Nuq Cths ja2 ;tPlnti'.

r r'jn j ,Da3

HOWTO USE THE GP BULLEII.{

oB -.
" o.
o o ! "a."
b.,r" oo
"ltu ,riStrrya! de tlie
F
:"-::*r: '.
::]':'' .'.q'.'o'"1o-"'"1 b" " tuft )a! htw to bdtu'
D0 d e"

Th.re a:e many hetpfuthi.ls n rhe Alt.lin thesc a@ usu. y ha

lhese lips an.l try lo apFlyltreh in your own qork
ed Ot or ! pay anenlon ro

.do q.oo.. .,
10 Lool .r br 1 o. -. | ". e
".-.
"".,:,
.qq" :,on .o. rr;re.
" .
I{wa CfronB lunior Co[Iege
br.rr,ou "o"

re
" oQEAD9oo.", e ,aoo&o..
r ! ta.e ei berore !$ r GP c,;m
I JC2 QQ cButtetin
Ncle Tr.e essays herewerewanen under rine conslE nrs:white rhey represertCood
beei amendd forthe pulposes ofihis Au etn wcrk lhyhale Issue i, 2003
FURTHER RESOURCES

b .!o 5u " . ." . -,:" " ".; ,""

C.m! ele the worksheels rhal come w th y.ur naqaz fes or a weeky bas s
.r//,rE or New.!r66k Check lhe en,*e," Jn rr,e:r,iu Crrono *uoor"
ycu can choose t.

4 id.hd.ebdq po.a .6oo,o..pr ..p ,o,, o.oooo, n_e cr

" r. ". i".

'ee4 pdpea petsdeldn e,
rid" .\ooor sO..-o, oo, "dd e.np..
' o ,d. 1q Oor"p, "p"

CAEOITS
Ad\ice l!.Jh.r .\ercij.s , ediing ond dyolr by KhooSE 2OO2
,4dvic for exohp e 3 ih Unii rhree by Jutioh Lih
L__ Erer.lse 4.e by Nrhold oner suesesrioh fo. secri"_!
12 !I!ML" q"e
 1t1ra cha\1 :lcz qsduti L k . t, )at p:tt,,otl.iEo,efinitCti 1{fr Ct t JQ qeaultz : t:iE ), 2aaa

