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Miễn dịch học cơ sở
Miễn dịch học cơ sở
o~Ai
gpQ
IMNt NH XUI BN I HC QC GIA H Ni
GS. TS. NGC LIN
MIN DCH HC
C S
(In ln th ba, c sa cha v b sung)
Mc lc
Chng V. B th 61
5 . 1. Khi nim 61
5 .2 . Cc protein ca b th 62
5.3. Cc tin trnh hot ho b th 63
5.3.1. Con ng hot ho c in 63
5.3.2. Con ng hot ho b th nh lectin MBL 64
5.3.3. Con ng hot ho bn cnh v cc yu t hot ho b th 65
5.3.4. Phc h tn cng mng (MAC) 68
5.4. Hiu qu sinh hc ca s hot ho b th 69
5.5. B th v cc c ch trn thot ca vi sinh vt 69
5.6. Cc h thng khc ca huyt tng tham gia vo cc c 72
ch bo v v c ch vim
5.7. Cc bnh l pht sinh do thiu ht b th bm sinh 72
Tm tt chng V 74
Ph lc 231
Ph lc I. c im cu trc v chc nng ca cc khng 233
nguyn CD
Ph lc II. Gii ngha danh t min dch 275
Nguyn nh Bng
Gio s Tin s Y khoa
Gim c Trung tm Quc gia
Kim nh Sinh vt phm
3
1.1. n h n gh a v m in dch hc
1.2. L ch s n g h in cu m in dch hc
T B Dgun tu
xng l i mi
Yu t hoi ho T B ngun
t
T B khi thu dng tu T B kbi thu dong lym pio
T B Dgun
/
Erythropoietin I L 3, G M -C S F. I L 1, IL 6
Throm bpoietn,
IL
Nguyn bo
bng cu C FU
Tln thn Tin thn Tln thn bch cu
T bo nhn bychcu bchcu ht T mno
J _ khng l M fai IL3, GM*CSF, IL3, GM-CSF,
1LS G-CSF.. ^ -C S F
T <>
V
Hng cu Tiu cu ch cu
Bch a Bch cu Bch cu T B mono
k ir n M il (rng tinh
1.3.3. Cc khng th v b th
cm tc th c gi l phn v, qu mn cm gy c do cc
phc h min dch, qu mn cm mun v qu mn cm kch
thch. Hin tng phn v c vai tr tham gia ca khng th lp
IgE v cu trc ca chng c lm sng t (Ishizaka).
1.3 . 10 . S iu ha m in dch
Cc khng th 2 c sn xut
Khng nguyn I
> A <J
<1 ^
_ o
t bo B
U
r K h n g th 1
V
i thc bo T b o K
c hot ho T- gy c 1 (ADCC)
C c t bo h u q u
1 --------
T bao mast
ai thue bcio
r
c
2.1. n h n g h a v k h i n im c h u n g v k h n g n g u y n
2 .2 . P h n n g c h o
2.3 H a p ten v p r o te in m an g
2.4. T n h k h n g n g u y n c a c c c h t sin h tr n g hp
(b io p o ly m e r )
1. Gal NAc (p 1,3) - Gal(P 1,3) - Glu NAc(p 1,3) - Gal(a 1,2)- Fue.
= Khng ngun H(O)
2. Khng nguyn H + (a 1,3) Gal NAc. = Khng nguyn A
3. Khng nguyn H + (a 1,3)- Gal. = Khng nguyn B
S cu to cc khng nguyn nhm mu A, B, o
2.5. S th c h n g c a c c vi sin h v t b n g c c h c i
b i n c c k h n g n g u y n c a c h n g
2.6. Im m u n o g e n v k h n n g p n g m i n d c h
Tm tt chng II
Chui ng Domain
Vng
lin kt
khng
nguyn
Ch2 C||3
(hnh 3.5). Nng IgD trong huyt thanh ngi khe rt thp
khong t 0,04mg * 0,05mg/ml
Domain Mu ui
F (a b ),
C c p e p t it n h pFc
IT :cr . I
CLUJ II-
r
PKPXIN
4L.
X
't
-& V tr i c t t h c a p c a
PA PAIN p apain
*****
\ Fc
3.3. M i q u a n h gi a cu tr c v ch c n n g c a c c
k h n g th
3.4. C s d i tr u y n v tn h a d n g c a k h n g th
Locus ch u n h X
V
1 V *1 _ LVv-a - Jii
4*1 C *1 J2 C* J *4
: * = = 4 i * = = m = = = = = m t= = = m t
L ocuschui nh K
t Vfl 12 V? 13 v*3 L V* -40 J-S c,
L ocus ch u i n n g * *
V M1 L 2 v *2 L3 Vm3 f lH s 51 1 r 0*1-27 J h 1-
AND mm
: T~ I
Tlthp soma
~ r
ADN ni D-J
~ . r ....
Ti t hp soma
L V J c
= .; r ~ : N
ADN ni VDJ
Sp xp li
- r - I- v ,---- --- --------,
Phin m -M h - m ww AAA
Bn phin m
L V DJ.
u tin ARN
Ct ni
m ARN
Phin dch
Cc chui
polypeptit ca Ig
\/ \/
L V- J
m t
1. AND mm.
2. C ch to vng cho ct ni cc manh gen.
3. C ch loi h cc mnh intron v exon khc*.
4. Lp gip cc minh gen ph hp c hot tnh cho vng bin i
41
m nh* i l l l o j a r t B H I
IV J c L V D J r V
ADN mm = = M M
1
Tl t hp soma IV D- . ..... i .. .
m - <
ADN ni D-J
c
Ti t hp soma L VJ c L V 0; , ..... , ........ .
B
Bll 13 5 11 B
AON ni VDJ sip xp
Cc chui polypptii
calg
T
L, V, l* V* Vr lr
1.
= o * = = o e h = :* = =
2.
3.
. -
1 ------------------------ |
Lt V, J u V, J
4. m ^ B f t f l -
----------------------- L H K J --------------------------
1. ADN mm.
2. C ch to vng cho ct ni cc mnh gen.
3. C ch loi b cc mnh intron v exon khc.
4. Lp gip cc mnh gen ph hp c hoat tnh cho vng bin
i
43
k h n g th k h n g th
d a dng n d n g
3.7. Cc th th c a ly m p h o B (BCR )
Cc th th ca lympho B c to thnh t cc Ig c cu
trc ging nh mt phn t khng th ho tan nhng u
tn cng c ca cc chui nng c xuyn su vo mng t
bo lympho B. Vng xuyn qua mng t bo ca phn t Ig
c chiu di khong 20 gc axit amin v mt on ngn ca
trnh t tn cng c nm trong phn t bo cht. Cc BCR
ca lympho B chn bao gm mt IgM v mt IgD (mlgM,
mlgD) ca mng t bo, c mt chui nh ging nhau v cng
mt khu vc V||. Cc chui n v s l s ghp ni ca cng mt
bn sao |A-5. Cc Ig mng l nhng monome (i2L2 ) BCR ca
lympho B ghi nh khng cha ng mlgD ngha l ch gm
mt lp Ig (c th l mlgM, mIgG3 hoc mlgGl V..V..) ngoi
ra cc mlg ca lympho B cn kt hp vi mt heterodime
c hnh thnh t cc phn t Iga (CD79a) v IgP (CD79b).
