Religiosity and Death Among Filipino Citizens: Religiosityanddeathamongfilipinocitizens

RELIGIOSITY AND DEATH AMONG FILIPINO CITIZENS
Religiosity and Death Among Filipino Citizens
A Research Presented to the Department of Psychology

Our Lady of Fatima University - Valenzuela
In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the degree of Bachelor of Science in Psychology of
Our Lady of Fatima University
Presented by:
Dela Cruz, Ronnel John D.G.
Manikan, Ma. Famela
Trimillos, Caryll Nicole
Presented to:
Ms. Jedda Punzalan
October 2016
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

RELIGIOSITY AND DEATH AMONG FILIPINO CITIZENS 1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
The most fundamental dichotomy is that between life and death. Self-awareness
and reason and tell us that we will die, but we try to negate this dichotomy by postulating
life after death, an attempt that does not alter the fact that our lives end with death.
(Fromm, E.,2013)
We will all die, the goal isnt to live forever, the main goal is to create something that
will. A great saying to live by and a great saying to realize what we have now. It stated
that were all going to die, But before we die we should do something that would remind
them of what we would become in the past.
Death is complex, it has many meaning, every culture, religion, region of the world
and etc. name it they have its own definition and beliefs upon it. Death for some is
simply the end. It marks our life with a period, no more no less. Some believes that
death is the continuation of the journey of our soul in search of holistic satisfaction. For
others its just the beginning of another life or their belief in the concept of reincarnation.
In majority, death opens a gateway to the heavens and be with the mighty creator.
Religion plays a big part in someones development as a human, religion adds
philosophy to our lives, making us do what humans are supposed to do and neglect
those things humans shall never do. Religion is a guideline on how someone can live as
per their religion believes how someone should live by. According to Donahues studies

of death anxiety, he noted that some part of religiosity are positively correlated and some
are not. Others found that religiosity is one of the factors to diminish death anxiety but
still some believes that Religiosity and Death Anxiety are not related at all, others found
aspects of religiosity to decrease death anxiety. In still others, aspects of religiosity were
unrelated to death anxiety (Adams, George 2006).
Tremor to dying rooted from an indefinite time and place, maybe ever since people
have had their own existential fears and beliefs, believing that they wouldn't be able to
die without accomplishing something for them or for their family, these gave us the TMT
or Terror Management Theory wherein Becker stressed that someone tries to suppress
the inevitability of death by his culture, religion and etc. (Routledge, C. 2008).
Diversity of Religion gave us different taste of what death could be viewed as a
normal citizen holding unto his religion and its belief upon death. This diversion caused a
great confusion upon citizens on how to perceive death. But could this two really
aggreviate or affect someones perception of death? Or Religion and Death isnt enough
to prove that humans are afraid of dying? Would these two be beneficial to someones
belief?
A. Statement of the Problem
This research aims to know the relationship between religiosity and death
acceptance among Filipino citizens:

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1.What is the mean and standard deviation value of the respondents religiosity and
death acceptance?
2. Is there a significant relationship between religiosity and death acceptance?
B. Hypothesis
This research considers a possible hypothesis for the uncontrollable results of what
the researchs results may be, The Researchers need to consider a Hypotheses:
Ho - There is no significant relationship between religiosity and death acceptance
among Filipino Citizens.
C. Significance of the Study
This study regarding the relationship between religiosity and death acceptance can
be beneficial to the field of psychology and groups of people. This study would situate
beneficial to the following:
Positive Psychology: This research would be beneficial to Positive Psychology
which seeks to answers the relationship between religiosity and death acceptance.
Being religious in a manner could help us thoroughly understand the meaning of certain
cases in life which only spirituality can attain.
Filipino Psychology: This research would be beneficial to Filipino Psychology in

terms of pioneering study in the Philippines. Our country has diverse religions weighing
it that no matter what our religion is, it still affects our behavior in relations to death
acceptance.
Filipino Citizens: This study would be beneficial to our respondents to help them
understand their religions concept about death. This study aims to make the laity reach
down to their religion and dig a little deeper for them to understand the meaning of life
and death as for their religion.
Future Researchers: This study would help future researchers who would pursue
this research, defy the limitations and make new breakthroughs on this topic.
D. Theoretical Framework
Mortality Salience Existential Anxiety
Suppress Fears and Phobia
Cultural Beliefs Leaning for external

