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uxm &mZ0ifcsKyftvkdrSm {&m0wDjrpf\ ajrmufbuft&yf
udk okemy&Ewkdif;? awmifbuft&yfudk wy'Dywkdif;ac:
aMumif ; ? 4if ; wk d i f ; ES p f w k d i f ; twG i f ; wnf a euk e f a om
vltaygif;wdkYonfvnf; urmOD;ujA[mewfwkdY\ tEG,f
uvmonf/ jA[mewfwkdYudk udk;uG,favh&SdaomaMumifh
jA[mrsK;d [l ac:a0:Muuke\ f / &Snv
f sm;aomumv]]jrefrm}}
[lvnf;aumif; wGifjyefav\[k yg&Sdonf/
(6) rif;wkef;rif;w&m; vufxufawmfwGif pvif;q&m
awmfb&k m; a&;om;onfh 0do'k rd *f'yD edD rlum; urmOD;tpu
rlvt&if;tjrpfudkvkduf ]]jA[m}} [lyif a&;om;oifh
aMumif;ESifhyg&Sd\/
(7) tvGefa&S;usonfh jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;rSmvnf; oa&
acw&mjynfBuD; ysufpD;aomtcg ysLwpfpk? urf;,Hwpfpk?
jrefrmwpfpkuGJoGm;aMumif;ESifh yg&Sdonf/
(8) jrefrmyx0D0if[k ac:xdkufaom ZrLtkyfaqmif;?
ZrLwHqdyfpaom usrf;wkdY vlrsKd;wpf&mhwpfyg;ukd a&wGufjy
onf h vuF m rsm;rS m vnf ; ]]wpf & mh w pf y g;? vl r sd K ;rsm;ud k ?
rSwfom;ukefvifh? ed'gef;zGifhydrfh? (1) a,mESifh(2) &ckdifEIdkif;
NydKif(3) "m;0,f? (4) b&,fawmifol? (5)ajymh? (6) jyL (7)
urf;,H ckESpfwefukd jrefrmrkcswGufqavmh}} [l yg&Sdonf/
(9) usKyfwkdY tarharmifBuD; OD;&D;awmfbkef;BuD;uvnf;
yk*Hjynf aumif;pm;pOfacwf ou&mZf 400 ausmfavmufu
xkd;rSwfpdkufxlonfh tvSLawmf ausmufpmrsm;rSm ]]jA[m}}?
]]jyKrm}}? ]]jyKrm}}? ]]jrefrm}} [l av;rsKd;av;pm; a&;om;
xGif;xkxm;onfudk awGUjrif&aMumif;ESifh rdefYawmfrlonf/
(10) xkdYjyif usKyfwkdY tarharmifaxG; OD;av; OD;yif;\
tvkdrSm xkd ]] r&rm}} vlrsKd;ukd ]]y&rm}} vlrsKd;(y) ESifh (&)
udkaygif; ]]jArm}} vlrsKd;(&) oHESifh oHxkwf(r) udkacsum
]]Arm}} vlrsKd;ac:oifhaMumif;? 4if;jyif ]]r&rm}} rEk0Hao?
r-um&H ? y-uma&e 0d y v o H u mwk e ]]y&r m }} wd 0 g?
wrdwwdwHuaw-&um&y[daee]]Arm}}wd0g/ A-um& -
&um&Horda@wGm]]jA[m}}wd0g/ bmoEdr&r0dZdwm}} [l
ygVdpDukH; oifhaMumif; rdefYMum;awmfrlzl;aom[l\/
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf uvsmPDausmufpm?
awmifzDvmq&mawmf\ 0de&vuFm&#Dum? &ckdifrif;orD;
{csif;wkdYrS jrrm? jrefrma&;xkH;rsm;ukd rSwfom;jyqkdonf/
&SifOuHormvq&mawmf tmabmft& jrrm? jrefrma&;xkH;
ESpfrsKd;pvkH; vufcHykHukdvnf; azmfjyonf/
rkHa&G;q&mawmf\ apwD,uxm &mZ0ifcsyfrSm ysL?
jrefrmwGif ykHukdjyqkdonf/ pvif;q&mawmf\ 0dok'dr*f
'DyeDrSm jA[m[kac:ykHukd zGifhqkd&Sif;jyonf/ a&S;&mZ0ifBuD;
rsm;rSm ysL? urf;,H? jrefrmqif;oufvmykHukd azmfjyonf/
jrefrm yx0Dusr;f [k ac:xku d of nfh ZrLOD; aqmif;? ZrLwHqyd f
usrf;rsm;wGif ]]jrefrm}} a&wGufac:a0:ykHukdyg a&;jyxm;
onf/ oufBu;D pum; tpOftvm jrefrma&;xk;H rsm;udk pmawGU
igawGUpkHpGm azmfjya&;om;onfrSm txl;rSwfom;zG,f aumiff;
vSayonf/ /
3 2 wuodkvfwifc
pme,f Z if ; a0g[m&ud k
pwifwDxGifol
]] olUky&f nfonf yef;csiD ck d siif rk d nf/ ol\ acwfrD PfprG ;f
wDxiG q
f ef;opfru I kd yef;csrD idEk ikd yf g? a&;rjyEdik yf g? pme,fZif;
a0g[m& Buq H wDxiG of t
l jzpfEiS yh f if pmyef;csjyD nfph pH k mG wifEik d rf nf
rxifyg . . .
}}
pme,fZif;a0g[m&udk
pwifwx D iG o
f l
pme,fZif;a0g[m&
pme,fZif;a0g[m&udk pwifwDxGifcJhol q&mBuD;OD;y*sDidk
(1897- 1978)onf wkd;wufa&;r*Zif;? bm;rm;*sme,f?
wk;d wufa&;owif; pmok;H rsK;d pvk;H ukd ud, k wf idk xf w
k af 0cJo
h jl zpf
onf/ xko d ;Hk rsK;d pvk;H ukd wpfcsed w
f nf; wpfNyKd iwf nf; xkwaf 0cJh
jcif;r[kwfyg/ wdk;wufa&;r*Zif;ESifh bm;rm;*sme,fudk
vnf;aumif; wdk;wufa&;owif;pmudkvnf;aumif; wGJzuf
xkwfa0cJhygonf/
pme,fZif;[laoma0g[m&ukd pwifMuHqwDxGifolrSm
3 6 wuodkvfwifc
y*sdDidk}} trnfcH wk;d wufa&;OD;pded jf zpfygonf/
pma&;q&m ]]y*sd
1935 ckywf0ef;usif cefUu pwifokH;pGJcJhaMumif; rSwfom;avh
vmod&Sd&ygonf/
i,fpOfb0\c&D;tp
OD;y*sDidkukd 1897 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/ OD;y*sDikdonf
ewfwvif; Zmwdjzpfayonf/ 1897ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 21
(jrefrmESpf1259? ewfawmfvqkwf 13 t*Fg) jzpfonf/ tz
v,form; OD;zkd;qdwf? trd a':zGm;pdefjzpfonf/ i,frnf
y*sDikd[k ac:qkdcJhonf/ ausmif;trnf armifpdef jzpfonf/
arG;csi;f &Spaf ,mufwiG f pwkwa jrmuf jzpfygonf/ emrnfausmf
um,AvOD;&Sdef\ nDt&if;jzpfygonf/
touf & S p f E S p f t &G , f w G i f ewf w vif ; Nrd K U OD ; a&T w k w f
ausmif; ynmoifonf/ xkdUaemuf OD;zkd;csufausmif;okdU
ajymif;aeonf/ xkdtcg i,frnf y*sDidkukd armifpdef[k ajymif;
onf/ 1908 ck wwd,wef;wGif &efukefa&ausmfrufo'pf
qufvufynmoifonf/ &Spfwef;txd ynmoifcJhonf/
0goemESifhynm
abmvkH;? a[mfuDponfh tm;upm;wkdUwGif 0goem
ygonf/ touf 19 ESpfwGif "edawm bDtkdpD pma&;tjzpf
pwiftrIxrff;onf/ ESpfESpftMumwGif 0DvD,H*sufukefwkduf
okdU ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;onf/ xkdukefwdkufwGif okH;av;ESpf
vkyfNyD; kyf&SifavmuokdU0ifonf/ kyf&Sifum;rsm;wGif pwefU
rif;om;tjzpf okyfaqmifonf/ kyf&Sif'gkdufwmvnf;
vkyfcJhonf/ ESpfESpfokH;ESpftMumwGif kyf&SifavmurS xGuf
onf/ tdrfrSmyif aps;qkdifwnfonf/ xkdUaemuf ESpfESpftMum
wGif bm;rm;aumfykda&;&Sif;kH;csKyf trIxrf;onf/ xkdpOfrSm
yif BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;trnf&Sdusrf;ukd pwifjyKpkcJh\/
yef;csDidkaom y*sDidk
,if ; pmtk k y f r S y if pwif u m i,f e mrnf OD ; y*sD i k d u k d
]]OD;y*sDidk}} [laom uavmiftrnfukd pwiftokH;jyKcJhonf/
ol\ arG;csi;f rsm; wGif olonf kyt f qd;k qk;H jzpfonf[q
k o
dk nf/
yef;csDq&myif ol\kyfykHESifhwlatmif ra&;EdkifbJ ikd&rnfh
tjzpfa&mufatmif tkyfqkd;vSaomaMumifh bkd;bGm;rdb?
tdrfoltdrfom;tm;vkH;uvnf;aumif;? olESifh EGm;ausmif;
azmfausmif;zuf? usD;om;kdufazmf-usD;om;kdufzuf oli,f
csif;rsm;uvnf;aumif; ]]OD;y*sDikd}} [k ac:a0:avh&SdMuonf/
xkdUaMumifh OD;y*sDikd[laom uavmiftrnfukd cH,l&jcif;jzpf
onf[k ,if;pmtkyf\ ed'gef; &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf/
olUacwf? olUpm? olUtcg
1931 ckESpfwGif BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;usrf;ukd wnfaxmif
xkwfa0onf/ aemifwGif wnf;jzwfolESifh xkwfa0olwm0ef
ukdk ,lcJhonf/ xkdtcg OD;y*sDikd[laom uavmiftrnftjyif
wk;d wufa&;OD;pde[
f al om uavmiftrnfuydk g,l aqmif;yg;
trsKd;rsKd;a&;onf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif bm;rm;*sme,ftrnf&Sd
3 8 wuodkvfwifc
*sme,fukdyg wkd;csJUxkwfa0onf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif wdk;wufa&;
owif;pmukdyg wdk;csJUxkwfa0cJhonf/
OD;y*sDikdonf wDxGifvkdol vlxl;vlqef;yif jzpfonf/
orm;kd;us orm;r[kwf/ ,aeUwkdif rarhEdkifaom pme,fZif;
a0g[m&ukd MuHq wDxGifcJhovkdyif xkdpOfu acwfpm;vlod
rsm;cJah om zwf-Mu-H vkyf [laom a0g[m&ukv d nf; wd;k wufa&;
r*Zif;wGif pwifwx D iG o h nf/ pmayukd zwfI
f ;Hk pGJ azmfjycJo
jyKpk v k y f a qmif y g/ aemif zwf I M uH p nf onf h t wd k i f ;
rqk d i f ; rwG vk y f a qmif M uyguyg[l wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfcJhol
jzpfonf/ acwfa&SUajy;orm;tjzpf olaY cwf? olpY m? olt Y cgu
nTefjy aeygonf/
BuD;yGm;csrf;omNyD;wdk;wufa&;
q&mBuD ; OD ; y*sD i k d o nf Munf n d K pH j yKxd k u f o l j zpf o nf /
q&mBuD;onf wdk;wufa&;r*Zif;ukd rxkwfa0rD 1930
jynfhESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(1292 ckESpf jymokdvwGif) BuD;yGm;csrf;om
a&;pmtk y f u k d a&;om;xk w f a 0cJ h o nf / pmtk y f u k d
q&mBuD;onf 0DvsH*sufukrPDwGif tvkyf0ifpOfu tvkyfukd
rxddcdkufapbJ tcsdefykdukd vufawGUtusKd;&SdpGmokH;um 1920
jynf h E S p f u pwif a &;om;cJ h o nf / q&mBuD ; touf 23
ESpfcefYt&G,fuyif pwifa&;om;cJhjcif;jzpf&m q,fESpfwkdif
wdkif ZGJckdifcdkifa&;Edkifoljzpfonf/ ]] BudK;pm;u bk&m;jzpf\}}
[l a om a<u;aMumf o H a qmif y k ' f u d k BuD ; yG m ;csrf ; oma&;
tvkyfwGif a&SUwef;wifazmfjycJhonf/ touf 23 ESpft&G,f
q,fESpfwkdifwkdif a&;cJhaom xkdpmtkyfonf xkdacwfu
ta&mif;&qkH; pmtkyfpm&if;0if armfuGef;wifEdkifcJhonf/
tBudrfBudrf jyefvnfkdufESdyfcJh&NyD; xkdacwftcgu owr
wef;ausmif;okH;jyXmef; cHcJh&onftxd atmifjrifcJhyg\/
]]BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;}} pmtkyfukd atmifjrifpGmxkwfa0cJh
Ny;D aemuf ok;H ESptf MumwGif q&mBu;D OD;y*siD o
dk nf wk;d wufa&;
r*Zif;udk pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1936 ckESpf? ZGefv-6-
&uf(1298 ckEpS ?f e,kev f qkwf 3 &uf) paeaeYrpS q&mBu;D
onf wk d ; wuf a &;r* Z if ; tjyif bm;rm;*sme,f u k d y g
pwif x k w f a 0cJ h o nf / bm;rm;*sme,f u d k &uf o w y wf
paeaeYwdkif; xkwfa0cJhonf/
vrf;dk;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif
xkrd w
S pfqifh 1938 ckEpS wf iG f bm;rm;*sme,fudk &yfqidk ;f Ny;D
1938ckESpf? arv 3 &uf(1300 jynhfESpf? uqkefvqef; 5
&uf ) t*F g aeY r S p q&mBuD ; OD ; y*sD i k d o nf wk d ; wuf a &;
r* Z if ; ud k pwif x k w f a 0cJ h o nf / q&mBuD ; OD ; y*sD i k d o nf
vrf;kd;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGifol jzpfonf/ wkd;wufa&;
owif;pm rxGufrDuyif &efukefNrdKUwGif xkwfa0wGifus,fae
NyDjzpfaom ol&d,owif;pmESifh jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
BuD;ESpfapmif &SdaeygNyD/ ol&d,? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmt&G,f
&GdKifav;csKd;t&G,ftpm;jzpfonf/ ,cifu xkwfa0cJhNyD;aom
avmuom&owif;pm? ra[mo"mowif;pm? aemf&xm
owif;pm? arm&d, owif;pm ponfwkdYrSmvnf; &GdKif av;csKd;
4 0 wuodkvfwifc
t&G,ftpm;csnf;om jzpfygonf/ tjrifrsm;,Ofyg;aeNyD
jzpf a om &G d K if a v;csKd ; t&G , f t pm;rS pwif v rf ; xG i f u m
ua&mif;av;csKd;t&G,ftpm;ukd ajymif;vJypfcJhonf/ pmrsuf
ESmwdok wif;pmukyd g wDxiG v f ukd jf yefonf/ ,cifowif;pmBu;D
rsm;uJoh Ydk ok;H aumfvrH [kwb f J av;aumfvcH u JG mwDxiG v
f u
kd &f m
tjrif toGif ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhonf/ wdk;wufa&;trnf
twkdif; wdk;wufajymif;vJapcJhol jzpfonf/ odkU wDxGif
xkwfa0onfomru wdk;wufa&;owif;pmonf pufbD;pD;
oGm;&if;zwfEdkifaom owif;pmt&G,fjzpfaMumif; aMumfjim
armif;cwfovkd jynfoludk today;aMunmcJhonf/
aMumfjimESifh yl;wGJvsuf wdk;wufa&;owif;pmudk av;aumfvH
twkdif;av;csKd; csKd;NyD; pufbD;\vufudkif nyfapum
pufb;D pD;&if; owif;pmzwfomG ;aom vlwpfa,muf\yku H ydk g
azmfjycJhonf/ xkdacwf xkdtcg owif;pmy&dowftBudKuf
pdwf"mwfukd kdufcwfvIyf&Sm; xif&Sm; oGm;apawmhonf/
OD;y*siD rkd S wd;k wufa&;OD;pdef
'kwd,urmppfBuD;NyD;cgpwGif &efukefNrdKU ol&d,owif;
pm? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm? 'D;'kwf*sme,f? *sme,fausmf
ponfwkdU jyefvnf xkwfa0cJh&m q&mBuD;OD;y*sDikdonf 1946
ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv2-&uf (1307 ckESpf? wykdwGJvqef; 1
&uf)paeaeYrSp wdk;wufa&;*sme,f ukd jyefvnfxkwf
a0cJhonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufwGifrl OD;y*sDikdonf wkd;wuffa&;
*sme,ftjzpfrS wdk;wufa&;owif;pmudk wpfjzpfvJ ajymif;vJ
xkwaf 0cJ&h m 1954 ckEpS w f idk o f nftxd wnf&cdS o hJ nf/ acwfrD
wdk;wufajymif;vJEdkifaom wdk;wufa&;OD;pdef[k ac:&rnfom
jzpfygonf/ wkd;wufa&; OD;pdefonf wkd;wufacwfrDonfrSm
,ckacwfopfwkdifatmif pGrf;aqmifBudK;yrf;Edkif cJhonfudk
avhvmod&Sd&ygonf/ BuD;yGm;csrff;oma&;pmtkyfudk a&;om;
xkwfa0cJholyDyD jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ykdif;wGif uRrf;usif
ESpYH yfojl zpfonf/ yk*v u d ykid v f yk if ef;ESihf jrefrmhaiGaMu; jyem
rsm;ukd pdwf0ifpm;onf/
vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGif q&mBuD;OD;y*sDikdonf trsKd;om;
ykdifbPf vkyfief;rsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef vIHUaqmfzefwD;a&;
om;cJo h nf/ vIUH aqmfa&;om;cJo h nht f wdik ;f jynfaxmifpb k Pf
ukd pwifwnfaxmifpOfu tzGJU0ifwpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhonf/
ArmhbPfaiGaMu;jyempmtkyfukdyif a&;om;xkwfa0cJh
onf/
vGwfvyfa&;acwfwGif wkd;wufa&;owif;pmrS &efukef
*sit f cef; ]]tk*d st D ,ft,fy,fypf&ef}} a0zefa&;om;cJo h nf/
jref r mEk d i f i H o nf pk d u f y sKd ; a&;Ed k i f i H j zpf o nf h t m;avsmf p G m
v,f,mpyg;udk ykdrdkpdkufysKd;&efESifh pyg;aps;jrifhay;a&;wkdYudk
BudKwifajrmfjrif a0zefa&;om;cJhonf/ ,ck acwfopftxd
awG;Munfhum a&;cJhonfh uavmifpGrf; tHhrcef;udk *kPfjyKcsD;
usL;vkdygonf/
q&mBuD;OD;y*sDikdonf BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&;pmtkyftjyif
4 2 wuodkvfwifc
ArmhbPfESifh aiGaMu;jyem? [efusyefuswdk;wufa&;vuf
pGJ? tvkyfESifh pdwfwefcdk;? wufavSum;ESifh udk;uka##Dum
ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH acwfrDzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;
a&SUaqmifvrf;jycJhol jzpfonf/
ol\uavmiftrnfrSm OD;y*sDikdjzpfonf/ ol\tqkdt&
ol\ arG;csi;f rsm;wGif tkyq f ;dk qk;H xifjrif y*siD o
dk l uavmif
trnfukd &,lcJhaMumif; &Sif;jycJhonf/
olkyf&nfyef;csDidkcsifikdrnf? ol\acwfrDOmPfpGrf; wDxGif
qef;opfrIudk yef;csDridkEkdifyg/ a&;rjyEkdifyg/ pme,fZif;
a0g[m& BuHqwDxGifol tjzpfESifhyif pmyef;csDjynhfpkHpGm
wifEkdifrnfrxifyg/ /
EdkifiH*kPf&nfbGJY&
ocif b aomif ;
]] ]]tdk . .tcsi;f trsKd ;om;wd?Y k Armwd}Y k } [locifbaomif;
a<u;aMumfvu kd af om tcgwGirf u l m; tdyaf eaom xdak cwf
uReaf wmfwo Ykd nf Ed;k Mum;vmMuavayonf/ tdy, f mrS
Ed;k ump uReaf wmfwYkd ESv;Hk onf;yGwrf sm;onf . . .
}}
EdkifiHh*kPf&nfbGJ &h ocifbaomif;
(1901-1981)
EdkifihH*kPf&nfbGJU& (yxrqifh)&ol pma&;q&m ocif

baomif;onf 1901 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 7 &ufaeYwGif
tb ODjrpf? trd a':av;cifwkdYrS zGm;jrifonf/ arG;zGm;
&mZmwdrSm ewfarmufNrdKUe,f ykHukef;aus;&Gmjzpfonf/
armifbaomif;onf i,fpOfu rEav;NrdKU? Ak'omoemh
Ek*[ txufwef;ausmif; ynmoifMum;cJhonf/
pmayxl;cReof l
ocifbaomif;onf xl;cRefaaom pmayynm&Sifjzpfay
4 6 wuodkvfwifc
onf/ wuov dk o f ifwef; rwufz;l aomfvnf; wuov kd w
f iG f
bmomjyef enf;jyq&m wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol jzpfonf/
*EavmurS usif;yaom bmomjyefNydKifyGJrsm;udk ig;Budrf
0ifNydKif&m ig;BudrfpvkH; yxrqkcsnf; &oljzpffayonf/ odkY
bmomjyef a wmf a Mumif ; ud k q&mBuD ; OD ; azarmif w if u
]]wu o k d v f E S i f h j ref r mpmay}} a[majym&mwGif..
