Scilab Textbook Companion for

Modern Physics
by K. S. Krane1

Created by
Balakavi Venkata Siva Sai Krishna
B.TECH
Electrical Engineering
VNIT,NAGPUR.
College Teacher
V S Kale
Cross-Checked by

May 20, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Modern Physics

Author: K. S. Krane

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Edition: 2

Year: 1996

ISBN: 978-81-265-0826-6

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 Introduction 5

2 The Special Theroy of Relativity 7

3 Review of Electromagnetic waves 17

4 The Wavelike properties of particles 21

5 The Schrodinger Equation 29

6 The Rutherford Bohr model of an atom 32

7 The Hydrogen atom in wave mechanics 37

8 Many Electron Atoms 41

9 Molecular Structure 45

10 Statistical Physics 49

11 Properties of Ionic Crystals 53

12 Nuclear Structure and Radioactivity 56

13 Nuclear Reaction and Applications 65

14 The Four Basic Forces 69

3
15 Astrophysics and Genereal Relativity 74

16 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 76

4
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 Mass difference between a proton and a neutron . . . . 5

Exa 1.2 Total mass of proton and electron . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exa 1.3 Value of hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 2.1 Speed of A wrt B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.2 Velocity of plane wrt ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.3 Time taken in each case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 2.4 Minimum speed for suvival of muons . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 2.5 Apparent thickness of Earth atmosphere . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 2.6 Solution for a b c d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 2.7 Speed of missile wrt earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 2.8 Speed of galaxy wrt earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 2.9 Velocity of rocket2 wrt rocket1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 2.10 Time interval between the events . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.11 momentum of proton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.12 Various energies of proton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.13 Velocity and momentum of electron . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.14 Solution for a b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 2.15 Rate of decrese of the mass of Sun . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 2.16 Kinetic energy of pion in each case . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 2.17 Threshold kinetic energy to produce antiprotons . . . 16
Exa 3.1 Atomic Spacing of Nacl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.2 Time taken to release an electron . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.3 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.4 Solution for a b and c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.5 Solution for a b and c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 3.6 Solution for a b c and d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 4.1 Solution for a b c d and e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.2 Minimum uncertainity in wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 22

5
Exa 4.3 Validity of the claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 4.4 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 4.5 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 4.6 Uncertainity in x component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 4.7 Range of kinetic energy of an electron . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 4.8 Solution for a b and c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 4.9 minimum velocity of the billiard ball . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 4.10 Group velocity of a wave packet in terms of phase velocity 27
Exa 5.1 Displacement and velocity of the object . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 5.2 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 5.3 Proof for average value of x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 6.1 Average deflection angle per collision . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 6.2 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 6.3 Distance of closest approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 6.4 Three longest wavelengths of the Paschen series . . . . 34
Exa 6.5 Various wavelegths in Balmer and Lymann series . . . 34
Exa 6.6 wavelengths of transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 6.7 Two longest wavelengths of triply ionized beryllium . . 35
Exa 7.1 Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 7.2 Probability of finding an electron closer to nucles than
Bohrs orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 7.3 Probability of finding an electron inisde Bohr Radius . 38
Exa 7.4 Length of angular momentum vectors . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 7.5 possible Z components of the vector L . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 7.6 Seperation of beams as they leave the magnet . . . . . 39
Exa 7.7 Change in wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 8.1 Energy of Ka X ray of sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 8.2 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 8.3 Total orbital and spin quantum numbers of carbon . . 42
Exa 8.4 Total orbital and spin quantum numbers of nitrogen . 42
Exa 8.5 Hunds rule to find ground state quantum numbers of
nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 8.6 Ground state L and S of oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 9.1 Charge on the sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 9.2 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 9.3 vibrational frequency and photon energy of H2 . . . . 46
Exa 9.4 Energies and wavelengths of 3 lowest radiations emitted
by molecular H2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

6
Exa 9.5 Rotational Inertia of molecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Exa 9.6 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 10.1 Various Speeds obtained from maxwell speed distribution 49
Exa 10.2 Frequency distribution of emitted light . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 10.3 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 10.4 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 10.5 Fermi Energy Ef for sodium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 11.1 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 11.2 Energy per neytral atom to take apart a crystal of Nacl 54
Exa 11.3 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 12.1 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 12.2 Approximate nuclear radii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 12.3 Density of typical nucleus and resultant mass . . . . . 57
Exa 12.4 Total Binding Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 12.5 Solution for a b c and d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 12.6 Atoms at the time of solidification . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 12.7 Kinetic energy of alpha particle emitted in alpha decay 60
Exa 12.8 Q value of 14C emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 12.9 Maximum Kinetic energy of emitted electron . . . . . 61
Exa 12.10 Q value of various decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 12.11 Maximum kinetic energy of emitted beta particle . . . 62
Exa 12.12 Rate of energy production per gram of uranium . . . . 63
Exa 12.13 Ages of the given rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 12.14 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 13.1 Rate of production of neutron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 13.2 Resultant activity of 198Au . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 13.3 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 13.4 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 13.5 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 14.1 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exa 14.2 Energy of the proton and pi meson . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exa 14.3 Maximum kinetic energy of the electron emitted in the
decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 14.4 maximum energy of the positron nad pi mesons . . . . 70
Exa 14.5 Q values for reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 14.6 Threshold Kinetic energy to produce pi mesons . . . . 71
Exa 14.7 Threshold Energy of the given reaction . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 14.8 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

7
Exa 15.1 Change in wavelength in solar spectrum due to gravi-
taional shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Exa 15.2 Maximum energy of neutrino in the first reaction of pro-
ton proton cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 16.1 Resultin temperature of interstellar space . . . . . . . 76
Exa 16.2 Solution for a and b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 16.3 Relative number of neutrons and protons among the nu-
cleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

8
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Mass difference between a proton and a neutron

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1.1 ) ;
4 Mn =1.008665; Mp =1.007276
// Given mass
o f an e l e c t r o n and a p r o t o n i n t e r m s o f u
5 Md = Mn - Mp ;

// mass d i f f e r e n c e
6 printf ( Mass d i f f e r e n c e i n t e r m s o f U i s %f , Md ) ;
7 Md = Md *931.50;
//
c o n v e r t i n g u i n t o Mev/ c 2 by m u l t i p l y i n g by 9 3 1 . 5
MeV/ c 2
8 printf ( which e q u a l s %. 3 f Mev/ c 2 . , Md ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Total mass of proton and electron

9
1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1.2 ) ;
4 Mp =1.007276 ; Me =5.4858*10^ -4; // mass o f p r o t o n and
e l e c t r o n in terms o f U
5 Mt = Mp + Me ; // T o t a l mass= sum o f
above masses
6 printf ( The combined mass o f an e l e c t r o n and a
p r o t o n was f o u n d o u t t o be %f U . , Mt ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Value of hc

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1.3 ) ;
4 h =6.621*10^ -34 ; c =2.9979*10^8; //
h i s i n J / s and c i s i n m/ s
5 hc = h * c *((10^9) /(1.6022*10^ -19) ) ; // 1 e
=1.60210 19 J and 1 m=109 nm
6 printf ( The v a l u e o f hc i s %f eV . nm\n , hc ) ;
7 printf ( Rounding o f f t o 4 d i g i t s , we o b t a i n %4 . f eV .
nm . , hc ) ;
8 disp ( Hence z e r o a t t h e end i s s i g n i f i c a n t . ) ;

10
 Chapter 2

The Special Theroy of

Relativity

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Speed of A wrt B

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.1 ) ;
4 v1 =60; v2 =40 // V e l o c i t i e s o f c a r s wrt t o
o b s e r v e r i n km/ h r
5 vr = v1 - v2 ; // r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y
6 printf ( The v a l u e o f r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y i s %4 . f km/ h .
, vr ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Velocity of plane wrt ground

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.2 ) ;

11
4 Va_w =[320 0]; Vw_g =[0 65]; //Vp/ q =[X Y]=>
v e l o c i t y o f o b j e c t p wrt q a l o n g X( e a s t ) and Y(
north ) d i r e c t i o n s .
5 Va_g = Va_w + Vw_g ; // n e t v e l o c i t y
6 k = norm ( Va_g ) ; // m a g n i t u d e
7 s = atan ( Va_g (1 ,2) / Va_g (1 ,1) ) *180/ %pi ; // a n g l e i n
rad 180/ p i f o r c o n v e r s i o n to d e g r e e s
8 printf ( The m a g n i t u d e o f v e l o c i t y Va/ g ( a i r p l a n e wrt
g r o u n d ) i s %. 3 f Km/ h a t %. 3 f d e g r e e s n o r t h o f
e a s t . ,k , s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Time taken in each case

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.3 ) ; // The p r o b l e m is entirely
t h e o r e t i c a l hence f o l l o w i n g the standard
p r o c e d u r e we o b t a i n
4 printf ( The t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r round t r i p i s 2L / ( c
(1 ( u/ c ) 2 ) ) . \n ) ;
5 printf ( The t i m e r e q u i r e d t o swim a c r o s s and r e t u r n
i s 2L / ( c s q r t ((1 ( u/ c ) 2 ) ) ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Minimum speed for suvival of muons

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.3 ) ;

12
4 Lo =100*(10^3) ; c =3*(10^8) ; // Given v a l u e s // a l l the
q u a n t i t i e s are converted to SI u n i t s
5 d =2.2*(10^ -6) ; // t i m e b e t w e e n i t s b i r t h and
decay
6 t = Lo / c // where Lo i s t h e d i s t a n c e from
top o f atmosphere to the Earth . c i s the v e l o c i t y
o f l i g h t . t i s the time taken
7 u = sqrt (1 -(( d / t ) ^2) ) ; // u s i n g t i m e d i l a i o n f r o m u l a
f o r f i n d i n g u where u i s t h e minimum v e l o c i t y i n
terms o f c ;
8 printf ( Hence t h e minimum s p e e d r e q u i r e d i s %f c . ,u
);

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Apparent thickness of Earth atmosphere

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.5 ) ;
4 Lo =100*(10^3) ; // Lo i s c o n v e r t e d t o Km
5 u =0.999978; // // u / c i s t a k e n a s u s i n c e u i s
r e p r e s e n t e d in terms o f c .
6 L = Lo *( sqrt (1 - u ^2) ) ; // from t h e l e n g t h c o n t r a c t i o n
formula
7 printf ( Hence t h e a p p a r e n t t h i c k n e s s o f t h e E a r t h s
s u r f a c e i s %. 2 f m e t r e s . ,L ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Solution for a b c d e

1 clear

13
 2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2 . 6 ( a ) ) ;
4 L =65; c =3*10^8; u =0.8* c ;
5 t=L/u ; // The v a l u e o f t i m e t a k e n a s
m e a s u r e d by t h e o b s e r v e r
6 printf ( The t i m e f o r r o c k e t t o p a s s a p o i n t a s
m e a s u r e d by O i s %. 2 e . \ n ,t ) ; // The v a l u e
o f t i m e t a k e n a s m e a s u r e d by t h e o b s e r v e r
7 disp ( Exa 2 . 6 ( b ) ) ;
8 Do =65; // g i v e n l e n g t h
9 Lo = L / sqrt (1 -( u / c ) ^2) ; // c o n t r a c t e d
length of rocket
10 printf ( A c t u a l l e n g t h a c c o r d i n g t o O i s %. 2 f . \ n , Lo )
;
11 disp ( Exa 2 . 6 ( c ) ) ;
12 D = Do *( sqrt (1 -( u / c ) ^2) ) ; // c o n t r a c t e d l e n g t h o f
platform .
13 printf ( C o n t r a c t e d l e n g t h a c c o r d i n g t o O i s %. 2 e . \
n ,D ) ;
14 disp ( Exa 2 . 6 ( d ) ) ;
15 t1 = Lo / u ; // t i m e n e e d e d t o p a s s
according to O .
16 printf ( Time t a k e n a c c o r d i n g t o O i s %. 2 e . \ n , t1 ) ;
17 disp ( Exa 2 . 6 ( e ) ) ;
18 t2 =( Lo - D ) / u ; // t i m e i n t e r v a l s
b e t w e e n t h e two i n s t a n c s
19 printf ( Time t a k e n a c c o r d i n g t o O i s %. 2 e . \ n , t2 ) ;
20 disp ( The v a l u e o f t 1 and t 2 d i d n o t match ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Speed of missile wrt earth