support
Fig. 1 Terror management theory

Ernest Becker based this theory on existential views which turned death anxiety
theories towards a new dimension. It said that death anxiety is not only real, but also it is
people's most profound source of concern. He explained the anxiety as so intense that it
can generate fears and phobias of everyday lifeFears of being alone or in a confined
space. Based on the theory, many of people's daily behavior consist of attempts to deny
death and to keep their anxiety under strict regulation. (Solomon, et al.
1998 and Pyszczynski, et al. 2003)
As an individual develops mortality salience, i.e. becomes more aware of the
inevitability of death, they will instinctively try to suppress it out of fear. The method of
suppression usually leads to mainstreaming towards cultural beliefs, leaning for external
support rather than treading alone. This behavior may range from simply thinking about
death to severe phobias and desperate actions. (Solomon, et al. 1998 and Pyszczynski,
et al. 2003)
According to Ernest Becker the Existential Anxiety can be the cause of having a
fears and phobias such as fear of being alone or in an confined space. The Theory have
said that most of peoples behavior is consist of attempts to deny death. (F1). Becker
shows the Mortality Salience and Existential Anxiety are one of the factors of Terror
management theory. The individual develops Mortality Salience or the awareness of
the inevitability of death wherein the individual tries to suppress it out of fear, the ways of
suppressing it is through the idea of cultural beliefs and leaning for external support

rather than doing it alone (Routledge, C., 2008).
E. Conceptual Framework
DEATH RELIGIOSITY
ACCEPTANCE
Fig. 2 Conceptual Framework - Religiosity and Death Among Filipino Citizens
This framework shows the Relationship of Filipinos towards Religiosity and Death
Acceptance. Death is an event where in an individual ends his or her life. Some People
are not afraid to die but some are afraid of it, because they dont want to accept that they
will end up dying. However, the researchers wanted to know how other Filipinos accept
the fact of death, especially Filipinos are known for being religious. Other Filipinos
believes that if it is your time, then It is. If God wants to take back the life you borrowed
from him, then he will take it. Furthermore, the researchers wanted to know the vision of
Filipinos about death. We have our own beliefs that is why Philippines has many
religions but catholic is the majority in the Philippines, that is why Philippines is known
as one of Catholic countries in the world. Most of Religious people believes in an afterlife
after death that will lead them to the most high, that is why they make an effort to be
closer to God. However, The researchers wanted to know how the religiosity of Filipinos
affects their vision about death (Cotton, S. 2006).

F. Scope and Limitations
This study aims to focus on the relationship of religiosity and death acceptance
among Filipino citizens. The researchers will work with 100 participants to be the sample
to represent the whole population from, Tamaraw Hills, Marulas, Valenzuela City. The
study encompasses with citizens of any age to see the difference and the similarities of
results from the same location but with different religion.
The researchers are aware of the sensitivity it might cause the participant meddling
with their religions belief upon death acceptance, bein
ng process. Participant would be selected regardless of their gender and
socio-economic status to avoid scarcity of participants.
G. Definition of Terms
On Psychological views, the researchers tried to give out some definition upon this
terms that might help to understand these words:
Death - the great Unknown; the gravest of all misfortunes (Freud, S., 1940)
Death acceptance - individuals embrace mortality or inevitable future, or that of a loved
one, or other tragic event. People dying may precede the survivors in this state, which
typically comes with a calm, retrospective view for the individual, and a stable condition
of emotions. (Kbler-Ross, 1969)
Mortality salience - refers to a psychological state in which a person is consciously


thinking about his or her own death. (Baumeister, R.,Vohs, K., 2007).
Religion - the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a
personal God or gods; a pursuit or interest to which someone ascribes supreme
importance; a byproduct of the way our brains work, growing from cognitive tendencies
to seek order from chaos, to anthropomorphize our environment and to believe the world
around us was created for our use. (Azar, 2010)
Religiosity - is a comprehensive sociological term used to refer to the involvement,
interest or participation in numerous aspects of religious activity, dedication, and belief.
Another term that would work equally well, though is less often used, is religiousness.
Some writers use the term to indicate a high level of involvement but its correct usage
implies a continuum of involvement and practice from low to high. Numerous studies
have explored the different components of human religiosity (Hill & Hood, 1999)