]]'DvkdbmomjyefawG vkyfvmawmh bmomjyefawmfwJhvl
wpfa,mufudk q&mawGU&w,f/ olu ocifbaomif;
qdkwmyJ/ ocifbaomif;qkdwmu bDatvJ ratmifbJeJY
bmomjyef odyfawmfw,f/ *Eavmubmomjyefqk
awGudk ol&w,f/ tpuawmh qk&wJhvlukd b,fol
b,f 0 g&,f v k d Y q&mwk d Y rod c J h y gbl ; / aemuf a wmh r S
bmomjyef a wmf w J h v l [ m ocif b aomif ; tjzpf a wG U
&w,f/ wuokdvfrSm bmomjyef enf;jyq&mjzpfao;
w,f}}
[l csD ; usL;xm;ay;onf / wu o k d v f w G i f bmom
jyefenf;jyq&m wm0ef,lpOf wuodkvfvli,frsm;ukd pmayykdY
cs&if; trsK;d om;a&;twGuf pnf;k;H vIUH aqmfco hJ nf/ wuov dk f
wGif trsK;d om;a&;0g'rjzefY& [k ydwyf ifvu dk &f m ocifbaomif;
onf tvkyfrSxGufcJhayonf/ ocifbaomif;onf pmay
xl;cRefcJhayonf/ pwkwwef;atmifjrifpOfu rauG;'dpBwdwf
wGif wpfe,fvkH;rS yxr&ojzifh a&GTwHqdyfcsD;jrifhjcif;cH&ay
onf / 1918 ck E S p f w G i f ow r wef ; paumvm;&S p f q k u d k
qGwfcl;cJhonf/ rdrdzcif uG,fvGefcJh&mrS ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;
OD;xGef;&Sdef (az-yk-&Sdef udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU0if) u om;&if;yrm
apmifha&Smufxm;&m ocifbaomif;onf q&mBuD;\ 0HomEk
pdwf"mwfudkyg tarG&cJhayonf/
Edik if uH cdk spof l
Edik if tH wGutf epfemcHol
1920 jynfhESpf yxrausmif;om;oydwfjzpfyGm;pOf 10
wef;ausmif;om; ocifbaomif;onf rEav;oydwfarSmuf
ausmif;om; udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfcJhayonf/ 1921 ckESpfwGif
'kid t
f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &; twGuf vma&mufaom 0duI af umfrwDukd
uefYuGuf axmifuscJhonf/ 1922 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyftdrf
a&SUrif;om; (a0vrif;om;) jrefrmEdkifiHodkY vma&mufvnf
ywfcgeD;wGif rEav;? ppfukdif;? ausmufqnf okH;ckdiftwGif;
e,fESifcHcJh&onf/ xkdtrdefYudk zDqefojzifh axmif'PfuscH
cJh&&Smayonf/ 1924-25 ckESpfwGif jrefrmydkif e,l;bm;rm;
t*F v d y f o wif ; pm vuf a xmuf t ,f ' D w m jzpf c J h o nf /
xkdYaemuf uif;0efrif;BuD; yd#uwfwdkufwGif yd#uwfwdkuf
rSL;wm0ef,lpOf bmomjyefNydKifyGJ0ifETJ&m pmayavmuwGif
xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhayonf/ 1928-29 wGif urmh &mZ0ifukd
omomjyef&m a0vrif;om;qk&onf/ a0vrif;om;qkrS
&aom qkaiGwpfaxmifudk ig;Muif;qDESifhig;Muif;aMumf[kodzdkY
t*FvdyfxHrS&aomaiGjzifh t*Fvdyfudk awmfvSef&ef MuHpnfcJh
ayonf/
1930 jynfhESpfwGif ocifbaomif;ESifh qEwlvli,f
4 8 wuodkvfwifc
wpfpkwkdYu EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpf&yfjzpfaom ]]wkdYArm
tpnf;tkH;}} pwif xlaxmifum rdrw d \
Ykd trnfrsm;a&SUwGif
ocifwyfum ocifbaomif;? ocifvaS bmf? ocifoed ;f armif
ponfjzifh EkdifiHa&;ordkif;pOfwGif tjrifrsm; xif&Sm;vmcJhay
onf/ ocifbaomif;onf ocifa0g[m&udk pwiftokH;jyK
cJh ]]ociftp ocifbaomif;}}u [karmfuGef;jyKxm;jcif;
jzpfayonf/ wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;ordkif;wGifvnf; olrygvQif
rNyD; xD;xD;rm;rm; xif&Sm;cJhayonf/
1930 jynfhESpf arv 30 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvlxkokdY
rsKd;cspf vIHYaqmfa&;pmwef;wpfapmifukd ocifbaomif;u
wm0efcH xkwfa0cJhayonf/ pmwef;ukd a&;om;ollrSmvnf;
ocifbaomif;yif jzpfonf/ xkdpmwef;onf jrefrmomru
urmudkyg vTrf;cJhayonf/ xkdpmwef;rSm atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfayonf/
wk d Y A rmpmwef ;
Armjynf o nf wk d Y j ynf
Armpmonf wk d Y p m
Armpum;onf wd k Y p um;
Armjynf u k d cspf y g
Armpmuk d csD ; jr i f h y g
Armpum;uk d av;pm;yg/
xkdpmwef;ukd q&maZmf*sDu odkYa0zeftuJjzwfay;onf/
]]usrf;wGif ocifbaomif;\ wkdYArmEkd;Mum;a&;pm
wef;&Spfckukd xnfhxm;onf/ xkdpmwef;wGif pmwef;a&;ol\
EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwfESifh EkdifiHa&;cHpm;csufwkdY ygonf/ awG;kd;
awG;pOf r[kwfaom tawG;wkdYygonf/ ta&;tom;&Sif;
vif; a&;[efwGif wuf<uaomavoH zswfvwfaom
avoHwkdYygonf/ xkdpum;ajywdkYonf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
vIHYaqmfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[k qkdcsifygonf}}
pma&;olarmifxifurl ocifbaomif;\ EkdifiHjyKpmrl
rsm;ukd odkY a0zeftuJjzwfxm;ay;onf/
]]tkdtcsif;trsKd;om;wkdY ArmwdkY}} [l ocifbaomif;u
a<u;aMumfvu dk af omtcgwGirf u l m; tdyaf eMuaom xkad cwf
u uRefawmfwdkYonf Ekd;vmMuayonf/ tdyf&mrS Edk;ump
uReaf wmfwYkd ESv;Hk onf;yGwrf sm;onf aqGUaqGUckev f mMuonf/
]at;csrf;NidrfoufpGm aevkdMuvQif ppfjzpfzdkY toifhjyiffqifNyD;
&SdMuyg} [laom okd;aqmif;pum;ykHudk rarhravsmhMuyg
ukev f ifh [l ocifbaomif;u aemufqufwu JG dk wGv
J u
dk af o;
onf/ olYpum;xJrSm ]]tcsif;? trsKd;om;? Muygukefvifh}}
[laom pum;vkH;rsm;ygonf/ ,if;wkdYudk axmufcsifhvQif
ocifbaomif;\pmonf yk*Hacwf? tif;0acwfpmxuf
bmrQrqef ; [k qk d E d k i f o nf / ok d Y a omf xk d p um;vk H ; wk d Y u k d
tcsed o f ift
h cgoifh jyefvnf xkwaf zmf toufoiG ;f ay;aom
tjcif;t&mrSmum; xl;jcm; ajymifajrmufvSayonf/
ocifbaomif;\ ]]wk wkdYArmEdk;Mum;pmwef;}} onf tHrh cef;
tpGrf;xufvSayonf/ xkdacwf xkdtcgu jrefrmpmayukd
5 0 wuodkvfwifc
ypfy,faeMuol? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIukd vspv f sLIaeMuolwt Ydk m;
jyefvnfEkd;Mum;apcJhonf/ ocifbaomif;\ uavmif
vufeufonf tpGrf;xufvSayonf/
1930-1937 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHonf EkdifiHa&;vIyf
&Sm; wuf<ucsdef jzpfcJhayonf/ q&mpHawmfvSefa&;? wGJa&;?
cGJa&; jyemtjzmjzm ay:aygufaecsdefvnf; jzpfayonf/
wuov kd o f r*pum; &nfvyk w JG iG f wpfzufEiS w
hf pfzuf tacs
twif ajymMuNyD;aemuf obmywdu cGifhyefum orkdif;wGif
atmif okdY ykHaqmifajymcJhayonf/
]] wkdYArmtpnf;tkH;taejzifh cGJa&;? wGJa&;yg rnfonfh
bufukdrS raxmufcHvkdaMumif;? cGJa&;jzpfap? wGJa&;jzpfap?
t*FvdyfEkdifiHe,fcsJUorm;\ vufatmufcHcsnf;jzpfaMumif;?
uReEf iS 'hf gopum;vk;H jcm;em;aomfvnf; wpfrsK;d wnf;jzpfouJh
ok&Yd adS Mumif;? 'DcaJG &;? wGaJ &;jyem\ t"dyg ,frmS t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ
tpdk;&u ol\b,fzdeyfatmufrSm aernfvm;? nmzdeyf
atmufrSmaernfvm;[k ar;onfhoabmyifjzpfaMumif;
udptwGuf rdrdwdkYocifrsm;oabmudk ajym&vQif tif;0
acwfu emrnfausmf olc;kd Bu;D iwufjym;udk zrf;rdojzifh owd;k
rif;zsm;bk&ifu ]]armifrif;udk tckowfrnf? oefvsufjzifh
ckwfowfwmBudKufovm;? vSHjzifhxkd;owfwmBudKufovm;}}
[k a r;aomtcg iwuf j ym;u]]uREk f y f t Bud K uf a jym&&if
oefvsuf? vSHyg b,ft&mrSrBudKuf? t&Sifrif;BuD;ab;u
apmOrmudkom BudKufygw,f}} [k ajymcJhovkd ]]cGJa&;vnf;
rBuKd u?f wGaJ &;vnf;rBuKd u?f t*Fvyd ef ,fcsUJ orm;vufatmuf
u vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;udkom BudKufygonf}} [k ajymvkduf&m
ausmif ; om;taygif ; u aomif ; aomif ; jzjz Mobmay;
awmh\/ 1933 ckESpfwGif a&TbkdNrdKU 'kdiftmcDOya'jyKvTwf
awmftrwfavmif;tjzpf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; w&m;rsm;udk
a[majymcJh&m a&G;aumufrcH&bJ axmifuscH&onf/ tusOf;
axmifxw J iG f tpmiwfcf q H EjycJah yonf/ xkaYd emuf vGwv
f yf
rIudk BuKd uEf pS o
f ufoyl yD D tvGwo f wif;pmorm;b0tjzpfEiS hf
e,fcsJU qefYusifa&;owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhayonf/
1932 ckESpfuvnf; wkdYArmowif;pOfrSwfwrf;udk xkwfa0cJh
onf/ ocifbaomif;onf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;
twGuf pmayvufeufjzifh tbufbufu wkdufzsufawmf
vSefcJhayonf/
wkdYArmoDcsif;ukd toufoGif;ay;cJhol
ocifbaomif;onf ]]EdEdkifiHausmfwdkYArmoDcsif;}} 0kid t f rfbD
at q&mwifa&;pyf&mwGif pmom;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;ay;
cJo
h l jzpfayonf/ wdAYk rmoDcsi;f \ t"dyg ,fudk ocifbaomif;
onf ukd,fwkdifzGifhqkdcJh&m EkdifiHcspfpdwf? rsKd;cspfpdwfESifhywf
oufNy;D ajymifajrmufpmG t"dyg ,fziG q hf cdk o
hJ nf/ ]]wdAYk rmoDcsi;f
ukd oDcsif;[kyifac:xdkufyghrvm; [k oHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdonf/
wkdYArmoDcsif;onf r,fzGJU? armifzGJU? tcspfzGJU tvGrf;zGJUoDcsif;
r[k w f ? a,muf s m;ES i f h r d e f ; r op m rS e f E S p f y g;oG m ;oD c sif ;
vnf;r[kwf? tarav;w? bav;wNyD; i,foHygatmif
atmfizdk Ykd ikcd si;f vnf; r[kw?f tcsKyq f akd omf wkAYd rmoDcsi;f onf
5 2 wuodkvfwifc
aMumufpdwf0ifaeolwdkYtm; aMumufpdwfaysmufapNyD; rsKd;cspf
pdwfuif;rJhaeolwdkYtm; rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdvmapvsuf trsKd;om;
tusKd;ukd aqmif&Guf&aumif;rSef; rodolwkdYtm; trsKd;om;
tusKd;ukd aqmif&Gufvmatmif vIHYaqmfay;Edkifaom oDcsif;
wpfrsKd;yif jzpfonf}}
ocifbaomif;onf rdrdwdkY\ rvGwfvyfaomb0wGif
vGwv f yfatmif rdrw d wfEidk o f nfh pmaytEkynmvufeufjzifh
wkdufzsufawmfvSefcJhol jzpffayonf/ rdrd vlrSef;odwwfump
rdrdarG;pm;taz OD;xGef;&SdefxHrS 0HomEkpdwf"mwf kdufcwf
pdrfh0ifcJhayonf/ rdrdonf t*Fvdyfpmudk awmfatmifBudK;pm;
cJhNyD; t*Fvdyfudk awmfvSef&ef BuHcJholjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfuay;
cJhaom bmomjyefqkaiGwpfaxmifjzifh wkdYArmtpnf;tkH;udk
pwifrwnfay;cJhayonf/ rdrda&;orQ? ajymorQ? vkyforQ?
um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHokH;yg;pvkH;onf uRefb0rS vGwf
ajrmuf&ef twGufcsnf; jzpfcJhayonf/ oDcsif;a&;&mwGif yif
wkdYArmoDcsif;ukd pmom;rsm;wGif wkdif;cspf? jynfcspfpdwf"mwf?
jrefrmha&;&m &mZ0if pOfvmO'gef;pum;wdkYudkom xnfhoGif;
apcJ h o nf / wk d Y A rmoD c sif ; ud k v nf ; ud k , f w k d i f o D q k d j ycJ h o l
jzpfayonf/
Edik if cH sppf wd "f mwfpmayrsm;
txufazmfjyorQwdkYrSm EkdifiHcspfpdwf? rsKd;cspfpdwfwdkY\
twdwft&dyfrsm;yifwnf;/ ocifbaomif;onf yef;om
rpmO tygt0if 0wKaygif; 33 tkyf a&;om;cJhayonf/
owif ; pm? r* Z if ; wk d Y w G i f wpf c ef ; &yf j yZmwf 18 yk ' f ?
odyHaqmif;yg; 28 yk'f? taxGaxGaqmif;yg; 45 ykk'fwdkYudk
jyKpkcJhayonf/ 1959-60 jynfhESpfwGif urmywfvnf&uf
&Spfq,fpmtkyfjzifh ,leufpukd bmomjyefqk&cJh oljzpfay
onf/ xko d Ydk a&;orQwiG f e*g;eDpmtkyt f oif;rS xkwaf 0cJah om
[kdta&; onfta&;}} pmtkyfwGif ]]trsKd
]][k trsKd;om;ta&;ESifh
vG w f v yf a &;aq;}} aqmif ; yg;onf ocif b aomif ; \
EdkifiHcspfpdwf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwff rnfrQjyif;xefaMumif;udk tckdif
trmoufaojyvsuf&Sdayonf/ xkdaqmif;yg;vm atmufyg
aumufEkwfcsufwdkYum; xif&Sm;vSayonf/
]]wpfwkdif;jynfu wpfwkdif;jynfodkY twif;t"rtEdkif
usif h vma&muf t k y f p k d ; jcif ; onf ,ck t k y f p k d ; jcif ; vnf ;
raumif;? ,ciftyk pf ;dk cJv h Qiv f nf;raumif;? aemiftyk pf ;dk vnf;
raumif; xkdtrIonf twdwf? ypKyef? tem*wf umvokH;yg;
raumif;}}
]]xko
d w l u Ykd m; ypn;f Opmukad omf vnf;aumif;? taoG;ESihf
tom;udk vnf;aumif; ESajrmwGew Yf jdk cif; r&Sad pwwf? xkpd um;
okH;vkH;onf vGwfvyfjcif;qdkaom pum;okH;vkH;yif jzpfonf/
trsKd;om;a&;tem pGJuyfjcif;udk wpfcgwnf;aysmufuif;ap
Edkifaom aq;jrwfjzpfonf}}
ocifbaomif;onf rvGwfvyfaomb0wGif BuD;jyif;cJh&
&Smonf/ vGwfvyfrItwGuf pmayvufeufjzifh tbufbuf
u wkdufyGJ0ifcJhol jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfpmayawmfatmifvkyf
t*Fvdyfukd awmfvSefcJhol jzpfonf/ EkdifiH&yfjcm; A[kokw
5 4 wuodkvfwifc
jynh0f atmifvyk Nf y;D jrefrmukd urmodatmif pGr;f aqmifjycJah y
onf/ bmomjyefqk tBudrfBudrf&cJhayonf/ jrefrmpmonf
wkdYpmjzpfatmif a<u;aMumfcJholjzpfayonf/ EdkifiHausmf
wkdYArmoDcsif;ukd pmom;toufoGif;ay;cJholvnf; jzpfay
onf/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf axmiftBudrfBudrf uscHcJh&ol
jzpfayonf/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u EkdifiHh*kPf&nfyxrtqifhukd
olYtm;csD;jrifhay;cJhonf/ pmayorkdif;wGifum; ]]EdkifiHcspf
pdwf"mwf? pmayynm&Sif ocifbaomif;}} [k xyfavmif;
csD;jrifhoifholaywnf;/ /
jrefrmpm jrifhcsifvGef;ol
b0jzpfpOf
armifokwtrnfjzifh AkdvfrSL;baomif;onf ]]jrefrmpm
jrihfcsifvGef;vkdY}} pmay? aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pOfqufrjywf
a&;om;cJhayonf/ jrefrmpmayukd xm0& &SmazGjyKpkcJholjzpf
ayonf/
AkdvfrSL;baomif;ac: armifokwonf o&ufZmwdjzpf
onf/ 1914 ckESpf rwfv 12 &ufzGm;jrifonf/ tb
v,f0efaxmuf OD;xGef;vIdif? trd a':cifjzpfNyD; arG;csif;
ig;a,mufwGif pwkwajrmuf jzpfonf/
&efukefNrdKU ruf'opftrsKd;om;ausmif;? tpkd;&[kdufpul;
wkdYwGif ynmoifcJhNyD; 1930 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefwuokdvfrS
0dZmjrefrmpm *kPfxl;bGJU&onf/ 1957 ckESpfwGif r[m0dZm
5 6 wuodkvfwifc
bGJU&onf/
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0efaxmuf? xkdYaemuf pkHaxmufrif;BuD;kH;pmawmfjyef? *syef
acwftapmykdif;wGif pmayESifhpmMunhfwdkuf XmenTefMum;a&;
0ef? xkaYd emuf *syefEidk if H wku
d sKNd rKd U tjynfjynfqidk &f m ,Ofaus;
rIXmebmomjyeft&m&Sdtjzpf oGm;a&muf trIxrf;onf/
'k w d , ur m ppf N yD ; p 1946 ck E S p f w G i f [H o m0wD o wif ;
pmt,f'w D m? Z0ef*sme,fwzJG uft,f'w D m? &efuek w f uov
dk f
jref r mpmXme enf ; jyq&m? rE a v;wu o k d v f j ref r mpm
vufaxmufuxdutjzpf trIxrf;cJNh y;D 1950wGif wyfrf awmf
okdY 0ifcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpf wGif wyfrawmft&m&Sdtjzpf
jr0wDr*Zif;OD;pD;t,f'DwmESifh ppfESvkH; *sme,f t,f'Dwm?
xkdYaemuf ppfwuokdvfvufaxmufpmaynTefMum;a&;rSL;?
rEav;wuodkvfjrefrmpmXmetcsdefykdif; uxdu? xkdYaemuf
1968 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 26 &ufaeY uG,fvGefonftxd
jrefrmpmay jyKpka&;ESifh bmomjyefaumfr&Sif twGif;a&;rSL;
ponfjzifh trIxrf;cJhonf/
wuokdvfwGifynmqnf;yl;pOfuyif ]]wuodkvfrif;vGif?
oD & d a rmif ? aomif ; xk d u f armif b aomif ; ? armif o k w }}
ponfhtrnfrsm;jzifh 0wK? uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm; pa&;onf/
jr0wDr*Zif;wGif wm0ef,l&aomtcg armifokwtrnfjzifh
jrefrmpmjrifhcsifvGef;vkdY aqmif;yg;rsm; pa&;onf/ AkdvfrSL;
baomif;? OD;baomif; trnfwkdYjzifhvnf; a&;onf/
wuRef;odkY (1951)? pmqkdawmfrsm;twKywd(1962)?
rarhEdkif (1965)? Armhwyfrawmf(1967)? jrefrmpmjrihfcsif
vG e f ; vd k Y(1954-72) ponfwkdYudk jyKpkcJhonf/
jrefrmpmay&SmazGjyKpok l
AkdvfrSL;baomif;onf ausmif;om;b0rSpwif EdkifiH
0efxrf;b0? ausmif;q&mb0? t,f'Dwmb0? ppfrIxrf;b0?
b0rsKd ; pk H usif v nf c J h & mwG i f rnf o nf h t cgrQ pmayES i f h
uif;uGmcJhol r[kwfay/ ol\b0onf pmayESifh'GefwGJvsuf
&Sdayonf/ wwfEdkifonfhbufrS &Edkifoa&GU tcsdefwGif pmay
ESiahf ysmaf rGUonf/ pmayavhvmonf/ pmayuk&d mS azG pkaqmif;
onf/ pmayjyKpkonf/ jrefrmpmay &SmazGjyKpkol? jrefrmpm
jrihfcsifvGef;ol[kvnf; rarharmfuGef; azmfnTef;vkdayonf/
wuodkvfausmif;om;b0wGif armifokwtrnf? armif
baomif; trnfwkdYjzifh wuodkvfr*Zif;? *Eavmur*Zif;?
BuD;yGm;a&;r*Zif; acwfprf;pmaywkdYwGif aqmif;yg;? 0wK?
uAsmrsm;udk jyKpkcJhonf/ wuodkvfjrefrmpmavmu\ tusKd;
ukdaqmifcJh\/ armifbaomif;\ qH x k H ; &uefuAsmonf
wuokdvfpmayavmuwGif xif&Sm;vlodrsm;cJhonf/ BuD;yGm;
a&;r*Zif;wGif pmayA[kow k qkid &f m aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd a&;om;
cJhonf/
jrefrmZmwdrmefpmayqk&iS f
*syefacwf ('kwd,urmppftwGif;)wGif q&mOD;odef;
5 8 wuodkvfwifc
[ef (aZmf*sD) OD;pD;aom pmayESifhpmMunfhwkdufXmecGJwGif
trIxrf;cJhpOfuvnf; pmayjyKpkcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu jrefrm
EdkifiH\ vGwfvyfa&;? jrefrmEdkifiH\ umuG,fa&;wm0efudk
,lae&aom jrefrmhwyfrawmf? jrefrmEkdifiHol? EdkifiHom;rsm;\
pdwf"mwfukd jrifhwifa&;? ol&owd jynfhpkHa&;? EdkifiHESifhtrsKd;ukd
cspfjrwfEkd;onfh ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmef wuf<ua&;wkdYudk
vIHYaqmfay;onfh pmayrsm;udk jyKpkcJhonf/ ]]bl&SD'kd}} ac:
ZmwdaoG;pmtkyfukd bmomjyefqkda&;om;jcif;jzifh jrefrmwdkY\
&JaoG;ukd oG,f0kdufEId;qGay;vkdufonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf
ta&;ygvSaom jrefrmhwyfrawmfBuD;ESifh jrefrmhwyfrawmf
om;? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vkH; ppf
ynmA[kokw jynfh0 EkdifMuap&ef &nfoef ]]aoe*FAsL[m
ppforkdif;}} ESifh eEdaoeysKdU wdkYukd wnf;jzwf xkwfa0cJhonf/
owif;pmq&m wuodkvfq&m
[Hom0wDowif;pm t,f'Dwmb0? &efukefwuokdvf
jrefrmpmXme enf;jyq&m? vufaxmufuxdub0wGif
Adv
k rf LS ;baomif; usiv
f nfc&hJ jyefonf/ xkt
d csed rf sm;wGiv
f nf;
AkdvfrSL;baomif;onf pmayESifhruif;uGmcJhay/ wynfhwyef;
rsm;tm; pmayrsm;ykdYcs&if; wpfzufrSvnf; pmayaqmif;yg;?
0wKrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkcJhavonf/ Ir0r*Zif;wGif AkdvfrSL;
baomif;? armifokw trnfjzifh pmayrsm;ukd awGUEkdifonf/
ppftwGif; *syefjynfwGif oGm;a&muftrIxrf;pOfu awGUBuKHcJh
wuRef;okdY}} trnf&dS c&D;D oGm;rSww
&orQudk a&;om;onfh ]]wuRef f rf;
pmtkyfukdvnf; jyKpkcJhao;onf/
Akv
d rf LS ;baomif;onf uG,v f eG of nfth csed x
f d ppfrxI rf;
b0ESifhyif EkdifiHh0efukd xrf;aqmifoGm;av&m xkdppfrIxrf;
tjzpfESifhyif EkdifiHom;wdkYtwGuf tusKd;jzpfaprnfh pmay
0efukd xrf;aqmifcJhaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ ppfrIxrf;
b0ESifhyif ppfESvkH;*sme,f? jr0wD*sme,fwkdYudk OD;pD;xkwf
a0onf/ ppfwuodkvf jrefrmpmXmerSL;tjzpf wGJzuf
wm0ef,lcJhao;&m jrefrmpmayESifhywfouf txl;yif
nTGefMum;ykdYcscJhayonf/ ppfwuokdvfwGif&SdpOf rEav;
wuokdvf jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;? r[m0dZmwef;rsm;ukd
tcsdefykdif;oGm;a&muf pmayrsm;ykdYcsay;cJhonf/ jrefrm
pmayukd cspfjrwfEdk;olyDyD jrefrmpmay\ tqifhtwef;
udkvnf; jrifhapcsifonf/ jrefrmpmayukd jrifhcsifaom
ol\&ifwGif;rS qEukd jr0wDr*Zif;pwif xkwfa0onfh
1952 ckEpS rf pS uG,v f eG of nfw
h idk af tmif a&;om;cJo h nfh
jrefrmpmjrifh csifvGef;vkdY}} aqmif;yg;u xif&mS ;apcJo
]]jref h nf/
pmaywm0efausyGefol? xl;cRefol
olonf ppfrx I rf;b0ESiyhf if jrefrmpmr[m0dZm bGUJ xl;
ukd qGwfcl;EkdifcJhonf/ a&TwHqdyf csD;jrifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/ r[m
0dZmbGJUtwGuf wifoGif;cJhaom ]]pmqkdawmfrsm;twKywd}}
jzifh pmayAdrmefqkukdvnf; qGwfcl;EdkifcJhonf/
6 0 wuodkvfwifc
1964 Zefe0g&DvwGif wm0efay;csuft& jrefrmpmay
jyKpka&;ESifh bmomjyefaumfr&SifwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef ppfwuokdvfrS &efukefodkY ajymif;a&TU
vmcJhonf/ xkd&mxl;jzifhyif AkdvfrSL;baomif;onf uG,fvGef
onfhtcsdeftxd EdkifiHh0efudk xrf;aqmifoGm;cJhonf/
jrefrmpmay jyKpka&;ESihfbmomjyefaumfr&SifwGif twGif;
a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae&if;yif wpfzufrSvnf;
pmayAdrmef tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU? trsKd;om;pmayqk a&G;cs,fa&;
tzGJU? jrefrmpma&;xkH; aumfrwD? jrefrmEdkifiH pmayokawoe
toif; wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ a&GU rQ
rsm;jym;aom tvkyfwm0efrsm;Mum;wGif wpfaeYwpfjcm;
csKUd wJv
h maom use;f rma&;udyk if trIrxm;bJ r*Zif;? *sme,f
toD;oD;wGif pmayrsm; jyKpak &;om;cJo h nf/ vk;H csi;f pmtkyrf sm;
xkwfa0cJhonf/ jrefrmpmaywm0efausyGefol pmayxl;cRefol
wpfOD;tjzpf txl;*kPfjyKxkdufayonf/
jrefrmpmjrifhcsifvGef;vdkY
]]jrefrmpm jrifhcsifvGef;vkdY}} [laom acgif;pOfjzifh jrefrm
pmayESihf ywfoufonfh pmayaqmif;yg;rsm;udk Akv d rf LS ;baomif;
onf jr0wDr*Zif;ESifh ppfESvkH;*sme,fwkdYwGif a&;om;azmfjycJh
onf/ xkdaqmif;yg;rsm;onf jrefrmpm vkdufpm;olwdkYtwGuf
txl;yif tusKd;aus;Zl;&Sdapaom aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfayonf/
txl;ojzifh IyfaxG;rsm;jym;vSonfh jrefrmpmay owfykHnTef;
ta&;tom;ponfwkdYESifh ywfouf odrSwfzG,f&mwdkYudk
odrSwf&onfjzpfvnf; txl;yif tusKd;jzpfxGef;cJhayonf/
owf y k H o wf n T e f ; wd k Y E S i f h ywf o uf tuk d ; tum;rsm;pG m
&SmazGpkaqmif;um wifjy&Sif;vif;xm;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;yif
jzpfayonf/ 1952 ckESpfrS pwif jr0wDr*Zif;? ppfESvkH;
*sme,fwkdYwGif xkdaqmif;yg;rsm;ukd a&;om;azmfjycJhayonf/
jr0wDr*Zif;wGifrl 1953 ckESpfrSp uG,fvGefonfh tcsdef
wdkifatmif vpOf a&;om;azmfjycJhayonf/
pmayta&;tom; owfykHowfnTef;ESifh ywfouf
xkdaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;azmfjycJh&mwGif (ppfAdkvfwpfOD;jzpfol)
tpfukdBuD;jzpfolu ppfonfawmfwpfOD;jzpfol nDi,fxH
pma&;om;ay;ykdYonfh ykHpHrsKd;jzifh nDav;[k tpcsDum
a&;om;azmfjycJhonfudk awGU&onf/ rdrdudk,frdrd ukdBuD;[k
okH;pGJum nDjzpfoltm; pmayESifh ywfoufonfh odrSwfzG,f&m
rsm;udk a&;om;[efjzifh azmfjyxm;avonf/
1961 ckESpf ZGefvxkwf jr0wDr*Zif;wGif t&Sif0go0
&SmazGawGU&Sdaom ysKdU 42 apmif? AkdvfrSL;baomif; &SmazGwifjy
aom ysKdUpm&if; pkpkaygif; ysKdU tapmif 200 ukd A[kokwjzpf
pzG,f]]jrefjrefrmpm jrihfcsifvGef;vdkY}} u@ awGU&Sd&onf/
1960 jynhfESpf rwfv? {NyDv? ZGefvrsm;wGif ygarmu
OD;{armif\ ]]jref jrefrm owfykHorkdif; tusOf;csKyf}} ESihf pdEa usmo
f l
OD;Mo\ u0dvuP owfykHtaMumif;rsm;? ygarmuOD;{armif
>cif ; cJ h c sef c J h a om u0d v u P owf y k H E S i f h y wf o uf o nf h
taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd jznfhpGufwifjyonf/ pdEausmfol OD;Mo
6 2 wuodkvfwifc
onf &wemokH;yg;udk OD;xdyfxm;oljzpffaMumif; um&eff wpfck
wpfck\ tprsm;wGif pyfqkdykHukd xkwfEIwfwifjyxm;onf/
]]jref jrefrmpm jrifhcsifvGef;vdkY}} tcef;udk jr0wDwiG q f ufwu kd f
a&;cJo h nfrmS uG,v f eG o
f nft h csed t
f xdyif jzpfonf/ rMumcP
rsm;,G i f ; a&;wwf M uonf h pmvk H ; aygif ; owf y k H r sm;ud k
jyifay;vkdonf/ trSefudk odMuapvkdonf/ vrf;oGm;&if;
awGUjrif&aom aMumfjimpmwef;rsm;rS owfykHtrSm;rsm;udk
awGU&onft jrefrmpm jrifhcsifvGef;vk d Y } } tcef;wGif
h cg ol\ ]]jref
wifjy trSefudk jyifqifnTefjyay;onf/ ,if;okdY jyifqif
nTefMum;jyay;&mwGif rsm;jym;vSpGmaom ysKdU? uAsm? {csif;?
&wkrsm;rS tukd;tum;rsm;ukd xkwfEkwfwifjyonf/ pmzwf
olwt Ykd zdYk owfyHk trSeu f okd mod&onfr[kwaf o;? jrefrmpmay
ESifh ywfoufvnf; A[kokw jzpfMu&ao;onf/ 1963
ckESpf 'DZifbmvxkwf jr0wD r*Zif;wGif cGJxm;rsm;taMumiff;?
cGJxm;rsm;ukd zwf&jcif;? avhvmjcif;jzifh toHa0g[m&
teufudk odEdkifjcif;? um&efpepft& a&;xkH;uGJjym;ykHudk
od E d k i f j cif ; ? a0g[m&trS e f u d k od E d k i f j cif ; ? usuf r S w f & ef
vG,fukljcif;? uGJjym;aom a&;xkH;rsm;udk vG,fulpGmodEdkif
jcif;[laom tusKd;aus;Zl; rsm;udk &EdkifaMumif; A[kokwjzpf
pzG,f a&;om;wifjycJhonf/
pmqkdawmfrsm;twKywd
pmqdkawmfrsm; twKywdonf EdkifiHtusKd;ukd jyKpkaom
pmayjzpf Akv
d rf LS ;baomif;\ vuf&mrGev
f nf; jzpfayonf/
AkdvfrSL;baomif;onf olYtm; jrefrmpmaybufwGif zGHUNzdK;
atmif jyKpkay;aom jrefrmpmqkdawmfBuD;rsm;\ twKywdudk
rjzpfjzpfatmif BudK;yrf;jyKpkrnf[laom oEd|mefudk 1933
ckESpf0dZmwef;atmifjrifNyD;aom tcsdefrSp csrSwfcJhonfh
twdkdif; pmtkyfudk tESpfESpftvv BudK;yrf;jyKpkcJhonf/
jref r mpmqk d a wmf r sm; tw K y w d wGif pmqkdawmfaygif;
160 ausmw f \
Ydk twKyw w
d uYdk kd azmfjyxm;onf/ aemufaESmif;
pmay okawoDwt Ydk zdYk tzd;k xku d w
f efaom pmtkywf pftyk jf zpf
onf/ pmtkyfonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHESifh EkdifiHol
EdkifiHom;rsm;twGufomru pmayavmutwGufyg tusKd;
jyKaom pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpf\/ q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwifu
]] jref r mpmqk d r sm; taMumif ; ES i f h pyf v sOf ; tqk d y g
usrf;avmuf jynfhjynfhpkHpkH azmfjyxm;aomusrf;[l r&Sdacs/
jref r mpmayord k i f ; wG i f rygaompmqk d a wmf t aMumif ; uk d
usrf;wGif zwfI&\}} [k trSmpmwGif azmfjycJhayonf/
ArmhawmfveS af &;ordik ;f
ArmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;}} onf Akv
]]Armh d rf LS ;baomif;\
Edik if t
H usK;d jyK pmaywpfcjk zpfonf/ pmtkyu f dk ol\apwem
ESifh0goem tavsmuf 1957 ckESpfrSp jrm;ajrmifvSaom
tvk y f 0 w & m;rsm; Mum;rS tm;vyf c sd e f & wk d i f ; ]]Armh
awmfvSefa&;orkdif;}} ukd BudK;yrf; jyKpkcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY
jyKpk & mwG i f tES p f E S p f t vvu ol u k d , f w d k i f pk a qmif ;
od r f ; qnf ; vmcJ h a om owif ; pmjzwf y k d i f ; rsm;? pmtk y f
6 4 wuodkvfwifc
pmwrf;omru tjcm;tjcm; &Sm;yg;vSaom pmtkyfpmwrf;
rsm;ukdvnf; pmMunfhwkdufrS iSm;&rf;ul;,l ukd;um;cJhonf/
ol\usrff;udk;pm&if;wGif jrefrmpmtkyfpmwrf; 39 apmif
t*Fvdyfpmtkyfpmwrff; 45apmif pkpkaygif; pmtkyfpmwrf;
84 ck pm&if;jyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
odkYvQif AkdvfrSL;baomif;onf ol\ Armh a wmf v S e f
a&;ord k i f ; pmtk y f w G i f ]]Armh Armh a wmf v S e f a &;ork d i f ; }}
]]ArmhvGwf vyfa&;orkdif;}} ]]Armh wyfrawmforkdif;}} wkdYukd
aocsmpG m tao;pd y f azmf j ycJ h o nf / jref r mwk d Y \
jyif ; xef c d k i f N rJ a om pd w f " mwf ? t&nf t aoG ; jynf h 0
atmify&JG ppfonf awmfwjYkd zifo h mjynfah om jrefrmhwyfrawmf?
olYuRefrcHvdkaom pdwfjzifh tpOftquf wkdif;jynftwGuf
awmfvSefcJhMuykHrsm;udk acwftqufquf ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&;
vI y f & S m ;rI r sm;jzif h wef q mqif v suf xif & S m ;atmif
wifjycJhayonf/
AkdvfrSL;baomif;onf EdkifiHESifhvlrsKd;udk cspfonf/ EdkifiH
uay;tyfaom wm0efrSeforQudk vufkH;&nfjzifh vnf;
aumif;? ESv;Hk &nfjzifv h nf;aumif; OD;vnfrokef xrf;f &Gucf o hJ l
jzpfonf/ ol\ ESvkH;om;twGif;0,f xm0& udef;atmif;cJh
aom qEum; jrefrmpmjrifhcsifvGef;aom qEjzpfonf/
qEtwdik ;f olonf olb Y 0wpfavsmufv;Hk tm;oGecf eG pf u dk f
Bud K ;yrf ; cJ h o nf / ol p k a qmif ; xm;aom ysKd U ? &wk ? {csif ;
armfuGef;orkdif; ponfjzifh jrefrmpm? t*Fvdyf pmtkyfaygif;
1500 ausmf? owfykHESifh tjcm;pmpkH vufa&;rl 42 tkyf?
pmpkHayrl 237? yk&ykduf 15 qlu ol\ BudK;yrf;csufudk
oufaojyKaeayonf/ /
6 6 wuodkvfwifc
6 8 wuodkvfwifc
]] OD;zd;k usm;onf trsKd ;om;a&; wd;k wufraI tmifjrifwnf;

[laom wpfcw k nf; &nf&, G cf suu
f kd OD;wnfum? ke;f uef
vIy&f mS ; pGepYf m;aqmif&u G v
f mcJah yonf/ tcsuo f nf
OD;zd;k usm;\ olwpfyg;ESirh f wlaom xl;jcm;pGm 8kPjfyKtyfonfh
tcsujf zpfavonf/
}}
OD;zdk;usm;\ trsKd;om;tm;rmef
OD;zdk;usm;\ b0ESifhpmay
[oFmwckdif edAmef&Gm v,form;BuD; OD;az? a':a'gif;
wkdYrS 1891 ckESpf? rwfv 23 &ufaeYwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/
ed A m ef & G m q&mawmf OD ; omoe\ avmu"mwf a usmif ; ?
tokw&f mG q&mawmf OD;okE& \ av;xyfausmif;wkYd atmuf
wef ; rsm;uk d pmjyef o if a y;&if ; wynf h q &m tjzpf E S i f h
ausmif;aecJ&h onf/ touf 27 ESpaf &mufrS q,fwef;atmif
NyD; *syfqifaumvdyfwGif wufa&mufoifMum;onf/ oydwf
arSmufausmif;om;rsm; aumifpD0if jzpfonf/ aumvdyf
ausmif ; om;b0uyif jref f r mh t vif ; owif ; pm pmay
7 0 wuodkvfwifc
pwifa&;om;cJhonf/ 1922 ckESpfcefYwGif bDatpmar;yGJ
atmifonf/ xkdYaemuftrsKd;om; ynm0efjzpfcJhonf/
OD;zdk;usm;onf ykodrf&mZ0if? OD;xGef;&SdeftwKywdjrefrmh
*kP&f nf? ayg&mPtbd"mef? pavOD;ykn twKy w Ed iS ahf &onf
jyZmwf? ig;&mhig;q,f aumufEkwfcsufrsm; tv,fwef;
jrefrm&mZ0if tusOf;? oDaygrif;ygawmfrlta&;awmfykH? 37
rif;? tavmif;awmfuy? ajrmufykdif; Ak'bmom r[m,e
*kdPf;? udk,fawGU0wKrsm;ponfh pmtkyfrsm;pGmudk a&;om;cJh
onf/
1937 ckESpfwGif rdrdaexkdif&m(xkdpOfu) umvbwfvrf;
aetdrfwGif jrefrmh*kPf&nfyHkESdyfpufESifh jrefrmh*kPf&nfpm
tkyfwkdufwkdYudk wnfaxmifonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGif
OD;zdk;usm;udk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh umvbwfvrf;udk jrefrmh
*kPf&nfvrf;[k ajymif;vJac:a0:cJhonf/
ynma&;? vlrIa&;? pmayta&;? EkdifiHa&; ponfwkdY
EkdifiHESifh vlrsdK;twGuf rsm;pGmaus;Zl;jyKcJhaom OD;zdk;usm;onf
ppfab;wdrf;a&Smif&if; 1942 ckESpf? {NyDv 11 &ufaeY
xef;wyifNrdKUwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/
wuov f OD;zk;d usm; b0ESifh pmay taMumif;udk
kd 0f if;rGeu
r[m0dZmbGJUtwGuf usrf;jyKpkwifoGif;cJhonf/
q&mwkdufpdk;u]]OD;zdk;usm;}}oD;oefY twKywdpmwpftkyf
xkwfa0cJhonf/
trsdK;om;ynmay;cJhol
q&mrmCu ]]trsKd ;udyk nmay;cJo h }l } [l OD;zk;d usm;
udk *kPfjyKvsuf uAsma&;cJhonf/
raem&,fMunf
oabmvGefwnfwnfESifh
ynm&nfjynfhcsdefusjyefawmh
jrefrmEkdifiHusdK;udkjzifh
o,fydk;&ef rsufESmpmzGifhygvdkY
tepfemcHum usifh&mu
&J&ifhpGm ajymykH a[mykHuvJrao;ygbl;
ZmwdrmefpmawGa&;wJhjyif
trsdK;udk ynmay;cJhw,f/
(q&musm;a&) awG;rdckrsm;/
OD;zkd;usm;\ trsdK;om;tm;rmef
jrefrmEkdifiH pmayjyefYyGm;a&toif;rS xkwfa0aom
OD;zdk;usm;\ trsdK;om;tm;rmefudk odkYzGifhqkd &Sif;jyxm;
cJhayonf/
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wGif trsdK;om;a&;udprsm; udk,fwkdifyg0ifcJholvnf;jzpf
trsdK;om;a&; pmayrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;jyKpkoljzpf&rnf}}
[laomrlt& OD;zdk;usm;udk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,fum OD;zdk;usm;\
aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf pmtkyfukd xkwfa0cJhonf/
55 ESpfajrmuf trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYwGifrl trsKd;om;
ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;\ *kPfjyKtcrf;tem;yGJudk usif;ycJhonf/
7 2 wuodkvfwifc
OD;zdk;usm;onf 1920 jynfhESpfwGif yxrqkH;tBudrf wuodkvf
oydwfarSmufyGJjzpfyGm;pOf u acgif;aqmif 11 OD;pm&if;xJwGif
ukd,fwkdifyg0ifcJholjzpfjcif;? jrefrm trsKd;om;wdkYZmwdrmefukd
vIaYH qmfay;onfh jrefrmh*P k &f nf&mZ0if zwfpmrsm;? ud,k af wGU
0wKrsm;? oDaygrif;ygawmfrlta&;awmfykHponfh obm0
pmayrsm;udk trsm;qkH;a&;om;cJhol jzpfonf/
OD;zdk;usm;onf trsKd;om;a&;wkd;wufatmifjrifrI wnf;
[l a om wpf c k w nf ; aom &nf & G , f c suf u d k OD ; wnf u m
kef;uefvIyf&Sm;pGefYpm; aqmif&GufvmcJhayonf/ tcsuf
onf OD;zdk;usm;\ olwpfyg;ESifh rwlaom xl;jcm;pGm *kPfjyK
tyfonfhtcsuf jzpfavonf/
q,f h i g;ES p f v k H ; vk H ; trsKd ; om;ynma&;tzG J U csKyf w G i f
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q&mBuD;r[maqGu]]trsKd;om;ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;qdkvQif
jrefrmjynfrS rodol&Sm;/ OD;zdk;usm;rSm trsKd;om;ausmif;
ud p a Mumif h ausmf M um;k H o mr[k w f pmta&;tom;
aumif;vnf; ykdrdkxif&Sm;vm\/ jrefrmh*kPf&nfusrf;onf
jrefrmausmif;rsm;ESifh t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomausmif;rsm;
wGif jy|mef;onfhtwGuf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;yif OD;zdk;usm;
\emrnfukd tNro J wd&Murnfjzpf\/ uk, d af wGU0wKrsm;? 550
twdkaumuf? 37 rif; paomusrf;rsm; txl;ojzifh &mZ0if
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jrefrm &mZ0ifa&;rnf&Sdaomtcg OD;zdk;usm;tm; awmifhw
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jrefrmpm jrefrmrIudk urmjyKqdkcJhol
jrefrmpmjrefrmrIudk urmjyKqkdcJholu a'gufwma&TZH
atmif (18871-1932) jzpfayonf/ OD;a&TZHatmifonf
yxrjrefrmrsm;[k wifpm;ac:&rnfh pm&if;wGif xl;jcm;
pGm yg0ifol jzpfayonf/ ax&0g'Ak'bmomukd t*Fvdyf
bmomjzifh jyefqkda&;om;cJhonf/ Ak'bmom jrefrmrIudk
urmjyKqkdcJhol[k armfuGef;jyKxdkufayonf/
b0jzpfpOftusO;f
OD;a&TZHatmifukd c&pfESpf 1871 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 20
&ufaeYwGif &ckdifjynfe,f ppfawG zGm;jrifonf/ tz cdkif
uJ 0 ef OD ; a&T o m;? trd a':tjzLZH w k d Y \ om;orD ; av;
9 4 wuodkvfwifc
a,mufteuf tBu;D qk;H jzpfonf/ 1881 ckEpS rf pS ppfawGNrKd U
tpd k ; &tv,f w ef ; ausmif ; wG i f ynmoif M um;&m 1885
ckEpS w
f iG f tv,fwef;paumvm;&Spq f u
k dk &&So
d nf/ &efuek Nf rKd U
okdY ajymif;a&TUynmoifMum;jyef&m 1887 ckESpfwGif wuokdvf
0ifpmar;yGJukd atmifjrifonf/
xkdYaemuf &efukefaumvdyfausmif;wGif qufvufynm
oif,ljyef&m 1891 ckESpfwGif xkdacwfu jrefrmEdkifiH tjrifh
qkH;jzpfaom 0dZmbJGUxl;udk qGwfcl;&&Sdonf/
xl;cRefxif&Sm; wm0ef,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
1892 ck E S p f w G i f ynma&;Xme ynmtk y f t jzpf
pwif0ifa&muf xrf;&Gufonf/ xkdYaemuf ajrpm&if;XmeokdY
ajymif;a&TUum twefMum trIxrf;cJh&m 1902 ckESpfwGif
NrKd Utkyw
f ef;ac: jrefrmEdik if H vufatmuf0efxrf;tzGUJ 0iftjzpf
ajymif;a&TUcefYxm;jcif; cH&onf/ 1907 ckESpfwGif 0efaxmuf
wef;ac: jrefrmEdkifiH0efxrf;tzGJUukd wdk;jrihfcefYxm;jcif;
cH&onf/
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tjzpf xrf;&GufaepOf? xkdpOfajz&Sif;&ef tvGefcufcJaom
jyemwpf&yfjzpfonfh usL;ausmfaexkdifolrsm;udk ae&mcs
xm; ajrcGefawmfpnf;Muyfa&;twGuf txl;wm0efus
a&muf xrf;aqmif&onf/ jyemBuD;ESihf pyfvsOf;
OD;a&TZHatmif tMuHay;csufrsm;udk tpkd;&u txl;ESpfouf
vufcHcJhonf/ ol\pmtkyfjymac: tpD&ifcHpmukd oufqkdif&m
tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm; txl;trSDo[JjyK zwfIcJhMuonf[k
qdkonf/
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ajrodrf; t&m&Sdtjzpf a&G;cs,fcefYtyfjcif;cH&NyD;aemuf 1913
ckESpfwGif pnfum;pjyKvmNzpfaom oefvsifNrdKUwGif ajrykdifqkdif
cGiq
hf idk &f m txl;pkpH rf;a&;tzGUJ 0ifvBl u;D tjzpf ceft Y yfxm;jcif;
cH&onf/ 1914 ckESpf ajrbufXmewGif ol\xl;cRefpGm
aqmif & G u f r I t wG u f NAd w d o Qtpk d ; & u at-wD t rf a c:
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atmifonf 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf ppfacs;aiGtajrmuftjrm;
&SmazGpkaqmif;ay;cJhonf/
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OD;a&TZHatmifonf [Hom0wDckdifwGif ESpfBudrfwkdifwkdif
ck d i f 0 ef t jzpf xrf ; &G u f & NyD ; aemuf 1920 jynf h E S p f w G i f
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tyfjcif;cH&onf/ xkdYaemuf oxkHckdif0eftjzpf ajymif;a&TU
xrf;&Guf&mwGif txl;yif vlcspfvlcifaygrsm;aom tpkd;&
t&m&SdjzpfcJhonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif au-tpf(tufpf)ac:
usufoa&aqmif a&TpvG,f&rif;bGJUwHqdyfudk NAdwdoQtpkd;&
u tyfESif;csD;jrifhonf/ xkdYaemuf tdEd,EkdifiHwGif jrLeDpDy,f
tcGefawmfrsm; aumufcHa&;qkdif&m pkHprf;rIaumfrwD0iftjzpf
cef Y t yf j cif ; cH & jyef & m ,if ; aumf r wD O u X ud k , f w k d i f u
9 6 wuodkvfwifc
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t&nf t csif ; ud k csD ; usL;cJ h & onf / rMumrD jref r mtrsKd ;
om;rsm;tm; rnf o nf h t cgurQ cef Y t yf j cif ; rjyKcJ h o nf h
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yxrqkH;cefYtyfjcif; cH&jyefonf/ ,if;&mxl;trsKd;rsKd;wGif
tpdk;&trIawmfukd xl;cRefausyGefpGm ESpfaygif; 30 ausmfxrf;
aqmif c J h N yD ; aemuf 1926 ck E S p f w G i f usef ; rma&;twG u f
tNidrf;pm;yifpif,lavonf/
ax&0g'omoemrIudk u<mjyKqkdcJhol
OD;a&TZaH tmifonf 0efxrf;f aumif;wpfO;D tjzpf tpd;k &
trIawmfukd xrf;&GufcJhonfhMum;rSyif omoemawmfudk
tvGe, f MHk unfouf0ifol jzpfayonf/ ynmA[kow k udk vkv d m;
olwpfOD; jzpfayonf/ vkHYv0D&d,xl;cRefol jzpfayonf/
1895 ckESpfrSp q&mawmf OD;*ErmxH tbd"rmw&m;
awmfukd enf;emcH,l avhvmoifMum;cJhonf/ xkdrQomru
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xHwGifvnf; rjywfqnf;uyf
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avh v mwwf u Rrf ; cJ h o nf / ,if ; tjyif t*F v d y f b mom?
vuf w if b momponf h w k d Y j zif h & d S a om zD a vmf a qmf z D a c:
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cJhaom yk*KdvfBuD;vnf; jzpfayonf/
c&pf E S p f 1900 jynf h E S p f a vmuf u Ed k i f i H j cm;ok d Y w k d i f
Ak'omoemawmfBuD; aygufa&mufxGef;um;ap&ef &nfoef
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh okH;vwpfBudrfxkwfa0aom Ak'0g'
trnf&Sd r*Zif;wGif tbd"rmw&m;awmftaMumif;rsm; yg0if
a&;om;cJhayonf/ ,if;r*Zif;onf tar&duef? t*Fvef?