Cc phn t Iga v IgP lin kt vi nhau bng mt cu dis-
unfua nm ngoi t bo. Chc nng ca cc phn t Iga v
IgP l truyn dn tn hiu nh s kt hp ca BCR vi khng
nguyn c hiu. S nhn bit khng nguyn ny c thc
46
3.9. Cc du h iu protein b it ho t bo
Vu
V,.
S cc S cc
gen to
50 57
gerc *o
ra tnh
a dng 70
I
(3 s> ra m/i
a dng
cc cc
12
m nh a m nh p
'*I
> i
H N K |-|I IJ 4 H ^
H nh 3.13. S lng cc mnh gen khc nhau c
dng to ra tnh a dng ca TCR ap ()
S sp xp ca cc locus gen cho cc chui a, 3, V, 5 ca
TCR(B).
50
Tm tt chng III
4.1. M u
HLA-I HLA-II
Mng VVVVVVYVVYVVV
J V jZ j*"iLJL>A \Mt<-?-!tL tlci
ft li_
__t I_
_ il>
_>v i ? t T V
Vng t bo cht
Tm ng (centromer)
a)
N him sc th 6
Lp II Lp III Lp I
['
Off
-m
Ctr*
' Iv p
**4 I t
i i n t c ? .IH S f It Nt-A- '
i . 4A t
a -m -A
DP DQ DR C4BC4AB1C2 HSPTNF B c A
c> J I /
M IN I
V ; V - 1 I | tt v - l A
Hi ' A.it tit A1 A. a TAt't m V H -' A i' B 0 1 /(I O'
DP DM DQ DR
4.4. S p h n b, iu ho b iu h in v ch c n n g ca
cc phan t HLA
I
L
Hnh 4.4: S cu trc rnh lin kt MHC-II. Cc pep*
tit lin kt vi rnh MHC-II bng s tng tc dc theo
chiu di cua rnh lin kt
58
4.5. H t h n g H L A li n q u a n n q u n t h c h n g t c
v cc bnh l
Tm tt chng IV
Chng V. B th
5.2. Cc p rotein ca b th
C4 Carboxypeptidaz N C3 Carboxypeptidaz N
C4a C3a
&
' U C4b _ ' C3b^__Yu t'
> ^ - C l q r 2 s 2 D A F - - * + ----- *C4b2
/ C2a 0 "
Cl-INH
/6 @
C2b
C4b2a3b
C2 C5 convertaz
(B)
(C)
-* C5
C5b
C6, C7
P ro tein s
v
SP-40,40
C5b67 o
5.4. Hiu
qu
* sinh hc
ca s hot
ho b th
iC l
C4
1
LMB - MASP
C4
I
C3
B
C2 C2 D
_________
I-
C3 - CONVBRTASE
_ ... ... , _ i
Cht truyn dn Lin kt vi th th b Phc h MAC phn
peptit gy vim, th trn b mt I hc hu cc tc nhn vi
huy ng thc bo bo khun v t bo
ch
i
Opsonin vi khun v
loi b phc h min
dch
Tm tt chng V
/ / \ i V J_ J /' 'v
- \ \ s1./^
i - - i y ('
A i I \ \
i
* 1*4 khng
c n u i V
nng
vV
. V
n Bg uu y n
_
\ T s
---- ----- .. <i> i
K hng th
L in k t
r K hng
nguyn
tt-
hydro
I
L c t n h i n Z1 -
Lc V an d e r ? / )
W aa ls s
Lc k nc
HO r a <
6.1.2.2. c im v s lng
Vic nh lng mt khng nguyn c th thc hin c nh
cc khng huyt thanh a ha tr (polyvalent antiserum) hoc
khng th n dng, bng cch xy dng mt ng chun theo
nng ca dung dch khng nguyn bit. Tuy nhin, vic
nh lng khng th trong huyt thanh ni chung khng th
chnh xc v:
- Cc khng nguyn u c nhiu epitop khc nhau.
- Cc khng th c hiu vi mt khng nguyn hp thnh mt
h khng ng nht bao gm nhiu phn t c i lc khc
nhau
Ch ring khng th n dng, ng nht v c tnh vt l v
ch lin kt vi mt epitop l c th dng nh lng chnh xc
khng nguyn. Thng thng vic nh lng khng th hoc
khng nguyn ch mang tnh cht bn nh lng. C th l
ngi ta dng mt dung dch pha long lin tip hai ln mt cht
phn ng v gi nguyn nng ca mt cht phn ng b sung.
Kt qu nh lng c biu hin bng nng pha long cao
nht m vn cho phn ng kt ta (hoc ngng kt) dng
tnh.
6.2. Cc k th u t m in dch
6.2.5.1. K th u t p h n hy t bo bn g b th
K thut ny c thc hin i vi t bo hng cu, s dng
nhiu nh lng b th. y hng cu cu c s dng
kt hp vi cc khng th c hiu trong cc iu kin khng
ngng kt s c trn ln vi mi trng sinh phm xt
nghim. Cng tan hng cu (hemolysis) c nh gi sau
khi 30 pht 37c v li tm. Tip theo o m t quang hc
ca hemoglobin c gii phng ra. Ngi ta nh lng b th c
m t trong mi trng theo n v CH-50. CH-50 l k hiu hot
ng phn hy hng cu cu c lm nhy cm bng mt
loi khng th c hiu. Mt n v CH-50 l s" lng b th cn
thit lm phn hy mt na s lng hng cu huyn ph.
6.2.5.2. K th u t c nh b th
K thut ny ch cho php pht hin cc khng th c kh
nng hot ha b th. B th ca huyt thanh xt nghim cn
c lm bt hot t trc nhit 56c trong 30 pht. Phn
ng tip theo c thc hin theo hai giai on:
- Giai on th nht: huyt thanh xt nghim loi b b
th v cho thm 3 n v CH50 ca b th chut Cobaye
chun t trc. Nu huyt thanh cha cc khng th th s
kt hp vi mt khng nguyn v c' nh b th trong thi
gian (1 gi 37c hoc 18 gi 4c v tip theo 1 gi 37C).
- Giai on hai: thm h thng hin hnh c cu thnh t
hng cu cu kt hp vi cc Ig c hiu trong cc iu kin
khng ngng kt.
B th c c nh giai on u, ngi ta khng thy
hin tng phn hy hng cu. Tri li, nu huyt thanh xt
nghim khng cha khng th c hiu th b th cn li sn c
kh nng lm phn hy hng cu giai on hai ca phn ng.
Phn ng ny cn hai xt nghim kim tra: mt xt nghim
khng c khng nguyn v mt xt nghim khng c khng th,
ngha l cc kim tra cho phn ng khng th gii thch c khi
khng nguyn hoc huyt thanh ch c' nh ring b th.