1 clear
2 clc

14
3 disp ( Exa 2.7 ) ;
4 v1 =0.6; u =0.8; c =1; // a l l the v a l u e s a r e measured
i n t e r m s o f c h e n c e c=1
5 v = ( v1 + u ) /(1+( v1 * u / c ^2) ) ;
6 printf ( The s p e e d o f m i s s i l e a s m e a s u r e d by an
o b s e r v e r on e a r t h i s %. 2 f c . ,v ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Speed of galaxy wrt earth

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.8 ) ;
4 w1 =600; w2 =434; // w1=r e c o r d e d w a v e l e n g t h ; w2=a c t u a l
wavelength
5 // c /w1 = c /w2 ( s q r t (1u / c ) /(1+ u / c ) )
6 k = w2 / w1 ;
7 x =(1 - k ^2) /(1+ k ^2) ; // s o l v i n g f o r u/ c
8 printf ( The s p e e d o f g a l a x y wrt e a r t h i s %. 2 f c ,x ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Velocity of rocket2 wrt rocket1

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.9 ) ;
4 v1x =0.6; v1y =0; v2x =0; v2y =.8; c =1; // a l l t h e
v e l o c i t i e s a r e t a k e n wrt c
5 v21x =( v2x - v1x ) /(1 -( v1x * v2x / c ^2) ) ; // u s i n g l o r e n t z
velocity transformation
6 v21y =( v2y *( sqrt (1 -( v1x * c ) ^2) / c ^2) ) /(1 - v1y * v2y / c ^2)

15
7 printf ( The v e l o c i t y o f r o c k e t 2 wrt r o c k e t 1 a l o n g
x and y d i r e c t i o n s i s %. 2 f c & %. 2 f c
r e s p e c t i v e l y , v21x , v21y ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.10 Time interval between the events

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.10 ) ;
4 u =0.8* c ; L =65; c =3*10^8; // a l l v a l u e s a r e
in terms of c
5 t = u * L /( c ^2*( sqrt (1 -(( u / c ) ^2) ) ) ) ; // from t h e
equation 2.31
6 printf ( The t i m e i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s i s %e
s e c which e q u a l s %. 2 f u s e c . ,t , t *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.11 momentum of proton

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.11 ) ;
4 m =1.67*10^ -27; c = 3*10^8; v =0.86* c ; // a l l t h e
g i v e n v a l u e s and c o n s t a n t s
5 p = m * v /( sqrt (1 -(( v / c ) ^2) ) ) ; // i n t e r m s o f
Kgm/ s e c
6 printf ( The v a l u e o f momentum was f o u n d o u t t o be %
. 3 e Kgm/ s e c . \ n ,p ) ;
7 c =938; v =0.86* c ; mc2 =938 // a l l t h e
e n e r g i e s i n MeV where mc2= v a l u e o f m c 2

16
8 pc =( mc2 *( v / c ) ) /( sqrt (1 -(( v / c ) ^2) ) ) ; // e x p r e s s i n g
i n t e r m s o f Mev
9 printf ( The v a l u e o f momentum was f o u n d o u t t o be %
. 2 f Mev . , pc ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.12 Various energies of proton

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.12 ) ;
4 pc =1580; mc2 =938; E0 =938; // a l l t h e e n e r g i e s i n
MeV mc2=m c 2 and pc=p c
5 E = sqrt ( pc ^2+ mc2 ^2) ;
6 printf ( The r e l a t i v i s t i c t o t a l e n e r g y i s %. 2 f MeV . \ n
,E ) ; // v a l u e o f Energy E
7 K =E - E0 ; // v a l u e o f p o s s i b l e
k i n e t i c energy
8 printf ( The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e p r o t o n i s %. 1 f MeV
. ,K ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.13 Velocity and momentum of electron

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.13 ) ;
4 E =10.51; mc2 =0.511; // a l l t h e v a l u e s a r e i n MeV
5 p = sqrt ( E ^2 - mc2 ^2) ; //momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n
6 printf ( The momentum o f e l e c t r o n i s %. 1 f MeV/ c \n ,p )
;

17
7 v = sqrt (1 -( mc2 / E ) ^2) ; // v e l o c i t y in terms o f c
8 printf ( The v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i s %. 4 f c ,v ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.14 Solution for a b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.14 ) ;
4 k =50; mc2 =0.511*10^ -3; c =3*10^8; // a l l the values of
e n e r g y a r e i n GeV and c i s i n S I u n i t s
5 v = sqrt (1 -(1/(1+( k / mc2 ) ) ^2) ) ; // s p e e d o f t h e
e l e c t r o n in terms o f c
6 k =c -( v * c ) ; // d i f f e r e n c e i n
velocities
7 printf ( Speed o f t h e e l e c t r o n a s a f r a c t i o n o f c i s
%. 1 2 f 10 12.\ n ,v *10^12) ; // v=(v 1 0 1 2 )
10 12; s o a s t o o b t a i n d e s i r e d a c c u r a c y i n t h e
result
8 printf ( The d i f f e r e n c e i n v e l o c i t i e s i s %. 1 f cm/ s . ,
k *10^2) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.15 Rate of decrese of the mass of Sun

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.15 ) ;
4 r =1.5*10^11; I =1.4*10^3; // r a d i u s and i n t e n s i t y
o f sun

18
5 s =4* %pi * r ^2 // s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e
sun
6 Pr = s * I // Power r a d i a t e d i n J /
sec
7 c =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t
8 m = Pr / c ^2 // r a t e od d e c r e a s e o f mass
9 printf ( The r a t e o f d e c r e a s e i n mass o f t h e sun i s %
. 1 e kg / s e c . ,m ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.16 Kinetic energy of pion in each case

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 2.16 ) ;
4 K =325; mkc2 =498; // k i n e t i c e n e r g y and r e s t mass
energy o f kaons
5 mpic =140; // g i v e n v a l u e
6 Ek = K + mkc2 ;
7 pkc = sqrt ( Ek ^2 - mkc2 ^2) ;
8 // c o n s i d e r t h e law o f c o n s e r v a t i o n o f e n e r g y which
y i e l d s Ek=s q r t ( p1c 2+ mpic 2 )+s q r t ( p2c 2+ mpic 2 )
9 // The a b o v e e q u a t i o n s ( 4 t h d e g r e e , h e n c e no d i r e c t
methods ) can be s o l v e d by a s s u m i n g t h e v a l u e o f
p2c =0.
10 p1c = sqrt ( Ek ^2 -(2* mpic * Ek ) ) ;
11 // c o n s i d e r t h e law o f c o n s e r v a t i o n o f momentum .
which g i v e s p1c+p2c=pkc i m p l i e s
12 p2c = pkc - p1c ;
13 k1 =( sqrt ( p1c ^2+( mpic ^2) ) - mpic ) ; // c o r r e s p o n d i n g
kinetic energies
14 k2 =( sqrt (( p2c ^2) +( mpic ^2) ) - mpic ) ;
15 printf ( The c o r r e s p o n d i n g k i n e t i c e n e r g i e s o f t h e
p i o n s a r e %. 0 f MeV and %. 1 f MeV . ,k1 , k2 ) ;

19
 Scilab code Exa 2.17 Threshold kinetic energy to produce antiprotons

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 2.17 ) ;
4 mpc2 =938; c =3*10^8; // mpc2=mp c 2 ,mp=mass o f p r o t o n
5 Et =4* mpc2 ; // f i n a l t o t a l e n e r g y
6 E1 = Et /2; E2 = E1 ; // a p p l y i n g c o n s e r v a t i o n o f
momentum and e n e r g y
7 v2 = c * sqrt (1 -( mpc2 / E1 ) ^2) ; // l o r e n t z
transformation
8 u = v2 ; v =( v2 + u ) /(1+( u * v2 / c ^2) ) ;
9 E = mpc2 /( sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ) ;
10 K =E - mpc2 ;
11 printf ( The t h r e s h o l d k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %. 3 f Gev ,K
/10^3) ;

20
 Chapter 3

Review of Electromagnetic
waves

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Atomic Spacing of Nacl

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 3.1 ) ;
4 w =0.250; theta =26.3; n =1 // n=1 f o r h y d r o g e n atom and
rest a l l are given values
5 d = n * w /(2* sind ( theta ) ) ; // bragg s law
6 printf ( Hence t h e a t o m i c s p a c i n g i s %. 3 f nm . ,d ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Time taken to release an electron

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 3.2 ) ;
4 I =120; r =0.1*10^ -9; Eev =2.3// I i n t e n s i t y i n W/m2 r
in m & E in electron volt

21
 5 A = %pi * r ^2; K =1.6*10^ -19; // A=a r e a and K i s
c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r from ev t o j o u l e s
6 t = Eev * K /( I * A ) ; // t i m e i n t e r v a l
7 printf ( The v a l u e o f t i m e i n t e r v a l was f o u n d o u t t o
be %. 1 f s e c ,t ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 3 . 3 ( a ) ) ;
4 w =650*10^ -9; h =6.63*10^ -34; c =3*10^8; // g i v e n v a l u e s
and c o n s t a n t t a k e n i n c o m f o r t a b l e u n i t s
5 E = h * c / w ; printf ( The Energy o f t h e e l e c t r o n i s %. 3 e
J ,E ) ;
6 E = E /(1.6*10^ -19) ; printf ( which i s e q u i v a l e n t t o %f
eV\n ,E ) ;
7 printf ( The momentum o f e l e c t r o n i s p=E/ c i . e %. 2 f / c
\n ,E ) ;
8 disp ( Exa 3 . 3 ( b ) ) ;
9 E2 =2.40; // g i v e n e n e r g y o f
photon .
10 w2 = h * c *10^9/( E2 *1.6*10^ -19) ; // c o n v e r t i n g t h e
e n e r g y i n t o eV and nm
11 printf ( The w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e p h o t o n i s %. 2 f nm , w2 )
;

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Solution for a b and c

22
 1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 3 . 4 ( a ) ) ;
4 hc =1240; phi =4.52 // b o t h t h e v a l u e s
a r e i n eV
5 w1 = hc / phi ;
6 printf ( The c u t o f f w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e t u n g s t e n m e t a l
i s %. 3 fnm \n , w1 ) ;
7 disp ( Exa 3 . 4 ( b ) ) ;
8 w2 =198; // g i v e n v a l u e o f w a v e l e n g t h
9 Kmax =( hc / w2 ) - phi ; printf ( The max v a l u e o f k i n e t i c
e n e r g y i s %. 3 f eV\n , Kmax ) ;
10 disp ( Exa 3 . 4 ( c ) ) ;
11 Vs = Kmax ; printf ( The n u m e r i c a l v a l u e o f t h e max
k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s same a s s t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l i n
v o l t s . Hence %. 2 f V , Vs ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Solution for a b and c