jyifopf? *smreD? tDwvD? wkwf? *syef? tdEd,? ,dk;',m;
paom EkdifiHrsm;odkY jzefYcsd&av&m ,cifu 0denf;ESifh okwef
usrf;rsm;omavhvmzl;Muaom EdkifiHom;rsm;tzdkY tbd"rm
usrf;taMumif; od&SdvmMuonf/
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tmeEmarw,sq&mawmfudk taMumif;jyK vef'efNrdKU?
ygVdtoif;BuD;\ OuXjzpfol rppf&pfa';ApfESifh &if;ESD;
tbd"rwo*F[oN*K[fusrf;udk t*FvdyfbmomokdY jyefqkdNyD;
rppf&pfa';ApfxH ay;ydkYcJonf/
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tvS e f v S e f ppf a q;NyD ; jyif q if N yD ; rS Ak ' 0 g'r* Z if ; wG i f
OD;a&TZaH tmifa&;om;aom aqmif;yg;udk ed'gef;tjzpfxnfu h m
1910 jynfhESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ xkdpmtkyf xGufvm
onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf wpfurmvkH;rSynm&Sdrsm;\ csD;usL;
vufcjH cif;udk cH&onf/ v,fwq D &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D ESihf rpp&f pf
a';Apf w k d Y \ Ak ' t bd " r m ES i f h p yf v sOf ; aom tar;tajz
rsm;udkvnf; OD;a&TZHatmifyif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jyefqkdum
tjyeftvSef qufoG,f tusKd;aqmifay;cJh&onf/
OD ; a&T Z H a tmif o nf Ak ' 0 g'ES i f h p yf v sOf ; ck e pf u srf ;
jyKpkcJhonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;aom-
9 8 wuodkvfwifc
(1) Z&mvuP'DyeDusrf;
(2) wud,e'DyeDusrf;
(3) um,*Form&'DyeDusrf;
(4) ly'DyeDusrf; (t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;
aom)
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jrefrmpmjrefrmrIudk u<mjyKqdkcJhol
OD;a&TZHatmifonf jrefrmhomoem jrefrmhpmjrefrmhrIudk
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taemufEkdifiHokdYa&mufatmif ykdYay;onfrQrubJ taemuf
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onf/ if;usrf;rSm t*Fvdyfynm&SdBuD; ygarmu*sDAef;pD&if
a&;om;aom ]]avm*spf}}usrf;udkrSD; jrefrmbmomjyefjzihf
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d J oabm
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wkrYd mS jrefrmoufoufjzpfayonf/ t*Fvyd b f mom? vufwif
bmom? *&dbmomwdkYrSvmaom a0g[m&rsm;udk xkdbmom
wkdYjzifh okH;EIef;jcif;r&SdbJ jrefrmbmom? ygVdbmom? ou#
bmomwkdY&Sdaom a0g[m&rsm;ESifh,SOf ta&SUwkdif;om;
pum;yDyo D oESihf a&;om;avonf/ uk;d um;aom usr;f rsm;rSm
vnf; taemufEdkifiHjzpf usrf;rsm;omr[kwfbJ ygVdbmom?
ou#bmomwufusr;f trsK;d rsK;d wku Yd v
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OD;a&TZHatmifonf tbd"rmusrf;wdkYomvQif uRrf;usif
onf r[kwfbJ ysKdU? uAsm? vuFm? bmoma0g[m&wkdYvnf;
u0dwpfql[lavmufatmif uRrf;usifaMumif;udk 1911
ckavmufup 1920 jynfhESpfavmuftxd jrefrmEdkifiH
okawoetoif;*sme,f a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;trsKd;rsKd;
wkdYudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh odomEdkifayonf/
tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemufqkH; jyKpkcJhaom vlrsKd;wpf&mhwpfyg;
usrf;BudD;rSm NydD;ajrmufcJhaomfvnf; ykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif; rjyKEdkifcJh
ay/ vuf0JokE&\ rJZmawmifajc&wkudkyif t*Fvdyfbmom
jzifh jyefqkda&;om; wifjyEdkifcJhayonf/
t*Fvdyf? jrefrmESpfbmompvkH;wGif xufjrufonfh urm
odynm&Sd pmjyKyk*KdvfBuD; OD;a&TZHatmiftm; 1932 ckESpfwGif
&efukefwuokdvfrS 'D-vpf ac: pmayyg&*lbGJUudk ay;tyf
csD;jrifhcJhonf/
OD;a&TZHatmifrSm pmayyg&*lbGJUESif;obifusif;y&ef (10)
&ufcefY tvkd 1932 ckESpf? arv (11) &uf? touf(61)
ESpft&G,fwGif uG,fvGef tedpa&mufoGm;&SmcJhayonf/
OD;a&TZHatmifonf jrefrmpm jrefrmpum;Zmpfjrpfu dk
100 wuodkvfwifc
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jrefrmpmayuRr;f usio f nf/ ygVdusr;f *ef ESpYH yfwwfuRr;f onf/
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ynm&yfrsm;aygif;pyfum jrefrmpum;&if;jrpft"dyg,fukd
zGifhqkd&Sif;vif; azmfjya&;om;cJhzl;onf/ jrefrmygVd t*Fvdyf
aygif;pyf ndEIdif;um t"dyg,f&SmMuHjycJhzl;onf/ OD;a&TZHatmif
\ ynm&nfjzifh pGrf;aqmifrIudk todtrSwf*kPfjyKxkdufay
onf/ xkdacwf xkdcsdeftcgu jrefrmpmudk tpkd;&ausmif;wGif
ta&;w,l *kwpkdufoifay;jcif; r&SdcJhacs/ pmoifausmif;
rsm;wGif jrefrmpmukd oifjy&m jrefrmAsnf;tu&m 33 vkH;ukd
tukeftpif oifMum;ay;jcif;rjyKbJ 6 vkH;EIwfy,fxm;&Sd&ef
Bud K ;yrf ; cJ h o nf / ok d Y & mwG i f 1919 ck E S p f yk o d r f N rd K UwG i f
usif;yaom owrtBudrfajrmuf Ak'bmomjrefrmtoif;
BuD;uvnf;aumif;? 1920 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU *sLAvD
a[musif;yaom wkdif;&if;jrefrmausmif;q&mrsm; tpnf;
ta0;BuD;uvnf;aumif; wpfjynfvkH; tkef;tkef;uRufuRuf
uefu Y uG Mf uaomaMumifh vufajrm uf tI;H ay;oGm;&ayonf/
avmueDwdusrf;ukd trTef;wifcJhol
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OD;azarmifwif (1888-1973) onf tif;pdeaf ygufawm&yf
Zmwd jzpfonf/ 1888? {NyDv 24 &uf t*FgzGm;jzpfonf/
tb tif ; pd e f w d & p m ef a q;uk X me k H ; pma&;BuD ; OD ; az?
trda':NrdKifjzpfNyD; i,femrnfrSm armifbwif? aemifwGif
armif w if j zpf o nf / t*F v d y f - jref r mtbd " mef jyKpk o l
OD;xGef;Nidrf;\wljzpfNyD; tif;pdefjrefrmausmif;wGif pwifynm
oifMum;NyD; &efukeftpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; qufvuf
ynmoifcJhonf/ 1905 ckESpfwGif wuodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ
atmifonf/ &efuek af umvdyf qufvufynmoif&m 1909
106 wuodkvfwifc
ckESpfwGif 0dZmbGJU? 1911 ckwGif umvuwm; wuodkvfrS
ygVdbmom r[m0dZmbJGU &cJhonf/ 1920 jynfhESpfwGif
t*FvefEdkifiH atmufpzdkYwuodkvf qufvufynmoifcJh&m
1924 ckESpfwGif pmay0dZmbGJU (bDvpf) &\/ 1952 ckwGif
&efukefwuodkvfu t,fvf t,f'D bGJUcsdD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/
1911rS 1912 txd &efukeftxufwef;ausmif;wGif
txufwef;jyq&m? 1912 rS 1920 txd &efukefaumvdyf
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ausmif;tkyfBuD;? 1943rS 1945 txd &efukefwuodkvf
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUOuXtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/
&ef u k e f a umvd y f y gVd y garmu t jzpf aqmif & G u f p Of
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vS,fwm0efrsm;udkvnf; ,lcJhonf/
1945 wGif &efukefwuodkvf ausmif;tkyfBuD;b0rS
tNidrf;pm;,lonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufwGif
&efukefwuodkvf *kPfxl;aqmifygarmutjzpf wm0efay;
onf/ 1957 rS 1959 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
&SDum*kdwuokdvf c&pf,mefbmomusrf;pm Ak'bmom
w&m;udk oifjyykdYcsonfh wm0efukd,lcJhonf/ 1960 jynfhESpf
jrefrmEdkifiHorkdif; aumfr&SifOuXwm0efukd ,lcJhonf/ 1964
wGif tNidrf;pm;,lonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHbmomjyefpmaytoif; okcrdeftzGJUOuXESifh
&efukefwuodkvf bmomjyefESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;Xme
tBuHay;tzGJUOuX wm0efukdvnf;,lcJhonf/
1973 ck rwfv 22 &ufwGif uG,fvGefcJhayonf/
OD;azarmifwif\ twKywdukd v,fwDy@dwq&m OD;vSwif
u 1934 ckEpS w f iG f OD;azarmifwif\ twKyw pd mwrf;trnf
jzifh xkwfa0cJhonf/
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twKyw u
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jzifh jyKpkxkwfa0cJhayonf/
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OD;azarmifwifonf ygVd-jrefrmynm&SifwpfOD; jzpfay
onf/ q&mBuD; ygVdygarmu rjzpfrDuwnf;u ygVdbmom
pmayonf &efukef aumvdyfwGif tawmfyif &Sifoefvmay
onf/ jrefrmbmompmayum; 1925 ckESpftxd rnfrnf&&
r&Sdao;ay? 1924 ck OD;azarmifwif t*FvefrS jyefa&muf
vmrS pd w f a &muk d , f y g Bud K ;yrf ; rI a Mumif h wu o k d v f w G i f
jrefrmpmay qxufxrf;ydk; wkd;wufvmcJhayonf/ 'kwd,
urmppf BuD; NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD;onfhaemuf taemufEdkifiHrsm;
wGiyf if ta&;w,l tav;rlvmcJ&h m t*FvefEiS hf jyifopfjynf
wuokdvfaumvdyfausmif;rsm;yif 'D*&Day;onfhtqifh
twef;jrifhatmif jzpfvmayonf/ tar&duef? jyifopf?
vef'ef wuodkvfrsm; jrefrmpmygarmursm; ay:xGufcJhay
108 wuodkvfwifc
onf/ OD;azarmifwif\ jrefrmpm? jrefrmpmayorkdif;wGif
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rwf v wG i f bG J Y & cJ h o nf / 1912 ck E S p f 24 ES p f t &G , f
&ef u k e f a umvd y f w G i f ygVd y garmu & mxl ; &onf / 1920
jynfhESpf ynmawmfoif tjzpf atmufpzdkY'fwuodkvf okdY
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(Exeter)p aumvdyfwGif 0ifcGifh&onf/ 0dok'dr*foDv ykdif;
( The Path Of Purity) ukdpmwrf;a&;wif bDvpfbGJY
&&SdcJhonf/
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ygarmu&mxl;jzifh tvkyfwef; 0ifvkduf onf/ rMumrDyif
q&mumpiftm; ygVdXmeudktyfNyD; jrefrmpmygarmutjzpf
wm0ef,lcJhonf/ ,leDAmpDwDudk 1920 jynfhESpfu zGifhvSpf
EkdifcJhonf/ tjcm;bmom&yfrsm; bDatbGJUoifwef;tqifh
a&mufatmif pDrHcefYcGJaomfvnf; jrefrmbmom&yf ajymr,kH
avmufatmif tqifhedrfhaeaMumif;ukd od&Sd&aomaMumifh
uJhokdY jrefrmpmygarmuwm0ef ,l&aMumif; od&onf/
ynmjynhfpkHaom jrefrmq&mrsm; &Sd&rnfjzpf jrefrmpm
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OD;zdk;jzL? q&mvif;wkdYu wnf;jzwfoltjzpfESifh *E0ifajrmuf
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ausmufpmwGif uRrf;usifolq&mBuD; *sdD? tdyf(csf)? vkY(pf)G.H.
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ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhao;onf/
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110 wuodkvfwifc
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ayonf/
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jrefrmpmayordkif;? jrefrmpm0guszGJUxkH;usrf; (1951?)
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120 wuodkvfwifc
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122 wuodkvfwifc
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124 wuodkvfwifc
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132 wuodkvfwifc
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jzpfonf[k xifjrifoabm &&Sdojzifh ]]jrefrmpmed'gef;}} ukd
pD&ifa&;om;jzpf\ [l OD;xGef;az\ jrefrmpmay &nf&G,f
csuf oabmw&m;udk a&;om;jyqkdxm;ayonf/
jrefrmpmonf jrefrmwdkY\ taoG;tom;wrQ jzpfay
]]jref
wum;/ aoG;om;wrQwnf;[laom jrefrmpmqkwf,kwf
vQif trsKd;tEG,f qkwf,kwfjcif;yif jzpfaywum;[k
150 wuodkvfwifc
apwem&if;&Sdojzifhvnf; usrff;ukd a&;om;&\}}
[l ]]jrefrmpmed'gef;}} wGif azmfjyxm;&m OD;xGef;az\
jrefrmpmay zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapvkdaom apwemum; BuD;rm;
us,fjyefY eufIdif;vSbdonf/
OD;xGef;azonf jrefrmpmayzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;twGuf
jrefrmowfykHusrf;? jrefrmpmaya&;xkH;usrf;? jrefrmtbd"mef
rsm; &So d ifah Mumif; pmayaqmif;yg;rsm;pGm a&;om;vIyaf qmfco hJ l
jzpfayonf/
jref r mpmay zG H Y N zd K ;wd k ; wuf a pa&; vI H Y a qmf t m;ay;
a&;om;aom pmayaqmif;yg;rsm; pkpnf;NyD; 1958 ckESpfwGif
tb,fhaMumifh jrefrmpm rwdk;wufoenf;}} pmtkyfudkyif
]]tb,f
xkwfa0cJhonf/ ]]jref jref r mpm aumf r &S i f } }}wGif tzGJY0ifwpfOD;
tjzpf yg0ifxrf;aqmifum jrefrmpmay zGHUNzdK;wdkd;wufa&;
twGuf wpffzufwpfvrf;rS pGrf;aqmifcJhol jzpfayonf/
1930 jynfhywf0ef;usif jrefrmpmay a&tvsOfajymif;cJhp
jyKonfh umv acwfprf;pmay a0zefa&;wGif OD;xGef;azonf
armif } trnfcHvsuf a0zefa&;aqmif;yg; a&;om;wifjy
]armif
cJo
h nf/ ]armif} trnfcH OD;xGe;f azonf 1934 ckEpS f arv 3
&ufaeYxkwf ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]]acwf acwf p rf ; yk H j yif f r sm;}}
acgif;pOfjzifh tm;ay;axmufcH a0zefa&;om;cJhonf/
OD;xGef;azonf jrefrmpmayorkdif;wGif ]]jrefrmpmed'gef;}}
jzifh jznfh pGrf;yg0ifonfhenf;wl ]]acwfprf;pmay}}avmuudkyg
wpfNydKifeufwnf; tm;ay;ulnDcJhay&m jrefrmpmayorkdif;
wGif armfuGef;0if armfuGef;wifxdkufayonf/
jrefrmhowif;pmwkdufwGif armfuGef;0if armfuGef;wifxdkufol

OD;xGef;azonf 1921 ckESpfwGif ol&d,ukrPDvdrdwufrS
OD;pD; xkwfa0aeaom ]]bm;rm;atmh bm;rm;atmh qm;Am;}} t*Fvdyf
owif;pmrS owif;axmuftjzpf pwifvkyfukdifcJhjcif;jzifh
owif;pmavmuodkY 0ifa&mufcJhonf/ jrefrmbmomxkwf
ol&d,owif;pmwGif owif;axmufb0rS ]n} t,f'Dwm
txd pmawGUvufawGU owif;pmorm;wpfOD; taejzifh
vkyu f idk cf yhJ gonf/ OD;xGe;f az]n}t,f'w D mb0wGif xkad cwfu
owif;pmavmu tqifhtwef;t& wpfvvQif vc 140
usyf w nf ; [l a om vctrsm;qk H ; &aom nt,f ' D w m
jzpfcJhygonf/
1936 rS 1940 jynfhESpftxd OD;xGef;azonf ]ol&d,}
]jrefrmhtvif;}ponfh owif;pmrsm;wGif txl;owif;axmuf
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? aqmif;yg;&Sit f jzpf vnf;aumif; vkyu
f idk f
cJhonf/
1934-40 jynfhESpfwkdYwGif OD;xGef;azonf rdrduRrf;usif
aom t*Fvyd f vufa&;wdyk nmjzifh tkycf sKyaf &; Oya'opft&
a&G;aumuf wifajrmufzGJUpnf;cJhxm;aom Oya'jyK atmuf
vTwaf wmfwiG f t*Fvyd f bmom vTwaf wmfvufa&;wkd owif;
axmuftjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifcJhygonf/
1942 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 30 &ufrSp 1946 ckESpftxd
Armh acwf } owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf vkyfukdifcJhNyD;
]Armh
152 wuodkvfwifc
1946 ck E S p f r S 1948 ck E S p f t xd [H [ m0wD o wif ; pm
t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfvnf; vkyfukdifcJhygonf/
OD;xGe;f azonf trsK;d om;vIy&f mS ;rIBu;D wGif tcef;wpfcef;
tjzpf yg0ifcJhaom 1920 jynfhESpf yxraumvdyfoydwfBuD;
us&mwm0efukd 0ifa&muftrIxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ oydwf
arSmufausmif;om;wkdY\ 26 OD;aumifpD0iftjzpf wm0efay;
tyfjcif; cHcJh&ygonf/
owif;pmavmuokYd 0ifa&mufvmcJah om OD;xGe;f azonf
*sDpDbDatac: jrefrmtoif;csKyfBuD;\ uGefz&ifhtm;vkH;vkdvkd
udkf,f wkdifwufa&mufowif;,lNyD; owif;pmxJwGif zwfcsif
pzG,fjzpfatmif a&;om;azmfjycJhygonf/
1931 ckESpf om,m0wDawmifolv,form; ta&;
awmfykHacgif;aqmif q&mpH\trIwGif tptqkH; ukd,fwkdif
owif;,lcJhNyD; q&mpHtm; e,fcsJUw&m;kH;rS ] w&m;Oya't&
owfjzwf&ef} trdefYay; cH&NyD;aemuf q&mpHa&;om;aom
aq;usrf;pmrlcukd EkdifiHtwGuf tusKd;&Sd&m&SdaMumif; xkwf,l
okH;pGJcGifhjyKcsufukd q&mpHudk,fwkdif vufrSwfa&;xkd; ay;tyf
jcif; cH&onf/
OD;xGe;f azud,k wf idk f wm0efct
H ,f'wD mtjzpf xkwcf ahJ om
]]jrefrmh aeYpOf}} owif;pmBu;D wGif wkAYd rmtpnf;tk;H vIy&f mS ;rI
owif;rsm;udk trsm;qk;H ae&may;cJh rHk Qru ocifacgif;aqmif
wkYd\ aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; tawmfrsm;rsm; azmfjycJhygonf/
1937 ckESpfwGif wkd;wufaom? acwfrDaom t,ltq
rsm; jyefYyGm;atmif tm;xkwfvmcJhaom ]]e*g;eD}} pmtkyf
toif;ESifhvnf; OD;xGef;azonf aygif;zufrdvmcJhonfudk
awGUcJh&ygonf/
b0jzpfpOftusO;f
OD ; xG e f ; az(1900-1974)onf rvI d i f N rd K Ue,f o&uf
aumif;yif&Gm Zmwdjzpfonf/ 1900 jynfh Mo*kwfv 5 &ufaeY
wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/
rdwDvmatbDtrfausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;cJhNyD;
rEav; omoemhEk*[ Ak'bmomausmif; qufvufynm
oifMum;&m 1918 wGif q,fwef;atmifonf/ xkdYaemuf
&efukefaumvdyf qufvufynmoifonf/ 1921 jynhfESpf
wuodkvfoydwf yg0ifolwpfOD; jzpfonf/
atmhqm;Am; t*Fvdyfowif;pmwGif 0ifa&muf trIxrf;
NyD; ol&d,owif;pm\ n t,f'Dwmtjzpf trIxrf;onf/
'kw, d urmppf aemufyikd ;f wGif [Hom0wDowif;pmt,f'w D m
jzpf v monf / 1947 ck E S p f w G i f [oF m taemuf y d k i f ; rS
Oya'jyKvTwfawmfokdY a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif; cH&onf/
1948 ck E S p f w G i f jyef M um;a&;0ef B uD ; ? 1952 ck E S p f w G i f
,Ofaus;rIXme0efBuD;tjzpf 1953 ckESpftxd wm0ef,lcJh
onf/ xkdYaemuf xG e f ; aeY p Of o wif ; pm pmukd wnfaxmif
t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pmq&mtoif;OuXESifh jrefrmEkdifiH
pme,fZif;OuXtjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/
154 wuodkvfwifc
jref r mpm ed ' gef ; (1933)}} ES i f h ]]tb,f h a Mumif h
]]jref
jrefrmpm rwdk;wufoenf;}} (1951)pmtkyfrsm; jyKpkcJhonf/
1974 ckEpS f ? Ed0k ifbmv 18 &ufaeYwiG f uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/
jref r mpmed ' gef ; [laom ol\pmayorkdif; wpfckay:
]]jref
xGufvmaomtcg olYukd pmayorm;taejzifh av;pm;cJh
ygonf/}}
]]owif;pmorkid ;f OD;xGe;f azvnf; rSww f idk f wpfcyk ifjzpf
onf}}
armif x iif
pma&;q&m? owif ; pmq&marmif x if u txuf y g
twkdif; jrefrmh aeYpOfOD;xGef;az[k *kPfjyKa&;om;cJhygonf/
OD;xGef;azonf owif;pmq&moufwrf;tm;jzifh ESpfaygif;
ig;q,fcefY &SdcJhonf/ owif;pmq&mb0rS 0efBuD;txd
a&mufcJhzl;onf/
OD;xGef;azonf 1920 jynfhESpfrS uG,fvGefonftxd
jrefrmpm wnfwHha&;? zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;ukd a&S;IBudK;yrf;
pGrf;aqmifay;cJhonf/
]]ol&d,}} owif;pmwkdufwGif pwifwm0ef,lcJhpOfu
pmjyifq&m ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f trnfcH q&mvGe;f tp&Sad om
jrefrmynm&Sifrsm;ESifh uRrf;0if&if;ESD;cJh&NyD; jrefrmpmta&;
tom;ukd avhvmcGifh&cJhonf/
jref r mynm&S i f B uD ; rsm;ES i f h avh v mqnf ; yl ; cG i f h & NyD ;
jrefrmpm zGHUNzdK; wdk;wufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;csufwpf&yftjzpf
1934 ckESpfwGif ]]jref jrefrm pmaytwKywd}} ac: ]]jref jrefrmpm
ed'gef;}} ukd jyKpkxkwfa0cJhonf/ q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwif\
jrefrmpmayorkdif;\ ed'gef;[k qkd&ayrnf/
OD;xGe;f azonf tcGit hf cgBuKw
H idk ;f jrefrmpm zGUH NzKd ; wd;k wuf
a&; vIUH aqmfay;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;pGm a&;om;cJo h nf/ a[majymyG?J
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;tjyif jrefrmhtoHrSyif vIHUaqmfa[majym
toHvTifhcJhonf/ xkdokYd toHvTifha[majymcsufrsm;teuf
1970 jynfhESpf Edk0ifbmv 23 &ufaeYu jrefrmhtoHrS
OD;xGef;az\ trsKd;om;aeY a&T&wkobif toHvTifhcsufonf
odkY orkdif;wGifcJhonf/
]]rsK;d csppf wd "f mwfjzifh xGe;f um;vmcJw h hJ trsK;d om;ausmif;
rsm;rS rsKd;cspfyk*dKvfrsm;udk arG;xkwfay;cJhygw,f/ tJ'D
oydwaf rSmuf awmfveS rf [ I m &efuek w f uovdk f jrefrmpm
0dZm *kPx f ;l wef;bGUJ ,lEikd o
f nftxdd oifMum;ykcYd say;cJw h hJ
jrefrmpmXmeBuD;wpfckudkvnf; jzpfay:apchJygw,f/
jref r mbmomuk d k H ; ok H ; bmompum;tjzpf o k d Y v nf ;
a&mufvmapcJhygw,f/ jrefrm&mZ0iforkdif;udk rSefuef
aom I a xmif h r S Munf h I a vh v mapum Zmwd a oG ;
Zmwdrmefukd wuf<uapygw,f}}
OD ; xG e f ; azonf aqmif ; yg;rsm; a&;om;&mwG i f
owif;axmufwpfOD;}}}}trnfukd tjrwfwEd;k wefz;kd xm; cH,l
]]owif
vsuf a&;om;cJo h nf/ acwfopfpmay tjriftawG; a0zef
a&;om;&mwGifrl ]]armif}}uavmiftrnfukd cH,lcJhonf/
owif;pmq&mwpfOD; yDopGm owif;a&;jcif;? aqmif;yg;
156 wuodkvfwifc
a&;jcif;? acgif;BuD;ykdif;a&;onftxd wm0ef,la&;om;EdkifpGrf;
&Sdonf/
jrefrmpmay wkd;wufa&;twGuf vIHYaqmfay;cJhonfh
jrefrmpmayorkdif;wGif pmayorm;tjzpf av;pm;xkdufol?