83
6.2.6.1. K th u t m in dch h u n h q u a n g
Cc thuc th hunh quang nh izotioxianat ca fluorescein
(Isothiocyanate flurescein) cho mu hunh quang vng chanh
hoc lisamin rodamin cho mu hunh quang cam c gn
c n g hp vi m t k h n g n gu yn , VI m t k h n g th hoc th ng
hay gn vi antiglobulin bng cc lin kt cng ha tr. C cc
dng xt nghim hunh quang trc tip v gin tip, dng b th
khuch i
- Trong xt nghim min dch hunh quang trc tip, ngi ta
dng mt khng th nh du trn mt lt ct m t bo hoc
trn mt lp t bo di trn lam knh. Sau khi ra ch bn, lt
ct c kim tra di knh hin vi c trang b hunh quang v
phn ng khng nguyn- khng th s c nh khu bng
vng hunh quang.
- Trong xt nghim hunh quang gin tip, ngi ta trc tin
huyt thanh xt nghim (cha khng th) vi mt lt ct t bo
cho khng nguyn t bo kt hp vi khng th c hiu ca
huyt thanh. Sau khi ra nhiu ln, ngi ta thm mt an-
tiglobulin c nh du hunh quang v tip tc ln th hai.
Ra tiu bn v c kt qu di knh hin vi hunh quang.
- Trong k thut xt nghim hunh quang gin tip c s dng
b th khuych i, ngi ta cn dng mt antiglobulin c
nh b th v thc hin phn ng theo ba giai on:
Giai on 1: m hoc t bo vi mt huyt thanh xt
nghim, sau ra loi b huyt thanh tha.
84
Tm tt chng VI
7.2. Cc c quan s cp
Cc yu t Cc dng t bo Vi tr bit
ha
bit ha
T bo ngun min dch M to mu
T bo tin thn T
Cc yu t' bit
ha ca tuyn
^
T bo c v
N
T bo c ty
Tuyn c
c
Lympho T cha chn
Yu t' bit ha Lympho T chn Mu v c quan
tuyn c (C thm quyn min dich) bch huyt
. i
Bit ha tip theo chc nng
T khi thu
i vo tuyn c
Protimoxit
LP V
CD4 CD8-
X
khng cha TCR APOPTOSIS
cha TCR
a ,p
LP TU
CD8*
\
OVIHI '
TOt $ ( p e p tit
% H ,q
t bo
biu m
CD4*
i ra vn g ngoi vi, tr
th n h cc t bo lym-
pho chn, k t hp
BN NGOI TUYN c c h iu vi M HC,
khng c c tn h t
p h n ng
f
rz> \m o
t bo plasma
Nguyn bo B V __
6 ghi nh
_______ I^nn^o
khng nguyn_____ J -ngA
^ VHch vm
hng (V.A)
Hch amian
Tuyn c
__ Lch
Cc tm peyer ca rut non
Rut tha
Mch bch huyt
Tu xng
i Lp cn
i vV \
V*SN \ Mch bch
v/ huyt i
Tm tt chng VII
8.2. S trn h d in k hn g n gu yn
___ Pept.it
/ k h n g n g u y n
M n g sinh
cht Io
>1
B m y (olg
Calnexin* Calreticulin
Peptit
(LMP2-7)
Proteasome
' M H C -II
(B)
T bo tr n h din T bo ch
(A)
A psn!t< c0
c
P h n t
M H C l p II
cD
V~ P h n t M HC
lpl
^ 5 (\
P e p tit M( \ \
k h n g n gu y n CD4
T h th t bo T CD8
y r ir * U ru s vTC K in k ifM s
T bo Tyrozinkinaz Tyrozinkinaz T bo
T CD4 T CD8+
8.4. S iu ho p ng m in dch
Cht truyn
dn thn kinh, Intelkin, xitokin
cc peptit thn v khng th
kinh v cc
hocmon
Tm tt chng VIII
9.2,3.3. Qu m n u h a t
Qu mn to u ht xy ra do b nhim vi khun. c bit
trong bnh lao, ngi ta pht hin thy cc u ht trong cc vng
phi b tn thng.
Trong bnh phong, ngi ta thy c cc u ht c to ra t
cc t bo biu m, b nhiu t bo lympho xm nhp. Mt s"
bnh nhim k sinh trng sn mng (Schistosoma) cng c dng
qu mn mun to ra cc u ht.
Tm tt chng IX
10.1. M i n d c h c h n g vi s in h v t
10.2.2.1. K h n g nguyn un g th
Ngcri ta pht hin ra cc khng nguyn c hiu ca cc
khi u ca ngi. Tip theo ngcli ta cng nhn thy cc phn
138
10.2.2.2.Khi u do virus gy ra
Rt nhiu kh u thc nghim v mt s khi u ca ngi do
virus ung th gy ra, dng virus ARN v ADN, v d virus Ep-
stein-Barr (EB.V) c kh nng gy ung th vm hng. Cc virus
B gy vim gan (HBV), virus c (HCV) cng c kh nng gy ung
th gan. ng th c t cung do mt s dng papilloma virus ca
ngi (HPV 16 v 18). Cc retrovirus HTLV-1 thng tham gia
vo ung th bch cu T (leukemia) ngi trng thnh. Tn s
ca ung th tng rt cao cc bnh nhn thiu ht min dch
(i vi ngi ghp m, b bnh AIDS), rt c th do c ch gii
km hm min dch, (Nossal,1993).
10.3.1.Khi nim
I 14 *
41ti \
:> : anti-lp
SM\
a n u
s? U1pi
jn! .
S*N " : ; Upl
. r .1
r!" * ntln
*
*'' '- ( li jl
I
anf*t.
s>
i
SMN
*0 M < '
m w t - mm m*-F
^ ~~ m>
*** rflv
/
' > * 4 * 7 # t ,*
C-myc
lymphoma
( nyc H Leukemia 1(8; 11)(q24:ql \ ) TKC-A M
lymphoma
Hox 11 10 Leukemia 1(11:14)(<|25.<jl 1) TRC 1) 14
lymphoma
rbtn 1 11 lx*ukomia TRC-I)
lymphoma
TCKA M Leukemia inv(14)(q11:q.T2) Ir H 1
lymphoma
10.4.1. Ch th u n g th (T um our m a rk e r)
10.4.2 P h n loi ch th u n g th th eo k h n n g c h i u
bnh.
Tm tt chng X
capxit
Tm tt chng XI
12.1.2.1. S y n l n g m in dch
Ngi ta thy r h min dch dung np vi cc thnh phn
ca bn thn c th v hin tng ny gi l s yn lng min
dch. Cc thnh phn ca bn thn ch c th tr thnh cht gy
min dch (immunogene) nu chng kt hp vi cc phn t lp
II ca MHC. Tuy vy, cc phn t trong tun hon mu c th b
bt gi bi cc lympho B, b ci bin v kt hp vi cc phn t
lp II ca MHC nhng nng thp s khng to ra i lc
gi tn hiu cho cc t bo T. Nhng t bo B thng xuyn
yn lng.
S yn lng min dch cng c th do khng c cc gen m ho
cho cc th th ca t bo lympho chng li mt s" quyt nh
khng nguyn ca thnh phn bn thn.
Tm tt chng XII
13.1. M u
13.3.1 Cc ng vt hi tiu
13.3.6.3. T n h m in d ch th d ch
Tnh min dch th dch ca cc loi linh trng c
nghin cu trong nhng nm 60 ca th k 20. Ngi ta s
dng khng nguyn ngoi lai chng minh s tn ti ca cc
globulin min dch nh IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE trong huyt
thanh ca cc loi linh trng. Vic kim tra cc phn lp IgG,
cc tip kappa v lambda ca chui nh v tnh d th ca IgA
cng c thc hin trong cc nghin cu v c Damian
v Greene tng kt y trong ti liu ca h (The immumol-
ogy of non human primates, in: RN Finnes, Ed. Pathology of
semian Primates Karger Basel, 1972, tr.342).