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 3 . 5 ( a ) ) ;
4 T1 =293; Kw =2.898*10^ -3;
5 w1 = Kw / T1 ;
6 printf ( The w a v e l e n g t h a t which e m i t s maximum
r a d i a t i o n i s %. 2 f um . \ n , w1 *10^6) ;
7 disp ( Exa 3 . 5 ( b ) ) ;
8 w2 =650*10^ -9;
9 T2 = Kw / w2 ;
10 printf ( The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e o b j e c t must be r a i s e d
t o %. 0 f K. \ n , T2 ) ;
11 disp ( Exa 3 . 5 ( c ) ) ;
12 x =( T2 / T1 ) ^4; printf ( Thus t h e t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n a t

23
 h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e i s %. 2 e t i m e s t h e room ( l o w e r )
t e m p e r t a u r e . \ n ,x ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Solution for a b c and d

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 3 . 6 ( a ) ) ;
4 w1 =0.24; wc =0.00243; theta =60; // g i v e n v a l u e s w=
w a v e l e n g t h ( lambeda )
5 w2 = w1 +( wc *(1 - cosd ( theta ) ) ) ;
6 printf ( The w a v e l e n g t h o f xr a y s a f t e r s c a t t e r i n g i s
%. 4 f nm\n , w2 ) ;
7 disp ( Exa 3 . 6 ( b ) ) ;
8 hc =1240;
9 E2 = hc / w2 ; E1 = hc / w1 ; printf ( The e n e r g y o f s c a t t e r e d x
r a y s i s %. 0 f eV\n , E2 ) ;
10 disp ( Exa 3 . 6 ( c ) ) ;
11 K = E1 - E2 ; // The k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n
t h e e n e r g y b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e c o l l i s i o n ;
12 printf ( The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e xr a y s i s %. 3 f eV\
n ,K ) ;
13 disp ( Exa 3 . 6 ( d ) ) ;
14 phi2 = atand ( E2 * sind ( theta ) /( E1 - E2 * cosd ( theta ) ) )
15 printf ( The d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s c a t t e r e d e l e t r o n i s %
. 1 f d e g r e e s , phi2 ) ;

24
 Chapter 4

The Wavelike properties of

particles

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Solution for a b c d and e

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex : 4 . 1 ) ;
4 h =6.6*10^ -34; // h (
p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t )= 6.6 10 34
5 m1 = 10^3; v1 =100;; // f o r
automobile
6 w1 = h /( m1 * v1 ) ; // [ w
w a v e l e n g t h i n metre m mass i n Kg v v e l o c i t y i n
metres / sec . ] of the p a r t i c l e s
7 printf ( Wavelength o f t h e a u t o m o b i l e i s %1 . 2 e m\n ,
w1 ) ;
8 m2 =10*(10^ -3) ; v2 = 500; // f o r
bullet
9 w2 = h /( m2 * v2 ) ;
10 printf ( Wavelength o f t h e b u l l e t i s %1 . 2 e m\n , w2 )
;
11 m3 =(10^ -9) *(10^ -3) ; v3 =1*10^ -2;
12 w3 = h /( m3 * v3 ) ;

25
13 printf ( Wavelength o f t h e smoke p a r t i c l e i s %1 . 2 e m\
n , w3 ) ;
14 m4 =9.1*10^ -31; k =1*1.6*10^ -19; // k
k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n & u s i n g 1 ev =
1.610 19 j o u l e
15 p = sqrt (2* m4 * k ) ; // p=
momentum o f e l e c t r o n ; from K=1/2m v 2
16 w4 = h / p ;
17 printf ( Wavelength o f t h e e l e c t r o n ( 1 ev ) i s %1 . 2 fnm \n
, w4 *10^9 ) ;
18 hc =1240; pc =100 // I n t h e
e x t r e m e r e l a t i v i s t c realm , K=E=pc ; Given pc =100
MeV, hc =1240MeV
19 w5 = hc / pc ;
20 printf ( Wavelength o f t h e e l e c t r o n ( 1 0 0 Mev ) i s %1 . 2 f
fm\n , w5 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Minimum uncertainity in wavelength

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 4.2 ) ;
4 // w=w a v e l e n g t h ; c o n s i d e r k =2( p i /w) ;
5 // d i f f e r e n t i a t e k w . r . t w and r e p l a c e d e l ( k ) / d e l (w)
= 1 for equation . 4 . 3
6 // which g i v e s d e l (w)= w2 / ( 2 p i d e l ( x ) ) , h e n c e
7 w =20; delx =200; // d e l x =200cm and w=20cm
8 delw =( w ^2) /( delx *2* %pi ) ;
9 printf ( Hence u n c e r t a i n i t y i n l e n g t h i s %1 . 2 f cm ,
delw ) ;

26
 Scilab code Exa 4.3 Validity of the claim

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 4.3 )
4 delt =1; // c o n s i d e r t i m e i n t e r v a l o f 1
sec
5 delw =1/ delt ; // s i n c e d e l w d e l t =1 from
equation 4.4
6 delf =0.01 // c a l c u l a t e d a c c u r a c y i s 0 . 0 1 Hz
7 delwc =2* %pi * delf // delwc c l a i m e d a c c u r a c y from w
=2 p i f
8 printf ( The minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y c a l c u l a t e d i s 1 r a d /
s e c . The c l a i m e d a c c u r a c y i s %. 3 f r a d / s e c \n ,
delwc ) ;
9 if delw == delwc then disp ( V a l i d c l a i m ) ;
10 end
11 if delw ~= delwc then disp ( I n v a l i d c l a i m ) ;
12 end

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 4 . 4 ( a ) ) ;
4 m =9.11*10^ -31; v =3.6*10^6; // m , v mass an
v e l o c i t y o f the e l e c t r o n in SI u n i t s
5 h =1.05*10^ -34; // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t i n S I

27
 6 p = m * v ; //momentum
7 delp = p *0.01; // due t o 1% p r e c i s i o n i n p
8 delx = h / delp // u n c e r t a i n i t y i n p o s i t i o n
9 printf ( U n c e r t a i n i t y i n p o s i t i o n i s %1 . 2 f nm , delx
*10^9) ;
10 disp ( Ex 4 . 4 ( ( b ) )
11 printf ( S i n c e t h e m o t i o n i s s t r i c t l y a l o n g X
direction , i t s ve locity in Y di re cti on i s
a b s o l u t e l y z e r o . \ n So u n c e r t a i n i t y i n v e l o c i t y
a l o n g y i s z e r o=> u n c e r t a i n i t y i n p o s i t i o n a l o n g
y i s i n f i n i t e . \ nSo n o t h i n g can be s a i d a b o u t i t s
p o s i t i o n / motion a l o n g Y )

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 4 . 5 ( a ) ) ;
4 m =0.145; v =42.5; // m , v mass an v e l o c i t y of the
e l e c t r o n in SI u n i t s
5 h =1.05*10^ -34; // p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t i n S I
6 p = m * v ; //momentum
7 delp = p *0.01; // due t o 1% p r e c i s i o n i n p
8 delx = h / delp // u n c e r t a i n i t y i n p o s i t i o n
9 printf ( U n c e r t a i n i t y i n p o s i t i o n i s %1 . 2 e , delx ) ;
10 disp ( Ex 4 . 5 ( b ) ) ;
11 printf ( Motion a l o n g y i s u n p r e d i c t a b l e a s l o n g a s
t h e v e l o i t y a l o n g y i s e x a c t l y known ( a s z e r o ) . ) ;

28
 Scilab code Exa 4.6 Uncertainity in x component

1 clc
2 clear
3 disp ( Ex 4.6 )
4 printf ( The u n c e r t a i n i t y in the p o i s i t i o n of
e l e c t r o n a f t e r i t p as s e s through the s l i t i s
r e d u c e d t o w i d t h o f t h e s l i t \n d e l x=a \n ) ;
5 printf ( The u n c e r t a i n i t y i n momentum = h/ a \n ) ;
6 printf ( P o s i t i o n o f l a n d i n g ( a n g l e t ) = s i n t = t a n t
= d e l z / d e l y =(h / a ) /2 p i a= w/2 p i a \ nwhere w=
w a v e l e n g h t h \n ) ;
7 printf ( R e w r i t i n g t h e a b o v e e x p r e s s i o n a s i n t = w
/ ( 2 p i ) \n which i s s i m i l a r t o a s i n t = w (
n e g l e c t 2 p i ) a s f o u n d o u t by f i r s t minimum i n
d i f f r a c t i o n by a s l i t o f w i d t h a ) ;
8 disp ( I t p r o v e s a c l o s e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n wave
b e h a v i o u r and u n c e r t a i n i t y p r i n c i p l e ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.7 Range of kinetic energy of an electron

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 4.7 ) ;
4 mc2 =2.15*10^ -4; // mc2 i s t h e mass o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , c o n c i d e r e d i n Mev f o r t h e s i m p l i c i t y i n
calculations
5 hc =197 // The v a l u e o f h c i n Mev .
fm f o r s i m p l i c i t y
6 delx = 10 // Given u n c e r t a i n i t y i n
p o s i t i o n =d i a m e t e r o f n u c l e u s= 10 fm
7 delp = hc / delx ; // U n c e r t a i n i y i n momentum p e r
u n i t c i . e ( Mev/ c ) d e l p= h / d e l x =(h c ) / ( c d e l x )

29
 ; hc =197 Mev . fm 1Mev=1.610 13 J o u l e s )
8 p = delp ; // E q u a t i n g d e l p t o p a s a
consequence of equation 4.10
9 K1 =[[ p ]^2]+[ mc2 ]^2 // The f o l l o w i n g 3 s t e p s a r e
t h e s t e p s i n v l o l v e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g K . E= s q r t ( ( p c
) 2 + ( mc 2 ) 2 ) m c 2
10 K1 = sqrt ( K1 )
11 K1 = K1 -( mc2 ) ;
12 printf ( K i n e t i c e n e r g y was f o u n d o u t t o be %d Mev ,
K1 )

Scilab code Exa 4.8 Solution for a b and c

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 4.8 )
4 h =6.58*10^ -16; // p l a c k s c o n s t a n t
5 delt1 =26*10^ -9; E =140*10^6 // g i v e n v a l u e s of l i f e t i m e
and r e s t e n e r g y o f c h a r g e d p i meson
6 delE = h / delt1 ; k = delE / E ; // k i s t h e m e a s u r e o f
uncertainity
7 printf ( U n c e r t a i n i t y i n e n e r g y o f c h a r g e d p i meson
i s %1 . 2 e \n ,k ) ;
8 delt2 =8.3*10^ -17; E =135*10^6; // g i v e n v a l u e s o f
l i f e t i m e and r e s t e n e r g y o f u n c h a r g e d p i meson
9 delE = h / delt2 ; k = delE / E ;
10 printf ( U n c e r t a i n i t y i n e n e r g y o f u n c h a r g e d p i meson
i s %1 . 2 e \n ,k ) ;
11 delt3 =4.4*10^ -24; E =765*10^6; // g i v e n v a l u e s o f
l i f e t i m e and r e s t e n e r g y o f r h o meson
12 delE = h / delt3 ; k = delE / E ;
13 printf ( U n c e r t a i n i t y i n e n e r g y o f r h o meson i s %. 1 f \
n ,k ) ;

30
 Scilab code Exa 4.9 minimum velocity of the billiard ball

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 4.9 )
4 h =1.05*10^ -34; // v a l u e o f p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t i n J .
sec
5 delx = 1; // u n c e r t a i n i t y i n p o s i t o n=
dimension of the b a l l
6 delp = h / delx ; // u n c e r t a i n i t y i n momentum
7 m =0.1; // mass o f t h e b a l l i n kg
8 delv = delp / m ; // u n c e r t a i n i t y i n v e l o c i t y
9 printf ( The v a l u e o f minimum v e l o c i t y was f o u n d o u t
t o be %1 . 2 e m/ s e c , delv ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.10 Group velocity of a wave packet in terms of phase
velocity