jrefrmowif;pmorkdif;wGifvnf; xl;uJpGm pGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhol
OD;xGef;aztm; jrefrmpmayordkif;? jrefrmowif;pmorkdif;
wGif armfuGef;0if armfuGef;wifxkdufol jrefrmpmayaus;Zl;&Sif
BuD;tjzpf *kPf,lazmfjytyfayonf/ /
]]
A[kow
a&TjynfO;D bwifonf jrefrmpm ? jrefrmrI ? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI
k <u,f0vGe;f ol jzpfonf/ pmawGUvufawGU rsuaf wGU
uRr;f usio f nf? jrefrmpmay? jrefrmrIordik ;f ESihf jrefrmh8w D
avmuwGif rarhEik d ?f armfreG ;f wifxu
kd o
f t
l jzpf *kPjyfY Krw
S w
f rf;
wif tyfayonf/
}}
jrefrmhpmqkd a&TjynfOD;bwif
(1256-1328)
a&TjynfOD;bwifonf jrefrmpmqkdwpfOD; yDovSonf/

jrefrmpmukd qkdajyma[mjyEdkifolwpfOD; jzpfonf/ OD;armif
armifwif(r[m0dZm)\ trSwfw&yk*Kdvfrsm;wGif a&Tjynf
OD;wif taMumif;ukd trSwfxifxif a&;om;cJhonf/
trSwfw&pmqkd
a&TjynfO;D bwifonf 1328 ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvqef; 1 &uf
pmqkad wmfaeYwiG f rEav;'g;wef;&yf aetdrfwGif kwfw&uf
uG,fvGefcJh&Smonf/ jrefrmpmqkd jrefrmrIukd a&;jykHru
qkdjyEkdifol[k xif&Sm;cJhonf/ &mr&uefukd toiftjy jynfh0
ykdifEdkifrQru &uefqkdykHqkd[efukd vufawGUusus qkdjyEdkifol
q&mwpfOD;jzpfonf/
160 wuodkvfwifc
a0E&mZmwfawmfBuD;ukd *gxmwpfaxmifjzifh &Gwfqkd
a[majymEkdifol jzpfonf/ ]] a&Tjynfwdkuf a&Tjynfudk,f
awmfav; }} [l ausmfMum;xif&Sm;onf/ odOnf;rif;BuD;ESifh
zkwdrdzk&m;wdkYtaMumif;ukd wnfwnfwHhwhH cHhcHhnm;nm;
a[mMum;jycJhonf/
a0E&mESifh r'Da'0DwkdY ajymqkdykHqkd[efukdrl eef;qefpGm
ajymjyavh&Sdonf/ om;awmfZmvDESifh orD;awmf uPSmpdefwdkY
a[muGufrSmum; oem;p&m ukPm&o tjynfht0 a[mjy
cJh&m pG,fpkH&pmqkd wpfOD;tjzpf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ausmfMum;cJh
onf/
trSwfw&pmqkdonf pmqkdawmfaeYrSmyif trSwfw&
uG,fvGefcJhonfudk jyefvnftrSwfw& a&;jyae&jcif; jzpfyg
onf/
wuokdvfq&mwpfOD;
a&T j ynf O D ; bwif o nf wu o d k v f q &mwpf O D ; vnf ;
jzpfonf/ rEav; wuov kd o
f ;D jcm; wnfaxmifvmaomtcg
1958 ckESpfrSyif pwifum okawoe a[majymykdYcsay;cJh&m
trSwfw&toHoGif;,lcJh&m BudK;acG aygif; 27 acGcefY&SdcJhonf/
jrefrmuAsm &wk &uef tJtef oDqkdrIrsm; ukdyg trSwfw&
toHoGif;,lxm;cJhonf/
rE a v;wu o k d v f jyif O D ; vG i f p pf w u o k d v f r sm;wG i f
pmayynm a[majymykdYcsay;cJhonf/ a&TjynfOD;bwifonf
wuodkvfwGif ynmroifcJh&aomfvnf; wuokdvfrsm;wGif
atmifjrifaom q&mwpfql jzpfcJhygonf/ rEav;NrdKU q&m
twwfoifodyHwGif jrefrmpm? jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oifjycJhol
jzpfonf/
ynm&SifokawoD
rEav;NrdKUESifh ywfoufaom &weme'DarmfuGef;ukd
wuokdvf q&mrsm;u enf;cHavhvm&ef vmMu&m a&Tjynf
OD;bwifu rEav; awmifajcrSp jrpfawmfwl;azmuf&m
jyaom jrpfawmfyHk yk&yku d Bf u;D ESiw
hf uG a[majymykcYd s vufawGU
jyoay;cJhonf/
q&mBu;D onf pmawGUvufawGUrsuaf wGU ykcYd savh&ydS gonf/
OD;wdk;\ &mr&uefrS oZifyef;bGJUukd &Gwfqkd&Sif;jy&mwGif
uRrf;usifEdkifeif; ESHUpyfvSygonf/
rEav;? rw&m? pOfhul;e,f pusifawmifay:wufa&muf
avhvm&mwGif a&TjynfOD;bwifonf wynfhrsm;ESifhtwl
yg0ifcJhonf/ ausmufqnf "mwfawmfawmif wuf&mwGif
udk,fwdkfif yg0ifcJhonf/ rEav;ywf0efusifwcGif avhvma&;
c&D ; xG u f M u&mwG i f q&mBuD ; tNrJ yg0if v k d u f y gavh & S d N yD ;
pmayrpyf orkdif;rwif&ao;aom rSwfwrf; rSwf&mrsm;udk
a&TjynfOD;bwifxHrS &,lrSwfom;EdkifcJhMuygonf/ a&Tjynf
OD;bwifonf ynm&Sio f ak woDwpfO;D tjzpf txl;*kPjf yKrw S f
wrf;wif xkdufayonf/
]]trdjrefrmjynf}} taMumif;ukd n 7 em&DrS 12 em&Dru
162 wuodkvfwifc
a[mjyavh&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/
usrf;jyKq&m &mZ0ifq&m
a&TjynfOD;bwifonf &mZ0ifpmwifcJhol jzpfonf/
rSefeef;&mZ0ifawmfuav;
ppf u k d i f ; awmif o rd k i f ; wk d Y u d k jyKpk a &;om;xm;cJ h o nf /
a&S;pmpkrsm; pkpnf;NyD; pmayavmupmtkyfukd xkwfa0cJhonf/
a&TjynfOD;bwifonf jrefrmpmay&SmazGavhvm rSwfom;
xm;orQ aqmif;yg;rsm;pGm a&;om;xm;cJhygonf/
rEav;okw0kepmwrf;? [Hom0wDr*Zif;? ol&d,
r*Zif;rsm;wGif q&mhaqmif;yg;pmrsm;ukd rSwfom;avhvm
&ygonf/
Ir0? jr0wD? aiGwm&Dr*Zif;rsm;wGif pOfqufrjywf
a&;om;cJhonf/
*D w ok a woD a&T j ynf O D ; bwif

jr0wDrif;BuD;OD;p\ pmay*Dwudk &SmazGokawoejyK
a&;om; jyKpkcJhonf/ ]]jr0wDpmay*Dw}} pmtkyftjzpf
xkwfa0cJhonf/
a&TjynfOD;bwif-
]]jr0wDrif;BuD;rSm oDcsif;oDqkdrI? wD;rI? a&;om;rIwkdYwGif
xdyfqkH;odkY a&mufaom yg&*lwpfa,muf jzpfavonf}} [l
okH;oyf qkH;jzwfxm;cJhayonf/
a&TjynfOD;bwifuyif-
]]armifprSm ppfukdif;NrdKU taemufzsm; tpDcHac:aom
&Gmi,fuav;rSm aexkdif&aMumif;udk a&S;pmqkdtrSwftom;
wpfckrSm awGU&onf}} [l jr0wDpmay*DwpmtkyfwGif azmffjy
xm;onf/
jrefrmheef;"avh A[kokw<u,f0onf/ oOmvDa0g[m&
ESihf ywfouf a&TjynfO;D bwif\ t,ltq wifjycsuo f nf
ckdifrm wdusvSonf/
]]oOmvDrSm xkdif&efae&mudk Budrfcwf vkyf&rnf/
tif;ysOfrSmvnf; Budrfcwfvkyf&rnf ponfjzifh eef;awmfu
ypnf;rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef bkd;awmfbk&m;u tar;awmfudkajz
aomarmif;axmifomoemykid q f &mawmf\ tar;awmfajzpmwrf;
rSm odomvS&um; oOvDonfxkdif&ef ae&mjzpfonfudk
rSwf&rnf}}
a&TjynfOD;bwif b0jzpfpOftusOf;
a&TjynfOD;bwifudk rEav;NrdKUtaemufjyif arC*D&d&yf
wGif tzNrdKU olBuD;OD;aiGyk? trd a':jrpfwkdYrS ou&mZf 1256
ckESpf uqkefvqkwf 11 &uf t*FgaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/
arG;csif;[l tazwltaruGJ arC*D&dNrdKUrolBuD;a[mif;
OD;ukdBuD;ac: nDwpfa,mufomvQif &SdcJhonf/
a&TjynfOD;bwifonf i,fpOfu rEav;NrdKUjyif vufeuf
wduk 0f ef Od;D atmifrif;wnfaxmifaom "r&mrwdu k w
f iG f ynm
pwifoif,lcJhonf/ xkdYaemufwGif rEav;NrdKUtaemufjyif
164 wuodkvfwifc
qifwJwkdufopfwGif &SifomraPb0jzifh qufvufynm
oif,lygonf/ 5 ESpfom;wGif vlxGuf touf 18 ESpf
a&mufaomtcg &SifomraPwzef jyefjyK touf 20
jynhfaomtcgwGifrl yOif;wufcJhonf/ a[rmoD0efwdkufwGif
vnf; MumjrifhpGm ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/
a&Tjynfq&mBuD;\ vufOD;q&mrsm;rSm a[rmoD0ef
q&mawmfESifh qifwJq&mawmfwdkY jzpfygonf/
q&mOD;bwifEiS yhf wfouf trnfemra&SUwGif ]]a&Tjynf}}
pum;vkH; tb,fhaMumifh okH;pGJac:a0:onfudkvnf;aumif;?
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jrefrmpmayavmu pmtkyf ed'gef;(i) tu&mwGif odkY
jynfhjynfhpkHpkH wifjyxm;avonf/
]]a&TjynfBuD;eD;atmifyifvSrf; eef;a&T&dyfvIH a&Tbkd[Hom
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onf rEav;NrdKUwGif jyefYESHUacwfpm; cJhzl;ygonf/
xkdoDcsif;jyefYESHUaepOfu a&TjynfOD;bwifrSm touf 20
cef Y & S d y gNyD / a&T j ynf O D ; bwif ynmoif o nf h a usmif ; rS m
a&Tjynf&yfwGif &Sdygonf/ a&Tjynf&yfrSm a&Tjynfjrif;wyf
tpkom; aexkdif&mt&yf jzpfayonf/
okdYjzpft&yfudk taMumif;jyKvnf;aumif;? a&Tjynf
oDcsif;ukd tpGJjyKvnf;aumif; ]]a&TjynfOD;bwif}} [l
wGifprSwf jyKvmjcif; jzpfygonf/
a&TjynfOD;bwif &[ef;b0wGif pmcsjcif;? "ruxdu
tjzpfjzifh w&m;yGJpOftrsm;tjym; a[mMum;jcif;? oHCmor*D
toif; acgif;aqmiftjzpf yifeo D uFe;f 0wfum 0HomEkEidk if aH &;
vIyf&Sm;rIjyKjcif;wkdYum; ajymif;vGJa&TUvsm;aeonfh tcsdef
tcgESit hf rQyif jzpf\/ &[ef;0wf 9 0gt&wGif vlxu G yf gonf/
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ausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifrIESifhywfouf pdwf"mwfjrifhwif
vGef;onf/ rEav;NrdKU A[kdtrsKd;om;ausmif;BuD; pwifjyKpk
ysKd;axmif&m udk,fwdkifyg0ifaqmif&GufkHrQru jrefrmESifh
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ausmif;ay: tvGefoHa,mZOfBuD; om;orD;rsm;ukdyif
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ausmif;q&mb0wGif 10 ESpfrQ xrf;aqmifNyD;aemuf
EdkifiHa&;orm;b0ukd vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; cH,la&muf&SdoGm;onf/
'kwd,urmppfBuD; jzpfumeD;wGifwpfBudrf? ppfNydD;aemufykdif;
wpfBurd f ESpBf urd w
f idk w
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vkyaf qmifcahJ o;onf/ vTwaf wmftrwftjzpfvnf; aqmif&u G f
cJhonf/
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tzrf;cHcJh&onfrSm vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 5 &uftvkdrS vGwf
ajrmufcJhonf/
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OD;bwifonf pmaya[majymyGrJ sm;wGif a[majymjcif;? r*Zif;
tapmifapmifwGif vlrIa&;udpwdkYwGif yg0ifulnDjcif;wkYdukd
166 wuodkvfwifc
pdwftm;xufoefpGm aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xkdYjyif EdkifiHhwm0ef
0w&m;rsm;jzpfaom rEav;NrKd U q&mtwwfoif odyaH usmif;
jrefrmpmayXmerSL; wm0ef,lcJhonf/
orkdif;okawoeaumfr&Sif okawoeXmerSL; (*Dw)
wm0ef ausyGefcJhonf/
rEav;yefwsmESifh tEkynmausmif; ausmif;tkyfBuD;
tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1328 ck pmqkdawmfaeYwGif pmayynm&Sif a&Tjynf
OD;bwifonf pmaya[majymyGJwpfckNyD; a[majymyGJwpfck
oGm;cgeD;wGif uG,v f eG cf &hJ &Smonf/ trsK;d om;pmqkd yDoaMumif;
ud k ord k i f ; u ouf a ownf c J h o nf h a&T j ynf O D ; bwif y if
jzpfayonf/
a&TjynfOD;bwifonf jrefrmpmjrefrmrI jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI
A[k o k w <u,f 0 vG e f ; ol jzpf o nf / pmawG U vuf a wG U
rsufawGUuRrf;usifonf/ jrefrmpmay jrefrmrIorkdif;ESifh
jrefrmh*DwavmuwGif rarhEdkif armfuGef;wifxkdufoltjzpf
*kPfjyKrSwfwrf; wiftyfayonf/ /
usrf ; nT e f ;
trS w f w &yk * d K vf r sm;-
OD ; armif a rmif w if ( r[m0d Z m )
jr0wD p may*D w - a&TjynfOD;bwif
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jrefrmpmay jrefrmpum;ajyynm&Sif
jrefrmpmay jrefrmpum;ajyynm&Sifonf jrefrmpm
ygarmu OD;armifarmifBuD;ukd qkdvkdayonf/ jrefrmpmXme
ygarmursm;wGif jrefrmpum;ajyoifMum;a&;ukd OD;pm;ay;
vrf;nTefcJhaom pmayynm&SifwpfOD; jzpfayonf/
q&mOD;armifarmifBuD; yg0ifa&;om;cJhaom pme,fZif;
pmpkpm&if; 15 rsKd;cefY&SdcJhonf/ q&mBuD;onf pum;ajy
orm;[lyif armfuGef;wifcsifygonf/ q&mBuD;a&;om;
xm;cJhaom pmpkpm&if;wGif cspf&nfwl(oZifyef;bGJU) uAsm
wpfy'k o
f m awGU&aMumif;udk ]]&efuek w
f uov
dk f jrefrmpmXme
ESpf 60 jynfh txdrf;trSwfpmapmif}} wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
q&mBuD;onf pum;ajyorm; yDovSygonf/ q&mBuD;
aemufqkH; pmayvuf&mrGefonfyif ]]jrefrmpum;ajyorkdif;}}
jzpfaeygonf/
170 wuodkvfwifc
q&mBuD;onf jrefrmpmay pum;ajytusKd;jyKpmtkyfrsm;
pG m a&;om; jyKpk x k w f a 0cJ h o nf / q&mBuD ; jyKpk c J h a om
pmtkyrf sm;teuf pmrsuf I (1964)? tok;H csjrefrmpm (1970)?
a,mifwwfrSm;wwfaom pmvkH;aygif;rsm;(1970) ponfh
pmtkyfrsm;onf jrefrmpmay jrefrmpum;ajy pmayjrifhrm;
a&;ukd a&SUwef;rS a&S;ItusKd;jyKcJhonf/ jrefrmpmay jrefrm
pum;ajyynm&Sif[lyif armfuGef;wiffcsifygonf/
pmaytoiftjyaumif;aomq&mBuD;
]]]]wuodkvfarmifarmifBuD;ESifh uRefawmf}} aqmif;yg;wGif
q&m rif;,ka0u okdY a&;jyxm;onf/
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zwfzl;aMumif; ajymjyonf/ zDv'ifa[m\ pdwfapwemESifh
tjrifus,rf w I uYkd kd av;pm; ESpo
f ufonfEh iS t
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pum;ajya&;[efukd ESpfoufaMumif;? olpum;ajya&;&mwGif
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avonf/}}
q&mrif;,ka0u qufvuf-
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tom;ukd ESpo f uf\/ q&monf pum;ajyukd d;k k;d ESi&hf iS ;f vif;
jywfom;pGm a&;oljzpf\}} [l csdDusL;pum; a&;om;xm;
onf/ rSeyf gonf/ q&m OD;armifarmifBu;D onf pmoif&mwGif
dk;kd;&Sif;&Sif; oifjyEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ uAsmukd oif&mwGifyif
uAsm[
h efukd pum;ajyk;d k;d jzifo
h m &Si;f jyavh&o
dS nf/ jrefrmpm
*kPfxl;wef;wGif q&mBuD;u aerdbkHcef;ysKdUudkoifMum;ay;
onf/ A[kokwjynfh0atmif pGrf;aqmifoifMum;ay;onf/
q&mBuD; onf uAsmudk tvGwfusufrSwf&efxuf pum;ajy
oufoufudkom oifjyonf/ aerdbkHcef;ukd ajrmufvGef;
onf[k qkdprSwf jyKxm;aomfvnf; q&mBuD; oifjyaomtcg
odvG,f? rSwfvG,f? tHhMozG,fjzpfp&mrsm; trSwfw& rSwfom;
em;vnfapcJhygonf/ jrefrmpmay toifjyaumif;aom
q&mBuD;[l csD;rGrf;*kPfjyKxkdufygonf/
u<mhorkdif;usrf;rsm;udk uRrf;usifEkdifeif; ESHUpyfol

OD;armifarmifBuD;onf jrefrmpmygarmu jzpfaomfvnf;
urmhorkdif;ukdyg uRrf;usifESHUpyfvGef;ol[k trTrf;wifvkdyg
onf/ 1954 ckESpfwGif urmhorkdif; tajcjyyxrykdif;udk
a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nf/ xkpd mtky\ f jrefrmpum;ajy ta&;tom;
onf pH x m;pH j yKzG , f & m ta&;tom;jzpf a Mumif ; pmay
ynm&Sifrsm;u csD;rGrf;*kPfjyK a&;om;cJhMuonf/
q&mrif;,ka0u ]]uRefawmfwkdY pHxm;ESpfoufaom
ta&;tom;rsKd;jzpfonf}} [k pHjyKazmfjya&;om;cJhonf/
urmhorkdif;tajcjy yxrykdif;pmtkyfwGif..
]]uREyfk wf Ydk aexkid af om urmBu;D onf ESpaf ygif;ra&rwGuf
Ekdifavmufatmif MumjrifhaomtcsdeftcgrS pwifay:ayguf
cJo
h nf/ xku d rm urmajrjyifBu;D onf ausmufpidk ?f ausmufcJ
172 wuodkvfwifc
rsm;om jzpf\/ opfyif? jrufyifrsm; raygufEkdifaomaMumifh
ajymifacsmaeavonf/ aevnf; tvGefyljyif;\/ rdk;vnf;
onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;\/ avvnf; jyif;xefpGmwkdkufcwf\/
touf&Sdaom t&m[l wpfpkHwpf&mrQ raeEdkifMuao;acs/
ajrjyif B uD ; ES i f h a&jyif B uD ; om wnf x G e f ; cJ h a vonf } } [k
tpcsDvsuf a&;om;xm;onfrSm tvGefESpfoufzG,faumif;
vSonf/ pHxm;avmufayonf[l okH;oyfazmfjyxm;yg
onf/ xkt Yd wl OD;wif{(&Sr;f jynf) jrefrmpmygarmu OD;wif{u
vnf; csD;usL;ajymqkdcJhygonf/
urmhorkdif;udk jrefrmem;ESifh rkdif;atmif? &Sif;atmif
pGr;f aqmif a&;jyEkid yf gonf/ urmo h rkid ;f usr;f rsm;udk uRr;f usif
Ekdifeif;ESHYpyfol[l azmffjyvkdygonf/
pmayuavmifrsm;pGm ykdifqkdifcJhol
xkjYd yif q&mBu;D onf jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfukd txl;ojzifh
jrefrmh rsKd;qufopfvli,fxktwGuf pmayokwrsKd;quf
tarGudk zefwD;ay;pGrf;Edkifol pmayynm&Sifvnf; jzpfygonf/
Ir0r*Zif;wGif tcef;quf qufwkdufa&;om;cJhonfh wdAuf
ykHjyifrsm;onf xif&Sm;odomygonf/ jrefrmrsKd;qufopf
vli,fwkdY ppfrSefaom pGefYpm;vkdpdwf xufoefapvkdygonf/
ol&owd &Sdapvdkygonf/ ]]wrl;}} ol&Jaumif;taMumif;udk
wcrf;wem; a&;om;wifjycJhygonf/
q&mBuD ; onf ork d i f ; 0w K a&;q&m [mk d ; vif h \
]]*sif*spfcef}} 0wK udk bmomjyefqkdcJhonf/ bmomjyef0wKwkd
tyk'f 20 a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ vk;H csi;f 0wKrsm;rSm yifu,
kd f
a&; 15 tkyfESifh bmomjyefajcmuftkyf a&;om;EdkifcJhygonf/
q&mBuD;onf pmayokw? &opG,fpkH a&;EkdifpGrf; &Sdonf/
jrefrmpmayavmuwGif pmayuavmifcGJrsm;pGmjzifh a&;om;
wifjycJhonf/
1/ ausmfpGm
2/ ausmufcJ? armif?
3/ BuD;jrifh
4/ cspfp&m
5/ ynmAv
6/ yGifhvif;
7/ bkd;xifay:
8/ armifarmifBuD;(wuokdvf)
9/ armifarmifBuD;(OD;)
10/ armifarmifBuD;(OD;)(uxdu)
11/ armifarmifBuD;(OD;)(ygarmu)
12/ ol&(&efukefom;)
jref r mpmay jref r mpum;ajyynm&S i f \ b0jzpf p Of
jrefrmpmay jrefrmpum;ajyynm&Sif\ b0jzpfpOfrSm

odkYjzpfygonf/
ygarmuO;D armifarmifBu;D udk 1914 ckEpS ?f rwfv 2 &ufaeYwiG f
174 wuodkvfwifc
tzOD;pHneT EYf iS hf trda':cifarwdrYk S &efuek Nf rKd Utaemufyidk ;f
13 vrf; aetdrw f iG f zGm;jrifco hJ nf/ q&mBu;D \ i,femrnfrmS
armifausmfnGefY jzpfonf/ a':axG;pdefonf tdrfaxmifjyKcJhNyD;
om;okH;a,muf? orD;i,fwpfa,muf xGef;um;cJhygonf/
q&mBu;D onf &efuek [ f u dk pf ul;ausmif; ynmoifMum;cJh
NyD; 1930 jynfhESpfwGif ]]&efukef[kdufpul;ESpfywfvnfr*Zif;}}
[ku d pf ul; ausmif;bGUJ yku d pf &Hk wkukd trnf&if;jzifh a&;om;
pmaye,fxJodkY0ifa&mufcJhonf/
1931 ckESpf q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk atmifjrifcJhNyD; 1932
ckESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ q&mBuD;onf
jrefrmpmay xl;cRex f ufjrufojl zpfonft h avsmuf Oypmwef;
pmar;yGJwGif jrefrm pm*kPfxl;rSwf&&Sd ]]om'kkd;atmif}} qkudk
csD;jrihfcHcJh&onf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;udk
atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif r[m0dZmbGJUudk &&SdcJhonf/
1937 ckESpfwGif jrefrmpmXmewGif enf;jytjzpf pwif
cefxY m;jcif; cH&onf/ 1946 ckEpS w f iG f vufaxmufuxdu&mxl;?