188
Bf C2 C4
Chimpanz
D/DR B
C2
Bf
Rhesus
D/DR B
C2
Bf
Tm tt chng XIII
14.1. Vi n t lch s
14.2.2.1. Cc vacxin vi kh u n
Cc vi khun c th c git hoc lm mt hot tnh iu
ch tc nhn gy min dch hu ch. Vi khun c nui cy in
vitro. Cc vacxin vi khun bao gm :
a)Vacxin gim bt c tnh nh BCG (Bacille - Calmette -
Gue'rin) i vi bnh lao.
b)Vacxin gy bt hot tnh (hay vi khun b git):
- Bordetella pertussis i vi ho g
- Salmonella typhi v s.paratyphi i vi bnh st thng hn.
c) Vacxin l cc tiu n v hoc c t:
- Neurotoxin ca Clostridium tetani lm mt hot tnh bng
x l ha hc c iu ch vacxin un vn.
- c t ca Corynebacterium diphtheriae lm mt hot tnh
bng x l ha hc c iu ch vacxin bch hu.
- Polixacart thnh t bo vi khun Haemophilus influenzae typ
b c iu ch vacxin vim mng no.
- Polixacarit thnh t bo vi khun Neisserm meningitidis A v
c c iu ch vacxin vim mng no ty.
198
T h th E G F T h th V, no, phi
/ Oncogen
T h th IL-2 Th th bc l qu mc L eu k em ia t A nti-Tac
bo T
T h th IL-4 Th th bc l qu mc Thn
T h th IL*6 T h th bc l qu mc a u tu.
mieloma
T h u t n g cy ghp ( t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n ) dc s d n g cho t h
t h u t cy g h p mt m t bo hoc mt c q u a n ni t n g (tng)
t mt c t h cho t h a y th m hoc c q u a n c a c th n h n
b p h h u chc n n g do b n h l hoc do c h n th n g v t l
n h m d u y tr cuc sng ca h. Ngi ta c n g s d n g t h u t ng
G r a f t n g h a l g h p cho cc m t bo k h n g c cc ng ni
m c h m u n h g h p da, ghp gic mc... Ngi ta p h n loi
t h n h cc loi cy g h p c h yu s a u y:
- Cy ghp t thn: (Autograft hoc Autologous transplant).
l kiu cy ghp cc m hoc c quan tng ca chnh bn thn
mt c th trong lm sng, vic cy ghp ny ph bin l cy
ghp da t v tr ny sang v tr khc. V d, cy ghp da ly t
phn khc ca c th ca mt bnh nhn b bng da mt.
Trong iu kin khng b nhim tx-ng, s cy ghp t thn
lun lun cho kt qu tt ngha l khng c b hin tng thi
b mnh ghp.
- Cy ghp cng gen: (Syngraft hoc Syngeneic transplant) l
cy ghp m t bo hoc c quan tng gia nhng c th ging
ht nhau v b gen di truyn. Trng hp ny c c gia hai
c th cho v nhn c sinh i cng trng (monozygotes) v
trong thc nghim lm sng him xy ra.
- Cy ghp d gen: (Allograft) c thc hin gia c th cho v
c th nhn c b gen khc nhau nhng cng mt loi. y l
trng hp cy ghp ang c nghin cu v p dng ph
bin trong lm sng. Tuy nhin, cy ghp khc gen hay d gen
thng dn n kt qu thi b mnh ghp hoc c quan ghp.
- Cy ghp ngoi lai: (Xenograft) c thc hin gia cc loi
ng vt khc nhau. y l trng hp cy ghp kh khn
212
ghp xy ra
Thi b ti cp Din ra theo pht Cc khng th mi
hnh thnh
Thi b rt cp T 1 n 5 ngy Cc lympho T
Thi b cp tnh T tun th 2 Cc lympho T
Thi b ko di T nhiu thng Cc khng th, b th v
(trng din) n hng nm cc phn t bm dnh
S tli 1)0 ti cap (lin ra trong co trng hp cy tfh(;|) khng
CUII^ nhm mu, (lc bit l khc nhm mu AIU). Ngi ra cn
bit r cc khng nguyn nhm mu AHO khng ch c mt trn
h mt t bo hng cu m cn c cc t bo biu m. Cc
khng t h ca c t h nhn cng tham gia chng li trc t i ) cc
phn t HLA lp I ca c th cho.
Trong thi b cp tnh cc lympho T ca c th nhn trc tip
nhn dng cc alloantigen theo c che nhn dng trc tip.
S thi b ko di hay trng din xy ra sau khi c s cy
ghp thnh cng. Nguyn nhn ca qu trnh thi b ny vn
cn cha c bit r v bnh l. Ngi ta cho rng c qu trnh
tn thng cc ni m mao mch, c th do mt yu t no
dn n bin chng sau ny. Ni m c th b ph hu do phc
h khng the khng nguyn ngoi lai c tch lu dn cc m
a n s hot ho b the. Cc xitokin nh IL 1, IL 6, TNF-y v
cc phn t bm dnh cng c xut hin trong qu trnh thi
b, c tc dng iu ho mc hot ng ca cc t bo ni m.
I. Cu hi n tp min dch c s
Chng I
Chng II
Chng III
Chng IV
Chng V
Chng VI
Chng VII
Chng VIII
Chng IX v chng X
Chng XI
nh n g h a d u n g n p min (lch l g?
1. Trnh by cc c ch c th giai thch hin tng dung np
min dch.
2. n h n g h a v cc b n h t min, cho mt vi v d v b n h t
min.
3. Trnh by cc nguyn nhan gy bnh t min.
1. Nu mt s phng hng diu tr cc bnh t min.
Chng XIII
Chng XIV
Chng XV
v TH 2 tren be mt te
(khoang 2/3 bo chat mang.
cc te bo T Thu the cho
ngoai vi), gpl20 HIV - 1 v
hach cu dan HIV-2.
nhan, dai
thirc bo.