CHAPTER II
STUDY OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes the following literature that will provide more insight that will
further explain about the relationship between religiosity and death acceptance.
2.1 Foreign Literature
2.1.1 Religiosity and Death Acceptance.
Based on the present research, it is said that everyone is expecting that there is
an afterlife and it is a bodacious place that everyone would like to go. We expected
religious people (a) to adopt an approach acceptance attitude toward death, entailing
positive expectations about the possibility of an afterlife, and (b) to reject an attitude of
neutral acceptance, as the latter attitude reflects an indifferent attitude toward death,
characteristic of people who consider death as an integral part of life itself. The findings
of this study support the importance of taking a multidimensional perspective to both
religiosity and death attitudes. (Desutter, Jessie, Bart Soenens, et. al. 2009)
Death anxiety and Death Acceptance exhibited a moderate negative correlation
between one another people who have a greater ability to consciously accept the
inevitability of death are less afraid of it, or vice versa the more Religious an individual is,
the less the possibility of having death anxiety. According to Donahues studies of death
anxiety, he noted that some part of religiosity are positively correlated and some are not.
Others found that religiosity is one of the factors to diminish death anxiety but still some

believes that Religiosity and Death Anxiety are not related at all Others found aspects of
religiosity to decrease death anxiety. In still others, aspects of religiosity were unrelated
to death anxiety (Adams, George 2006).
Based on Firestone he agreed with McCarthy that the dissolution of the self is
generally the most feared aspect of death. It means that personal identity would trigger
the Anxiety of Death of an Individual (Spike, Jeffrey and Jane Greenman 2008).
Humans must come to terms with four certainties from claiming presence the
inescapability about passing (Vail et al. 2010) an feeling from claiming groundlessness
(or freedom), confinement starting with others, and the quest to implying in life (Steger et
al. 2010)
Existential methodologies with brain science posit that religion may be determinedly
driven by endeavors on adapt to What's more location these worries. Indeed, a center
work from claiming religious convictions might make on give existential security Toward
tending to these worries (Faisal, Azaiza and Ron Pnina et.al., 2011).
However, a direct result heterogeneity in imperativeness and content of beliefs
impact mental reactions (e. G. , Newton Furthermore Mcintosh 2009, 2010)
Religion might need diverse existential meanings for people for changing
orientations to religion. Drawing from existential research, we posit that inalienable
religiosity is determinedly identified with Dealing with existential worries and the mental

reactions theorized should make connected with them. Cultural worldviewssuch
Concerning illustration religionbuffer people from paralyzing fear Toward giving work
to their globe with structure What's more request (Landau et al. 2006). Furthermore
Eventually Tom's perusing substantiating their presence Likewise serious Also
continuing (Landau et al. 2006). The middle of religion Furthermore demise uneasiness
is complex, yielding an assortment for discoveries (e. G. , negative correlations;
curvilinear relationships); however, a portion examination need found that religion
clinched alongside negatively connected with demise uneasiness (Hui&Bond,
20062007) Furthermore perusing contentions to a strict eternity attenuates
self-esteem-striving practices The point when mortal sin will be remarkable.
Some individuals are All the more religious over others. Clinched alongside
particular, people change with respect to how internalized What's more vital their
religious convictions are on them. The individuals who score secondary ahead
measures about innate religiousness are theorized should need convictions that need
aid internalized, worth based, Also showed Toward fully grasping ones religious
convictions What's more adjusting ones existence as stated by such statutes. According
to Harding, Flannelly, Weaver, and expense pull swelling , that both faith to divine being
Also a eternity were negatively associated with demise anxiety, while Dezutter, Luyckx,
What's more Hutsebaut (2009) found that strict religious elucidation might have been
emphatically corresponded with demise uneasiness. found no connection between

passing uneasiness Furthermore outright levels from claiming religious conviction
Anyhow found An negative connection The point when they analyzed relative religious
conviction discovered that dread of demise might have been negatively identified with
inalienable religiosity. Although acknowledgment of the finitude from claiming
existence is a fundamental a piece of the human condition, there exist critical distinctive
contrasts in the sort about attitudes individuals create to passing .
According to Jung (2007), Many researchers bring pointed crazy the part of
religiosity in the route people adapt to worries something like passing What's more
finitude. A basic ticket clinched alongside these accounts may be that religiosity offers
replies to existential What's more death-related inquiries What's more gives people for a
sense from claiming unoriginality (Tongeren, Daryll Van R., Jennifer M. Raad, et.al.,
2013).
What's more control that might ensure against overpowering uneasiness provoked
Eventually Tom's perusing those point of view of demise. Given that various mental
hypotheses need tied mankind's worries over demise What's more kicking the bucket
with religiosity, it appears likely that a individuals state of mind regarding religiosity need
particular significance to as much alternately her demise state of mind. In spite of a
considerable muscle to for Scrutinize need tended to those connection the middle of
religiosity What's more demise attitudes, this examination need a amount about
impediments. Perhaps as an outcome of these limitations, proof to a join between