1 clc
2 clear
3 disp ( Ex 4.10 ) ;
4 printf ( Group v e l o c i t y i s f o u n d o u t from Eq . 4 . 1 8 . \
n S i n c e k=2 p i /w ; Vphase= w/ k \n w/ k = s q r t ( g / k )
/ n w=s q r t ( g k ) ) ;
5 printf ( \ n d i f f e r e t i a t i n g on b o t h s i d e s \n ) ;
6 printf ( dw=1/2 s q r t ( g ) k 1/2 dk \n dw= 1/2
s q r t ( g / k ) \n Hence Vgroup= Vphase /2 ) ;

31
32
 Chapter 5

The Schrodinger Equation

Scilab code Exa 5.1 Displacement and velocity of the object

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 5.1 ) ; // The s o l u t i o n i n v o l v e s very complex
s y m b o l i c e q u a t i o n s o l v i n g and a p p r o x i m a t i o n s .
Hence o n l y a n s w e r s a r e d i s p l a y e d
4 printf ( The d i s p l a c e m e n t and v e l o c i t y o f t h e b a l l
a r e f o u n d o u t i n 2 s t e p s \n s t e p 1 b e f o r e r e a c h i n g
t h e s u r f a c e o f w a t e r and \n s t e p 2 I n s i d e w a t e r
t i l l i t r i s e s back t o s u r f a c e \n ) ;
5 printf ( The v a l u e s a r e a s f o l l o w s : v1 ( t )=g t and y1
( t )=H(( g / 2 ) t 2 ) ) \n ) ;
6 printf ( I n r e g i o n 2 : v2 ( t ) =(B/m s q r t ( 2 H/ g ) ) +(B/mg
) t ; y2 ( t )= H+ HB/mg B/m s q r t ( 2 H/ g )+ (B/mg ) ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.2 Solution for a and b

1 clear

33
 2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 5 . 2 ( a ) ) ;
4 h =1.05*10^ -34; m =9.11*10^ -31; L =10^ -10; // a l l
the v a l u e s are taken in SI u n i t s
5 E1 = h ^2* %pi ^2/(2* m * L ^2) ; E2 =4* E1 ; //
Energies are calculated
6 delE =( E2 - E1 ) /(1.6*10^ -19) ; //
D i f f e r e n c e i n e n e r g y i s c o n v e r t e d t o eV
7 printf ( Energy t o be s u p p l i e d i s %. 0 f eV . \ n , delE ) ;
8 disp ( Exa 5 . 2 ( b ) ) ;
9 x1 =0.09*10^ -10; x2 =0.11*10^ -10 //
l i m i t s of the given region
10 probGnd =(2/ L ) * integrate ( ( s i n ( %pi x /L ) 2 ) , x ,x1 , x2
);
11 printf ( The p e r c e n t a g e p r o b a b l i l i t y o f f i n d i n g an
e l e c t r o n i n t h e g r o u n d s t a t e i s %. 2 f . \ n , probGnd
*100) ;
12 disp ( Exa 5 . 2 ( c ) ) ;
13 x1 =0 , x2 =0.25*10^ -10;
14 probExc =(2/ L ) * integrate ( ( s i n ( 2 %pi x /L ) 2 ) , x ,x1 ,
x2 ) ;
15 printf ( The p r o b a b l i l i t y o f f i n d i n g an e l e c t r o n i n
t h e e x c i t e d s t a t e i s %. 2 f . \ n , probExc ) ;

Scilab code Exa 5.3 Proof for average value of x

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 5.3 ) ;
4 x1 =0; x2 = L ;
5 xavg =(2/ L ) * integrate ( s i n ( %pi x /L ) 2 , x ,x1 , x2 ) ;
6 printf ( The a v e r a g e v a l u e o f x i s f o u n d o u t t o be L
/2 which a p p a r e n t l y i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f Qunatum

34
s t a t e . );

35
 Chapter 6

The Rutherford Bohr model of

an atom

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Average deflection angle per collision

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 6.1 ) ;
4 R =0.1; Z =79; x =1.44; // x=e 2 / 4 p i e p s i 0
5 zkR2 =2* Z * x / R // from zkR2= ( 2 Z e 2 )
R 2 / ( 4 p i e p s i 0 ) R3
6 mv2 =10*10^6; //MeV=>eV
7 theta = sqrt (3/4) * zkR2 / mv2 ; // d e f l e c t i o n a n g l e
8 theta = theta *(180/ %pi ) ; // c o n v e r t i n g t o
degrees
9 printf ( Hence t h e a v e r a g e d e f l e c t i o n a n g l e p e r
c o l l i s i o n i s %. 2 f d e g r e e s . , theta ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.2 Solution for a and b

36
 1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 6 . 2 ( a ) ) ;
4 Na =6.023*10^23; p =19.3; M =197;
5 n = Na * p / M ; // The number o f n u c l e i p e r atom
6 t =2*10^ -6; Z =79; K =8*10^6; x =1.44; theta =90; // x=e
2/4 p i e p s i 0
7 b1 = t * Z * x * cotd ( theta /2) /(2* K ) // i m p a c t
parameter b
8 f1 = n * %pi * b1 ^2* t // s c a t t e r i n g
a n g l e g r e a t e r t h a n 90
9 printf ( The f r a c t i o n o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e s s c a t t e r e d a t
a n g l e s g r e a t e r t h a n 90 d e g r e e s i s %. 2 e \n , f1 ) ;
10 disp ( Exa 6 . 2 ( b ) ) ;
11 theta =45
12 b2 = t * Z * x * cotd ( theta /2) /(2* K ) ;
13 f2 = n * %pi * b2 ^2* t ; // s c a t t e r i n g a n g l e
g r e a t e r t h a n 45
14 fb = f2 - f1 // s c a t t e r i n g a n g l e
b e t w e e n 45 t o 90
15 printf ( The f r a c t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s w i t h s c a t t e r i n g
a n g l e from 45 t o 90 i s %. 3 e \n , fb ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.3 Distance of closest approach

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 6.3 ) ;
4 Z =79; x =1.44; K =8*10^6; z =2; // where x=e 2 / 4 p i
e p s i 0 ; z=2 f o r a l p h a p a r t i c l e s
5 d=z*x*Z/K; // d i s t a n c e
6 printf ( The d i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t a p p r o a s c h i s %. 2 e nm
. ,d *10^ -9)

37
 Scilab code Exa 6.4 Three longest wavelengths of the Paschen series

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 6.4 ) ;
4 sl =820.1; n0 =3; // g i v e n v a l u e s
5 n =4; w = sl *( n ^2/( n ^2 - n0 ^2) ) ; printf ( The 3 l o n g e s t
p o s s i b l e w a v e l e n g t h s a r e %. 0 f nm , ,w ) ;
6 n =5; w = sl *( n ^2/( n ^2 - n0 ^2) ) ; printf ( %. 0 f nm , ,w ) ;
7 n =6; w = sl *( n ^2/( n ^2 - n0 ^2) ) ; printf ( & %. 0 f nm ,w ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.5 Various wavelegths in Balmer and Lymann series

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 6.5 ) ;
4 sl =364.5; n =3; // g i v e n v a r i a b l e s and
various constants are declared in the subsequent
s t e p s wherever necessary
5 w1 = sl *( n ^2/( n ^2 -4) ) ; // l o n g e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f
balmer
6 c =3*10^8;
7 f1 = c /( w1 *10^ -9) ; // c o r r e s p o n d i n g f r e q .
8 n0 =1; n =2;
9 w2 =91.13*( n ^2/( n ^2 - n0 ^2) ) ; // f i r s t l o n g e s t o f lymann
10 f2 = c /( w2 *10^ -9) ; // c o r r e s p o d i n g f r e q
11 n0 =1; n =3

38
12 w3 =91.13*( n ^2/( n ^2 - n0 ^2) ) ; // s e c o n d l o n g e s t o f
lymann
13 f3 =3*10^8/( w3 *10^ -9) // c o r r e s p o n d i n g
freq .
14 printf ( The f r e q . c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e l o n g e s t
w a v e l e n g t h o f b a l m e r i s %e & F i r s t l o n g e s t
wavelength o f Lymann i s %e . \ n ,f1 , f2 ) ;
15 printf ( The sum o f which s e q u a l t o %e\n , f1 + f2 ) ;
16 printf ( The f r e q . c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 2 nd l o n g e s t
w a v e l e n g t h was f o u n d o u t t o be %e\n . Hence R i t z
c o m b i n a t i o n p r i n c i p l e i s s a t i s f i e d . , f3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.6 wavelengths of transition

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 6.6 ) ;
4 Rinfi =1.097*10^7; // known v a l u e
5 n1 =3; n2 =2; // f i r s t 2 g i v e n s t a t e s
6 w =( n1 ^2* n2 ^2) /(( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) * Rinfi ) ; printf ( Wavelength
o f t r n a s i t i o n from n1=3 t o n2=2 i s %. 3 f nm\n ,w
*10^9) ;
7 n1 =4; n2 =2; // s e c o n d 2 g i v e n s t a t e s
8 w =( n1 ^2* n2 ^2) /(( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) * Rinfi ) ; printf ( Wavelength
o f t r n a s i t i o n from n1=3 t o n2=2 i s %. 3 f nm ,w
*10^9) ;

Scilab code Exa 6.7 Two longest wavelengths of triply ionized beryllium

39
1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 6.7 ) ;
4 n1 =3; n2 =2; Z =4; hc =1240;
5 delE =( -13.6) *( Z ^2) *((1/( n1 ^2) ) -((1/ n2 ^2) ) ) ;
6 w =( hc ) / delE ; // f o r t r a n s i t i o n 1
7 printf ( The w a v e l n g t h o f r a d i a t i o n f o r t r a n s i t i o n
(2>3) i s %f nm\n ,w ) ;
8 n1 =4; n2 =2; // n v a l u e s f o r t r a n s i t i o n 2
9 delE =( -13.6) *( Z ^2) *((1/ n1 ^2) -(1/ n2 ^2) ) ;
10 w =( hc ) / delE ;
11 printf ( The w a v e l n g t h o f r a d i a t i o n e m i t t e d f o r
t r a n s i t i o n (2>4) i s %f nm ,w ) ;

40
 Chapter 7

The Hydrogen atom in wave

mechanics

Scilab code Exa 7.1 Proof

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 7.1 ) ; // The p r o b l e m is entirely
theoretcial .
4 printf ( The s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e d i s r =4 ao i . e t h e most
l i k e l y d i s t a n c e from o r i g i n f o r an e l e c t r o n i n n
=2 , l =1 s t a t e . ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.2 Probability of finding an electron closer to nucles

than Bohrs orbit

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 7.2 ) ;

41
4 // c a l c u l a t i n g r a d i a l p r o b a b i l i t y P= ( 4 / ao 3 )
i n e g r a l ( r 2 e ( 2 r / ao ) ) b e t w e e n t h e l i m i t s 0
and ao f o r r
5 Pr = integrate ( ( ( x 2 ) %e(x ) ) /2 , x ,0 ,2) ; //
s i m p l i f y i n g where a s x=2 r / a0 ; h e n c e t h e l i m i t s
change between 0 to 2
6 printf ( Hence t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e
e l e c t r o n n e a r e r t o n u c l e u s i s %. 3 f , Pr ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.3 Probability of finding an electron inisde Bohr Radius