1948 ckESpfwGif uxdu&mxl;udk &&SdcJhonf/ 1960 jynfhESpf
wGif &efuek w f uov kd f jrefrmpmXmewGif XmerSL;tjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1962 ckESpf arv 24 &ufaeYwGif
jref r mpmygarmu wm0ef , l c J h y gonf / 1974 ck E S p f w G i f
jrefrmpmygarmu&mxl;rS tNidrf;pm;,lcJhNyD; ynma&;0efBuD;
Xme jrefrmpmtzGJUwGif tzGJU0ifwpfOD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmifcJhonf/ jrefrmpmXmewGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOf
r[m0dZmusrf;aygif;rsm;pGmudkvnf; BuD;Muyfvrf;nTefay;
cJhygonf/
&efukefwuokdvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;avhvm&if; pmay
a&;om;rIukdvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ]]wuokdvfESpfywfvnf
r* Z if ; }}rsm; ]]csmwd w f } } [l a om uavmif t rnf j zif h
a&;om;cJhonf/
*Eavmur*Zif;wGifvnf; ]]rif;r[m}}?]]ol&}}?]]BuD;jrifh}}
[laom uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;? uAsmrsm;?
0wKrsm;udk a&;om;cJh&m 1941 ckESpfwGif *Eavmur*Zif;
wGif usif;yaom 0wKwkdNydKifyGJ wGif ]]aq;rifaMumifpkyfxkd;}}
[laom 0wKwpfyk'fjzifh 'kwd,qk&&SdcJhonf/
1954 ckESpfwGif ]]urmhordkif;tajcjy yxrydkif;}} udk
jyKpka&;om;cJhonf/ xkdpmtkyfxJrS ta&;tom;rsm;onf
pHxm;avmufaom pum;ajyta&;tom;rsKd;jzpfaMumif;
ynm&Sifrsm;\ csdD;rGrf;jcif; cHcJh&onf/
wuokdvfausmfpGm? ynmAv? armifausmufcJ? cspfp&m?
wuokdvf armifarmifBuD;? uxduarmifarmifBuD; paom
uavmiftrnfrsm; jzifh aiGwm&D? Ir0? jr0wD? pEm ponfh
r*Zif;rsm;wGif pmayqkdif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;? b0tawGUtBuKH
qkdif&m aqmif;yg;rsm; ? ykHjyifrsm;? 0wKrsm;udk tcGifhoifhfvQif
oifhovkd a&;om;cJhonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif jrefrmpmygarmu
tjzpf xrf;aqmif&if; aqmif;yg;rsm;? jrefrmpmayqkdif&m
pmtkyfrsm;? bmomjyefaqmif;yg;rsm;ukd a&;om;cJhonf/
wuodkvfjrefrmpmtwGuf ]]wkwfoHa&mufarmfuGef;}}?
]]r[m&mr 0wK}}ponfpmtkyfrsm;udk wnf;jzwfcJhonf/
176 wuodkvfwifc
ygarmuOD;csrf;jrESifh wGJzuf ]]uAsmvufa&G;pOf}} pmtkyfudk
a&G;cs,fpDpOfcJhonf/
q&mBu;D jyKpck ahJ om pmtkyrf sm;onf jrefrmpmay jrifrh m;a&;
twGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm; jzpfcJhonf/ q&mBuD; vkH;csif;
pmtkyf 20 ausmEf iS hf aqmif;yg; 300 ausmu f kd a&;om;cJoh nf/
1982 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom ]]jrefrmpum;ajyorkdif;}}
pmtkyfonf q&mBuD;\ aemufqkH;vuf&mjzpfonf/
q&mBuD;onf ]]jrefrmpum;ajyorkdif;}} pmtkyfudk
tcef;ESpfcef;cGJNyD; jyKpkxm;ygonf/ tcef;(1)rSm acwfOD;
pum;ajy(1038-1287) jzpfNyD; tcef;(2) rSm tv,facwf
jrefrmpum;ajy(1364- 1722) jzpfygonf/ q&mBu;D tcef;cGJ
yk H E S i h f q&mh t a&;tom;uk d axmuf I a omf q&monf
rsufarSmufacwf pum;ajytxd a&;om;jyKpk&ef &nfoefxm;
aMumif; odomygonf/
q&monf 1937 ckESpfwGif jrefrmpm 0dZm*kPfxl;bGJUudk
&&SdNyD; 1942 ckESpfwGif jrefrmpmr[m0dZmbGJUukd &&dSygonf/
1937 ckESpfrS p 1974 ckESpftxd &efukefwuokdvf jrefrm
pmXme enf;jy q&mav;? enf;jyq&mBuD;? vufaxmuf
uxdu? uxdu? jrefrmpm ygarmutjzpf wm0eftoD;oD;
xrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ oufaphyifpif ,lNyD;aemufwGifvnf;
q&monf ynma&;0efBu;D XmejrefrmpmtzGUJ wGif tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D
tjzpf tjcm;pmayynm&Sifrsm;ESifhtwl pmaywm0efrsm;ukdk
uG , f v G e f o nf t xd quf v uf x rf ; aqmif o G m ;ygonf /
jrefrmpmayorkdif;wGif jrefrmpmaywm0efudk ausyGefpGm
xrf;aqmifchJonfh jrefrmpmay jrefrmpum;ajyynm&Sif[k
armfuGef;wif *kPfjyKxkdufayonf/ /
178 wuodkvfwifc
]] a'gif;zwfpmonf jrefrmjy|mef;ordik ;f pmtkyw
armfueG ;f wifxu
f iG f ordik ;f 0if
k d af vonf/ ''gif;zwfpmzwfz;l oifczh J ;l aom
aus;zl;w&m;um; Bu;D rm;vSpmG onf?
}}
a'gif;zwfpm q&mvif;
]]a'gif;wHqdyf jrefrmzwfpmopf}}ukd awGUzl;? zwfzl;
avhusifhzl; olwkdif; ]]OD;a&TMuL;ESifh q&mvif;? q&mvif;ESifh
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usif;yaom pmar;yGJtwGuf ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfay;cJh&onf/
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rsm;udk Bu;D Muyfjyifqif okwo f ifyEHk ydS o
f nf/ aemuf u0drsurf eS f
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q&mBuD;um; ygVdbmomwGifomru jrefrmpmbufwGif
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xkXd mewGif wynfw h yef; rsm;udo k mru? q&m q&mrrsm;udyk if
ysKUd tapmifapmif? armfueG ;f toD;oD;? uAsm? pum;ajytrsK;d rsK;d
wkdYudk ydkYcs jzefYjzL;ay;&ao;onf/
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jzpfonf/ c&pfESpf 1930 jynfhESpfwGif a&Twd*kHapwDawmfrS
pdefzl;awmfESifh iSufjrwfem;apmif; ,kdifoGm;&m topfwpfzef
rG r f ; rH j yif q if wif a om tcrf ; tem; q&mBuD ; onf
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188 wuodkvfwifc
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csD ; usL;aomtm;jzif h t*F v d y f t pd k ; &u q&mBuD ; tm;
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wuokdvfyif qufvufxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ c&pfESpf 1951
ck E S p f o d k Y a&muf a omtcg yd # d u wf b momjyef X mewG i f
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BudK;yrf;xrf;&GufcJhayonf/
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jref r mzwf p mork d i f ; wG i f r l a'gif ; zwf p m q&mvif ; [l
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yGJawmfBuD; usif;yaecsdefwGif armfuGef;wif azmfjyvkdayonf/
q&m\uavmif t rnf ]]wu o d k v f armif o ef Y p if } }ud k
wuov kd 0f ifwef; jrefrmuAsm jy|mef;pmtkyf uAsmyef;uH;k wGif
pwifawGUjrif rSwfom;cJh&ygonf/
uAsmNrdKifwGif ay:vSmqef;w,fvkdY?
nSmtckdif ,Ofavsmf&myef;udk
aMumf n murf ; csif v k d Y qG w f a cRoD . ..[k uEG J U u&
194 wuodkvfwifc
zG J U jycJ h o nf / a&S ; acwf j ref r muAsmud k qG w f c l ; yef q if
zwf I a p&ef &nf o ef a &G ; cs,f jy|mef ; cJ h y H k u d k uAsmjzif h
&Sif;jyEkdifpGrf; &Sdygayonf/
jrefrmpmXme\zcif
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jzpfygonf/ 1920 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmv 1 &uf aeYwGif
&ef u k e f w u o d k v f jzpf x G e f ; ay:ayguf c J h o nf / ,ck t cg
ESpfaygif; 81 ESpfyif 0ifcJhygNyD/ &efukefwuodkvf pwifcJhpOfu
jrefrmpmXme[l oD;jcm;r&SdcJhyg/
ta&S U wk d i f ; bmom pmayavh v ma&;Xmeom &S d c J h N yD ;
xk d X meu ygVd p may? jref r mpmayES i f h yg&S e f ; pmaywk d Y u d k
oifMum;ydcYk say;cJyh gonf/ ta&SUwkid ;f pmayavhvma&; Xme\
yxrOD;qHk; ygarmuonf *smref trsKd;om; a'gufwm
tD;zdk;oQrf;rm; Mr. E.Forchammer jzpfonf/ 1899
ckESpfwGif oluG,fvGefcJh&m t*FvdyftdEd,ujym; rpwm *sdrf;
*a&; Mr. James Gray u ygarmujzpfvmcJhonf/
ol\aemufwiG f jyifopfvrl sK;d A&if*sb D ek ;f Bu;D csm;vf';l GKd iq
f ,f
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tjzpf rEav;odkY ajymif;a&TUoGm;cJhonf/ 1912 ckESpf Zlvkdifv
4 &uf a eY u yif p wif u m q&mBuD ; OD ; azarmif w if o nf
ygarmutjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1920 jynfhESpfrS 1924
ckEpS t
f xd t*FvefoYkd ynmawmfoifomG ;cJ&h mwGif rpwmumqif
Mr. Karsin onf uxduXmerSL; wm0ef,l aqmif&GufcJh
onf/
q&mBu;D OD;azarmifwif t*FvefrS ynmawmfoif jyefa&muf
vmNyD; 1924 ckESpf pufwifbmv 1 &ufaeYrSyifpwifum
1936 ckESpf ZGefv 17 &ufaeYtxd ta&SUwkdif;bmompmay
avhvma&;XmewGif ygarmuwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1937 ckEpS f ZGev
f 19 &ufaeYwiG f q&mBu;D OD;azarmifwif
onf &efukefwuodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD; jzpfvmaomtcg
1937 ckESpfupNyD; jrefrmbmomESifh ygVdbmom[l oD;jcm;
Xmersm; jzpfvmcJhonf/
jrefrmbmomXmerSL;rSm q&mBuD;OD;{armifyif jzpfyg
onf/ ,cifu ta&SUwkid ;f bmom uxdujzpfol rpwmumqif
rSm ygVdbmomXmerSL; jzpfvmcJhonf/
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jrefrmpmXmeonf oD;jcm;XmejzpfvmcJhonf/ jrefrmpmXme
rSL;rSm q&mBuD;uxduOD;{armif jzpfvmygonf/
jrefrmpmygarmuO;D {armif
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usHKaysmfNrdKU arG;zGm;ygonf/ tzrSm ajrykdif&Sif ausmif;'um
Bu;D OD;bk;d nif;jzpf trdrmS a':vSyjkHzpfonf/ tbk;d rSm jrefrmrif;
vufxuf a&SUaea&SU&yf jzpfonf/ rdcif\ tbk;d rSm ZvGeNf rKd Upm;
196 wuodkvfwifc
yJheif;BuD;jzpfonf/ OD;{armifonf a':jrrl(r[m0dZm)ESifh
vufxyfcJhygonf/ om;orD;rsm;rusef&pfcJhay/
i,fpOfu usHKaysmfNrdKU tpkd;&jrefrmtxufwef;ausmif;
wGif ynmoifMum;cJyh gonf/ xkad usmif;rS e0rwef; tpk;d &pmar;yGJ
udk atmifjrifcJhygonf/
tvGwfynmoifausmif;wGif wpfESpf? &efukefNrdKU pdef*Ref;
aumvdyfwGif wpfESpfynmudk qufvufoifMum;onf/ xkd
ausmif;rS t*Fvdyfowrwef;udk xl;cRefpGmatmifjrifcJhonf/
&efukefNrdKU tpkd;& t*Fvdyfjrefrm txufwef;ausmif;wGif
0ifa&muf qufvufynmoifMum;onf/ 1924-25 ckESpf
wGif 'orwef;odkY a&mufonf/ ynmxl;cRefoljzpf 'or
wef;wGif jynfxJa&;0efBuD;OD;aratmif\ qkudk&&SdcJhygonf/
1925 ckEpS w f iG f Oypmtxufwef;atmifonf/ 0dZm wef;
wGif jrefrmpm *kPfxl;wef; qufvufoifMum;cJhonf/ jrefrm
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jzifh atmifjrifonf/ yxrqkuv kd nf;&onf/ tcsed yf idk ;f enf;jy
q&mwm0efEiS hf r[m0dZm *kPx f ;l wef;wGif qufvufoifMum;
cJhonf/
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atmifjrifcJhonf/
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'kw, d urmppfBu;D aMumifh wuov
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ESiXhf merSL;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcahJ om q&mBu;D OD;{armifukd
jrefrmpmygarmutjzpf wkd;jrifhcefYxm;&m tNidrf;pm;,lonfh
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cJhonf/
jrefrmpmay ynm&Sif
q&mBu;D onf pmayAdrmeftzGUJ 0if? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI tzGUJ
0if? ,Ofaus;rIwuodkvfpmar;yGJ ppfaq;a&;cs,f,mrif;
wuodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU0if? Ak'omoemh aumifpDpmwnf;
tzGUJ 0if? jrefrmokawoetoif; trIaqmifponfh wm0efrsm;
udk BudK;pm;aqmif&GufcJhol jzpfonf/
q&mBuD;onf 1933 ckESpfwGif a&TawmifeEol\ arGEGef;
&uefudk wnf;jzwfcJhonf/ t*Fvdyf&mZ0if rlvtpukd 1935
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1939 ckESpfwGif ]]txufwef;NAdwdoQ &mZ0ifudk}} jyefqkda&;
om;cJh&m xkdESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhorQ pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;teuf
taumif;qHk;pmtkyftjzpf tpkd;&rif;u ynma&;qkaiG 750
usyfudk csD;jrifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/
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25 ESpfausmf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/
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pdyfteuf? pum;aygif;teufrsm; zGifhqkdoifMum;ay;apjcif;
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BuD;rsm;udk wm0efay; tif;0acwfysKdUBuD;rsm;ukd wnf;jzwf
apcJhygonf/ odkYjzifh OD;{armifu taxGaxG wnf;jzwfNyD;
uxduq&mBuD;? q&mrBuD;rsm; wnf;jzwfaom tif;0acwf
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jrefrmpmygarmuOD;{armifonf jrefrmpmXmeukd a&SU
aqmifvrf;jyonfh jrefrmpmzcif yDovSayonf/ jrefrmpm
a&;xHk; owfyHkenf;vrf; pHjyKxkdufatmif pGrf;aqmifazmfnTef;
armfuGef;wifay;cJholjzpfonf/ jrefrmpmowfyHk orkdif;tusOf;
csKyfESifh pdEausmfolOD;Mo\ u0dvuPm owfyHkusrf;udk
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q&mtoif; yxrqkH; Ou|? owif;pm q&mtoif;Ou|?
jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&m ykHESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; or0g,rtoif;
Ou|ponfjzifh pmaye,fESifhywfoufaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
ukd wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonf/
oHawmfqifhowif;pmukd pwifwnfaxmif vkyfaqmifcJh
onf/
1321 (1959) ckESpfwGifrl oufqkdif&mrS wm0efay;csuf
t& jr0wDr*Zif;wGif 2 ESpfwdwd t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf trI
xrf;NyD;aemuf tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aemufwGifrl usef;rma&; tajctaersm;
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef r[kwfawmhay/ okdY&mwGif pmay? 0wK?
aqmif;yg;rsm;udkrl BudK;Mum; BudK;Mum; wwfpGrf;orQ a&;om;
ae&SmcJhayonf/ aemufqkH;jyKpka&;om;aompmtkyfrSm &ef
ukeforkdif;jzpf\/ ,if;okdY ae&if;rS &efukefNrdKU r*Fvm'kHppf
aq;kHwGif 1328 ckESpf? 0gacgifvqkwf 2 &uf aomMumaeY
wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf/
owif;pmq&m OD;odrf;armifESifh ywfouf arhr&Edkif
aatmif xl;jcm;aom tusifhwpfck&Sdonf[k ajymprSwf&SdcJh
onf/ ,if;um; tjcm;r[kwf rD;cJjymzkH;jzpfaeaom b0wl
pma&;q&mynm&Sifrsm;ESifh tvm;tvm&Sdolrsm;ukd pmay
pifjrifhwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vmatmif pGrf;aqmifulnD
xrf;yk;d onfaqmifwwfaom tusiyhf ifjzpfonf[k qkpd rSwjf yK
228 wuodkvfwifc
cJhMuonf/
owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&mOD;odrf;armifb0jzpfpOf tusOf;(1898-

1966)
1260 jynfhESpf oDwif;uRwfvqef; 12 &uf wevFmaeY
wGif rtlyifNrdKUtydkif rvwfwkd&GmBuD;wGif ausmif;'g,um
&GmolBuD; OD;bdk;q,f- a':r,frSDwdkYu zGm;jrifcJhonf/
OD;odrf;armifonf &efukefwGif ynmoifqnf;yl;aepOf
1920 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefwuokdvf tufOya'udktaMumif;
jyK wpfEdkifiHvkH; ausmif;om;oydwfarSmuf&mwGif yg0ifcJh
onf/ trsK;d om;ausmif;rsm; ay:aygufvmaomtcg Munfjhrifwid k f
wGif uG,fvGefol tmZmenffacgif;aqmifBuD; ocifjrwdkYESifh
twl ausmif;q&mwpfOD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/
1942 ckESpfwGif Mu,fwHcGefowif;pmwkdufrSwpfqifh
ol&d, owif;pmwkdufokdY ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;onf/ 1930
jynfhESpfywf0ef;usifwGif &Jjrefrmpmtkyfukd a&;om;jyKpkcJh
onf/ rif;&JausmfpGm? &mZ"d&mZf? r[mAEKv? bk&ifhaemif ?
tavmif;bk&m;[laom jrefrmol&aJ umif; 0wKrsm; a&;om;cJh
onf/
aemufqkH;jyKpkoGm;aompmtkyfrSm &efukef&mZ0iforkdif;
jzpfonf/ /
]]
ud,
q&mYuAsmrsm;onf uk, d &h f yfu,
d k &h f mG ? uk,
d ah f 'o? ud,
k ahf jrudk cspcf ifjrwfE;kd aompdw?f wdik ;f cspjf ynfcsppf w
k w f ik d ;f
d f
jzpfay:atmif a&;zGUJ aom uAsmrsm; jzpfonf/ Edik if o H l Edik if o
H m;
rsm;\ pnf;vk;H rIcspMfunfrI &if;ES;D rIud k taxmuftuljyKaom
uAsmrsm;[k tqdjkyKvu kd o
f nf/
}}
jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf &SifoefxGef;um;a&;ukkd
pOfqufrjywf a&;om;cJhol trsKd;om;pmqkd
trsKd;om;pmqkd q&maZmf*sDonf 1907 ckESpf {NyD 12

&uf? aomMumaeYwGif zsmykHNrdKU tzOD;a,m? trda':pdefnGefY
wkdYrSzGm;jrifaom om;OD;jzpfonf/ touf (84) ESpft&G,f
1990 jynfhESpf pufwifbmv 26 &uf Ak'[l;aeY eHeuf 5
em&Dct JG csed w
f iG f &efuek Nf rKd U? A[ef;NrKd Ue,f uarmZvrf;? trSwf
(10-u) aetdrf uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
trsKd;om;a&;Zmwdrmef a&cHajrcHADZaumif;ol
q&monf trsKd;om;ausmif;xGufjzpfonf/ zsmykHtrsKd;
om;txufwef;ausmif;? &efukefNrdKUtrsKdom;txufwef;
232 wuodkvfwifc
ausmif;(o&ufawm ausmif;wdkuf) taxmuftyHhcH
trsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;wkdYwGif ynmoif,lcJhonf/
1929 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek w
f uov kd rf S jrefrmpmay? t*Fvyd f
pmay? ta&SUwkdif;EdkifiHrsm;orkdif;bmomwGJjzihf 0dZmbGJU&cJh
onf/ 1930 jynfhESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvfausmif; jrefrm
pmenf;jyq&mtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1931 ckESpfrS 1934
ckEpS t f xd &efuek Nf rKd Ur txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jy
q&mtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif &efukef
wuodkvf t*FvdyfpmayESifh jrefrmpmay ESpfbmomwGJ,l
aom r[m0dZmoifwef;odkY wufa&mufcGifh&NyD; 1936 ckESpf
wGif r[m0dZmbGJU&cJhonf/
1936 ckESpfrS 1938 ckESpftxd rEav;Oypmaumvdyf
jrefrmpmenf;jyq&mtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpf
wGif pmMunfhwkdufynm ynmoiftjzpf vef'efwuokdvfESifh
'AvifwuokdvfwkdY ynmoif,lNyD; 1940 jynfhESpfwGif
pmMunfhwdkufynm'Dyvkdrm&cJhonf/1941 ckESpfrSp &efukef
wuokdvfpmMunfhwdkuf pmwdkufrSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh
onf/
q&monf trsKd ; om;ausmif ; xG u f j zpf trsKd ; om;
pdwf"mwf? 0HomEkpdwf"mwf tjynfh&Sdonf/ trsKd;om;a&;
Zmwdrmef a&cHajrcH ADZaumif;ol wpfOD;jzpfygonf/
&efukefwuokdvf jrefrmpm? t*FvdyfpmwkdYudk r[m
0d Z m bG J U &onf t xd oif , l c J h o nf h t wG u f jref r mpmay?