religiosity Also passing tension may be ambiguous. To instance, opposite of the ticket
that religion serves a versatile capacity done decreasing demise anxiety (Wing, Mark
Kin 2011).
According to Schumaker, Barraclough, & Vagg, Death will be seen as an off chance
that you quit offering on that one for the most part need no control In Also accordingly
generates uneasiness amongst kin. This uneasiness will be consequently termed
demise tension. Passing tension is an mentality that an unique holds towards demise. It
will be characterized Similarly as a negative Furthermore troubled inclination that one
need when keeping in touch with you must be clear in your reasoning around demise
Furthermore kicking the bucket also may be utilized interchangeably for dread of demise
(Jong, Jonathan, Matthias Bluemke and Jamin Haldberstadt. 2013).
Beckers Theory: those previously stated thought of the refusal for demise might
have been expounded for by Ernest Becker . Previously, as much book, Becker
elaborates for three grade notions: people deny their passing to an endeavor during
self-preservation, humans requirement on clear out a legacy, and passing on a serious
demise through gallantry. Terror management Theory: Recently, scientists have
stretched ahead Beckers keeping in touch with set a principle alluded to Likewise fear
management hypothesis. (Cotton, S., Zebracki, K., Rosenthal, S. L., Tsevat, J., & Drotar,
D. 2006).
This hypothesis prescribes that dread of demise may be inferred starting with an

fear about complete nonexistence (Hui & Fung, 2009) Freud suggested that conviction
On an aggregation following demise might it might be said protect a individuals aware
from those fear of their own mortal sin . This thought need been underpinned via a few
studies, demonstrating to individuals for stronger religious conviction bring lesquerella
passing uneasiness. For Kraft, Litwin, & Barbers contemplate utilizing undergrad
students, they found that passing uneasiness might have been more level for the
individuals people with stronger convictions There is minimal Examine around late
passing of a cherished one, Concerning illustration such; however, there may be Look
into looking into background with passing What's more its connection to passing
uneasiness. The thing that research there will be around this subject sentence may
been associated for bring down levels from claiming passing be uncertain. As stated by
Bluck, Dirk, Mackay, What's more Huxs investigation encounter for passing might have
tension (2008).
According to Lester & Templer, A person Might effectively expect that passing
tension might expansion Likewise you quit offering on that one gets closer with dying; for
other words, Likewise individuals get more seasoned. A significant part of the expositive
expression repudiates this perfect Toward Rather grasping a opposite association
between agdistis What's more demise uneasiness (Desutter, Jessie, Bart Soenens, et.
al. 2009).
A few investigations have found that more seasoned individuals need lesquerella

uneasiness in regards passing over would more youthful kin. Imagery Also dialect
assumes a basic part over forming those self as stated by mead. This makes it exactly
possible that images and symbolism utilized within personifying passing assume a part
done ones tension over passing. Kastenbaum and Aisenberg noted four topics when
passing might have been portrayed Concerning illustration an individual. Speece and
Brent stated that the reason those three part from passing concept, to be specific the
universality, those irreversibility and the non-functionality. That comprehensiveness
infers that each living animal must die, inescapable yet erratic, recommended the model
of demise uneasiness. This model proposed that mortal sin salience, which implies
those attention to ones own death, would associated with those three determinants from
claiming passing anxiety, to be specific the significance of death, the past-related
second thoughts and the future-related second thoughts. As stated by this model,
feeling considerably past-related regret, future-related regret, or slanting on recognize
demise being negligible are the sum elements helping should higher demise uneasiness
(Chuin, Chan Li and Choo, Yap Chin 2010)
A standout amongst the variables that need aid every now and again connected with
demise uneasiness will be religiosity (Chapple, Alison, Chris Swift and Sue Ziebland
2011).
Religiosity camwood a chance to be characterized as beliefs, feelings, and hones
that need aid tied will religion (Ho &. Ho, 2007). For example, setting off will chapel or