UNIT ONE: ANNOTATED EXTMCTS

CONTENTS
Pag-"
1.1 Do you agree that the mass media faits to keep us properly
informed?
.lLrre- ZOol etocl rost essays
* i 'o " "a.c',rl . c,d1o.d..1 q
!Nll ONE: ANNOTATED
,-o.oLao6d1d ExTRACtS
1e ro..-do. .o,.60 o od .,o..o o
',.d 'dbe! oi '
"21 astcentuq, (o 6) -"--
I 2b oltimes, ilwas Ihe worst oi lmes,
t was rhe best C.mmenr o.lhis ass.ssn.it ot lrre
rDNeler before n the history otlhe mass neda has astcertury (a 6) i
'/ - d 'o aro, bd.r os-a1 .o,eo al., 1 ia,t-.ng orgaf jsed introduct on that
13lgnoranceisbrss Doyolaqrce? lOB) ... jo
'De.c W '
I ..eo.e1ro,6e.,d a o .e -re, ;r a-a UNIT TWOr STUDENTS' ESSAYS
\ of o,6r:o! ) t4^.-o og as | .a -do.o 1. advancements n the
\.th6 clF\e.f6, 2I n
o.e o Mo . V-dro. Wt d g.owir q -.n,J1proponor^o.or roeed tne
ad.c.led
More pain than qa ls lhG a rcaso.ab. commenl on lhe role ih. o.is.nat ..mnLje,
,'d L6.re o.oote..rp n.o..rbe
'
oesire fo-.nrormdror 22 n whatways has yourmuntry slifrd as a resul o' Eptd e.onom c deletcpmenl? (a ]l le
b . -oo- o. ro, .o l-" wo. o.an o,t/ qro^ p\-. ..) ri.o\a o,
,F ." o. o-
. od Hore.F "rFp ar-6r..daato,e.fe.e,o.d need/demand lor the ,)rFo^ d o " "-.",og .b o:.or
mss med a to popeny o
ceef cnl. sms d recred at ihe ma5s medLa rhil :rc 25 GratworksorlteGtlredoiotmak.goodtims.Di;rss (Ot2t .---.--- -....-.- 2.
becoml.g nfeasingty dfcuttlo igno.e. Rlnours reeking .1 26 Greaiworks of Ilel!re do fol make good nrs Oisclss. (O j2t Errract ___-, 26
th problemsLcjng the 27Wry s itihatno.ountry has everh6d ! p.fed nrhln rqhls iecord? iO3J _-...-
o.Ld,e o-iru.a "'1" .e''d..p 25
ord re-o' o dranoi. aners a.eDr.t/.1 F,pot.he
doa o o9r6e LFa.lt6
ros. Ted o -a( ra,cd to lu Lt .s COi,IPRHENSION
0.. obF .6 o, 160 n9 .
as5en rhe ractha h s does not happen a I the rime. u\l- -qREt:,40Dt tca o\ QJcT ON
Eramplel .. 2A
rodar . s -"o - : a p". 30
do^1r
r' oea "r'o-dJ 3',
beng relegared 1o rhe ba[sear Entertanme.r < rhp 1 ,,"r......
bu?zword arohd mass medra.ornpanes lhese davs essay we aht by exp ainino
-- " oLro"o-ig -eed,or rorp ad/elrcro.F.6rre rr<_
"d r- n r. nedd ro sl.curb ro,ropud. a"a"r d to,
GRAMfuIARANO EXPRESSlON
" t gDrro,ear e.ibr.,a nrorTr.iorJtil.6.pa,.e entr.ainhn1 news ror th6
:.rj"^ ro/".,e.rdr f.o.a ! ,ra-. o 5(,a6. r. i.o-)
riI
s thF.e:son wh/ rhe soash a.rass mosi IF p^..:o. .--...
ipr,p.peE s regardr.q t.e tareslqossp around tn! 37
_. .. oia - medi s interested o.
"rrd D"oo.id.o -..--.
) n
3!
'' r-.o,o.j ,o-,e
!pcs ed tors hr\ e resoned" 1o an" rs ni e.Lr:mo, tar 46o. . 39

'"d' r - odd da".o

d..oo oro,o
1"
\ : \Elvo . - - onre .d aut.a , ,9 o. rio- ra..- j3 o:-Co S .o.
r eus !e!menls recenty h @d rhe
undisouied oossr. 44

" - ,1 *. con.."r..re o""-.e ir-o,.

,1 l0 Exercrses: Comnon erors
r"\rorfo o
rn gramn.r a.a exorcssron
erienain lssubsL.ber. cou.l es)wh dr qves rir
 nir! rirr_r.nr !-ij'i3litiiir rrff r, :rorj,{nlr'o,rjtr.,1f-rT,tta5
ttt'aairn'. ia qP:Bnilit!, rr!! i rodr ]ltrl,\orrr, Lrlvraii.t
A.olher reasof ytli! lhe nass mei a has idileil ts
',dd rorndin! prrcpes rs he facr lh.t prjrii.e a.d bi.sfess
E, . .. ia re.cr !r The S!. j ror s-r .. E F-e,haps l. 5r an.! riE er sls n(hef.rsoom rAlier! ihe.ewsroom:s made
r.r.flrer n eri3. .on.o.ted fase e!e,!tness a...unls : p.r h!m.is..d p/godlce exists in every hunjan, fhis,
o q.io o examp0s.lhe nler no4 ha|9evet daes nat cakd.ne the undeniable trend.l
.., ;oo . " n.lr.l.s a Brl sh *anrD,F .rrsP..ei.rt. es and s!pposed y nrorrr!t!e lee/s on
trogn,rres bec.mrn! .c.easi.!l,r o.c s de.i Edcl nass cons.q!enly ,eru i lir s
-o.," J " .rear.orloraroih.s lsoi..!e.d.,..ounlonu.aleiy, s