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 7.3 ) ;
4 // f o r l =0;
5 // e m p l o y i n g t h e f o r m u l a for probability
d i s t r i b u t i o n s i m i l a r l y a s done i n Exa 7.2
6 Pr1 = integrate ( ( 1 / 8 ) ( ( 4 x 2 ) (4 x 3 ) +(x 4 ) ) %e(x
) , x ,0 ,1) ; // x=r / ao ; s i m i l r l y l i m i t s
b e t w e e n 0 and 1 .
7 Pr2 = integrate ( ( 1 / 2 4 ) ( x 4 ) ( %ex ) , x ,0 ,1) ;
// x=r / ao ; s i m i l r l y
l i m i t s b e t w e e n 0 and 1 .
8 printf ( The p r o b a b i l i t y f o r l =0 e l e c t r o n i s %. 3 f and
f o r l =1 e l e c t r o n i s %. 4 f . ,Pr1 , Pr2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.4 Length of angular momentum vectors

1 clear

42
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 7.4 ) ;
4 l =1; // g i v e n v a l u e o f l
5 am1 = sqrt ( l *( l +1) ) ; // a n g u l a r momentum==s q r t ( l ( l
+1) ) h
6 l =2 // g i v e n l
7 am2 = sqrt ( l *( l +1) ) ;
8 printf ( The a n g u l a r momenta a r e f o u n d o u t t o be %. 3 f
h and %. 3 f h r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r l =1 and l =2. ,am1 ,
am2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.5 possible Z components of the vector L

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 7.5 ) ; // T h o r e t i c a l q u e s t i o n
4 disp ( The p o s s i b l e v a l u e s f o r m a r e [+2 , 2] and
h e n c e any o f t h e 5 co m p o n e n t s [ 2h , 2 h ] a r e
p o s s i b l e f o r the L v e c t o r . );
5 printf ( Length o f t h e v e c t o r a s f o u n d o u t p r e v i o u s l y
i s %. 2 f h . , sqrt (6) ) ; // a n g u l a r momentum==s q r t ( l (
l +1) ) h

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Seperation of beams as they leave the magnet

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 7.6 ) ;

43
 4 uz =9.27*10^ -24; t =1.4*10^3; x =3.5*10^ -2; //
v a r i o u s c o n s t a n t s and g i v e n v a l u e s
5 m =1.8*10^ -25; v =750; // mass
and v e l o c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c l e
6 d =( uz * t *( x ^2) ) /( m *( v ^2) ) ; // n e t
separtion
7 printf ( The d i s t a n c e o f s e p a r a t i o n i s %. 2 f mm ,d
*10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.7 Change in wavelength

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 7.7 ) ;
4 n1 =1; n2 =2; hc =1240; // hc =1240 eV . nm
5 E =( -13.6) *((1/ n2 ^2) -(1/ n1 ^2) ) ; // Energy c a l c u a t i o n
6 w = hc / E ; // w a v e l e n g t h
7 u =9.27*10^ -24; B =2; // c o n s t a n t s
8 delE = u * B /(1.6*10^ -19) ; // c h a n g e i n e n e r g y
9 delw =(( w ^2/ hc ) ) * delE ; // c h a n g e i n
wavelength
10 printf ( The c h a n g e i n w a v e l e n g t h i s %. 5 f nm . , delw ) ;

44
 Chapter 8

Many Electron Atoms

Scilab code Exa 8.1 Energy of Ka X ray of sodium

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 8.1 ) ;
4 hc =1240*10^ -9; Rinfi =1.097*10^7; Z =11; // f o r sodium
atom ; and o t h e r c o n s t a n t s i n MeV
5 delE =3* hc * Rinfi *( Z -1) ^2/4 // c h a n g e i n
energy
6 printf ( The e n e r g y o f t h e Ka xr a y o f t h e sodium
atom i s %. 3 f KeV . , delE /10^3) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.2 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 8 . 2 ( a ) ) ;
4 EKa =21.990; EKb =25.145; EK =25.514
// a l l t h e

45
 v a l u e s a r e i n KeV
5 ELo = EKb - EKa ; printf ( The e n r g y o f La o f Xr a y i s %. 3
fKeV . \ n , ELo ) ; // Energy o f La Xr a y
6 disp ( Exa 8 . 2 ( b ) ) ;
7 EL = - EK + EKa ; printf ( Hence t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f t h e L
e l e c t o n i s %. 3 fKeV . , EL ) ; // f o r e l e c t r o n L
electron

Scilab code Exa 8.3 Total orbital and spin quantum numbers of carbon

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 8.3 ) ; // t h e o r e t i c a l
4 l =1; Lmax = l + l ; Lmin =l - l ; printf ( V a l u e o f L r a n g e s
from %d t o %d i . e %d %d %d\n . , Lmin , Lmax , Lmin ,1 ,
Lmax ) ;
5 s =1/2; Smax = s + s ; Smin =s - s ; printf ( V a l u e s o f S a r e %d
&%d , Smax , Smin ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.4 Total orbital and spin quantum numbers of nitrogen

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 8.4 ) ;
4 l =1; Lmax = l + l ; Lmin =l - l ; printf ( C o n s i d e r i n g any two
e l e c t r o n s , V a l u e o f L2e r a n g e s from %d t o %d i . e
%d %d %d . \ n , Lmin , Lmax , Lmin ,1 , Lmax ) ;
5 printf ( Adding t h e a n g u l a r momentum o f t h e t h i r d
e l e c t r o n t o L2emax g i v e s t h e maximum w h o l e

46
 a n g u l a r momentum a s 2+1=3; and s u b t r a c t i n g i t
from L2e=1 g i v e s 0\ n )
6 s =1/2; Smax = s + s ; Smin =s - s ; printf ( V a l u e s o f S2e a r e
%d &%d . \ n , Smax , Smin ) ;
7 printf ( Adding and s u b t r a c t i n g t h e s p i n o f t h i r d t o
S2e=1 and S2e=0 r e s p e c t i v e l y g i v e s t h e s p i n s 3/2
and 1/2 f o r t h e 3 e l e c t r o n s y s t e m . ) ;

Scilab code Exa 8.5 Hunds rule to find ground state quantum numbers of
nitrogen

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 8.5 ) ;
4 disp ( The n i t r o g e n atom h a s a c o n f i g u r a t i o no f 1 s2 , 2
s2 , 2 p3 . ) ;
5 disp ( L e t u s maximize t h e n e t s p i n o f a l l t h e 3
e l e c t r o n s by a s s i g n i n g a s p i n o f 1/2 t o e a c h o f
them . Hence S =3/2. ) ;
6 disp ( To maximize Ml , t h e c o n s i s t e n t v a l u e s o f L f o r
t h e 3 e l e c t r o n s l e f t a r e 1 1 and 0 . Thus L=0 & S
=3/2 a r e t h e g r o u n d s t a t e quantum numbers f o r
n i t r o g e n . );

Scilab code Exa 8.6 Ground state L and S of oxygen

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 8.6 ) ;

47
4 disp ( The Oxygen atom h a s a c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f 1 s2 , 2 s2
, 2 p4 . 4 e l e c t r o n s i n t h e o u t e r most s h e l l . ) ;
5 disp ( L e t u s maximize t h e n e t s p i n by a s s i g n i n g a
s p i n o f 1/2 t o 3 o f them but t h e f o u r t h s h o u l d
have s p i n o f 1/3. Hence S=3/2 1/2=1. ) ;
6 disp ( The c o n s i s t e n t v a l u e s o f L f o r t h e 3 e l e c t r o n s
a r e 1 1 and 0 . To maximize Ml , a s s i g n a L 0 f +1
t o t h e f o u r t h e l e c t r o n . Thus L=1 & S=1 a r e t h e
g r o u n d s t a t e quantum numbers f o r Oxygen . ) ;

48
 Chapter 9

Molecular Structure

Scilab code Exa 9.1 Charge on the sphere

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 9.1 ) ;
4 E = -2.7;
5 K =9*(10^9) *((1.6*(10^ -19) ) ^2) /(0.106*10^ -9) ; //
t a k i n g a l l t h e v a l u e s i n m e t e r s . 1 / ( 4 p i e 0 )=
9 1 0 9 F/m
6 q =(( K - E *10^ -9) /(4* K ) ) *10^ -9; //
b a l a n c i n by m u l t i p l y i n g 10 9 on n u m e r a t o r . t o eV
. vm t e r m s
7 printf ( Charge on t h e s p h e r e r e q u i r e d i s %. 2 f t i m e s
t h e c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n . ,q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.2 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc

49
 3 disp ( Exa 9 . 2 ( a ) ) ;
4 K =1.44; Req =0.236; // K=e 2 / ( 4 p i e 0 ) =1.44 eV . nm
5 Uc = - K /( Req ) ; // coulomb e n e r g y
6 printf ( The coulomb e n e r g y a t an e q u i l i r i u m
s e p a r a t i o n d i s t a n c e i s %. 2 f eV\n , Uc ) ;
7 E = -4.26; delE =1.53; // v a r i o u s s t a n d a r s v a l u e s o f
NaCl
8 Ur =E - Uc - delE ;
9 printf ( The p a u l i s r e p u l s i o n e n e r g y i s %. 2 f eV\n ,
Ur ) ;
10 disp ( Exa 9 . 2 ( b ) ) ;
11 Req =0.1; // p a u l i r e p u l s i o n e n e r g y
12 Uc = - K /( Req ) ;
13 E =4; delE =1.53;
14 Ur =E - Uc - delE ;
15 printf ( The p a u l i s r e p u l s i o n e n e r g y r e s p e c t i v e l y
i s i s %. 2 f eV\n , Ur ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.3 vibrational frequency and photon energy of H2

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 9.3 ) ;
4 delE =0.50; delR =0.017*10^ -9; // d e l E= EEmin ;
delR=RRmin ;
5 k =2*( delE ) /( delR ^2) ; c =3*10^8; // f o r c e c o n s t a n t
6 m =(1.008) *(931.5*10^6) *0.5; // mass o f
mo lec ula r hydrogen
7 v = sqrt ( k * c ^2/ m ) /(2* %pi ) ; // v i b r a t i o n a l
frequency
8 h =4.14*(10^ -15) ;
9 E=h*v;
10 printf ( The v a l u e o f c o r r e s p o n d i n g p h o t o n e n e r g y i s

50
 %. 2 f eV ,E ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.4 Energies and wavelengths of 3 lowest radiations emit-
ted by molecular H2

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 9.4 ) ;
4 hc =1240; // i n eV . nm
5 m =0.5*1.008*931.5*10^6; // mass o f
h y d r o g e n atom
6 Req =0.074; // e q u i v a l e n t
radius
7 a =(( hc ) ^2) /(4*( %pi ^2) * m *( Req ^2) ) ; // r e d u c e d mass o f
h y d r o g e n atom
8 for L =1:3 ,
9 delE = L * a ; printf ( The v a l u e o f e n e r g y i s %f
eV\n , delE ) ;
10 w =( hc ) / delE ; printf ( The r e s p e c t i v e
w a v e l e n g t h i s i s %f um\n ,w *10^ -3) ;
11 end

Scilab code Exa 9.5 Rotational Inertia of molecule

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 9.5 ) ;
4 delv =6.2*(10^11) ; // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y
5 h =1.05*(10^ -34) ; // v a l u e o f h i n J . s e c

51
6 I = h /(2* %pi * delv ) ; // r o t a t i o n a l i n e r t i a
7 printf ( The v a l u e o f r o t a t i o n a l i n e r t i a i s %. 2 e kg
m2 ,I ) ;
8 I = I /(1.684604 e -045) ;
9 printf ( which i n t e r m s o f amu i s %. 3 f u . nm2 ,I ) ;