sanctuary for An general groundwork will be An manifestation from claiming. Religiosity.
Religiosity could make further isolated under inalienable Also extraneous religiosity .
Innate religious introduction will be characterized Similarly as the degree with which
people. Really share in religious exercises same time extraneous religious. Introduction
is characterized Likewise a individuals slant on share in religious exercises Concerning
illustration an approach. To get wanted enthusiastic alternately social conclusions . In
different words, the. Inalienably Inspired distinctive exists his/her religion
(self-transcendent) same time the. Extrinsically persuaded singular utilization his/her
religion (self-oriented) (Cadwaller, Allan H. 2014).
The investigation separated between inalienable religious introduction Furthermore
extraneous religious. Introduction What's more endeavored to figure out whether there
were any associations the middle of these two. Orientations Also demise tension.
Theory 2 expressed that An negative relationship between. Innate religious
introduction Furthermore demise tension Furthermore An sure association between
outward. Religious introduction Furthermore demise tension exist. The theory might
have been not upheld Similarly as comes about. Discovered no noteworthy negative
association between innate religious introduction Also demise. Anxiety, Furthermore no
critical sure relationship between outward religious introduction Also. Demise tension.
Some other investigations bring Additionally found these comes about (Brao, Chen
2012)

There is seemingly no drive Likewise profound Also. Overpowering as demise.
Passing not main dives against our. Mossycup oak fundamental instinctual with carry on
with. Anyway it also postures. Those best risk should our sense from claiming control
Furthermore convictions around. Existence as result, religion gives the idea on improve
those issues that demise. Postures Toward giving existential replies over the mysteries.
Concerning passing Also a intends to winning demise itself,. It will be justifiable the
reason it is generally expected that the. Connection between religion What's more
attitudes around passing might make. Straight forward Furthermore basic. However,
conflicting discoveries. To date perspective of the unpredictability behind the connection
between. Religion Furthermore demise attitudes. Previously, a exertion should elucidate.
This relation, analysts bring aggravated An number of imperative. Proposals to future
investigations in this region on take after (Bastida, Elena and Krouse, Neal 2012).
In Since All the more later conceptualizations. Of religion Also attitudes over demise
have moved Past. Simple, unidimensional perspectives, analysts are. Urged to utilize a
greater amount sophisticated, nuanced methodologies. Should considering these
phenomena. A great deal. Of the clashing brings about this area, including exactly of the.
Fundamental fill in directed Toward hermann Feifel, might make followed. To
misrepresented conceptualizations Furthermore estimations. From claiming religion
Furthermore demise state of mind constructs. However, Feifels fill in can recommended
that demise. Attitudes compelling reason to a chance to be evaluated during various

levels for mindfulness. To fact, prediction of passing attitudes expand. When aware Also
pre-conscious (i. E. , fantasy) levels about. Demise tension need aid evaluated at the
same time (Anita, B and Chaitanya Sridhar 2014).
Second, Since society impacts both religion. What's more attitudes around demise,
it may be critical. With inspect this connection once populaces outside of the united.
States Furthermore Western europe. Poland, a post-communist. Nation the place 93.
1% of the populace is subsidiary with. The roman catholic church (Boguszewski, 2012),
offers An. Exceptional viewpoint on the religion-death connection due to those.
Profundity for which catholicism permeates know parts of clean. Term . Moreover, past
fill in need not. Just discovered socially particular attitudest oward passing, as well as
Catholics. Compared with different denominations, for example, Protestants,. Might
depend with respect to different adapting forms. Last, Scrutinize in this Web-domain
need been needing. Sufficient hypothetical models. Fear oversaw economy principle ,
not main gives. An hypothetical structure to Comprehension those association. Between
religion and passing attitudes, it will be likewise underpinned via. An extensive number
about experimental investigations. Thus, guided Eventually Tom's perusing these.
Recommendations, this study will inspect the religious. Orientations about innate
religiosity, outward religiosity,. What's more quest, Also their connection to demise
uneasiness Also passing. Interest Around a test for clean school people (Van Tongeren,
Daryl R., Jennifer M. Raad, Daniel N. McIntosh, Jessica Pae. 2013).