o . .. ..9 bi\, o d.
lhrl covera pc.ls ci lrew has ! len !!ay lo ttre app.renl y
H.re!r I must ror be saclhat lhe mass meCi. has !Leenl feed to flll l ts ow. alenca F:For examp es, lhe Fisese exanr! es are Lrs-
fardd brnery. There have been times whef the mass med a mer_ce, olAmer.. Cnlne and Tne \r!ai-rer (which.!tns.
ias f! ii:eC ls object!e roby. tn the recent Anrerca-ed
!v.r alarnst raq the Pentagon (the [4inisiry oi Defence ]. ' I o r"q"r'"
lo online newspape.s)was a shrewd bls ness decison, i
ditterenl ssus
ann rar Th s stl
- b.s ness
counG
rm:rL.r r i:red .n embeCd.g echemerre/eb/ 't
lcu beliele ,rhat ,\'lE and the vartous c.ld compan es :s a farjety ol suppoftng
''I--o^ 1e q .q .a: vlere propagar i-rr rn tire e.n, rhe rholsa.ds who be eved
. ( d..ato^do . .ad - .a- Fd, ,
5e kepl !p lo-daie w1h the atesr t.formatro. recard ng the dn. bcr'lht shd/es . tnc parent comFan!, Time !!ar.er.
osl ther m.ne! cr lhe si.c( marketrhen t bec.me cea.
llr. po(enla .rlrcisinso,. eeotng t..ar at
10 ack oi Eporters and rolrna sls who ntetoielved her no.t and lakes p..ns -b
po.r,lre Amerca. rellsFapers lvhch p!b shed hard
trriie. shows h6r c.mn.nd
.ttansrege natjtst h tet
ord na.r' rrt s and even oppose.s oirhe war,lhus Ia.ls abo!l raq h.|rg weapons oj mass desrrlcion ro .ho,ca oi eipressrons, bur
prolid ng a bala.ced liew Olte mlst also rut tc.q-"t lre .hun up.ala.a sm and slppofl lor rhe rva. n traq are a/so i, lhe ral s/rd e.stj,
jarnalsls f/hafa.the sake atinfantinq ||ent aqainst bau3 r ow efl hrrgtug lhelr heads i, shade as llre so .al ed
a.d Lan.led up wo..e.lf Thes6 a.ethe p6apt. t/ha.ta.e !. .autt-dt .tgunent the t..:k
'evdence s evdenlly m ss.g ihe readerslho!ghllhar
cp pase a briau sly fl a || e d g av e.n ne nts a n d c..p.ft lj b,s al a can.:Ltsia. at lnking lhey rere ae n! nformed abolt qrourd-,breakirg
.tgrn.nI ne.nt th.t lhe eviderce. .. y lo find oul fow lhal th.! were a.rua 1! te.] Doe rnleres/irg is rhe us-"
jlFor e!e.! Ja!s.. Slair rhere are prl.graph /osrs i..u.r ar an a v/ild.gaase chase.
j..". .oo"-. ar teest n ne.rh.r .dphr.ses. l^.re:.nry
o rInpo.' _.. peop.1.o
a.oo
rin a bd to 9ah respect and admn3ton i.am othe.
ri ions stilr!rn to the hass media to be i.iorned aboul news sources and pole.ti.ly gain ng rew subscrbers.t
.!renl .ffa rs shows thar there s sti immense tairh n lhe OAslnng concius.n hal
the wrler s
the same time m.ry emp o\rees oi mass med hale .
Ntegril! otlhe mass nrede Ler Sossjp be on! to rhe 'lemonst.a(es siooped lo ne\! ows .;olrna Cm erh cs Lies concoctjons
b- n : 6 o. ,6,,6, p p, prpF.. and pagarsm abo!nd.Ths atest scandalto he fiass h
"b p9-,e..
.1 o.--od possjbiy roo srron s lhe Inedia industry s that concerning The NewYo T mes",
sol purpose of the mass wdely.egarded as the standard to which a seri,.especing
i. re.og. se trrar their sole purpose of existence is to newspaper should asp re io emu ate. Slttrecover ng iroh
inlorm nlt make none! Ontv then can we as !'erers ..d lda.- o idro-eo.. o.o. di...c. o ecr
r..Jers be Dropery educ.ten a.d kept !p,to-date ..ade !p stories:nd q!.ta!o.s thal slen made ihe ircnl
p.ge Th. Ner York l oes recei\red another blolr when