CD5 Cc te bo 67 f l , Ly 1 Ihn the
tuyen rc, cc thu don
te bo T, tap (an xc
hap con cc thi)
te bo B
CD6 Cc te bo 1 0 0 - 130 Lien ket vai r 12 Thu the
tuyen rc, cc CD 166 thu don
te bo T, cc (an xc
te bo B a thi)
benh bach
cu man tinh
CD7 Cc te bo 40 Chua r, domain Immu
Biu tao mau da te bo cht lien noglobu
hien nng, cc te ket vai PI 3 lin
benh bo tuyen lie, kinaza bng lien
[y cc te bo T ket cheo. La
d'u hieu cho
benh bach cu
cap tinh te bo T
v benh bach
cu te bo
nguon da nng
CD 8 Cc tp hop a:32-34 Dng thu the T 8 , Im m u
CD56 Cc t
bo 135 - 2 2 0 ng dng ca NKH - 1 Immuno-
NK phan t kt dnh globin
t bo thn kinh
(NCAM), phn
t kt dnh
CD57 Cc t bo Oligosacarit, H N K -1 ,
NK, Tp hp c tm thy Leu-7
con cc t trn nhiu gly
bo T, cc t coprotein b mt
bo B, v t bo
bch cu n
nhn
CD58 Cc t bo 55 - 70 Khng nguyn 3 LFA-3 Immu
to mu v kt hp chc noglobulin
khng to nng bch cu
mu (LFA-3), lin
kt vi CD2,
phn t kt dnh
CD59 Cc t bo 19 Lin kt vi cc Protectin, Ly - 6
to mu v thnh phn b cht c
khng to th C 8 v C9 ch Mac
mu ngn cn s kt
hp ca phc h
tn cng mng
CD60a Disialyl gan- Cu trc
glioside D3 carbohy
(GD3) drate
CD60b 9- O-acetyl- Cu trc
GD3 carbohy
drate
CD60c 7- O-acetyl- Cu trc
GD3 carbohy
drate
CD61 Tiu cu, t 110 Di n v P3 integrin
bo nhn integrin, kt hp
khng l, i vi CD41
Ihc bo (GPIIb/IIIa)
hoc CD51 (th
th vitronectin)
246
gian cho s
tng tc ln vi
ni m.
CD62P Tiu cu, t 140 Phn t kt p- Lectin
bo nhn dnh, lin kt vi selectin, dng c,
khng l, ni CD 162 (PSGL- PADGE EGF, v
m 1 ), lm trung M CCP
gian cho tng
tc ca tiu cu
vi cc t bo
ni m, bch
cu n nhn,
v bch cu ln
trn ni m
CD63 Tiu cu hot 53 Cha r, l pro Khng Protein
ho, bch tein mng ly- nguyn xuyn qua
cu n sosom chuyn hot ho mng 4 ln
nhn, i ti b mt t bo tiu cu
thc bo sau khi hoat ho
CD64 Bch cu n 72
nhn, i
thc bo
CD65 Cc t bo Thnh phn oli-
dng tuv gosacarit
ca ceramide
dodecasacarit
Cl Wt;i Bach C.III 160 - ISO Cha r, l Glyco Immu
tiling t]111) thnh vin ca protein- 1 noglobulin
h khng mt
nguyn phi ung \(lk P -1 )
l th (CHA)
Cl )6 6 h Bach can ht 95 - 1 0 0 ; Cha r. thnh CD67 1 Immu-
i vin ca ho trc (v noulohu
C. 11l
khng nguyn
phi uns th
(CEA)
Cl )6 6 c Bach cu ! 90 Cha r, thnhKhng Immu-
trmiiZ tnh, vin ca nguyn ;1 noglohulin
h
uim th hiu khng phan nd
nguyn
m rut kt phi ung tlur cho
(CEA) khng
dc hiu
(NCA)
CDll Bach call 30 Cha r, thnh Immu
trung tnh vin ca h noglobulin
khng nguyn
phi ung th
(CHA)
CD6 6 0 Biu m rut 180 - 2 0 0 Cha r, thnh Khng Immu
kt ngi vin ca h nguyn noglobulin
trng thnh, khng nguyn phi ung
ung tlur biu phi ung ih th
m rut kt (CEA) (CEA)
CD6 6 f Cha r Cha r, thnh Glyco Immu
vin ca h protein noglobulin
khng nguyn dc hiu
phi ung th thai
(CEA)
CD 6 8 Idl Gll clol 110 Cha r Macro- Mucin
Iilm ciai tilt: bn, sialin
hriiGuiingtihh
, h d i cu it\
kxm GC t ho
Kmixilt
CD69 Cc t bo B 28, 32 Cha r, khng Phn t Lectin
v T hot homodim nguyn hot ho cm ng dng c
ho, cc t er giai on du s hot
bo N K v ho
248
h o a tho
CD70 Cc t bo B 75, 95.
Cu tir gn cho Ki-24 TNF
v T hot 170
CD27, c th c
ho, v cc vai tr ng
i thc bo kch thch cc t
bo B v T
CD71 Tt c cc t 95 Th th transfer T9
bo ang homodim rin
nhn i, er
bch cu
hoat ho
CD72 Cc t bo B 42 Cha r Lyb-2 Lectin
(khng phi homodim dng c
cc t bo er
plasma)
CD73 lp hp con 69 Ecto-5-
t ho B. tp nucleotidaza,
hp con t dephotphoryl
bo T ho cc nucleo-
tit cho php thu
nhn nucleozit
CD74 Cc t bo B, 33, 35, Chui khng i li, ly
i thc bo, 41,43 kt hp vi
bch cu n (s khi MHC lp II
nhn, cc t' u v
bo kt hp phn ct
vi MHC lp lun
II phin)
CD75 Tp hp con Lactosamin, cu
cc t bo B, t gn cho
cc t bo T CD22, trung ho
trng thnh s kt dnh t
bo B-t bo B
CD75s Lactosamin sia Cu trc
lyl ho a - 2 . 6 cacbohy-
drate
CD77 Cc t bo 13 (lycosphmgol- Nhm
gia thi ipit trung tnh mu Pk
k phi thai (G a la l-* Glo-
4G alpl-> botriao-
4GalcP 1 -> ce- cyl- ce
ramide) lin kt ramic!
vi dc t Shiga, (C.b3)
249
vi c to Shiga,
lin kt cho
cm ng ci
cht c chng
trnh
0)79 Cc t bo B a: 40 -45 Thnh phn ca Iga, Ig3 Immu
u. : 37 th th khng noglobulin
nguyn t bo B
tng ng vi
CD3, cn thit
cho s biu hin
b mt t bo v
s truyn tn
hiu
CD80 Tp hp con 60 L cht dng B7 (ngy Immu
t bo B kch thch, cu nay: noglobulin
t gn cho CD28 B7.1),
vCTLA-4 BB1
CD81 Cc t bo 26 Kt hp vi ch ca Protein
lympho CD 19, CD21 cc xuyn
to thnh ng khng mng 4
th th t bo B th
khng li
s nhn
i
(TAPA-
1)
CD82 Bch cu 50 -53 Cha r R2 Protein
xuyn
mng 4
CD83 Cc t ho tua, 43 Cha r HB15 Immu
cc t bo B, noglobulin
cc l' bo
l^angerhans
CDw84 Bch cu n 73 Cha r GR16 Immu
nhn, tiu noglobulin
cu, cc t
bo B tun
hon
bo tua, t
bo T hot
ho
CD 102 Cc t bo 55 - 65 Lin kt vi ICAM-2 Immu
lympho nghi, CD1 a/CDIS noglobulin
bch cu n (LFA-1), nhng
nhn, cc t khng lin kt
bo ni m vi
c mch CD11/CD18
(mnh nht) (Mac-1)
CD 103 Cc t bo 150, 25 Integrin aE HML-1, Integrin a
lympho ni integrin
biu m, 2- a6, aE
6% cc t
bo lympho
mu ngoi vi
CD 104 T bo tuyn 220 Integrin P4 kt In- IntegrinP
c CD4, CD8, hp vi CD49f, tegrinfM
cc t bo thn lin kt vi cc
kinh, biu m, laminin
v mt s t
bo ni m,
cc t bo
Schwann,
nguyn bo
dinh dng.