Scilab code Exa 9.6 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 9 . 6 ( a ) ) ;
4 delE =0.358; hc =4.14*10^ -15; // hc i n eV . nm
and d e l E =1.44 eV ( g i v e n v a l u e s )
5 f =( delE ) / hc ; // f r e q u e n c y
6 printf ( The f r e q u e n c y o f t h e r a d i a t i o n i s %. 3 e . \ n ,f
);
7 m =0.98; // mass i n t e r m s
of u
8 k =4* %pi ^2* m * f ^2; // v a l u e o f k i n
eV/m2
9 printf ( The f o r c e c o n s t a n t i s %. 3 e . \ n ,k ) ;
10 disp ( Ex 9 . 6 ( b ) ) ;
11 hc =1240; m =0.98*1.008*931.5*10^6; Req =0.127; //
v a r i o u s c o n s t a n t s in terms of
12 s =(( hc ) ^2) /(4*( %pi ^2) * m *( Req ^2) ) ; //
expeted spacing
13 printf ( The s p a c i n g was f o u n d o u t t o be %f which i s
v e r y c l o s e t o t h e g r a p h i c a l v a l u e o f 0 . 0 0 2 6 eV . ,
s);

52
 Chapter 10

Statistical Physics

Scilab code Exa 10.1 Various Speeds obtained from maxwell speed distri-
bution

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 10.1 ) ; // T h e o r e t i c a l Q u e s t i o n
4 // I n s t a l l and u s e maxim t o o l f o r s y m b o l i c
i n t e g r a t i o n . remove t h e / / ( comment m a r k i n g s )
b e l o w and run t h e program .
5 //Vm= i n t e g r a t e ( ( v 3 ) ( e (b v 2 ) ) , x , 0 , % i n f i ) ;
6 // r e s t o f t h e r e s u l t s f o l l o w from a b o v e
7 printf ( The a v e r a g e s p e e d i s f o u n d o u t t o be ( 8 k T/
m) 1 / 2 ) \n ) ;
8 printf ( The RMS s p e e d i s ( 3 k T/m) 1 / 2 \ n ) ;
9 printf ( The Most p r o b a b l e s p e e d i s f o u n d o u t t o be
( 2 k T/m) 1 / 2 \n where a l l t h e s y m b o l s u s e d a r e
c o n v e n t i o n a l c o n s t a n t s . );

Scilab code Exa 10.2 Frequency distribution of emitted light

53
 1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 10.2 ) ; // The s o l u t i o n i s p u r e l y
t h e o r e t i c a l and i n v o l v e s a l o t o f a p p r o x i m a t i o n s .
4 printf ( The v a l u e o f s h i f t i n f r e q u e n c y was f o u n d
o u t t o be d e l f =7. 14 f o 10 7 s q r t (T) f o r a s t a r
c o m p o s i n g o f h y d r o g e n atoms a t a t e m p e r a t u r e T . \ n
);
5 T =6000; // t e m p e r a t u r e f o r sun
6 delf =7.14*10^ -7* sqrt ( T ) ;..... // c h a n g e i n f r e q u e n c y
7 printf ( The v a l u e o f f r e q u e n c y s h i f t f o r sun ( a t 6 0 0 0
deg . t e m p e r a t u r e ) c o m p r s i n g o f h y d r o g e n atoms i s
%. 1 e t i m e s t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e l i g h t . , delf ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.3 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 0 . 3 ( a ) ) ;
4 kT =0.0252; E =10.2 // a t
room t e m p e r a t u r e , kT = 0 . 0 2 5 2 s t a n d a r d v a l u e and
given value of E
5 n2 =2; n1 =1; g2 =2*( n2 ^2) ; g1 =2*( n1 ^2) ; //
v a l u e s f o r g r o u n d and e x c i t e d s t a t e s
6 t =( g2 / g1 ) * %e ^( - E / kT ) ; //
f r a c t i o n o f atoms
7 printf ( The number o f h y d r o g e n atoms r e q u i r e d i s %e
which w e i g h s %e Kg\n ,1/t ,(1/ t ) *(1.67*10^ -27) ) ;
8 disp ( Ex 1 0 . 3 ( b ) ) ;
9 t =0.1/0.9; k =8.65*10^ -5 //
f r a c i o n o f atoms i n c a s e 2 i s g i v e n
10 T = - E /( log ( t /( g2 / g1 ) ) * k ) ; //
temperature

54
11 printf ( The v a l u e o f t e m p e r a t u r e a t which 1 / 1 0 atoms
a r e i n e x c i t e d s t a t e i s %. 3 f K ,T ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.4 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 0 . 4 ( a ) ) ; // t h e o r e t i c a l
4 printf ( The e n e r g y o f i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h m a g n e t i c
f i e l d i s g i v e n by uB and t h e d e g e n e r a c y o f t h e
s t a t e s a r e +1/2 which a r e i d e n t i c a l . \ nThe r a t i o
i s t h e r e f o r e pE2 / pE1 which g i v e s e ( 2 uB/ k T) )
;
5 disp ( Ex 1 0 . 4 ( b ) ) ;
6 uB =5.79*10^ -4; // f o r a t y p i c a l atom
7 t =1.1; k =8.65*10^ -5; // r a t i o and c o n s t a n t k
8 T =2* uB /( log ( t ) * k ) ; // t e m p e r a t u r e
9 printf ( The v a l u e o f t e m p e r a t u r e a r which t h e g i v e n
r a t i o e x i s t s i s %. 2 f K ,T ) ;

Scilab code Exa 10.5 Fermi Energy Ef for sodium

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 10.5 ) ;
4 p =0.971; A =6.023*10^23; m =23.0; // v a r i o u s g i v e n
v a l u e s and c o n s t a n t s
5 c = ( p * A / m ) *10^6; // atoms p e r u n i t
volume

55
6 hc =1240; mc2 =0.511*10^6; // hc =1240 eV . nm
7 E = (( hc ^2) /(2* mc2 ) ) *(((3/(8* %pi ) ) * c ) ^(2/3) ) ; // v a l u e
of fermi energy
8 printf ( The f e r m i e n e r g y f o r sodium i s %f eV ,E
*10^ -18) ; // m u l t i p l y by 10 18 t o c o n v e r t m e t r e s 2
term t o nm2

56
 Chapter 11

Properties of Ionic Crystals

Scilab code Exa 11.1 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 1 . 1 ( a ) ) ;
4 c =769*10^3; Na =6.023*10^23; JeV =1.6*10^ -19; //
v a r i o u s c o n s t a n t s and g i v e n v a l u e s
5 Be = c /( Na * JeV ) ; // B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f an i o n
pair in the l a t t i c e
6 printf ( The e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e was f o u n d o u t t o be %
. 4 f eV . \ n , Be ) ;
7 disp ( Exa 1 1 . 1 ( b ) ) ;
8 n =9; a =1.7476; R =0.281; k = 1.44; // Given v a l u e s
and c o n s s t a n t s
9 Bc = k * a *(1 -(1/ n ) ) / R ; // i o n i c b i n d i n g
energy eperimentally
10 printf ( The c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g y
i s %. 4 f eV . , Bc ) ;

57
 Scilab code Exa 11.2 Energy per neytral atom to take apart a crystal of
Nacl

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 11.2 ) ;
4 a =3.61; // amount o f e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o remove an
e l e c t r o n from Cl i o n
5 b = -5.14 // amount o f e n e r g y r e t u r n e d when an e l e c t r o n
i s added t o Na+ i o n \
6 c =7.98 // b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f NaCl atom
7 E = a + b + c // suom o f a l l t h e e n e r g i e s
8 printf ( The n e t e n e r g y t o be s u p p l i e d i s %. 3 f eV ,E )
;

Scilab code Exa 11.3 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 1 1 . 3 ( a ) ) ;
4 Na =6.023*10^23; p =8.96*10^3; M =63.5*10^ -3; //Na=
a v a g a d r o s number , p=d e n s i t y ,M=m o l a r mass
5 n = p * Na / M ; //
density of charge c a r r i e r s
6 printf ( The d e n s i t y o f c h a r g e c a r r i e r s i n c o p p e r i s
%e atoms /m3\n ,n ) ;
7 s =5.88*10^7; m =9.11*10^ -31; e =1.6*10^ -19; // c h a r g e
& mass o f an e l e c t r o n , r e s i s t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h
8 t = s * m /( n * e ^2) ; // a v e r a g e
time between c o l l i s i o n s
9 printf ( The a v e r a g e t i m e b e t w e e n c o l l i s i o n s o f
c o n d u c t i n g e l e c t r o n s i s %e s e c . \ n ,t ) ;
10 disp ( Ex 1 1 . 3 ( b ) ) ;

58
11 Ef =7.03*1.6*10^ -19; // c o n v e r t i n g g i v e n
enrgy to J
12 Vf = sqrt (2* Ef / m ) ; // f e r m i v e l o c i t y
13 l = Vf * t ; // mean f r e e p a t h
14 printf ( The a v e r a g e mean f r e e p a t h i s %e m = %. 1 f nm
,l , l *10^9) ;

59
 Chapter 12

Nuclear Structure and

Radioactivity

Scilab code Exa 12.1 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 2 . 1 ( a ) ) ;
4 Z =2; A =4; N =A - Z ; // Given v a l u e s
5 printf ( The f o l l o w i n g method o f r e p r e s e n t i n g atoms
i s f o l l o w e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c h a p t e r \n\ t \ t x , ySz \n
where x=a t o m i c number y=mass number z= N e u t r o n
Number S=symbol o f t h e atom \n\n )
6 printf ( The h e l i u m can be r e p e r e s e n t e d a s %d , %dHe%d\
n ,Z ,A , N ) ;
7 disp ( Exa 1 2 . 1 ( b ) ) ;
8 Z =50; N =66; A = Z + N ; // // Given v a l u e s and
standard formulae
9 printf ( The h e l i u m can be r e p e r e s e n t e d a s %d , %dSn%d\
n ,Z ,A , N ) ;
10 disp ( Exa 1 2 . 1 ( c ) ) ;
11 A =235; N =143; Z =A - N ;
12 printf ( The h e l i u m can be r e p e r e s e n t e d a s %d , %dU%d ,
Z ,A , N ) ;

60
 Scilab code Exa 12.2 Approximate nuclear radii

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.2 ) ;
4 r0 =1.2; // s t a n d a r d v a l u e .
5 A =12;
6 r = r0 * A ^(1/3) ; printf ( The v a l u e o f mean r a d i u s f o r C
i s : %. 2 f fm\n ,r ) ;
7 A =70; // g i v e n v a l u e
8 r = r0 * A ^(1/3) ; printf ( The v a l u e o f mean r a d i u s f o r C
i s : %. 2 f fm\n ,r ) ;
9 A =209;
10 r = r0 * A ^(1/3) ; printf ( The v a l u e o f mean r a d i u s f o r C
i s : %. 2 f fm ,r ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.3 Density of typical nucleus and resultant mass

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.3 ) ;
4 m =1.67*10^ -27; r0 =1.2*10^ -15; v =4* %pi *( r0 ^3) /3
// s t a n d a r d v a l u e s o f mass r a d i u s and volume
5 p=m/v;
//
denisty
6 printf ( D e n s i t y o f t y p i c a l n u c l e u s i s %. 0 e kg /m3 \n
,p ) ;

61
7 r0 =0.01; v =4* %pi *( r0 ^3) /3; p =2*10^17; //
// h y p o t h e t i c a l v a l u e s
8 m1 = p * v ;
9 printf ( The mass o f t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l n u c l e u s would
be %. 0 e Kg , m1 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.4 Total Binding Energy