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Research Methods
This chapter will present and discuss the method that would be used towards a
systematic collection of data needed in knowing the relationship of Religiosity and Death
Acceptance among Filipino Citizens.
3.1 Research Design
The research would be based on the relation of the researchers two main variable,
the Religiosity and the Death acceptance behavior of our respondents. Stating these,
this would give an attribute to a Correlational Research study using correlation and
looking for the relation between our variables.
In performing this research, the correlational research design is used. The
methodology involves random Filipino citizens with different religious affiliations. In
general, a correlational study is a quantitative method of research in which you have 2 or
more quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, & you are trying to
determine if there is a relationship between the 2 variables. Theoretically, any 2
quantitative variables can be correlated I.e.. for example, midterm scores & number of
body piercings as long as you have scores on these variables from the same
participants; however, it is probably a waste of time to collect & analyze data when there

is little reason to think these two variables would be related to each other (Retrieved
October 11, 2016, from https://www.capilanou.ca)
3.2 Research Locale
The researchers would conduct the data gathering around Tamaraw Hills, Marulas,
Valenzuela city.
3.3 Population
In this study the researchers would target a total of 75 participants within legal age
and Roman Catholic in nature, disregarding the gender of the participant. In order to
gather the participants. Further more the researchers would be looking for 75
respondents that would be willing to answer and participate on this research.
3.4 Sampling Technique
This researchers utilizes to use a probability convenient sampling technique,
random sample is a set of items that have been drawn from a population in such a way
that each time an item was selected, every item in the population had an equal
opportunity to appear in the sample. This is made up of people who are easy to reach.
Consider the following example: a pollster interviews shoppers at a local mall.
3.5 Instrumentation
The study aims to determine if there is a significant relationship between religiosity
and death acceptance. To answer the problem, the following instruments were

administered:
The Death Attitude Profile Revised: A multidimensional measure of attitudes
towards death. (Wong, Paul, Gary Reker, Gina Gesser) Their research was
written/made because of Templer, Templer began to research about the concept of
death anxiety, death was a taboo topic with behavioral scientists and mental health
professionals (Templer, 1970), the present paper attempts to address the above
concerns in death attitude research.
The questionnaire is a 32 items questionnaire it would be answered by encircling the
statement that best described their attitude on the given item. It would be answered from
Strongly Disagree (SD), Disagree (D), Moderately Disagree (MD), Undecided (U),
Moderately Agree (MA), Agree (A), Strongly Agree (SA) or vice versa. This would be
scored depending on their dimensions Strongly Agree or Strongly Disagree would be the
highest or 7 and the others follows from 6 - 1, Each dimensions would be summed up
and a mean score could be computed by dividing the total score by the number of items
comprising each scale.
Coefficients range from a low of .65 (Neutral Acceptance) to a high of .97 (Approach
Acceptance); stability coefficients range from a low of .61 (Death Avoidance) to a high
of .95 (Approach Acceptance). Taken together, the DAP-R scales have good to very
good reliability. Coefficients range from a low of .65 (Neutral Acceptance) to a high of .97
(Approach Acceptance); stability coefficients range from a low of .61 (Death Avoidance)

to a high of .95 (Approach Acceptance). Taken together, the DAP-R scales have good
to very good reliability.
The Expression of Spirituality Inventory - Revised (Macdonald, Donald A.,2000)
This test was created to minimize the reification of spirituality as a construct by
emphasizing that it is a measure of expressions of spirituality and not spirituality per se.
The ESI is a 32-items questionnaire. The Positive and the reverse worded items are
organized in an alternating fashion through out the test in order to counteract bias. It is
ranged from 0-4, 0 represents Strongly Disagree, 1 represents Disagree, 2 represents
Neutral, 3 as agree and 4 as strongly agree or vice versa. The questionnaire would be
answered by writing the number that corresponds to their answer. Reversed item scores
for reversed worded items would be scored 4-0, 3-1, 2-2, 1-3 & 0-4, Sum the item
responses for all items belonging to a dimension to arrive at a dimension score.
Reliability analyses were completed and each of the five dimensions are found to
produce inter item reliability coefficient from .85 for Existensial well Being to .97 for
cognitive orientations towards spirituality. In addition, item-to-corrected-dimension total
score correlations range from .40 to .80 for all items.
3.6 Data Gathering
3.6.1 Respondents
The researchers will coordinate with the chosen respondents who were at Tamaraw