CD 105 Q c t bo 90 Lin kt vi Endoglin
ni m, cc homodim TGF-P
bch cu n er
nhn v i
thc bo hot
ho , tp hp
con cc t
bo tu
xng
CD 106 Cc t bo 100-110 VCAM-1 Immu
ni m Phn t kt noglobulin
dnh, cu t gn
cho VLA-4 (in-
tegrin a 4p.)
CD 107 Tiu cu hot 110 Cha r, l pro Protein
a ho, cc t tein mng ly- mng 1
bo T hoat sosom chuyn lin kt
253
rut non, t
bo thn
kinh, di
thc bo hot
ho v mt
s t bo T.
Dng ho tan
trong bo
tng
CD 144 Cc t bo 130 Thit lp ch Cad- Cadherin
ni m ni kt dnh herin-5,
cc t bo ni VE-
m cadherin
CD 145 Cc t bo 25, 90, Cha r
ni m, mt 110
s t bo
m
CD 146 Ni m 130 Phn t c kh MCAM, Immu
nng kt dnh, MUC18, noglobulin
nh v ch ni S-ENDO
t bo - t bo.
CD 147 Bch cu, 55-65 Phn t c kh M6 , neu- Immu
hng cu, nng kt dnh rothelin, noglobulin
tiu cu, t EMMPR
bo ni m IN,
basigin,
OX-47
CD 148 Bch cu ht, 240 - 260 c ch lin h s HPTPt Fibronectin
bch cu n sinh trng ca dng III,
nhn, t bo t bo protein ty-
tua, t bo T, rozin phot-
nguyn bo phataza
si, t bo
thn kinh
CD 150 Cc t bo 75 - 95 Cha r SLAM Immu
tuyn c, cc noglobulin
t bo lym-
pho hot ho
CD151 Tiu cu, t 32 Kt hp vi in- PETA-3, Protein
bo nhn tegrin l SFA-I xuyn
khng l, t mng 4
bo biu m,
t bo ni m
CD 152 Cc t bo T 33 Thu th cho CTLA-4 Immu
hot ho B7. (CD80), noglobulin
B7.2 (CD 8 6 );
cht diu ho
m tnh s hot
1 ho t bo T
CD 153 Cc t ba I 38 - 40 Cu t gn cho CD30L TNF
hot ho, i CD30, c th
thc bo hot dng kch thch
ho, hch cc t bo T
cu trung
tnh, t bo B
CD 154 Cc t bo T- 30 dng Cu t gn cho CD40L, Thu th
CD4 hot trimer CD40, cht cm TRAP, TNF
ho ng ca s hot T-BAM,
ho v nhn i gp39
t bo B
CD 155 Bch cu dn 80-90 Chc nng Th th Immu
nhn, i thng thng polio- noglobulin
thc bo, t cha r, th th virut
bo tuyn c, cho poliovirut
cc noron
CNS
CD 156 Bch cu 69 Cha r, c th MS2,
a trung tnh, lin quan n s ADAM 8
bch cu n trn dch bch (mt pro-
nhn cu integrin (in- teaza kim
tegrin leukocyte loi v
extravasation) khng
phi in-
tegrin)
CD TACE/ADAM1
156b 7: cu trc kt
dnh
CD 157 Bch cu ht, 42 - 45 ADP-ribosyl cy- BST-1
bch cu dn (50 claza, ADP
nhn, t bo bch cu vng-riboz hy-
m tu n dolaza
xng, t bo nhn)
ni m c
mch, t bo
tua nang
260
CD 158 T bo NK Ho KIR
CD 158 Tp hp con 50 hoc c ch tnh c p50.1, Immu
a t bo NK 58 ' t bo NK trn p58.1 noglobulin
cc phn t
MHC ip I lin
kt
tuyn c, cc c
noron CNS,
do luv, VO
Bowman
CD 1661 cac to bo 1 100 -105 (au t gn cho A XAM, Iinnu-
hot ho, ( 1) 6 , bao gm BEN, noglobulin
biu m s ko di (ly DM-
tuyn c, thn kinh in- GRASP,
nguyn bo tegrin SC- 1
si, cc 1 1 0 -
ron
CD 167 Cc t bo 63, 64 1 Lin kt vi co- DDR 1 , Fyrozin
a biu m binh dng lagen trkH, cak, kinaza th
thng v dimer eddrl th, dis-
bin i coidin lin
quan
CD 168 Cc t bo 5 ng Phn t kt RHAM
ung tlur v dng: dnh. Th M
58, 60, th cho s vn
64, 70, ng c trung
84 ho bi axit hya
luronic - s
dch chuyn t
bo trung gian
CD 169 Tp hp con 185 Phn t kt Siaload- Siu h
di thc bo dnh. Lin kt hesin immu
vi cacbohydrat noglobulin,
sialyl ho, c h sialoa-
th lm trung hesin
gian cho s lin
kt i thc bo
vi bch cu ht
v t bo lym-
pho
CD 170 Bch cu 67 dng Phn t kt Siglec-5. Siu h
trung tnh homodim dnh. Lectin OBBP2, immu
er ging Ig lin kt CD33L2 noglobulin,
axit sialic h siaload-
(Siglec). ui hesin
nm trong vng
t bo cht cha
motif (vng bo
th) ITIM
262
th hot ho dng
(RTKs) v lin khng thu
kt vi cc do th -
main SH2 protein
^yrozin
phot-
phataza 1
(PTPNS1 )
CD 173 Tt c cc t Nhm mu H
bo type 2 , phn
hydratcacbon
CD 174 Tt c cc t Nhm mu
bo Lewis y, phn
hydratccbon
CD 175 Tt c cc t Nhm mu Tn,
bo phn hydrat-
cacbon
CD 175 Tt c cc t Nhm mu Sia-
s bo lyl-Tn. phn hy-
dratcacbon
CD 176 Tt c cc t Nhm mu TF,
bo phn hvdrat-
cacbon -----------------------
CD 177 Cc t bo 56 - 64 NB1 l mt N B 1
dngtu khng nguyn
c hiu bach
26,
cu trung tnh
1ln kt CiPI, chi
dc tm thy
bch cu trung
tnh c mt
ngi trng
thnh c
NBl(97r ngi
cho kho) NHI
dc hiu hin
u tin giai
on t bo tuv
ca qu trnh
bit ho dang
tu
CD 178 Cc t bo T
1 38 - 42 Cu t gn Fas, FasL Siu ho
hot ho lien kt vi Fas TNF
gy ra ci cht
c chng trnh
CD 179 Cc t bo B 16 -18 Chui immu- VpreB, Siu h
a nguyn thu noglobin kt hp JGVPB, immu
khng cng ho Igi noglobulin
tr vi CD 17%
to thnh mt
chui nh thay
th m l mt
thnh phn ca
th th tin t
bo B ng vai
tr quan trng
giai on u
bit ho t bo B
CD 179 T bo B 22 Polypeptit 1 IGLLI, Siu h
b ging immu A.50GL5) immu
noglobulin X kt noglobulin
hp khng cng g VPB.1
ho tr vi 4.
CD179a to
thnh mt chui
nh thay th
dc biu hin
mt cch chn
lc giai on
264
u ca s pht
trin t bo B.