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.4 ) ;
4 N =30; Z =26; A =56; Mn =1.008665; Mp =1.007825; m =55.934939;
c2 =931.5; // g i v e n v a l u e s and c o n s t a n t s f o r c a s e 1
5 B =(( N * Mn ) +( Z * Mp ) -( m ) ) * c2 ;
// b i n d i n g e n e r g y
( per nucleon )
6 printf ( B i n d i n g n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n f o r 2 6 , 5 6 Fe30 i s %
. 3 f MeV\n ,B / A ) ;
7 N =146; Z =92; A =238; Mn =1.008665; Mp =1.007825; m
=238.050785; c2 =931.5; // g i v e n v a l u e s and
c o n s t a n t s f o r c a s e 2
8 B =(( N * Mn ) +( Z * Mp ) -( m ) ) * c2 ;
// b i n d i n g e n e r g y ( p e r
nucleon )
9 printf ( B i n d i n g n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n f o r 2 6 , 5 6 Fe30 i s %
. 3 f MeV ,B / A ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.5 Solution for a b c and d

62
1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 2. 5 ( a ) ) ;
4 t12 =2.7*24*3600; // c o n v e r t i n g d a y s i n t o
seconds
5 w =0.693/ t12 ; // lambeda
6 printf ( The d e c a y c o n s t a n t i s %e\n / s e c ,w ) ;
7 disp ( Exa 1 2. 5 ( b ) ) ;
8 printf ( The d e c a y c o n s t a n t i s e q u a l t o p r o b a b i l i t y
o f d e c a y i n one s e c o n d h e n c e %e \n ,w ) ;
9 disp ( Exa 1 2. 5 ( c ) ) ;
10 m =10^ -6; Na =6.023*10^23; M =198; // g i v e n v a l u e s
and c o n s t a n t s
11 N = m * Na / M ; // number o f atoms
in the sample
12 Ao = w * N ; // a c t i v i t y
13 printf ( The a c t i v i t y was f o u n d o u t t o be %e Ci , Ao ) ;
14 disp ( Exa 1 2. 5 ( d ) ) ;
15 t =7*24*3600; // g i v e n t i m e
16 A = Ao * %e ^ -( w * t ) ; // a c t i v i t y
17 printf ( The a c t i v i t y a f t e r one week was f o u n d o u t t o
be %. 2 e d e c a y s / s e c ,A ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.6 Atoms at the time of solidification

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.6 ) ;
4 t1 =4.55*10^9; t2 =7.04*10^8; // g i v e n v a l u e s o f
time at 2 d i f f e r e n t i n s t a n t s
5 age = t1 / t2 ;
6 r =2^ age ;
7 printf ( The o r i g i n a l r o c k h e n c e c o n t a i n e d %. 1 f Na

63
 atoms o f 235U where Na i s t h e Avagadro s Number
= 6 . 0 2 3 1 0 2 3 ,r ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.7 Kinetic energy of alpha particle emitted in alpha
decay

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.7 ) ;
4 m236Ra =226.025403;
5 m222Rn =222.017571;
6 m4He =4.002603; c2 =931.5; // mass o f various elements
and c 2=c 2
7 Q =( m236Ra - m222Rn - m4He ) * c2 ; //Q o f t h e r e a c t i o n
8 A =226
9 K =(( A -4) / A ) * Q ; // k i n e t i c
energy
10 printf ( The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e a l p h a p a r t i c l e is
%. 3 f Mev ,K ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.8 Q value of 14C emission

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.8 ) ;
4 m226Ra =226.025403; // mass o f v a r i o u s e l e m e n t s
5 m212Pb =211.991871;
6 m14c =14.003242;
7 c2 =931.5; // v a l u e o f c 2

64
 8 Q =( m226Ra - m212Pb - m14c ) * c2 ; //Q o f t h e r e a c t i o n
9 printf ( The v a l u e o f Q f o r 14 c e m i s s i o n i s %. 3 f MeV\
n ,Q ) ;
10 printf ( The p r o b a b i l i t y o f 14 c e m i s s i o n i s 10 9
t i m e s t h a t o f an a l p h a p a r t i c l e s i n c e t h e e n e r g y
b a r r i e r f o r 14 c e m i s s i o n i s \n n e a r l y 3 t i m e s
h i g h e r and t h i c k e r . )

Scilab code Exa 12.9 Maximum Kinetic energy of emitted electron

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 12.9 ) ;
4 m23Ne =22.994465; // mass o f v a r i o u s e l e m e n t s
5 m23Na =22.989768;
6 c2 =931.5; // v a l u e o f c 2
7 Q =( m23Ne - m23Na ) * c2 ; //Q o f t h e r e a c t i o n
8 printf ( Hence t h e maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e
e m i t t e d e l e c t r o n s i s %. 3 f MeV ,Q ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.10 Q value of various decays

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 2 . 1 0 ( a ) ) ;
4 m40K =39.963999; // mass o f v a r i o u s p a r t i c l e s
5 m40Ca =39.962591;
6 c2 =931.5; // v a l u e o f c 2 i n MeV
7 Qb1 =( m40K - m40Ca ) * c2 ; //Q v a l u e o f t h e r e a c t i o n

65
8 printf ( The Q v a l u e f o r VE b e t a e m i s s i o n i s %. 3 f
Mev \n , Qb1 ) ;
9 disp ( Exa 1 2 . 1 0 ( b ) ) ;
10 m40K =39.963999; // mass o f v a r i o u s p a r t i c l e s
11 m40Ar =39.962384;
12 me =0.000549;
13 Qb2 =( m40K - m40Ar -2* me ) * c2 ; //Q v a l u e o f t h e
reaction
14 printf ( The Q v a l u e f o r +VE b e t a e m i s s i o n i s %. 3 f
Mev \n , Qb2 ) ;
15 disp ( Exa 1 2 . 1 0 ( c ) ) ;
16 m40K =39.963999;
17 m40Ar =39.962384;
18 Qec =( m40K - m40Ar ) * c2 ;
19 printf ( The Q v a l u e f o r +VE b e t a e m i s s i o n i s %. 3 f
Mev \n , Qec ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.11 Maximum kinetic energy of emitted beta particle

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.11 ) ;
4 Mg =12.000000; // mass o f t h e c a r b o n atom i n amu
5 c2 =931.5;
6 Eg =4.43; // g i v e n e n e r g y o f gamma r a y
7 Mex = Mg +( Eg / c2 ) ; // mass i n e x c i t e d s t a t e
8 Me =0.000549; // mass o f an e l e c t r o n
9 Q =(12.018613 - Mex -2* Me ) * c2 ; //Q o f t h e p a r t i c l e
10 printf ( The maximum v a l u e o f k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %. 2 f
MeV ,Q ) ;

66
 Scilab code Exa 12.12 Rate of energy production per gram of uranium

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.12 ) ;
4 m238U =238.050786; // mass o f v a r i o u s q u a n t i t i e s
5 m206Pb =205.974455;
6 m4He =4.002603;
7 c2 =931.5; // c o n s t a n t s
8 Na =6.023*10^23; // a v a g a d r o s number
9 Q =( m238U - m206Pb -8* m4He ) * c2 ;
10 t12 =(4.5) *10^9*(3.16*10^7) ; // h a l f l i f e y e a r s t o
seconds conversion
11 w =0.693/ t12 ; // lambeda
12 NoD =( Na /238) * w ; // number o f d e c a y s
13 E = NoD * Q *(1.6*10^ -19) *10^6; // r a t e o f
l i b e r a t i o n o f e n e r g y , c o n v e r t i n g MeV t o eV
14 printf ( Rate o f e n e r g y l i b e r a t i o n i s %. 1 e W ,E ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.13 Ages of the given rocks

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 12.13 ) ;
4 R =0.5; t12 =4.5*10^9; // v a l u e o f
r a d i u s and h a l f l i f e
5 t1 =( t12 /0.693) * log (1+(1/ R ) ) ; // a g e o f r o c k 1
6 R =1.0;

67
 7 t2 =( t12 /0.693) * log (1+(1/ R ) ) ; // a g e o f r o c k 2
8 R =2.0
9 t3 =( t12 /0.693) * log (1+(1/ R ) ) ; // a g e o f r o c k 3
10 printf ( The a g e s o f r o c k s a m p l e s a r e %. 1 e , %. 1 e , %. 1
e y e a r s r e s p e c t i v e l y ,t1 , t2 , t3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 12.14 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 1 2 . 1 4 ( a ) ) ;
4 P =2*10^14; V =2*10^ -14; R =8.314; T =295; Na
=6.023*10^23; // v a r o i u s c o n s t a n t s and g i v e n
values
5 n = P * V /( R * T ) ; // i d e a l g a s law
6 N = Na * n ; f =10^ -12 // a v a g a d a r o s number and
f r a c c t i o n of carbon molecules
7 t12 =5730*3.16*(10^7) ; // h a l f l i f e
8 A =(0.693/ t12 ) * N * f ; // a c t i v i t y
9 D1w = A *7*24*60*60; // d e c a y s p e r s e c o n d
10 printf ( The no o f d e c a y s p e r s s e c o n d i s %4 . 0 f \n ,
D1w ) ;
11 disp ( Ex 1 2 . 1 4 ( b ) ) ;
12 c1 =1420; // c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t i n s t a n t 1
13 c2 = D1w ; // c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t i n s t a n t 2
14 t12y =5730; // h a l f l i f e
15 t = t12y * log ( c2 / c1 ) /0.693; // a g e o f t h e
sample
16 printf ( Age o f t h e s a m p l e i s %. 2 f y e a r s ,t ) ;

68
 Chapter 13

Nuclear Reaction and

Applications

Scilab code Exa 13.1 Rate of production of neutron

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 13.1 )
4 v =1*1*10^ -6*10^2; p =7.9; m = p * v ; Na =6.023*10^23 //
g i v e n v a l u e s and v a r i o u s c o n s t a n t s i n s u i t a b l e
units
5 M =56; N = m * Na / M ; //
number o f atoms
6 i =3*10^ -6;
7 q =1.6*10^ -19;
8 Io = i / q ; // i n t e n s i t y
9 s =0.6*10^ -24; S =1; // g i v e n v a l u e s i n
suitable units
10 R = N * s * Io / S ; // r a t e o f n e u t r o n s
11 printf ( The r a t e o f n e u t r o n s e m i t t e d from t h e t a r g e t
i s %. 2 e p a r t i c l e s p e r s e c o n d ,R ) ;

69
 Scilab code Exa 13.2 Resultant activity of 198Au

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 13.2 )
4 A =197; m =30*10^ -3; phi =3*10^12; // g i v e n v a l u e s and
va ri ou s constants taken in s u i t a b l e u n i t s
5 Ar =99*10^ -24; Na =6.023*10^23
6 R =( phi * Na * Ar * m / A ) ; // r a t e o r p r o d u c t i o n o f
gold
7 t =2.7*24*60 // t i m e o f d e c a y
8 Act = R *(0.693/ t ) ; // a c t i v i t y / s e c
9 ActCi = Act /(2.7*10^ -4) ; // i n t e r m s o f c u r i e ( Ci )
10 printf ( The a c t i v i t y i s f o u n d o u t t o be %. 2 e / s e c i . e
%. 2 e Ci ,Act , ActCi ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.3 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 3 . 3 ( a ) )
4 v =1.5*1.5*2.5*(10^ -6) *10^2; // volume i n cm3
5 p =8.9; // d e n s i t y i n g /cm3
6 m = p * v ; Na =6.023*10^23 // mass and Avagadro s number
7 M =58.9; // Given v a l u e s
8 N = m * Na / M ;
9 i =12*10^ -6; // t h i c k n e s s o f beam
10 q =1.6*10^ -19;

