Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio

station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution.
Programming may be exclusively by students, or may include programmers from the wider
community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for
the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting
educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide an alternative to commercial
broadcasting or government broadcasters.
Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and have very
different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many radio stations
regardless of their physical location is a willingness or, in some countries, even a licensing
requirement to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits.
Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including
genres such as punk and new wave, alternative rock, indie rock and hip hop, long before those
genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also often provide airplay
and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists.

The term non-commercial educational (NCE) applies to a radio station or TV station that does not
accept on-air advertisements (TV ads or radio ads), as defined in the United States by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). NCE stations do not pay broadcast license fees for their non-
profit uses of the radio spectrum. Stations which are almost always operated as NCE include public
broadcasting, community radio, and college radio, as well as many religious broadcasting stations.[1]

Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of television

programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state
sponsorship. It was the United States first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in
contrast with the public television model in Europe during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s which
prevailed worldwide (except in the United States) until the 1980s.

Community radio (CR) is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition
to commercial and public broadcasting. Community stations serve geographic communities and
communities of interest. They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local, specific
audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters. Community radio
stations are operated, owned, and influenced by the communities they serve. They are
generally nonprofit and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals, groups, and communities to
tell their own stories, to share experiences and, in a media-rich world, to become creators and
contributors of

Religious broadcasting is broadcasting by religious organizations, usually with a religious

message. Many religious organizations have long recorded content such as sermons and lectures,
and have moved into distributing content on their Internet websites.[1]
While this article emphasises dedicated religious broadcasters, many non-dedicated stations
transmit religious programs; a state with no religious station may broadcast much religious
programming.
Religious broadcasting can be funded commercially or through some sort of public broadcasting-
style arrangement (religious broadcasters are often recognized as non-profitorganizations).
Donations from listeners and viewers, often tax-deductible, are solicited by some broadcaster

Comparison chart
AM versus FM comparison chart

AM FM
Stands for AM stands for Amplitude Modulation FM stands for Frequency Modulation
 AM versus FM comparison chart
AM
Origin AM method of audio transmission
was first successfully carried out in
the mid 1870s.
Modulating In AM, a radio wave known as the
differences "carrier" or "carrier wave" is
modulated in amplitude by the signal
that is to be transmitted. The
frequency and phase remain the
same.
Pros and cons AM has poorer sound quality
compared with FM, but is cheaper
and can be transmitted over long
distances. It has a lower bandwidth
so it can have more stations
available in any frequency range.
Frequency AM radio ranges from 535 to 1705
Range KHz (OR) Up to 1200 bits per
second.
Bandwidth Twice the highest modulating
Requirements frequency. In AM radio broadcasting,
the modulating signal has bandwidth
of 15kHz, and hence the bandwidth
of an amplitude-modulated signal is
30kHz.
Complexity Transmitter and receiver are simple
but synchronization is needed in
case of SSBSC AM carrier.
Noise AM is more susceptible to noise
because noise affects amplitude,
which is where information is
"stored" in an AM signal.
FM
FM radio was developed in the United
states in the 1930s, mainly by Edwin
Armstrong.
In FM, a radio wave known as the
"carrier" or "carrier wave" is modulated
in frequency by the signal that is to be
transmitted. The amplitude and phase
remain the same.
FM is less prone to interference than
AM. However, FM signals are impacted
by physical barriers. FM has better
sound quality due to higher bandwidth.
FM radio ranges in a higher spectrum
from 88 to 108 MHz. (OR) 1200 to 2400
bits per second.
Twice the sum of the modulating signal
frequency and the frequency deviation. If
the frequency deviation is 75kHz and the
modulating signal frequency is 15kHz,
the bandwidth required is 180kHz.
Transmitter and receiver are more
complex as variation of modulating
signal has to be converted and detected
from corresponding variation in
frequencies. (i.e. voltage to frequency
and frequency to voltage conversion has
to be done).
FM is less susceptible to noise because
information in an FM signal is
transmitted through varying the
frequency, and not the amplitude.
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