Cc dt bin
trong gen
CDl79b dn ti
lm suy yu s
pht trin t bo
B v bnh thiu
globulin gama
huyt ngi
CD 180 T bo B 95-105 Protein mng LY64, Th th
dng 1 bao gm RP105 ging Toll
cc on lp (TRL)
giu Leucin
ngoi bo
(LRR). Kt hp
vi 1 phn t
c gi l MD-
1 v to thnh
phc h th th
b mt t' bo
RP105/MD-1 ,
hot ng phi
hp vi TLR4
diu khin s
nhn bit t bo
B v s truyn
tn hiu ca
lipopolysacarit
(LPS)
CD183 c bit trn 46 -52 Th th chtho CXCR3, Cc th th
cc t bo B vn ng c x c , th th cht ho
c tnh t lin quan n cp i vn ng,
bnh ri lon ho hng ng protein G Siu h th
nhn di ca cc t bo 9 (GPR9) th cp i
lympho mn lympho B c protein G
tnh tnh. Lin kt
vi INP10 v
MIG-
CD 184 Biu hin u 46 -52 Lin kt vi SDF- CXCR4, Cc th th
tin trn cc 1 (LESTR/fusin), NPY3R, cht ho
t bo ngun hoi dng nh LESTR, vn dng,
tao mu mt cofactor fusin. Siu ho thu
265
('1)34' cha uloii nh.in to) \IIMX) the cap (li
I !
trim thnh cho s hop nht protein (
lion va su tip Ihn
dng t bo 1 ,
1chng dinh (hing
cua HIV - 1
c m 95 Cc te ho
tien daim 111V
40 Thu the cho cht CMKBK Cc th the
lOi vn (lng X CCR5, hon vn
c. r
I1 nh vng ua)
lin h !)C-t
ho '\\ kch thch
s nhiem hiu
qua cc t ho
trans m biu
hin cc th the
CD4 v th th
cht ho hng
(lng; protein
xuyn mng
1 (lng II
CD Cc t bo B, 90-1 10 1Th th inter IL-IORa H th
VV210 cc t bo T leukin 1 0 a v p IL- th cyto
b tr, v cc 1 0 RA, kine lp II
t bo ca HIL-
dng hch 10R, IL-
cu n 1 0 R,
nhn/i thc IL-10RB,
bo CRF2-4,
CRFB4
CD212 Cc t bo 130 Chui p th th IL-12R Siu h
CD4, CD 8 , IL- 1 2 , protein IL-12RB th th
v NK hot xuyn mng cytokine
ho dng I lin quan to mu
n s truyn tn
hiu IL-12
C D 213 Cc t bo B, 60 - 70 Th th lin kt IL- Siu h
a1 bch cu n i lc thp vi 1 3 R a lf th th
nhn, nguycn 1L 13, cng vi NR4, IL- cytokine
bo si, t L-4Ra c th 13Ra to mu
1
bo ni m. to thnh mt
th th chc
nng cho II.-13,
cng c coi
nh l mt pro
tein phu tr thay
i di vi
chui gamma
th th cytokine
chung cho qu
trnh truycn tn
hiu IL-4 ...........................1
270
khuyt tt
RhAg l nguyn
nhn ca bnh
thiu mu kinh
nin di km vi
stomatocytosis
v spherocyto
sis, lm gim
tnh thm lc, v
tng tnh thm
cation.
CD242 Cc t bo 42 Phn t kt dnh ICAM-4, Siu h
hng cu ni bo 4, nhm LVV immu
mu Land- noglobu
Steiner-Wiener. lin, phn
Cc phn t LVV t kt
c th gy ra tc dnh ni
mch kt hp bo
vi au cp tnh (ICams)
bnh hng cu
hnh li lim
CD243 Cc t bo 170 Protein 1 MDR-1, Siu h
ngun /t khng a thuc p-170 ABC ca
tin (Glycoprotein cc pro
P-gp s dng tein vn
ATP bm cc chuyn
thuc k nc ra lin kt
khi t bo, v ATP
vy nng ni
bo v tnh dc
ca chng tng
ln. Gen MDR1
c nhn trong
cc dng t bo
khng a thuc.
CD244 Cc t bo 66 2B4 l mt gly Cu t Siu h
NK coprotein b mt gn cm immu
t bo c quan ng s noglobulin
h vi CD2 v hoat ho
trong iu ho 2B4, t
chc nng t bo bo NK
git t nhin v (NAIL)
t bo lympho
27:*
....... J
1
T. Chc nng s
cp ca 2B4 l
ciu chinh tng
tc th th-cu
t gn khc d
tng cng hot
ho bach cu.
CD245 Cc t ho I 220 - 240 Protein tng tc NPAT
cyclinE/ Cdk2
p220. NPAT lin
quan n s kin
pha s cha kho
v lin kt hot
tnh kinaza cy-
clinE/ Cdk2 tun
hon vi qu
trinh phin m
gen histon ph
thuc sao chp.
Gen NPAT can
thit cho s duy
tr t bo v c
th l thnh vin
ca cc gen
thng trc
(housekeeping
gene)
0 ) 2 4 6 c biu 177 kDa; Kinaza lympho ALK H th
hin rut sau khi ghp (t bo ln th insu
non, tinh dng CD30*), ng vai lin ca
hon v no ha to tr quan trng protein ty-
nhng khng mt gly trong s pht trin rozin
biu hin coprotein no, lin quan n kinaza
cc t bo trng cc bnh Hodgkin
lympho bnh thnh hay fi lympho
thng 2 0 0 kDa khng phi
I odgkin nt ghp
vi s hon vi
t(2;5)(p23 q35)
hay inv2(23,q35).
S pht sinh ung
th nh chc nng
kinaza c hoat
274
ho bi s oli
gomer ho ca
NPM1-ALK c
lm trung gian bi
phn NPM1
CD247 Cc t bo T, 16 Th th t bo Chui , Siu h
NK T, c vai tr CD3Z immu
trong tp hp v noglobulin
biu hin phc
h TCR cng
nh truyn tn
hiu nh vo s
khi dng khng
nguyn. TCR,
cng vi
TCRap v het
erodimer y5 v
CD3-y ,-S, v -e
tao thnh phc
h TCR-CD3.
Chui ng
mt vai tr quan
trng trong vic
nhn bit khng
nguyn cp i
vi mt vi con
ng truyn tn
hiu ni bo.
Biu hin thp
ca khng
nguyn dn ti
p ng min
dch sai hng.
CD273 Bch cu tua 25 c ch s hot Siu h Ig
mono v i ho t bo T
thc bo
CD279 T bo T v 55-60 iu ho hot
B d hoat ho ho t bo
CD314 42 Hot ho NK v H
CTL C-lectin
275
C h ro n ic g r a n u lo m a to u s disease: Bnh u ht mn (u ht
mn tnh). l bnh thiu ht min dch, trong d c nhiu u
ht hnh thnh (lo vic loi tr khng dy ca cc t bo thc
bo. Bnh do thiu ht h thng enzyme NADP-H oxidase dng
to ra gc superoxit tham gia dit vi khun.
