ball & socket
 Table 11.1 - Joints are generally named for the articulating bones. Especially important are
the anatomical names of the specific joints that we studied - glenohumoral, coxal,
femoropatellar, humeroulnar/humeroradial, etc.
Movements (fig 11.5) : flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, rotation (right/left or lateral/medial), supination, pronation, eversion, inversion,
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition, protraction, retraction, depression, elevation, lateral
flexion
Intervertebral Joints: anterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinal ligament,
supraspinal ligament, intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus)
Ligaments at the Shoulder joint (4 ligaments - fig 11.8): coracoclavicular, coracoacromial,
acromioclavicular, glenohumoral
Ligaments at the Elbow joint (3 ligaments): radial collateral, ulnar collateral, annular
Ligaments at the Hip joint (4 ligaments - fig 11.6) : ligamentum teres, iliofemoral,
pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, transverse acetabular ligamnet
Ligaments at the Knee joint (7 structures - fig 11.7): tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral
ligament, patellar ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial
meniscus, lateral meniscus
Temporomandibular joint; articular disc

EXERCISE 12 - MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY & ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

1) See my Lab Notes for EX 12 (overview below)

2) See the Lab Guide for EX 12

skeletal muscle fiber anatomy (fig. 12.1 & 12.2): sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, myofibrils, myofilaments (actin & myosin), transverse tubule (t tubules), terminal cisternae,
triad, satellite cell, peripheral nuclei, neuromuscuolar junction (fig. 12.5 motor neuron, axon terminal,
synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine, synaptic cleft, motor end plate)
sarcomere (fig. 12.1): I band (contains z disc), A band (contains h zone & m line), actin (G-
actin, troponin, tropomysin) myosin (has myosin heads)
fibers organized into muscles (fig. 12.4): endomysium, perimysium, fascicle, epimysium,
tendons, aponeurosis

EXERCISE 13 - GROSS ANATOMY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

1) See my Lab Notes for EX 13 (overview below)