02562
naae lse oi bul a n.ot c..C!ct Sho.k.nc stupo.$ere
lhe [ro ma n expressro.s whe. peopie earnl ofrhe
sc.ndas Such actions hale bee. knowf to exsr among
rogue jour.alisls bltlor'The NewYork T ms to havc
.omm lted the card.a slns rv.s unbe elabe ETo qel the
 nlr cia's lt 2 !t)j tft,\ r:,p t, )iar- luitulj.rEoLTTNJC'rS
ntut Cnaq:lC2 9Fqttdrt t:nE t, za)r A\lrEqrtt:tDu,1ttil.,$
1.2a'I was,th.e besi of times ir wzs ih6 worsr of timos.,,
O.e savr the decmaiior otan enl re genetion ol sssessment ofthe last certury Comnenl on this
yoliq me. in Europe Unbetievably a (emoelhan 'unbel!ably io conveyz
lwe.ty years later Wortd War Two heElded (he snse oi d sapponlment.
d.ooo g o dloT ooaos o. -o.l ra dno Ndqr., . app@p.iate aflr lhe sr.ing 3ll:,:::r:9!: -",1r forov6 both an$!erthe same qleston Howe!e.. as s
adopr rarher d ire;;r app,*".r,* t * ,,p"a_ii"
fot on ! cta med rhe ves o hose
a rno/e llhiLh :^"S::'"t::T:'l".:::i::.":, ro;ecrde wh:r .,h".";aj;;,"p';;i.;",,i;;i
memberrhar ii,s up r. yo! 'hcy
present bllwh clr \!oLr d ma.n the borlies afd solls oi ach elenents in the pre.dinq il"
J.pafese chidren yet to come. The n5tu.e oflrar lseti
haLl clra.ged n tlre hven!eLh cFnrury Sevpf m ton
The concud ng sentence 10 the
O rlvas an age of proaress. Neler had hunr:n
O . sde ran! rq bur e.18,
LiL ans d ed fWordWrrTwo Thc..n.Fn.r,n paEgph not only r fforces civlizatio. changed as r.pid y as t.l d 4r rhe lweftrerh re..an nlrcdu. of Nolr.e
ho.ourabe war had died at the rLrin of the c;niury and this opinjoi, it inventive y (i
-.11.. bo. -F e. - o a..-11. ..-oor how rhe ar .r manJces 10 dei
,P_p. "o{ t. b- iot.. o. somewhat SreFh ca ty )tnks lhe and ecoqomy we ha!e sep. ac.ohoxshm.Lc w1r rho reau rempnj; drhe
ra -h. tuentielh.eitury das bdrhed il otood;nd paragraph io ihe ierms ofth ,o,6,
oarrlrded rd queston by b3 ancirg her
it was then thatwe reatired thal wewere not thatfar "oe o ,e!'! f.erd cohmnts: ltwas a. ageot
^"o!o
.nd dea/ dearh ,e fod.d progress. Yel rwes:so
differenttrom beasts after at, mrr n.A wa!s ro I I an
o - F r"s. r\a. 3r1 .d or. ,,.6
. a., o c dnq6 . I e . ,-."a"-e \ears th.n alirhe ware e,erbetore rouahj The
'0.6-- r, olrgd dc -.oq, o e-o\"rZeo;no ' oo r_o oo'qf d o ir
was ihe iiBt ofpproximaleyfiny colnt 6s ro r.ro rne very hearts ofcrl5 cdrs no collaler:
eventually gEnl wonen the riglrt to vote. Ccnrherc a d"nEo..o.elo al"\ .- o. r<
.on raceptio. pi 5 a so aave danr, wonen I n {he aaw)otU. .er 'e,L .r"".o.o":