ClassII - associaed in v a ria n t chain, CLIP: Poptit lin kt
vi phc h ph hp m ch yu lp II ti rnh lin kt ca
M H C lp II s a u khi b "ct gt b n g cc pro tea se. P e p tit ny
sau d c ly khi rnh lin kt nh protein H,A - DM trong
c ch lin kt vi mnh peptit, khng nguyn s c trnh din
cho ly m p h o TCD4.
Class switching: Xem isotype switching.
Class: Xem isotype.
Classical pathw ay: Con dng hot ho b th kinh in
c b t u nh k h n g th lin k t vi k h n g n g u y n , tip theo
cc thnh phn b th Cl, 04. C2 c bin i to C3/ C5
c o n v e r t a s e (xem t h m a l t e r n a ti v e path w a y ).
Clonal deletion: S loi b dng, s loi b nc t bo lym-
pho cha chn bng cch lin kt VI cc t khng nguyn(auto
antigen). Loi b dng l mt c ch ch yu ca s dung np
trung ng v cng xy ra s dung np ngoi vi.
Clonal expansion: S lan truyn dng. l s tng sinh
ca dng t bo lympho c hiu vi mt khng nguyn kch
thch. Qu trnh trn xy ra trc khi c s bit ha thnh t bo
hiu qu. l giai on c bn ca p ng min dch thch
ng cho php cc qu trnh c hiu khng nguyn tng slng
chin u c hiu qu vi tc nhn gy bnh.
Clonal selection theory: L thuyt la chn dng. L l
thuyt trung tm ca min dch thch ng trong d s p ng
min dch thch ng bt ngun t cc t bo lympho ring bit
c hiu khng nguyn. Nhng t bo ny tng sinh p ng li
khng nguyn v bit ho thnh cc t bo hiu qu c hiu
khng nguyn loi b tc nhn gy bnh v to ra cc t bo
ghi nh (memory cells) lm bn vng tnh min dch. L thuyt
ny c Niels Jerne v David Talmage nu ra u tin, sau
c Macfarlane Burnet hon thin.
Clone: Mt qun th t bo bt ngun t mt t bo t tin.
Cloned T- cell line: To mt dng t bo T hay clon mt dng
T. Nui cy tip tc dng t bo T bt ngun t mt t bo t
286
m t p r o t e in m a n g ( p r o t e in c a r r ie r ) s t o t h n h m t k h n g
S ta p h y lo co ccal e n t e r o to x in s (SEs): Ni c t c a
S taphy llo coccu s, gy nn ng c thc n v cng kch thch
cc t bo T lin kt vi cc phn t ca MHC lp II v vng vp
ca nhng th th t bo T nht nh, chnh v vy cc ni c t
Staphyllococcus l cc siu khng nguyn.
STATs: xem cc kinase Janus.
Stem- cell factor (SCF): N h n t t bo gc l mt protein
xuyn mng trn t ho nn tu xng lin kt vi C-Kit, mt
th th tn h i u c tc cntf ln s p h t tri n t ho B v cc t
bo )ch cu khc.
S tro m a l cells: T bo nn s pht trin ca cc t bo lympho
H v cc t bo lympho rr din ra di s tng tc vi cc t bo
nn c vai tr cung cp cc tn hiu khc nhau c tnh cht tan
v lin kt t bo i vi s p h t trin t bo lympho.
S u b c u t n n e o u s layer: Cc khng nguyn c th c tim
vo bn trong t n g di da cm ng mt p ng min dch
thu c (Xem intracutaneos).
S u p e ra n tig e n s : Cc siu k h n g n g u y n l cc phn t
kch thch mt tp con cc t bo T b n g cch lin kt vi cc
phn t MHC lp II v vng vp ca nhng th th t bo T qua
kch thch s hot ho cc t bo T c biu hin cc on gen
vp c bit. Cc ni c t" Staphyllococcus l mt trong cc
ngun siu khng nguyn .
S u p p r e s s o r T cells: Cc t bo T p ch. (Xem cc t bo T
iu ho- regulator T cells).
S u rface im m u n o g lo b u lin (slg): Cc khng th b mt. Cc
phn t khng th lin kt vi mng m hot ng nh th th
khng nguyn trn cc t bo B thng dc gi l cc p h n t
khng th b mt.
S u r r o g a te light chain: C hui n h i d i n dc to nn t
hai phn t c tn l Vpre-B v X5 . Cng lc, chui ny cng c
th bt cp vi mt chui nng cu trc, chng s di chuyn ln
b mt t bo v bo tn hiu cho s pht trin ca t bo pre-B.
S w itch reg io n of DNA: Vng ADN c h u y n i, khi s
chuyn i cc isotype xy ra, exon hot ng vng V ca chui
nng tri qua s ti t hp sinh dng vi mt gen vng c nh
3 ca mt v n g ADN c h u y n i; s lin kt ADN ny khng
nht thit phi xy ra cc v tr chnh xc bi v chng xut
hin trong vng ADN intron, do tt c cc s ti t hp
chuyn i ny u c to ra.
Syk: Xem tyrosine kinase.
S y m p a th e tic o p h th a m ia : Khi mt mt b tn thng th
thng c mt c phn ng t min lm ph hu mt kia y l
hi chng c gi l bnh ng cm nhn cu.
326
c (lap ng IgM cng khng (lu nhifntf lng IgM trong huyt
hanh li thng ( mc cao. Bnh ny lion quan n thiu st
trong gen m ho cho cht gn CI.)40 v (-1)154.
X- linked lyniphoproliferative syndrom e: Hi c h n g
t n g sinh ym pho lin kt X (X- linked lymphoproliferative
syndrome) l bnh thiu ht min dch him gp nguyn nhn
do t bin trong gen c tn l vng SH2 cha gen 1A (SH2D1 A).
H trai vi s thiu ht ny trong trng hp in hnh s b bi
nhim EBV trong thi th u, i khi b ung th m bch huyt.
X- linked severe com bined im m unodeficiency_ X-
linked SCID: T h iu h t min dch kt hp t r m tr n g lin
k t vi X (X- linked severe combined immunodeficiency. X-
linked SCID) l mt bnh trong s pht trin ca t bo T b
ngn li ngay giai on sm trong tuyn c v khng c s sn
xut t bo T trng thnh hay khng th ph thuc t bo T
no xy ra. Bnh ny l do thiu st trong gen m ho ho cho
chui c, mt hp phn ca mt s th th i vi mt vi loi
cht tit t bo khc nhau (cytokinees).
ZAP- 70: Protein c gi l ZAP- 70 c tm thy cc t
bo T v l h hng ca Syk trong cc t bo B. N cha hai
vng SH2 m khi lin kt VI chui c phosphoryl ho s
dn n s hot ho hot ng kinase. C cht t bo ch yu
ca ZAP- 70 l mt protein th thch nghi kch thc ln gi l
I AT.
338
C h iu tr c h n h i m x u t bn:
C h u tr c h n h i m ni d u n g :
MIN DCH HC
1----------- cd S
______________________________________________________
---------------------------------
M s: 1K-63H2008
In 1.000 cun, kh 16 X 24 cm ti Cng ty In & Vn ho phm
S' xut bn: 106 - 2008/CXB/120 - 14/HQGHN, ngy 23/1/2008
Quyt nh xut bn s: 63 KH-TN/XB
In xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2008.