2) See the Lab Guide for EX 13

muscle types: agonists, antagonists, synergists, fixators,

 muscle structure (fig. 13.1): Parallel muscle, Convergent muscle, Pennate muscle
(Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate), Circular muscle (sphincter), Fusiform
naming muscles: location, shape, relative size, direction of fibers, number of origins, location
of attachments, action
IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN MUSCLES
- See MUSCLE LIST for the muscles you are required to know.
- Refer to the Lab Notes for muscles you can exclude.
- Use diagrams in your lab manual and your textbook for identification, as well as great links
on eLearning.
You are responsible to know muscle name, origin, insertion, and action unless an
exception is listed below:
You are responsible for knowing innervation if it was listed in the Lab Notes.
1. Muscles of the Head
a. Muscles of Facial Expression (muscles 1-6, 8-14) - all are innervated by the Facial
Nerve (CN VII) epicranium frontal and occipital bellies, temporoparietalis, orbicularis
oculi, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, zygomatic
major and minor, risorius, orbicularis oris, buccinator, platysma. YOU DO NOT NEED
TO KNOW #7
b. Muscles of Mastication (muscles 15 - 19) - all are innervated by the Trigeminal Nerve
(CN V) masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid (buccinators helps)
c. Muscles of Tongue Movements (muscles 20, 21, 23) - All are innervated by the
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus. YOU DO NOT
NEED TO KNOW 22
d. Muscles of the Pharynx (muscles 24 - 29) - YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THESE
e. Extrinsic Eye Muscles (muscles 30 - 35) YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THESE.
We will cover these with the nervous system.
f. Middle Ear Muscles (muscles 36 - 37) - YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THESE
2. Muscles of the Anterior Neck & Throat: Swallowing
a. Suprahyoid Muscles (muscle 38 - 41) digastric, stylohypoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
b. Infrahyoid Muscles (muscles 42 - 45) sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid
3. Muscles of the Neck & Vertebral Column: Head Movements & Trunk Extension
a. Anteriolateral Neck Muscles (muscles 46 - 47) - sternocleidomastoid & scalenes (ant,
middle, post)
b. Intrinsic Muscles of the Back
i. (muscle 48 & 49) - splenius capitis and spenium cervicis
ii. (muscles 50 - 60) - These are the erector spinae muscles of the back. YOU
DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THESE
iii. (muscle 61-66) YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THESE
iv. (muscle 67) - Quadratus lumborum
4. Muscles of the Thorax
a. Main Muscles of Respiration (muscle 68 - 70)
i. external intercostals & diaphragm for normal inspiration (diaphragm is
innervated by phrenic nerve)
ii. internal intercostals for forced expiration (normal expiration is passive)
b. Assisting Muscles of Respiration (muscles 71 - 73) - YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW
THESE
5. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall (muscles 74 - 77) - rectus abdominis, external oblique,
internal oblique, transversus abdominis
6. Muscles of the Pelvic Floor & Perineum
a. Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm (muscles 78-81) You only need to know 79-81
coccygeus, levator ani: pubococcygeus & iliococcygeus. Innervated by sacral nerves.
YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW 78
b. Muscles of the Urogenital Diaphragm (muscles 82 - 83) - YOU DO NOT NEED TO
KNOW THESE
c. Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Space (muscles 84-86) - YOU DO NOT NEED TO
KNOW THESE
7. Superficial Muscles of the Anterior & Posterior Thorax
a. Muscles of the Anterior Thorax (muscles 87-89) pectoralis minor, serratus anterior,
subclavius
b. Muscles of the Posterior Thorax (muscles 90 - 93) trapezius, rhomboids major & minor,
levator scapulae
8. Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
Muscles that Move the Humerus (muscles 94 - 102) - pectoralis major, deltoid, latissumus
dorsi, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor,
coracobrachialis
i. rotator cuff muscles (remember SITS acronym). Which SITS muscle is most
likely to sustain a tear?
9. Flexion & Extension of Forearm
a. Posterior Compartment Muscles (muscles 103-104) triceps (you do not have to know
the heads of the triceps: lateral, medial, long) and anconeus. Innervated by the radial
nerve.
b. Anterior Compartment Muscles (muscles 105-107) biceps brachii, brachialis,
brachioradialis (you do not need to know heads of biceps). Innervated by the
musculocutaneous nerve.
10. Movements of the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
a. Anterior Compartment Muscles innervated by the median or ulnar neve
i. Superficial Muscles (muscles 108 - 112) pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis,
palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
 ii. Deep Muscles (muscles 113 - 115) flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorus
profundus, pronator quadratus.
b. Posterior Compartment Muscles innervated by the radial nerve
i. Superficial Muscles (muscles 116 - 121) brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis
longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digit minimi,
extensor carpi ulnaris
ii. Deep Muscles (muscles 123 - 125) extensor policis brevis, abductor pollicis
longus, supinator. YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW 122 or 126
c. carpal tunnel syndrome (clinical example), flexor retinaculum, extensor retinaculum &
median nerve
11. Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand (127-137) YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THESE
12. Muscles Crossing the Hip & Knee Joint
a. Anterior and Medial Muscles that Originate in the Pelvis or Spine (muscles 138-140)
iliacus, psoas major, sartorius
b. Muscles in the Medial Compartment of the Thigh (muscles 141,142, 144, 145)
adductor magnus, adductor longus, pectineus, gracilis. Innervated by the obturator
nerve. YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW 143.
c. Muscles in the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh (muscles 146-150) rectus femoris,
vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, tensor fascia latae. Innervated by
the femoral nerve.
d. Gluteal Muscles (muscles 151 - 153) gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus
minimus
e. Lateral Rotator Muscles (muscles 154, 156-159) piriformis, obturator interus, superior
gemellus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris. YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW 155.
f. Muscles in the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh (muscles 160-162) biceps femoris,
semitendinosus, semimembranosus. Innervated by the tibial nerve and portions of the
sciatic nerve.
13. Muscles Crossing the Leg
a. Anterior Compartment Muscles (muscles 163-165) tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum
longus, extensor hallucis longus. Innervated by the deep fibular nerve
b. Lateral Compartment Muscles (muscles 167-168) fibularis longus and fibularis brevis.
Innervated by the superficial fibular nerve
c. Posterior Compartment Muscles innervated by the tibial nerve
i. Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Compartment Muscles (muscles 168 - 171)
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
ii. Deep Muscles of the Posterior Compartment (muscles 172-175) popliteus,
flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior
14. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (muscles 176-186) - YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW
THESE
HINTS:
1) Be able to identify the muscle on the models. This is fundamental! Muscles that were not identifiable
on any of our models are very unlikely to be used as questions.
2) For O/I:
Muscle name may indicate O/I
Pay close attention to an O/I when many muscles of a group originate or insert (trends)
Less important is an O/I if you did not learn the bony marking when you studied bones
If all else fails, follow the fibers. Many times you can "follow" them to O/I. Sometimes
you can see the O/I.
3) Actions
Muscle name may indicate action
Pay attention to muscles groups all having the same action (trends)
If all else fails, imagine the muscle fibers shortening. What actions would it produce at
the particular joint that the muscle crosses?
Understand the difference:
Flexion/extension of the arm is an action at the shoulder joint while
Flexion/extension of the forearm is an action at the elbow joint
Flexion/extension of the thigh is an action at the hip joint while
Flexion/extension of the leg is an action at the knee joint

4) Innervation - Only if listed here in this review or my notes.

5) Know which compartment a particular muscle belongs to. Muscles within the same compartment
have same/similar actions.
o ARM
anterior compartment - biceps brachii and brachialis flex the elbow
posterior compartment - triceps brachii extend the elbow
o FOREARM
anterior compartment - flexor muscles flex the wrist and fingers
posterior compartment - extensors muscles extend the wrist and fingers
o THIGH
anterior compartment - quadriceps femoris extends the leg
posterior compartment - hamstrings extend the thigh, flex the leg
medial compartment - adductor muscles adduct & medially rotate the thigh
o LEG
anterior compartment - tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum, extensor hallucis longus
and fibularis tertius dorsiflex foot and/or extend the toes
posterior compartment - gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles plantar flex the
foot and/or flex the toes
lateral compartment - fibularis longus and brevis plantar flex and/or evert foot