.p6.o @ The Mter succncly makes
lhe postulElion llral n spile ot al
rc
,\jrex poad o .-
,F, o ma.kind s ach eveme.ts. hs
.nd bodies, efabling lhem 10 decirle when and tito o., oPF. 6. p oq,. essenta n:lurewil always
,L
Io. idd.. P6raioi are sr o!rworslenernJ p aoue an
:ssessmenr ni
^Fl d a e 0-6 '...o.redo, c!iizal o. An tnsiahl lke th s.
De r,".o or -, c' oC,..d ric. "Fl. ."..o.Fd" {r,..- \4. ,.i ...._1 f,d lld.veope! as a rhme or the
oE . rF.
a
Unlled Natois n an anempl ro gEnt every s na e '-e o o tut Le ro) ess:J wl.orlrbure.Fr Lo
person a deceni standerd oi v na OThe verv fabrtc O A we lcrafted netaphor if snook the efrire scienlf. commlf t, ahe; rl s mefll
of
society had been rpped asLrnder and was swf back approprlab y placed can setoe dre-oed .e,a'blr o.\"/o.o. p. c. .
iogelher lo accommodate those who had once beei to consolidate seveE exahptes crM ! t < lemphng, rn.n elsar ol
aro Ema ned lnquestoned ror 1. rsl hlo trundred
and marsha them to supporl r,'ocl rhs nalure
maEina ized or despsed ndeed, iowards rhe end of
your arcldenr. li you do
e" ,4/r so ".oC-., 10 frerey rs
lhe hventieUr cent!ry, the Nelhrtands accorded
choose to atlefipt tlris padicutar para!ph. the writer h:s laken
tolos" - co.or-s + . S1..o, ".f pa o a \ '"'"1""."1''"..p'"n'^"- pairs ro show lrow.elotul onatu
^
' dr o-5rro wortonJ." ad.fen..o.do.oo.o.! tl
st, isllc inforaton, rnember
nol lo hix metaphors For oero dd O.fl-r[ o lar \.p er d , o,a. , , o^n ech dlscovery and nvnljcn
(04n.d u a Ton | 10lr ro", ,ooo l.e -po. r.re (as
eqJ: I ror each ande!eryoie
.. " o, exampledo not wrire, The n ye' anorher way BcUer commrnrc:tLo" a.h e amlte sloLpen
rabic or socieiy, rpped apaft easerac.ess D screnta rntorm:ton e sured ".a
lh:i { lh a .amtrren sh rlr hrqh qh 5
now had lo b 9/r.6rback r.o/e n,enlons here onstr!.lec n the fd.anFFlrr
llnlort!nately. many deve oping counlries were
rendered lncapabte offotowing sUr. ctobaisalon w?s rrol!/00.1tot 416r.o -4.onooo c..o o tb
." i.o.d"-.l.or
ro, Leo b..,,erl, o',-adrr -.1.." Foras prcd!.rion lnc ni..iores@bro!qhr r
6. r\. e ,. 6 ooo.
90, poo.p.. F.pro.o.a.o! . o," o.n.: j tt!!re
rlre.al!ra resou(es d
rnore powedu e
or th wortd naL.ns
es resuled n a vicous cvcL or
h. rhpr
:-tl '" -
@ Nore how the wrtr slates an
po!erly. @The renewed interesl n e.vib;menta
exampl and then expta ns how