t*Fvyd pf maywku Yd kd ajcajcjrpfjrpf us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY oif,Nl y;D
jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif wkAYd rmtpnf; tk;H aMumifh jrefrmwkYd Edik if aH &;
tod Edk;Mum;wuf<u vmcsdefESifh BuKHBudKufonf/ q&mBuD;
ocif u d k , f a wmf r I d i f ; \ av;csKd ; BuD ; rsm;? jyZmwf r sm;ES i f h
rSmawmfykH0wKwkdYudk ESpfESpfoufouf awG;awG;qq zwfcGifh
&ouJoh Ydk arSmb f q D &mode;f Bu;D ? trsK;d om;ynm0ef OD;zk;d usm;wkdY
\ pmrsm;ukd avhavhvmvm rSwfrSwfom;om; zwfcGifh&cJh
onf/
trsKd;om;a&;ZmwdrmefuAsmrsm;
trsKd;om;pmqkdq&maZmf*sDonf 1924 ckESpfrSp ol&d,
r*Zif;? 0Hom,k0r*Zif; ponfhfwkdYwGif uAsma&;zGJUcJhonf/
xkduAsmrsm;udk a&SUajy;uAsmpk[l owfrSwfMuonf/ 1928
ckESpf rwfvxkwf wuokdvfausmif;wkdufr*Zif;wGif yg0if
aom ydawmufyef;uAsmrSp aemifq&ma&;zGJUaom uAsm
rsm;onf acwfqef;uAsmtjzpf xif&Sm;onf/ wkdYwkdif;jynf
(1935)? a&S;acwfyk*Hjynf(1936) ? r,fwkdYyk*Hjynf (1937)
uAsmrsm;onf trsKd;om;a&; ZmwdrmefuAsmrsm;jzpfonf/
q&mhuAsmrsm;onf ud, k &hf yfu,
dk &hf mG ud,
k ahf 'o? ud,
k w
hf idk ;f
udk,fhajrudk cspfcifjrwfEdk;aompdwf? wkdif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf
jzpfay:atmif a&;zGJUaom uAsmrsm;jzpfonf/ EdkifiHolEdkifiH
om;rsm;\ pnf;vkH;rI? cspfMunfrI? &if;ESD;rIudk taxmuf
234 wuodkvfwifc
tuljyKaom uAsmrsm;[k tqkdjyKxkdufygonf/
q&m\uAsmrsm;onf jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf &Sifoef
xGef;um; jyefYyGm;a&;ukd ykda&SUIvmonf/ ykd xufjruf
jywfom;vmonfukd awGUjrif&ygonf/
]]wkYdwkdif;jynf}}
]]wufvlaw;oH}}
]]tkdwufvlwkdY}}
]]oifaooGm;aomf}}...uAsmrsm;onf 1935 ckESpfu
a&;zGJUcJhaom q&mhuAsmrsm;wGif trsKd;om;a&; Zmwdrmef
xufoefapaom uAsmrsm;jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf jyZmwfq&m
q&monf ]]a&Tarmif;oH(1933) }}jyZmwfESifh ]]atmifvH
awmf}}(1942) jyZmwfESpfyk'fudkvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/
]]a&Tarmif;oH (1933)jyZmwfwGif q&monf wkdif;&if;
om;pnf;vk;H nDnw G af &;udk OD;wnfNy;D Zmwfvrf;qifxm;onf/
]]atmif v H a wmf ( 1942)}}jyZmwf w G i f 1931 ck E S p f u
trsKd ; om;atmif v H a wmf E S i f h ywf o uf N yD ; tpnf ; ta0;
usif;y&m wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tBudwfte,fjiif;ckH aqG;aEG;
MuNyD;rS 0g? pdrf;? eD okH;a&mifjc,fa'gif; kyfygaom tvHukd
trsKd o m;tvH t jzpf oabmwl a&G ; cs,f M uyk H ? jref r m
tvH a wmf o nf jref r mwk d Y \ tcsKyf t jcmtmPyd k i f a om
vGwfvyfa&;\ txdrf;trSwfjzpfykH? jrefrmhatmiffvHawmf
pku
d x
f El ikd &f ef toufaoG; acR;wkYd tuscNH y;D pGepYf m;BuKd ;yrf;&yk?H
tpGr;f owjd y&yku H kd Zmwfvrf;qif Ny;D wpfcef;&yfjyZmwftjzpff
a&;zGJUwifqufxm;onf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf &Sifoef
xGef;um;a&;ukd wGef;tm;ay;aom oabmukd awGU&ygonf/
trsKd;om;pmqkd q&maZmf*sdDonf NAdwdoQvufatmufcH
udkvkdeDrS jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&onfh 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&D
v 4 &ufaeYxkwf[Hom0wD owif;pmtxl; pmapmif wGif
1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;aeYwGif uAsmukda&;zGJUcJhonf/
trsKd;om;tm;rmefuAsmrsm;
trsK;d om;pmqkd q&maZmf*soD nf jrefrmEdik if H vGwv
f yfa&;
&NyD;aemuf pmay,Ofaus;rIa&;&m aqmif;yg;rsm; ta&;rsm;
vmonf/okawoe aqmif;yg;rsm; ta&;rsm;vmonfudk
awGUjrif&aomfvnf; uAsmrsm;ukd a&;om;jcif;rSm &yfqkdif;
roGm;cJhay? 1957 ckESpfrS 1981 ckESpftxd aA'gvrff;u
uAsmrsm; 41 yk'fukd a&;zGJUcJhonf/ xkdYtwl 1964 ckESpfrS
1974 ckESpftxd nDopfqif; uAsmrsm; 24 yk'f? 1984
ckESpfrS 1987 ckESpftxd a&S;acwfyk*HuAsmpkESifh tjcm;uAsm
rsm; 51 yk'fudk a&;zGJUcJhonf/
aA'gvrf;uAsm;rSm q&mBuD;arG;zGm;&m jrpf0uRef;ay:
a'o jrpfacsmif;rsm;twGif; a&wufa&usvkdufNyD; pkefcsnf
qefcsnf arsmaeaom aA'gyef;rsm;udk A[kdjyKNyD; q&m\
236 wuodkvfwifc
vlUb0tawG;tjrif qifjcifwkHw&m;wkdYukd xkwfazmfa&;zGJU
xm;aom &opmayuAsmaumif;rsm; jzpfonf/
]]a&S;acwf yk*HuAsmpkESifh tjcm;uAsm}}rsm;rSm yk*Hacwf
apwDykxkd;rsm;? taqmufttkHrsm;? ae&ma'orsm;? orkdif;0if
jzpf&yfrsm;tay: tajccHNyD; yk*Hjynfoljynfom;wdkY\ MunfndK
av;pm;p&m? cs;D usL;twk ,lp&m? pdw"f mwfEiS hf pGr;f &nfowud dk
xkwfazmf a &;zG J Y x m;aom &opmayuAsmaumif ; rsm;jzpf
onf/
]]nDopfqif;uAsmrsm;}} rSm vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkifonfh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH&Sd rsKd;qufopf
vli,frsm; xm;&St d yfaom pdwaf eoabmxm; trlt&mwku Yd kd
vrf;nTefxkwfazmfa&;zGJUxm;aom uAsm;rsm;jzpfonf/ trsKd;
om;tm;rmefuAsmrsm;[l rSwfom;*kPfjyKxdkufygonf/
jynfaxmifppk w
d "f mwf &Sio
f efxeG ;f um;a&;tawG; uAsmpkrsm;
]]wkdYjynfaxmifpk(1968) uAsmwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrm

EdkifiHonf wkdif;wpfyg;tE&m,frS umuG,fay;aom awmif
wef;BuD;urf;,Hrsm; &SdykH? qD? yJ? xef;vsuf? vufzuf? rufref;?
0g? uRe;f ? a&eH? qef? qm;? ig;yd ponfwYdk xGuNf y;D tnmtaMu?
ajrjyefaY wmifay: ul;oef;Ny;D a&mif;0,fazmufum;aeMuykw H u
Ydk kd
a&;zGJUonf/ xkdYtwl wkdif;&if;om; nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;
jzpfMuaom ucsif? u&if?u,m;? csif;? rGef? Arm? &ckdif? &Srf;
polwYdk oifo h ifjh rwfjrwf cspcf spcf ifcifaeMuygu jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHonf ewfjynfwrQ aysmfarGUzG,faumif;ykHudk a&;zGJU
onf/
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rif ; ES i f h u csif E S i f h ? csif ; ES i f h u ,m;ES i f h
&S r f ; ES i f h & ck d i f E S i f h ? rG e f E S i f h u &if E S i f h
oif h o if h j rwf j rwf ? taewwf v Qif
ewf j ynf E I d i f ; wk ? jynf a xmif p k [ k
olYapwemxm;? olYpum;ukd
rdefYMum;vkdufaomxdktcg}} [laomtzGUJ wGif ]]oifo h ifh
jrwfjrwf taewwfvQif? ewfjynfEIdif;wk? jynfaxmifpk}}
jzpfvmrnf[laom q&m\ ,kHMunfcsufudk awGU&onf/
wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;toD;oD;wkdY pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;ukd vkd
vm;aom q&m\apwemqEudk awGU&onf/
]]jynfaxmifpkaeYtawG;}} (1969) uAsmwGif
jynfaxmifpk wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf a&S;vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;
rsm;up ,ckumvxufwkdif {&m0wDjrpf? oHvGifjrpf?
csif;wGif;jrpfwkYdukd pkefumqefumoGm;vmNyD; ESpfaygif;tp
oacFsumvuyif twlwuG aexkdifcJhaMumif;? ajrmufbuf
wGif ESif;a0aeonfh &Srf;ukef;ajrjrifh? taemufbufwGif
ppfawG? awmifbufwiG f aumhaomif;tilpeG ;f ESihf uRe;f i,frsm;
pGmwkYdonf uRefawmfwkYd ydkifaom a&ajrydkifeufjzpfNyD; xkdykdif
eufwGif jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm; twlwuG aexkdifMu
238 wuodkvfwifc
&eftwGuf uRefawmfwkdY bkd;bGm;rsm;u a&ajrudk vufzGJU
tyfxm;aMumif;wkdYudk a&;zGJUonf/ xkdYaemuf ajrjyefYa&m
awmifay:yg ae&mtysHUtESHY aexkdifMuaom wkdif;&if;om;
nDaemifrsm;wkdYonf pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH; nDnDnGwfnGwfjzifh
tcsif;csif; vufwGJNyD; wkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;? jynfaxmifpk
aumif ; usKd ; ud k o,f y k d ; aqmif & G u f M u&rnf jzpf a Mumif ; ?
xkdokYdaqmif&Gufygu acwfrDzGHUNzdK; wkd;wufaom EkdifiHawmf
opfBuD; jzpfvmrnfjzpfaMumif; a&;zGJUonf/
jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf\t"duaomhcsuf
q&monf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfBu;D \ aumif;usK;d
csr;f omtjzmjzmudk tpOfawG;awmBuq H cJo
h nf/ pdwaf pwem
oufa&mufonfESifhtrQ tzwftItqiftjcif us,fjyefY
onf E S i f h t rQ tmed o if & S d a om &opmayaumif ; rsm;uk d
a&;zGJUcJhonf/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf &SifoefxGef;um;jyefYyGm;
atmif pGrf;aqmifcJhonf/
q&monf trsKdom;txufwef;ausmif;wGif oifMum;cJh
onf h trsKd ; om;ynm0ef O D ; zk d ; usm;\ ]]jref r mh * k P f & nf
&mZ0ifzwfpm}} pmtkyfudk ESpfopfjrwfEdk;onf/ xkdpmtkyfu
EkdifiHcspfpdwf? wkdif;jynfcspfpdwfrsm; ay;cJhonfukdvnf;trSwf&
vsuf&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh q&monf wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;
nDnGwfa&;? &if;ESD;cspfMunfa&; apwem&nf&G,fcsufjzifh
]]jynfaxmifpkorkdif;ykHjyifrsm;}} (1956) udk jyKpka&;om;cJh
onf/ xkjYd yif q&monf ]]jynfaxmifpEk iS hf uReaf wmf}} (1961)
aqmif;yg;udv k nf; a&;om;cJyh gonf/ xkad qmif;yg;wGif 1937
ckESpfu &Srf;jynfajrmufykdif; odDaygabmfBudKbk&m;yGJawmfukd
oGm;a&mufco hJ nfh tawGUtBuKaH Mumifh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;
tay:cspfcifMuifempdwfjzpfvmaMumif; zGifh[a&;om;cJhonf/
xkdYjyif jynfaxmifpkESifhywfoufaom tawG;tjrifukdvnf;
xkwfazmfxm;cJhonf/
]]uRef a wmf w k d Y E k d i f i H o nf vG w f v yf a &;uk d &onf E S i f h
wpfNydKifeuf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHjzpfvmonf/ jynfaxmifpk[k
qkdojzifh uRefawmfwkdYEdkifiHonf yk*Hacwfu wkdif;jynfrsKd;
r[kwfawmhNyD/ awmifilacwfu wkdif;jynfrsKd;r[kwfawmhNyD/
ukef;abmifacwf? t*Fvdyfacwfu wkdif;jynfr[kwfawmhNyD/
kyfa&m? emrfa&m tukefajymif;ukefNyD/}}
jynfaxmifpk\ e,fedrdwftwGif;&Sd a'oonf jrefrmwpf
rsKd;wnf;\ tusKd;twGufvnf;r[kwf? &Srf;wpfrsKd;wnf;\
tusKd;twGufvnf;r[kwf? u&ifwpfrsKd;wnf;\ tusKd;
twGufvnf;r[kwf? csif;wpfrsKd;wnf;\ tusKd;twGufvnf;
r[kw?f rGe?f Arm? &ckid ?f &Sr;f ? u&if? ucsi?f csi;f paom wkid ;f &if;
om;tm;vkH;\ tusKd;twGufom jzpfonf/ wkdif;&if;om;
tm;vk H ; pk a ygif ; yk d i f q k d i f a om tarG q k d i f y p n f ; jzpf o nf /
xkdYaMumifh aoG;wlom;wl wkdif;&if;om;? wpfavSwnf;pD;
wpfc&D;wnf;oGm; wkdif;&if;om;wkdYudk av;pm;cspfcifwwfzkdY
vkdayao;onf/ olwdkYESifh wpfpdwfwpf0rf;wnf; jzpfzkdYvkday
ao;onf/ }}
240 wuodkvfwifc
[l a om q&m\ tawG ; tjrif wk d i f ; &if ; om;pnf ; vk H ;
nDnGwfa&; cspfMunfa&;\ aomhcsufjzpfonf/ jynfaxmifpk
pd w f " mwf \ t"d u aomh c suf j zpf o nf / xk d Y a Mumif h v nf ;
trsKd;om;pmqkd q&maZmf*sDonf jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf
&SifoefxGef;um;jyefYyGm;atmif wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh pOfquf
rjywf pGrf;aqmifBudK;pm;a&;zGJUcJhaom trsKd;om;a&;pmqkd
tjzpf armfuGef;wifxkdufayonf/ /
yxrqk;H trsKd ;orD; jrefrmpm ygarmu&mxl;udk xl;xl;
jcm;jcm;? OD;OD;zsm;zsm; &cJo
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jrefrmpmay pepfwus zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufatmif BuaH qmif&mwGif
pHerlem ,lxu kd af om pmayrdcifBu;D wpfO;D jzpfaMumif;
OD;oef;xGw?f ygarmu(Nird ;f )? ynma&;wuov kd u
f *kPjyf Kazmfjy
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yxrqHk;trsKd;orD; jrefrmpmygarmu
yxrqHk;trsKd;orD; jrefrmpmygarmu a':oef;aqG
taMumif;udk azmfjyvdkayonf/ q&mrBuD; a':oef;aqGonf
jrefrmpmygarmuxJ trsKd;orD;ygarmutjzpf yxrOD;qHk;
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol jzpfayonf/ &efukefwuodkvf jrefrm
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wpfOD;vnf; jzpfaeayonf/
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244 wuodkvfwifc
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OD;oef;xGwf ygarmu(Nidrf;) ynma&;wuodkvfu *kPfjyK
azmfjyxm;ayonf/ rSefygayonf/
ysLpmudkjyefvnf&iS foefapcJhol
jrefrmpmayordkif;wGif ]ysLpm}udk jyefvnf&SifoefapcJhol
wpfOD;jzpfayonf/ &mZukrm&fausmufpmudk jrefrm? rGef? ygVd?
ysLav;bmomjzifh a&;xdk;cJh&m ygVd rGef? jrefrmpmwdkYudkom
teufazmfjyqdkEdkifcJhMuaomfvnf; ysLbmomjzifh a&;xdk;xm;
aom rsufESmpmt"dyg,fukd teufzGifhqdk&ef vGefpGmcufcJcJh
onf/
rpwpDtdkAvuf'ifu c&pfESpf 1911 ckESpf {NyDvxkwf
d G K if & G , f t m&S w d k u f * sme,f w G i f jrapwD a c: &mZuk r m&f
ausmufpm pwkw bmomjzpfaom ysLbmomtm; avhvm
csufrsm;udk a&;om;jyefqdkcJh&m urmhokawoD ynm&Sifrsm;u
ol\ta&;tom; jyefqckd surf sm;udk av;pm;tHMh ocJMh u&onf/
rpwmpDtdkAvuf'ifonf a&S;a[mif; okawoeESifh rEk
aA'ynmudk avhvmpl;prf;&SmazGchJol okawoDynm&SifwpfOD;
jzpfonf/ rav;uRef;qG,f NAdwdoQtpdk;&0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpf
onf/ jrefrmEdkifiHukd ra&mufzl;cifuyifpwif ausmufpm
rifu;l ESi"hf mwfyrkH sm;udak vhvmrSwo f m;um jrapwDausmufpm
av;bmom teuf rGeEf iS yhf sLbmomwdu Yk kd jyefqckd o
hJ jl zpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH ausmufpm0ef rpwmawmfpdefcdkESifh rpwm'lGdKif
q,fwdkY\ jrapwDausmufpm rGefbmom jyefqdkrIrsm;ESifh
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wdkufqdkifaeayonf/ ygarmuvkpfu jrefrm
jynfudkra&mufbl;bJ rGef? ysLbmom pl;prf;avhvm jyefqdka&;
om;Edkifonfh rpwmpDtdkAvuf'iftm; &Sm;avmh[krf;ac:
pkHaxmufOD;pH&Sm;OD;aESmuf&Sdol[k csD;usL;*kPfjyKcJhonf/
av;pm;*kPfjyKxdkufol
rQa&;jyae&jcif;rSm jrefrmpm ygarmuq&mrBuD;
a':oef;aqGtm; av;pm;*kPfjyKvdk jzpfygonf/ ysLvlrsKd;?
ysLbmomonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wddrfaumuG,faysmufvkeD;yg;
jzpfcJh&onf/
q&mrBu;D a':oef;aqGonf 1981-82 ynmoifEpS rf pS
ysLpmudk r[m0dZmwef;wGif jyefvnfjy|mef;cJhonf/ udk,fwdkif
ydkYcs ay;cJhonf/
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jrefrmpmudk wuov kd yf xrESpEf iS hf 'kw,
d ESprf sm;wGif jyefvnf
oifMum;cGifh&atmif pGrf;aqmifay;cJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
jrefrmvlrsKd; vli,fvl&G,fwdkY jrefrmpmudk wefzdk;xm;
av;pm;wwfatmif ysKd;axmifavhusifhay;cJhol wpfOD;tjzpf
txl;*kPfjyKarmfuGef; wifxdkufayonf/
246 wuodkvfwifc
b0jzpfpOftusO;f
q&mrBu;D udk c&pfEpS f 1920 jynfEh pS ?f Ed0k ifbmv 29 &uf?
aomMumaeYwGif rEav;wdkif; tr&yl&NrdKUe,f vdyfqHcGef&Gm
arG;zGm;cJhonf/ zcifrSm OD;pufkHjzpf rdcifrSm a':axG;jzpf
onf arG;csif; ESpfOD;om&SdNyD; q&mrBuD;u orD;OD;jzpf
armifi,frmS OD;aumif;nGeYf (tzGUJ 0if? 0efxrf;a&G;cs,af vhusihf
a&;tzGJU) jzpfonf/ zcifOD;pufkHrSm tv,fwef;ausmif;tkyf
q&mBuD;jzpfNyD; rdcifa':axG;rSmvnf; tv,fwef;jy q&mr
jzpfonf/
q&mrBuD;a':oef;aqGonf vdyfqHcGef&Gm tv,fwef;
ausmif;rS yif 1933 ckESpfwGif jrefrmtv,fwef;pmar;yGJ
atmif c J h o nf / t*F v d y f - jref r mtv,f w ef ; pmar;yG J u d k
rEav;NrdKU Ak'omoemhEk*[ rdef;uav;ausmif;rS 1935
ckESpfwGif atmifjrifcJhonf/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrm 10 wef;pmar;yGJ
udk rEav;NrdKU (at-bD-trf) txufwef;ausmif;rS 1938
ckEpS w
f iG f atmifjrifcNhJ y;D &efuek w
f uov kd wf iG f ynmqufvuf
qnf;yl;oif,lcJhonf/
&ef u k e f w u o d k v f jref r mpm0d Z m wef ; 'k w d , ES p f
wufa&muf oif,laeqJrSmyif 'kwd,urmppfBuD;jzpf
ynmoif&yfqikd ;f cJ&h onf/ ppftNy;D 0dZm *kPx f ;l wef; wufpOf
tcgu *kPfxl;wef;wufol[l q&mrBuD;wpfOD;om &SdcJh
onf/ xdkYaemuf ynmqufvufoif,lcJh&m 1947 ckESpfwGif
0dZm*kPfxl;wef;udk atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1949 ckESpfwGif
r[m0dZm bGUJ udk &&Scd o
hJ nf/ q&mrBu;D \ r[m0dZm bGUJ ,laom
usrf;trnfrSm ]]pdEausmfolESifh pmay}}jzpfNyD; *kPfxl;&&Sd
cJhonf/
jrefrmpmXmewm0efausyGefcJhol
q&mrBu;D a':oef;aqGonf 1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 1 &uf
aeYrSp &efukefwuodkvf jrefrmpmXmewGif enf;jyq&mr
tjzpf pwiftrIxrf;cJhonf/ 1948 ckESpf Mo*kwf 15 &ufaeY
wGif vufaxmuf uxdutjzpf wd;k jri x hf rf;aqmifcNhJ y;D 1951
ckESpf 'DZifbmv 17 &ufwGif uxdutjzpf wdk;jrifhcefYxm;
jcif; cH&ygonf/
1965 ckESpfrSp rEav;0dZmESifh odyHwuodkvfodkY
ajymif;a&GU trIxrf;cJhygonf/ 1974 ckESpf ar 17 &ufrSp
rEav;0dZmESifh odyHwuodkvfjrefrmpm ygarmutjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1978 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvf
jrefrmpmXmewGif ygarmutjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
q&mrBuD ; onf 1981 ck E S p f w G i f &ef u k e f w u o d k v f
jrefrmpm ygarmu&mxl;rS tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
jyKpkcJhaompmayrsm;
q&mrBuD;onf pmaywm0efxrf;aqmifcJhpOf umv
wpfavQmufvHk;wGif okawoepmwrf;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;
248 wuodkvfwifc
vnf; a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/ r*Zif;aqmif;yg;rsm;? ,Ofaus;rI
pmapmifESifh *sme,fwGif aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/
&mZukrm&f rGeaf usmufpmavhvmcsu?f ysLpm? cifba&Taycsyf
"mwfyHkrsm;?ysLpm? cifba&Taycsyf avhvmcsufrsm;udk pmtkyf
tjzpf a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
&ef u k e f w u o d k v f j ref r mpmXmewG i f ]]pmawmf z wf } }
wm0efudk xl;jcm;pGmxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
&Sifr[moDv0Ho\ qkawmif;cef;ysKdU? &Sifr[m &|om&
\ bl&d'wfZmwfaygif;ysKdUESpfapmifudk wnf;jzwfcJhonf/
q&mrBuD; zwfMum;cJhaom okawoepmwrf; ckepfapmif
wdwd &Sdonf/
1969 ck E S p f jref r mEd k i f i H o k a woe aqG ; aEG ; yG J w G i f
a&Tpnf;cHk rGefausmufpmavhvmcsuf (pum;vHk;)pmwrf;/
1970? jref r mEd k i f i H ok a woeaqG ; aEG ; yG J w G i f a&T p nf ; cH k
rGefausmufpmavhvmcsuf(zGJUxHk;ESifh taMumif;t&m) pmwrf;?
1972? jrefrmEdkifiHokawoeaqG;aEG;yGJwGif jrefrmpum;ajy
toH k ; twG i f q H k ; pum;rsm; pmwrf ; ? 1981? jref r mEd k i f i H
okawoe aqG;aEG;yGJwGif ]]jrefrm tu&m yHkordkif;pmwrf;-
1? (jrefrmpmXme vkyftm;yg0ifonf)? 1982? jrefrmEdkifiH
okawoe aqG;aEG;yGJwGif jrefrmtu&myHk ordkif;pmwrf;-2?
1982 jref r mEd k i f i H o k a woeol i ,f w ef ; ? jref r mzwf p m
avhvmcsuf? pmwrf;? 1976? [Hom0wDowif;pmwdkuf
bdk;0ZD& pae pmay0dkif;wGif jrefrmpum;ESifh oHk;BudrfEIef;
pmwrf;/
q&mrBuD;a':oef;aqGonf &efukefwuodkvf jrefrmpm
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aqmif&GufcJhonf/
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urm&GwfNrdKUe,fpmayvkyfom;tzGJUOu|? jrefrmEdkifiH pmay
vkyfom;tzGJU em,ujzpfcJhonf/ ESif;qDukef;bdk;bGm;&dyfom
apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJU? tzGJU0ifjzpf trIaqmiftjzpf &SpfESpf
ajrmufaqmif&u G cf o
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q&mrBuD;onf pmaywm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhpOfwpfavQmuf
bmompmay aqmif;yg;rsm;? pmayokawoepmwrf;rsm;udk
a&;om;jyKpkNyD; pmwrf;zwfMum;jcif;? pmayr*Zif;ponf
wdkYwGif trnf&if;jzifhvnf;aumif;? jrrOL[laom uavmif
trnfjzifh vnf;aumif; a&;om;cJhonf/
q&mrBuD;onf 2002 ckESpf ZGefv 7 &uf(aomMum
aeY)wGif uG,fvGefcJh&&Smonf/
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pmayrdcifBuD;\ rSmwrf;pum;
&efukefwuodkvf jrefrmpmXme ESpf(60)jynfhtxdrf;
trSwf tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJwGif pmayrdcifBuD;\ rSmwrf;pum;
onf av;pm;MunfndKzG,ftwd jynfh0onf/
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jrefrmpmygarmu a':oef;aqGonf jrefrmpmrdcifBuD;
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pmayud k zef w D ; &mwG i f q&mrBuD ; onf ]]cspf & T i f o em;?
wnf M um;Murf ; MuKwf ? puf q k y f a Mumuf c g? &J 0 H h t H h M o?
aemt&om usrf;*efvm}}udk avmuaumif;usKd;jyKwwf?
a&;wwf&ef zefwD;wwf&ef q&mrBuD;u wynfhwdkYtm;
tNrJwap a0zef&Sif;vif; oifMum;jyoavh&Sdonf/
'gaMumifh rdrdwwfwJhynmudk
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qd k ; usKd ; twG u f toH k ; rcsrd a tmif ? ynmwwf t od a w wGG
wdk;wufjrifhrm;oxuf jrifhrm;atmif?