Hills, Marulas, Valenzuela City. With age not lower than 18 and found in the said location,
and Roman Catholic in nature. The researchers will give a consent as a evidence that
the respondents was not forced to answer the questionnaire the researchers would give.
3.6.2 Preparation and Validation of Questionnaire
The researchers looked for prepared questionnaires that was utilized by former
researchers and would be used again to conduct this study.
3.6.3 Actual Data Gathering
The researchers would set a date for the data gathering with their prepared
questionnaires and consent for their respondents. The researchers would let the
respondents sign their consent first before giving out their questionnaires. After they
have signed the consent the questionnaires would be given respectively.
3.6.4 Data Analysis
From the gathered data formed using the questionnaire the researchers now will
analyze the data they gathered from the respondents.
3.6.5 Statistical Technique
3.6.5.1 Pearsons r
xy N
( x )( y)
r
( x ) 2
( y ) 2
( x
2
)( y 2
)
N N

Most of the conducted correlational studies used Pearsons r, same to this research,
the researchers will use the Pearsons r Formula to compute for the Correlation between
Religiosity and Death Among Filipino Citizens.
3.6.5.2 Mean
To determine the average of a set of values is the ratio of the sum of these values to
the number of elements in the set.
3.6.5.3 Standard Deviation
The standard deviation of an entire population is known as (sigma) and is
calculated using: Where x represents each value in the population, is the mean value
of the population, is the summation (or total), and N is the number of values in the
population.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
This chapter describes the analysis of data followed by a discussion of the research
findings. The findings relate to the research questions that guided the study. Data were
analyzed to identify, describe and explore the relationship between Religiosity and
Death among Filipino Citizens.
the respondents are Roman Catholic with the total of 75 with age not lower than 18.
Roman Catholics dominated the sample because the the Catholic Church in the
Philippines is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual direction of the
pope in Rome. The Philippines is one of only two nations in Asia with Roman
Catholicism as the predominant religion, and is the third largest Catholic country in the
world with estimates of approximately 87% of the population belonging to this faith
(Retrieved October 8, 2016, from ehttp://www. Globalreligious futures.org/).
Table 1: Mean ans Standard Deviation obtained in ESI and DAPR
Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation
Expression of Spirituality
77.7467 13.07886 High
Index
Death Attitude Profile
147.2400 18.15760 High
Revised
The mean for the ESI questionnaire was 77.7467 and a standard deviation of

13.07886, the highest possible score of 128, garnering 77.74 over 128. The mean for
DAPR was 147.2400 and a standard deviation of 18.15760 with the highest possible
score of 224, garnering 147.24 over 224 shows that the respondents have different
behavior towards death acceptance, Filipinos are known to be optimistic even in times
facing death making them behave differently towards death some are thwarted, some
suppresses yet some accepts the fact that we are all going to die (Sanchez, 2011).
Table 2: Correlation of ESI and DAPR
Decision on
r-value p-value Inference
HO
Expression of
Spirituality Inventory .164 .154 Reject Significant
Death Attitude Profile
Revised
The p value is .154 which denotes the rejection of these researchs Ho. Accepting
the HA which denotes that there is a Correlation between the researchers main variables,
Religiosity and Death. Accorning to Cicarelli, those in the High RS subgroup had
significantly greater Death Acceptance, same with the researchs results. Cicarellis
reserarch found out that those with stronger non-religious spirituality beliefs are more
accepting of ideas of death rejection and life extension than those with weaker beliefs,
regardless of any religious spirituality beliefs they may hold, those participants with the

greatest degree of death acceptance had high religious spirituality beliefs and low
nonreligious spirituality beliefs.
Although spirituality is a somewhat a elusive concept, it can be viewed as an
emotional reaction or feeling transcending the immediate situation, based on gaining
meaning from understanding an event, object, person, relationship, and may involve
identification with more powerful others in immediate and ongoing situations. Religious
spirituality involves finding meaning and associated feelings involved in another life with
God whereas non-religious spirituality involves gaining meaning from understanding the
universe, scientific and philosophical world views, the arts, and so on (Cicarelli, V.,2011).