70
11 Io = i /(2* q ) ; // i n t e n s i t y
12 s =0.64*10^ -24; // Given v a l u e s
13 S =1.5*1.5;
14 R = N * s * Io / S ; // r a t e o f p r o d u c t i o n o f 61Cu
15 printf ( The r a t e o f n e u t r o n s e m i t t e d from t h e t a r g e t
i s %. 2 e p a r t i c l e s / s e c o n d \n ,R ) ;
16 disp ( Exa 1 3 . 3 ( b ) )
17 act = R *(1 -( %e ^((0.693) *( -2/3.41) ) ) ) ; //
activity
18 printf ( The a c t i v i t y a f t e r 2 . 0 h i s %e/ s e c , act ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.4 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 3 . 4 ( a ) ) ;
4 m2H =2.014102; // mass o f v a r i o u s p a r t i c l e s
5 mn =1.008665; m63Cu =62.929599;
6 m64Zn =63.929145; c2 =931.5; // c 2 = 9 3 1 . 5 MeV
7 Q =( m2H + m63Cu - mn - m64Zn ) * c2 ; //Q o f t h e r e a c t i o n
8 printf ( The v a l u e o f Q i s %f MeV\n ,Q ) ;
9 disp ( Exa 1 3 . 4 ( b ) ) ;
10 Kx =12.00; Ky =16.85;
11 Ky = Q + Kx - Ky // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f 64 Zn
12 printf ( The v a l u e o f Ky was f o u n d o u t t o be %. 2 f MeV
, Ky ) ;

Scilab code Exa 13.5 Solution for a and b

71
 1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 1 3 . 5 ( a ) ) ;
4 mp =1.007825; m3H =3.016049; // mass o f t h e p a r t i c l e
5 m2H =2.014102; c2 =931.5; // c o n s t a n t
6 Q =( mp + m3H -(2* m2H ) ) * c2 ; //Q o f t h e r e a c t i o n
7 printf ( The v a l u e o f q was f o u n d o u t t o be %f MeV\n
,Q ) ;
8 disp ( Exa 1 3 . 5 ( b ) ) ;
9 Kth1 = -Q *(1+( mp / m3H ) ) ; // t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y o f
k i n e t i c energy
10 printf ( The t h r e s h o l d k i n e t i c e n e r g y i n c a s e 1 i s %f
MeV\n , Kth1 ) ;
11 Kth2 = - Q *(1+( m3H / mp ) ) ; // t h r e s h o l d k i n e t i c
energy in case2
12 printf ( The t h r e s h o l d k i n e t i c e n e r g y i n c a s e 2 i s %f
MeV , Kth2 ) ;

72
 Chapter 14

The Four Basic Forces

Scilab code Exa 14.1 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 14.1 ) ; // t h e o r e t i c a l q u e s t i o n
4 printf ( 1 4 . 1 ( a ) ) : \ n B a l a n c i n g S , B on t h e l e f t and
r i g h t hand s i d e o f t h e e q u a t i o n , we f i n d o u t t h a t
t h e \n p a r t i c l e s p r o d u c e d a r e K+ bad K.\ n\n ) ;
5 printf ( 1 4 . 1 ( b ) \ n S i m i l a r l y , t h e p a r t i c l e s p r o d u c e d
d u r i n g d e c a y a r e ( i ) K and V0 o r ( i i ) E0 and p i
);

Scilab code Exa 14.2 Energy of the proton and pi meson

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 14.2 ) ;
4 mvo =1116; mp =938; mpi =140; // mass o f v a r i o u s
particles

73
5 Q =( mvo - mp - mpi ) ; //Q v a l u e o f e n e r g y
6 Pp =100; Ppi =100; //momentum o f v a r i o u s
particles
7 Kp =5; Kpi =38 - Kp ; // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f
particles
8 printf ( The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e p a r t i c l e s Kp and
Kpi a r e %d MeV and %d MeV r e s p e c t i v e l y ,Kp , Kpi ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.3 Maximum kinetic energy of the electron emitted in
the decay

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 14.3 ) ;
4 Q =105.2 // The Q v a l u e f o r t h e
given decay
5 Muc2 =105.80344 // mass e n e r g y
6 Ke = Q ^2/(2* Muc2 ) ; //Ke=Eemec2 ;
7 printf ( The maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %. 2 f MeV , Ke ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.4 maximum energy of the positron nad pi mesons

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 14.4 ) ;
4 mkc2 =494; mpic2 =135; mec2 =0.5; // mass o f various
particles
5 Q1 = mkc2 - mpic2 - mec2 ; //Q o f r e a c t i o n
6 // t h e n e u t r i n o h a s n e g l i g i b l e e n e r g y

74
7 deff ( y=f ( x ) , s q r t ( x 2+1352)+x 494 ) ; // a s s i g n i n g
t h e Q t o sum o f e n e r g i e s and s i m p l i f y i n g
8 // k= f s o l v e ( x ) ;
9 printf ( The v a l u e o f maximum k i n e t i c e n r g y f o r p i
meson and p o s i t r o n a r e %d MeV & %d MeV ,266 ,229)
;

Scilab code Exa 14.5 Q values for reaction

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Exa 14.5 ) ;
4 mpi_ =140; mp =938; mKo =498; mLo =1116; // mass o f various
particles
5 Q1 = mpi_ + mp - mKo - mLo ; //Q v a l u e o f r e a c t i o n
1
6 mK_ =494; mpio =135;
7 Q2 = mK_ + mp - mLo - mpio ; //Q v a l u e o f r e a c t i o n 2
8 printf ( The Q v a l u e s o f r e a c t i o n s 1 and 2 a r e %d MeV
and %d MeV ,Q1 , Q2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.6 Threshold Kinetic energy to produce pi mesons

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 14.6 ) ;
4 mpic2 =135; // mass e n n e r g y o f p i p a r t i c l e
5 Q = - mpic2 ;
6 mp =938; mpi =135;

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7 Kth =( - Q ) *((4* mp ) + mpi ) /(2*( mp ) ) ; // t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y
8 printf ( The t h r e s h o l d k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %. 2 f MeV ,
Kth ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.7 Threshold Energy of the given reaction

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 14.7 ) ;
4 mpc2 =938; // r e s t e n e r g y o f p r o t o n
5 Q = mpc2 + mpc2 -(4* mpc2 ) ; //Q v a l u e o f r e a c t i o n
6 Kth =( - Q ) *(6* mpc2 /(2* mpc2 ) ) ; // t h e r s h o l d
k i n e t i c energy
7 printf ( The t h r e s h o l d k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %. 2 f MeV ,
Kth ) ;

Scilab code Exa 14.8 Solution for a and b

1 clc ;
2 clear ;
3 disp ( Ex 14.8 ) ; // t h e o r e t i c a l
4 printf ( The r e a c t i o n can be r e w r i t t e n a s f o l l o w s U1+
U>S+S1 . which i m p l i e s t h a t U and U1
a n n i h i l i a t e c r e a t i n g S and S1 \n ) ;
5 disp ( The p i+ h a s t h e q u a r k c o m p o s i t i o n Ud1 . S i n c e no
q u a r k s a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e f i n a l s t a t e . One
p o s s i b l e way t o g e t r i d o f t h e q u a r k s i s t o
change U i n t o d );

76
6 printf ( U>d+W(+) . Hence t h e r e m a i n i n g p r o c e s s e s
a r e d+d (+)>e n e r g y and \n W(+)>u (+) and vu .
);

77
 Chapter 15

Astrophysics and Genereal

Relativity

Scilab code Exa 15.1 Change in wavelength in solar spectrum due to grav-
itaional shift

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 15.1 ) ;
4 w =121.5; // lambeda
5 G =6.67*10^ -11; // V a r i o u s g i v e n v a l u e s and c o n s t a n t s
6 M = 1.99*10^30;
7 R = 6.96*10^8;
8 c =3*10^8;
9 k = G * M /( R * c ^2) ; // ( delLambeda ) / ( lambeda )
10 delw = k * w ; // d e l ( lambeda )
11 printf ( The c h a n g e i n w a v e l e n g t h due t o
g r a v i t a t i o n a l s h i f t i s %. 3 f pm\n , delw *10^3) ;
12 k =5.5*10^ -5; // due t o t h e r m a l D o p p l e r b r o a d e n i n g
effect
13 delw = k * w ;
14 printf ( The c h a n g e i n w a v e l e n g t h due t o t h e r m a l
D o p p l e r b r o a d e n i n g e f f e c t i s %. 1 f pm , delw *10^3) ;

78
 Scilab code Exa 15.2 Maximum energy of neutrino in the first reaction of
proton proton cycle

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 15.2 ) ;
4 mp =938.280; // mass o f v a r i o u s p a r t i c l e s
5 me =0.511;
6 m2h =1875.628;
7 mic2 =2* mp ; // mass e n e r g y on L . H . S
8 mfc2 = m2h + me ; // mass e n e r g y on R . H . S
9 Q = mic2 - mfc2 ; //Q v a l u e o f r e a t i o n
10 pc = Q ;
11 mc2 =1875.628;
12 K =( pc ^2) /(2* mc2 ) ; // k i n e t i c t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y
13 Emax =Q - K ; //maximum e n e r g y
14 printf ( The maximum n e u t r i n o e n e r g y i s %. 3 f MeV ,
Emax ) ;

79
 Chapter 16

The Cosmic Microwave

Background Radiation

Scilab code Exa 16.1 Resultin temperature of interstellar space

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 16.1 ) ;
4 N2 =0.25; N1 =0.75; //
various given values
5 L2 =1; L1 =0;
6 E1_E2 = -4.7*(10^ -4) ; //
Energy d i f f e r e n c e
7 a =( N2 / N1 ) ; b =(((2* L2 ) +1) /((2* L1 ) +1) ) ; c = E1_E2 ; //
v a r i o u s terms i n v o l v e d in the formula o f r a t i o o f
population
8 kT =( c / log ( a / b ) ) ; //
v a l u e o f k T
9 k =0.0000856; //
constant
10 T = kT / k ; // t e m p e r a t u r e o f
i n t e r s t e l l a r space
11 printf ( The t e m p e r a t u r e o f i n t e r s t e l l a r s p a c e was
f o u n d o u t t o be %. 1 f K ,T ) ;

80
 Scilab code Exa 16.2 Solution for a and b

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 16.2 ) ;
4 mc2 =940*10^6; k =8.6*10^ -5; // v a r i o u s c o n s t a n t s and
given values in s ui ta bl e units
5 T = mc2 / k ; // t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e p h o t o n s
6 printf ( The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e p h o t o n s must be %. 1 e
K\n ,T ) ;
7 t =((1.5*10^10) / T ) ^2; // a g e o f u n i v e r s e when
t h e p h o t o n s have t h e a b o v e t e m p e r a t u r e
8 printf ( The a g e o f t h e u n i v e r s e f o r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
o f t h e p h o t o n t o be a s o b t a i n e d a b o v e i s %. 0 e
s e c o n d s ,t ) ;

Scilab code Exa 16.3 Relative number of neutrons and protons among the
nucleus

1 clear
2 clc
3 disp ( Ex 16.3 ) ;
4 k =8.62*10^ -5; // v a r i o u s v a l u e s and c o n s t a n t s
5 T = 1.5*10^10;
6 delE =1.3*10^6;
7 a = delE /( k * T ) ; // e x p o n e n t i n b o l t z m a n n f a c t o r
8 b = %e ^ - a ; // r a t i o o f n e u t r o n t o p r o t o n s

81
 9 r =(1/(1+ b ) ) *100; // r e l a t i v e number o f p r o t o n s
10 printf ( The p e r c e n t a g e o f p r o t o n s i s %. 0 f and
n e u t r o n s i s %. 0 f . ,r ,100 - r ) ;

82