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jrefrmpmayrdcifBuD;onf jrefrmpmayudk &SmazGavhvm
yGm;rsm; a&;om;xm;cJhygNyD/ pmay&ooabmudk ppfaMumum
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onf i,fb0rSonf uG,fvGefonftxd EkdifiHvlrsKd;ESifh
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256 wuodkvfwifc
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ou&mZff 1278 ckewfawmfvqef; 13 &uf? c&pfESpf 1916
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zGm;jrifcJhonf/ rdbtrnfrSm OD;zkd;OD;? a':jr&ifwkYdjzpf
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pwif ynmoifcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf tpdk;&wef;jrifhausmif;okdY
ajymif;a&TUynm oif,lonf/ xkdausmif;rSyif 1934 ckESpfwGif
10 wef;pmar;yGJukd atmifjrifonf/ odkYaomf bmomwJGrSm;
pmar;yGJatmif aumvdyf 0ifcGifh&avonf/ q&maepOfu
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atmifjrif cJo h nf/ wuov kd jf refrmpmXmewGif uxdutjzpf
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wGif jrefrmpmygarmutjzpf apvTwcf eft Y yfjcif;cH& armfpudk
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vlrsKd;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHtay: jrefrmjynfolwkdY\ b0udk cspfcif
av;pm; wefzkd;xm;cJhonf/ e,fcsJUwkdYonf ESpfaygif; 100
ausmfonftxd jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdYtay:wGif uRefjyKcJhonf/
wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI? aoG;pnf;rIwkdYudk
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1945 ckESpf OD;zkdcsKd? a':apmjrwkYd\ ordD;rjzLESifhvufxyf
om;wpfa,muf orD;wpfa,muf xGef;um;cJhonf/ cspfol
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&GufcJhaom avxD;Akdvf Akdvfausmf&ifqkdolrSm q&mOD;ausmf&if
258 wuodkvfwifc
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pvkH; wuf<upGm a&SUwef;rS yg0ifcJholjzpfonf/
aus;vufa'o atmufvufrsm;txd pnf;kH;a&;qif;cJh
aom pnf;kH;a&;orm;aumif;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
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q&monf rsKd;cspfjrefrmb0rSonf jrefrmpmayynm&Sif
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jyefonf/ q&monf pmrsKd;pkH a&;EkdifpGrf;olvnf; jzpfonf/
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tcsd e f u d k c G J yxruavmif ? 'k w d , uavmif ? wwd ,
uavmif[l owfrSwfcGJjcm;cJhonfukdvnf; awGU&onf/
&Hzef&Hcg okH;aomuavmiftrnfESifh pOfqufrjywfa&;
aom uavmiftrnfrsm;udkvnf; ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;cGJjcm;onfukd
awGU&onf/ yxrtrsK;d tpm;wGif a&TwaJG usm?f armifausm&f if?
udkausmf&if? armifbuGef;? q&mausmf&if? OD;uxdu? tkwfvS
wkdYjzpfNyD; 'kwd,trsKd;pm;wGif odyHrsKd;wifh? uxduausmf&if?
wuodkvfBudKifoif;wkdY jzpfonf/
wuov kd Bf uKd io
f if; [laomtrnfukd q&mtvQKUd 0Suq f ;Hk
xm; a&;cJhonfESifh q&mhZeD;onf vkyfazmfukdifzufrsm;?
wynhfwyef;rsm;u pmrlrsm;udk vkH;0rodMu? r&dyfrdMubJ
oufqkdif&m q&mESifh tvGef&if;ESD;onfh r*Zif;? *sme,f
t,f'Dwmrsm;u od&dSMuonf/
oa&mf[efjzifh &Tijf rL;pGm a&;om;Ekid cf o
Jh nf/ jyZmwfpmay
ykHoPmefjzifh ajrmufrsm;pGm zGihfvSpfa&;om;cJhonf/
q&mhb0ESifh q&mhpmay
q&monf wuodkvfq&mwpfOD;taejzifh ausmif;pm
oifcef; 0ef;usifwGifom arGUavsmfaewwfolr[kwf? ausmif;
udp? ausmif;aqmifupd ? wkid ;f jynfupd r sm;wGiv
f nf; wwfprG ;f
orQ aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf/
1951 ckESpfwGif pwifzGJUpnf;aom ]wuodkvftEkynm
toif;BuD;}wGif q&monf pdwfygvufygjzifh yg0ifvkyfaqmif
cJhonf/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItEkynm wkd;yGm;&mwkd;yGm;aMumif;
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ &Srf;jynf? tif;av;? csif;awmif? &ckdifjynf
ponfwkdYukd wuokdvftEkynm toif;BuD;rS a'oE&c&D;
260 wuodkvfwifc
xGuf&mwGifvnf; q&monf OD;aqmifcJholwpfOD; jzpfonf/
q&monf ]]wu o d k v f u avmif t oif ; }} wG i f v nf ;
yg0ifvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ xkdYjyif tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;
rsm;odYk oGm;a&mufum jrefrmpmayESihf ywfouf a[majymcJh
onf / pmaya[majymyG J r sm;? OmPf B uD ; &S i f a jzqk d y G J r sm;?
pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;wGifvnf; pdwfygvufyg wufwuf<u<u
a[majymcJhonf/ ausmif;om;a&;&mrsm;vnf; q&monf
a&SUwef;rS OD;aqmifumaqmif&Gufwwfygonf/
q&m\ csD ; usL;twk , l p &maumif ; aomtcsuf u m;
rnf o nh f b 0 tajctaeod k Y a &muf a &muf yk H o P m ef
rajymif;bJ tpOftNrJ yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; azmfazmfa&Ga&G qufqH
aygif;oif;wwfjcif;yif jzpfonf/
q&monf ausmif;q&mvkyf&if; ol0goemygaom pmay
a&;om;jcif;udk pmaywnf;jzwfjcif;? okawoemjyKjcif;rsm;
jyKcyhJ gonf/ q&monf jyZmwfrsm;? pmayaqmif;yg;rsm;? a0zefpm
rsm;udk r*Zif; *sme,f trsKd;rsKd;wkdYwGif a&;om;cJhonf/
q&mhpmayrsm;
(1) EkdifiHa&;tEkpmayorkdif;? trSwf(1)rS(5)
(2) u0dvuP'DyeDopf(3)yk'f
(3) &ckdiftu&mESifh &ckdifoifykef;BuD;
(4) yxruavmif
(5) 'kwd,uavmif
(6) wwd,uavmif
(7) uwdESifhowd
(8) OD;yknESifh &SdwfpyD;,m;
(9) pepfusaom a0zefpma&;en;f
(10) ynmwefaqmif
(11) uRefawmfayygonf
(12) usifyGJ
(13) wuodkvfESifhtvm;tvmaqmif;yg;rsm;
(14) rD;aeonfjyZmwf? 0dZm bJOjyZmwfEiS hf tjcm;jyZmwfrsm;
ygonf/
(15) e,fcsJUppfrS vlxkppfokdY
(16) unGwfkd;AkdvfcsKyf ('Da*gtaMumif;)
(17) rmhu0g'ESifh bmoma0g[m&paom pmtkyfrsm;udk
vnf; a&;om;jyefqkdcJhonf/
xkdYjyif
(1) &ckdifrif;ordD;{csif;
(2) usyif;w&m;pm
(3) i&Jcef;ysKdU
(4) yvvJqif rif;ysKUd paom pmtkyrf sm;ukv
d nf; wnf;jzwf
cJhonf/
(5) odD&dzkef;xGwf? vSwrGwfrif; jrwfokH;qufMuif/
(6) uRefqkd;? uRef,kwf? "m;jzihfckwf t[kwfrusifhNyD/
(7) aygufvJvnf;ikH? &moDukHjrLzkHrxao;/
262 wuodkvfwifc
[laom u0dvuPmowfyv Hk m pmyk'w f u
Ydk dk zGiq
hf adk om q&m\
]]u0dvuP 'DyeDopf}}onf okawoetrIwiG f q&m0goem
xkH aMumif; azmfjyaom oufaorsm;tjzpf xif&Sm;ayonf/
]]OD;yknESifh &SdwfpyD;,m;}}wGifrl q&monf OD;yknESifh
&SdwfpyD;,m;wkdY\ wlnDcsufudk vlcsif;wlykH? tjzpfcsif;wlykH?
pmcsif;wlykH[l taMumif;okH;csufrS&yf olwdkYa&;aompm
rsm;udk udk;um;um EIdif;csifha0zeffum wifjycJhonf/
q&m\ t,ltq&J&ifhykH? pum;tokH;tEIef; uRrf;usifykH?
[moOmPf&SdykHwkdYudk ]] rD;aeonfjyZmwf? 0dZmbJOjyZmwf}}
rsm;wGif awGU&ygonf/ wm&mr*Zif;wGif a&;aomq&mh
jyZmwfrsm;onfvnf; xufxufjrufjruf &So d nf[k od&onf/
q&monf [moOmPf&Sd tm0Zef;&GifvSaomaMumifh
q&mh p mrsm;ud k zwf & onf r S m ES p f o uf a ysmf a rG U p&m
aumif;onf/ oGuo f uG f vufvuf zswzf swv f wfvwf &So d nf/
q&monf pmudu k m&ef eabjzifh EGUJ EGUJ aESmif;aESmif; EkEek ,fe,f
pum;rsm;udka&G;um ra&;zGGJU? uspfuspfvpfvpf odyfodyf
onf;onf;jzihf &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; a&;zGUJ wwfonf/ q&ma&;cJh
aom ]]usifyGJ}} rS a&;[efukd om"u jyvkd ygonf/
]]usifqkdonfum; usm;ESifh,if[laom a0g[m&ESpf&yfvkH;
uk d aygif ; pyf ay:vmaomtoH j zpf o nf / usm;,if r S
usijf zpfvmonf/ usm;,ifupm;enf;ukpd JG ac:aom eyef;yGJ
trnfjzpfonf/ usm;,ifupm;&mwGif usm;uESpfaumif?
,ifuESpfq,f&Sdonf/ usm;u ,ifukd zrf;&onf/ ,ifu
usm;udk rzrf;Edkif? usm;udk a&Smif&onf/ usm;ukd ra&Smifrwdrf;
rvIyfr&Sm;Edkifatmif 0kdif;xm;&onf/ usm;udk ,ifu a&Smif
ydwfxm;EdkifvQif ,ifEkdifonf/ ra&SmifEdkif usm;pm;cH &vQif
,if;HI onf/ odYk usm;u ttkyt f zrf;? ,ifu ta&Smiftwdr;f
wkdYjzifh upm;aom ]]usm;,if}} upm;enf;udkenf;rSD; cH,lvsuf
vlESpfa,mufwGif wpfOD;uzrf;? wpfOD;u cHum wpfOD;udk
wpfOD; ajrokdYusatmif vkyfjcif;twwfudk usiftwwf[k
ac:onf/ ajrokdYuswkdif;vnf; IH;onf[k rajymEdkif? ajrwGif
tdy f wzufom;ukd ausmyf pfEikd f onf/ ajcjzihcf sw
d f ajrwGif
vufaxmufxm;Edik o f nf/ odaYk omf tjyKtrlrmS rMumap&?
MumvQifajrwGifusonf [k qkH;jzwfcH&um tIH;ay;vdkuf&
onf/
usifvkH;yGJonf &ckdifjynf\kd;&meyef;yGJ[k qkdvQifqkdedkif
onf/ odaYk omf eyef;yGEJ iS hf twdtus wloavmqku d rwlay/
eyef;yGJwGif pnf;urf;enf;onf/ usifwGif pnf;urf;csufrsm;
onf/ eyef;yGJwGif cGeftm;onf t"dujzpfonf/ usifyGJwGif
jzwfvwfjcif;? owd&Sdjcif;? ynm&nf0jcif;onf t"dujzpf
onf/ }}
q&m\pmrsm;onf odkYyif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ay:ay:
vGifvGif&Sdonf/ taMumif;tcsufudk wpfckNyD;rS wpfckpDum
pOfum tusKd;oifh taMumif;oifh qufpyfwifjywwfonf
264 wuodkvfwifc
jrefrmhrsK;d csppf mayynm&Sif

q&monf jrefrmrsK;d csppf may ynm&Siw f pfO;D tjzpf xl;xl;
jcm;jcm; rSwof m; wifjyvkad yonf/ q&monf trsKd;om;EdkifiH
a&;wGif udk,fwkdif yg0ifBudK;yrf;cJhol wpfOD;jzpfonf/ EdkifiHESifh
vlrsKd;twGGuf touf pGefYvTwfpGefUpm;aom pmayorm;wpfOD;
jzpfayonf/
trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; rsKd;cspfyk*KdvfrSonf trsKd;om;pmay
ynm&Sif wpfOD;jzpfvmcJhonf/ &efukefwuodkvf jrefrmpm
Xme\ pmtoif tjyaumif;rGefxl;cRefol uxduOD;ausmf&iff
[k xif&Sm;vlodrsm; ausmfMum;cJhonf/
q&monf wuodkvfq&momru wuodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;
bufwiG v f nf; uRr;f usiEf UHS pyfonf/ &efuek w
f uov kd f uxdu
rSonf &efukefwuodkvftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;? rEav;wuodkvf
ygarmucsKyftxd wm0efukd ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
jrefrmpmay ynm&Sifpma&;q&m uAsmq&m? jyZmwf
q&mtjzpf pmpG,fpkHa&;EkdifolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ pmpkHuavmifpkH
*kPo f wif; ysUH oif;cJah om uxdu OD;ausm&f iftm; jrefrmhrsK;d cspf
pmayynm&SifwpfOD;tjzpf txl;*kPfjyK azmfjytyfayonf/
]]zd;k ausmjfrif\
h pGr;f aqmifcsurf sm;onf xl;jcm;xif&mS ;bd
onf? jrefrmpmay*kPu f dk jri v
hf
kd ]]jrefpm*kPaf usmjf rif}h }
[laom uavmiftrnfudk cH,cl ahJ yonf/
}}
jrefrmpmaytqifhukd jrihfwifcJhonfh
jrefrmpm*kPaf usmjf rifh
&efuek w f uov
kd jf refrmpmXme ESpaf ygif;ajcmufq,fjynfrh D
ausmv f eG v
f maomtcg jrefrmpmXme\*kPaf &mif xGe;f ajymif
atmif pGr;f aqmifco hJ rl sm;ukd jyefvnftrSww f & *kPjf yKazmfjy
vkdayonf/
,if;taMumif;t&mudk Ekid if h*H Pk &f nfr*Zif;wGif tvsO;f oifo
h vkd
zGiqhf adk zmfjy a&;om;cJah yonf/ jrefrmpmygarmursm;? uxdu
XmerSL;rsm;? pmayynmausmfrsm; taMumif;udk trSwfw&
azmfjy a&;om;cJhayonf/ ,ckwzef jrefrmpmaytqifhudk
jrifhwifcJhonfh jrefpm*kPfausmfjrifhtaMumif;udk tcGifhtcg
oifhvmjzifh a&;om;wifjyvkdayonf/
268 wuodkvfwifc
b0jzpfpOftusO;f
jrefpm*kPfausmfjrifhonf 1934 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 12
&ufaeY wGif ajrpm&if;tifpyufawmf OD;xGe;f armif ?a':apmoif
wkdYrS zGm;jrifonf/ yef;waemfZmwd jzpfonf/ trnf&if;rSm
zdk;ausmfjrifh jzpfonf/
i,fpOfu yef;waemfNrdKU Ak'uvsmP,k0ausmif;ESifh
trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif pmayoifMum;cJhonf/ ukvor*
twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;oefYESifh OD;ausmfpdef (tNidrf;pm;
ckdif0ef)wkdYonf ol\q&m&if;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ udk;wef;
atmifaomtcg a&0efkH;wGif pma&;0ifa&mufvkyfaqmif
cJhonf/
1952 ckESpfwGif wuodkvf0ifpmar;yGJudk atmifjrifonf/
1957 ckESpfwGif jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;udk yxrwef;
*kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/
&efukefwuodkvf jrefrmpm0dZm*kPfxl;wef; yxrwef;
tqifw h iG f atmifjrifoOl ;D a&onf xkad cwfxt dk cgu vGepf mG
xl;jcm;&Sm;yg;cJh onf/ 1960 jynfhESpfwGif jrefrmpmr[m0dZm
wef; atmifjrifcJhonf/
1957 ckESpfrSp &efukefwuodkvf jrefrmpmXmewGif
vufaxmuf uxdutjzpf trIxrf;aqmifonf/ jyifOD;vGif
ppfwuov dk o
f Ykd oGm;a&muftrIxrf;f cJo
h nf/ ppfwuov kd w
f iG f
AdkvfrSL;baomif;(armifokw) ESifhwGJzufNyD; ynmqufvuf
qnf;yl;onf/
ykodrfaumvdyfwGif jrefrmpmXmerSL;tjzpf trIxrf;cJh
ao;onf/ 1964 ckEpS w f iG f uxdutjzpf wd;k jri jhf cif;cH&onf/
1966-68 ckESpf wGif qkdAD,uf,leD,H armfpudkEdkifiHwum
qufo, G af &;wuov
kd wf iG f jrefrmpmXmerSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G f
cJhao;onf/
i,fpOfb0pmaytp
jrefpm*kPfausmfjrifhonf wef;jrifhausmif;om;b0uyif
eH&HuyfpmapmifESifh vufa&;r*Zif;wdkYudk xkwfa0cJhzl;onf/
1956 ckESpfrSp pmayaqmif;yg;rsm;udk jrefpm*kPfausmfjrifh
[laomtrnfjzifh pwifa&;om;onf/ armifacrm? apmjrKaw?
jzL0if;ar [laom trnfrsm;jzifhvnf; a&;om;cJhao;\/
1963 ckESpfwGif tEkynmpmay? pmya'om pwkwqkudk
]]pmay &dyfrGef}} jzifh qGwfcl;NyD; 1964 ckESpfwGif jrefrmh
,Ofaus;rIESifh tEkynmpmay wwd,qkukd ]]jrefrmhkd;&m
odkif;ynmorkdif;}} jzihf qGwfcl;onf/ xkdpmrludk jrefrmEdkifiH
ordkif;tzGJUcsKyfodkY vSL'gef;onf/ jrefrmpm? jrefrmrItjyif
jrefrmhkd;&modkif;ynmudkyg avhvmxl;cRefol yk*KdvfwpfOD;
jzpfonf/
xk d Y j yif OD ; yk n arw m pmarmf u G e f ; avh v ma0zef c suf
(1963) pmay wm0ef(1966) ESihf qk&d , S v f pfynma&; tawGU
tBuKH(1970) pmtkyfwdkYudkvnf; a&;om;jyKpkcJhao;onf/
q&monf pepfopfynma&;ESifh acwfrDaom jrefrmpmXme
270 wuodkvfwifc
jzpfatmif BudK;pm;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ wuokdvfodkif;toif;
Ou|tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
jrefrmpmXmerS xkwfa0aomr*Zif;? *sme,frsm;udk OD;pD;
acgif;aqmifonf/ 0dZmESifh odyHwuodkvfr*Zif;wGifvnf;
yg0ifulnDcJhonf/
wd k i f ; jynf w m0ef E S i f h pmaywm0ef ausyG e f a tmif
tbufbufrS BudK;pm;aom jrefpm*kPfausmfjrifhonf 1973
ck E S p f ? ZG e f v 7 &uf aeY w G i f &ef u k e f t if ; pd e f v rf ; rBuD ;
qifa&wGif;vrf;xdyfwGif um;wdkufcH&aomaMumifh uG,fvGef
&&Smonf/ OD;zkd;ausmfjrifh\ ZeD;rSm &efukef 0dZmESifhodyH
wuodkvf jrefrmpmXme? enf;jyq&mra':rmav; jzpf onf/
OD;ausmfjrifhonf uG,fvGefcsdefwGif orD; 4 a,mufESifh
om;wpfa,muf usef&pfcJhonf/ uG,fvGefcsdefwGif 39 ESpf
om &Sdao;aomaMumifh ESajrmwojzpfMu&ayonf/
]]zkd;ausmfjrifh}} trnfjzifh jrefrmpmaytokdif;t0dkif;
pmayrdwaf qG ynm&Sit f aygif;u trSww f & *kPjf yKrw S w f rf;
pmtkyf xkwfa0cJhonf/
zkd;ausmfjrifh\xl;jcm;pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;
0d Z m wef ; (jref r mpm*k P f x l ; wef ; )uk d 1957 ck E S p f w G i f
yxrwef; *kPfxl; tqifhjzifh atmifjrifcJh aiGwHqdyf&&SdcJh
onf/ bGJUESif;obif pmtkyfwGif ,if;qkESifh ywfouf
( The Dally jamshedji Chinai Silver Medal-Roll No.8, Po
Kyaw Myint, for standing highest in B.A(Honours) Ex-
amination chonsen by the vicechancellor)[l awGU&onf/
jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;wGif yxrtqifhjzifh atmifjrifoltm;
ay;aomaiGwHqdyfudk q&monf yxrqkH;qGwfcl;&&Sdjcif;
jzpfayonf/
xkdESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvfwpfckvkH; *kPfxl;wef;
yxrtqifh atmifjrifolrSm q&mwpfOD;wnf;om jzpfyg
onf/
ppfrjzpfrDu jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;wGif yxrtqifhrS
atmifjrifolwdkYrSm OD;pdefwif (odyHarmif0)? OD;0ef(rif;ok0Pf)
?OD;wifaiG(&Srf;jynf) wkdYjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ppfNyD;acwf
wGifrl jrefpm*kPfxl;wef; yxrtqifhjzifh atmifjrifolwdkY
wGif q&monf yxrOD;qkH;jzpfonf/ odkY jrefrmpm*kPfxl;
wef; yxrtqifh atmifjrif yef;waemftoif;uvnf;
a&TwHqdyfwpfck csD;jrifhcJhonf/
jrefrmpm*kPfxl;wef;wuf&if; 1956 ckESpfrSp yxr
uavmif t rnf j zpf a om ]]armif a crm}} (ud k & if b G J Y ) jzif h
vnf;aumif;? ]]jrefpm*kPfausmfjrifh}} [laom trnfjzifh
vnf;aumif;? pmayaqmif;yg;ESifh uAsmrsm;ukd a&;pyfcJhonf/
wuokdvfowif;axmuftjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf/
&efuek w
f uovk d f Ak'u
sr;f pmtoif;wkw
Y d iG v
f nf; pnf;k;H a&;rSL;?
b@ma&;rSL;? twGif;a&;rSL;? 'kOu|? Ou| ponfjzifh
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ &efukeftv,fykdif; wdkufe,f A? v? p
272 wuodkvfwifc
wGifvnf; OmPAvrSL; tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhkHru A? v? p
XmecsKyf (a&T*kHwkdif)wGif Oypmwef; jrefrmpmtcuftcJ
&Sdolrsm;twGuf jrefrmpmudk tcrJh oifMum;ykdYcscJhonf/
&efukefwuodkvf jrefrmpmXmewGif vufaxmufuxdu
tjzpf 1-6-57 wGif pwiftrIxrf;onf/ jrefrmpmXmewGif
pwif t rI x rf ; rMumrD jyif O D ; vG i f p pf w u o k d v f o d k Y
oGm;a&muf 26-6-57 rS 31-5-58 txd trIxrf;cJhonf/
ppfwuodkvf trIxrf;aepOf twGif; r[m0dZmwef;twGuf
wifoGif;&rnfh ]]arwmpmorkdif;}} jyKpk&mwGif vkdtyfrnfh
pmaytcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;jyifqifonf/
q&mhBudK;yrf;rIaMumifhyif wdrfjrKyfaecJhaom arwmpmtawmf
rsm;rsm;onf ay:aygufvmcJhonf/
&efukefwuodkvfodkif;toif;Ou|tjzpf aqmif&Guf&if;
okdif;ynmjyefYyGm;a&;udk &nf&G,f ]]jrefrmhkd;&m okid ;f ynmorkid ;f }
udkjyKpkxkwfa0cJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHokdif; tzGJUcsKyf (tm;^um)
trIaqmif tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ jrefrmpmtoif;
Ou|tjzpf vnf; aqmif&u G &f if; jrefpm*kP*f sme,f? jrefpm
*k P f r * Z if ; ? pmjrKaw? jref r mpm*sme,f ?&ef u k ew f uov
kd f
0dZm odyH ESpyf wfvnfr*Zif;wd k Y u d k v nf ; wm0ef c H B uD ; Muyf
xkwfa0cJhonf/
1966 ck? Ekd0ifbmv 3 &ufaeYwGif qkdAD,ufEdkifiH?
armfpudNk rKd U&S]d ]Edik if w
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တက္ကသိုလ် တင်ခ မြန်မာစာ မြန်မာမှုကို ပြုစုပျိုးထောင် ခဲ့သူများ

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တက္ကသိုလ် တင်ခ မြန်မာစာ မြန်မာမှုကို ပြုစုပျိုးထောင် ခဲ့သူများ

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