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, conclusions and
recommendations based on the data analyzed in the previous chapter.
5.1 Summary of Findings
The salient findings of the study are as follows:
The profile of the respondents were based on their religion mainly made up of 75
Roman Catholics with age not lower than 18. The scales weighted mean for the
Expression of Spirituality Inventory was 77.74, with the highest possible score of 128,
and a standard deviation of 13.07 And the scales weighted mean for the Death Attitude
Profile revised produced a mean of 147.24 with the highest possible score of 224 and a
standard deviation of 18.15. There is a significant relationship between Religiosity and
Death. The over all computed r - value of .154 is lower than 0.1. It was interpreted non
significant therefore Ho is rejected.
5.2 Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, this conclusion was drawn.
1. The researchers conclude that the higher the religiosity/spirituality the higher the
behave positively among death.
The main goal of this study is to look for the relationship between Religiosity and
Death among Filipino Citizens. The researchers assumes that this study successfully

located the relationship between the two variables. This study found out that there is a
existing relationship between Religiosity and Death using the Expression of Spirituality
Inventory and Death Attitude Profile Revised as a administered questionnaire.
5.3 Recommendation
The researchers are aware for their shortcomings. More over the researchers
recommend this study to the following field of Psychology and Group of people.
This study would situate beneficial to the following field of psychology:
1. Positive Psychology This research would helpful this field of psychology giving
a positive fact that death shouldnt be something to be afraid of. And being religious in a
matter would help us thoroughly understand the meaning of certain cases in our life.
2. Filipino Psychology The researchers recommend this study to Filipino
Psychologists, because this study displays a known description of a Filipino Citizen
being religious. Our country is known for its diverse religion and culture giving it a flavor
the Filipino life and esp. Filipino Psychology in terms of studying their behavior towards
death.
Moreover this study would be beneficial to the following specific group of people:
3. Filipino Citizen This study would be highly recommended to a Filipino citizen,
because this study exposes the relationship of religion towards death behavior. It would
teach a Filipino citizen to know more about his religion and stick towards what their

religion teaches about death.
4. Future Researchers - The researchers are aware for their shortcomings. More
over the researchers suggests the next researchers to gather data from different
locations, I.e, half of the sample would come from nearby provinces and the other half
would come from the Metro Manila to add up if the location of the respondents gives a
hint of what they believe despite of the same religion but with different locations. This
would give their future research a touch of their own.

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RELIGIOSITY AND DEATH AMONG FILIPINO CITIZENS

Religiosity and Death Among Filipino Citizens

A Research Presented to the Department of Psychology

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

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them of what we would become in the past.

Religion plays a big part in someones development as a human, religion adds

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unrelated to death anxiety (Adams, George 2006).

Diversity of Religion gave us different taste of what death could be viewed as a

A. Statement of the Problem

acceptance among Filipino citizens:

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Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

2. Is there a significant relationship between religiosity and death acceptance?

Ho - There is no significant relationship between religiosity and death acceptance

among Filipino Citizens.

C. Significance of the Study

beneficial to the following:

Positive Psychology: This research would be beneficial to Positive Psychology

cases in life which only spirituality can attain.

Filipino Psychology: This research would be beneficial to Filipino Psychology in

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and death as for their religion.

Mortality Salience Existential Anxiety

Suppress Fears and Phobia

Cultural Beliefs Leaning for external

Fig. 1 Terror management theory

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1998 and Pyszczynski, et al. 2003)

As an individual develops mortality salience, i.e. becomes more aware of the

management theory. The individual develops Mortality Salience or the awareness of

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rather than doing it alone (Routledge, C., 2008).

Fig. 2 Conceptual Framework - Religiosity and Death Among Filipino Citizens

affects their vision about death (Cotton, S. 2006).

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F. Scope and Limitations

results from the same location but with different religion.

with their religions belief upon death acceptance, bein

ng process. Participant would be selected regardless of their gender and

socio-economic status to avoid scarcity of participants.

terms that might help to understand these words:

Death acceptance - individuals embrace mortality or inevitable future, or that of a loved

of emotions. (Kbler-Ross, 1969)

Mortality salience - refers to a psychological state in which a person is consciously

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Religion - the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a

personal God or gods; a pursuit or interest to which someone ascribes supreme

around us was created for our use. (Azar, 2010)

Religiosity - is a comprehensive sociological term used to refer to the involvement,

interest or participation in numerous aspects of religious activity, dedication, and belief.

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2.1 Foreign Literature