consetualo. did not he D ether covernm.,anis ih il ilust.ales injustce. Erampes S.dy hepr(e orproqre5\ ts.on.,me5 murl to. ! Aply.hosi d.rds.an
deleoping nations m6y ban destructon ofraintoresis should b !!e! n Ihis rashion ror ."(."oI",o convey your .hl!de
', . ,.,.or,,- not merey isled as ifthe pont eleih
rowards
wrl..
1r;e
".-e.e.,at.o. "",r.,".i "; lhey make s se l ev denl.
/ou dDscrbe Tlre
 xM i:n,i ji:2 q? 4irLtitli rritr i, ?r0 r-,ni,i,.l]i_11ao rn ? 1r! .
)n:n crnv,1a.9? r,til'n ka!) 2(D r,tt.\.nj.!ELjlfrr|t\ra:\
oca peop e a.az ban.ec osq nq . ls lhe rd,roresl
..jrl.ss ner..ril.ls, s!.h.s ri. e.m ty b.rlJee. o! ca :n.l rhcrlrrl'r n 1d al d!e lo lle decrn.(on ot .rgc anrounls of rhe
,,ar:lar a..ln. a s: a lh-ea oda!. enc c! !!.:s .cosystem. Yei nruch otrhe rdama!e was c.!sed Lry
nr:r.! r.!!.EF rb .: rs neu! ireed reooe..!!rrr e-.r d ..",... ,o"
.lnerr....iJ. ollhe r rew. .deFc..ie.lst!res "
.d!..1 r I :s !cen . r.Ftorn .en!!ry
t rr LeLlre r n. I ..m nonp a.e ind m.! no be
-!5! t r lEinl- e sjsas1.Fr n.t,dnjrFon fi. el rs orq..lfrFp!,,F.s h:r.brred:n
l" ."o" e.eo n .x.. enler.nple.f h.!1 r.rr
!.nsi .er:L:l ,rter as 2n nd re.i.esponse to rhe rhre.l maY b.laice youress3! Fro.r It. .!.r e,f e ,!n . h.r r:r ;qr.r! m.s lo,
!'r.r Tre'!!nd rq or$e lnrled Narions (UN) a bro:der perspecr !e 11rs a r a. dLJ. ci lc( b c so .oi TfoLorr ie L.n .Frpr
iN .( r! lie l!.r. V/.rd fiars {as a trecedent r n]a[
:r.. !.i !. !.La iron lowards [ord pe3ce a.d ! P!.aeraph Lhr ngs a b.3rced "{.,^."0""
prspe.lr. as rt aea s wfth !n rre q.od rh-i o!f.@decFsso6
hr. e done ..,1
.tar t/ a:itlndolbiedi!. (he UN ts sr I far fronr oede.t huii.nrys noL\ esl ofnneitons efsdre th.l !!e do no:.omm I ltr same mistakes Tne.
.rd f..n.r ls..rcepicf has h.r. ! bee. ire;.f i respond na r. the rhre.l of Perli.s. \e c.n ookba.k.nd.. lre rvrerteth
..1;,.1 iiiF h. C.i \ .ra.d nrcre recerty rhe L dae *arlhal h.s been d s.ussed I .e.1ury a rme.ihop..
Ea5r Ooer.l cns iri. te Jlsrrce an! raq Freedon nol lo tfe PG.d.g pamlraoh Tlr:
f;r.flion re.r of3 lens ons . the [1dd e Easr as wc !s I
L:r!lcrr a!f.ie Nofetheless the UN has ndeed counlerweighl to lhe beak
'ain.r--d lh. !1.b. conrnr!nity or a path t. Jtop a a) plctur. pre!ously pa nlea
- !2S72
de nr:rni..r be rrere yel or elen ctose blt be e!. !
:re h..ned | (Fe rghl dtrection OThe wars ard
broc.sfeil i'lhe last.entury may have devastetcri c!r I 2b "lt was the besl oitimes, il vas ihe worst oftimes. Commonlonthis
r1.r. inrl.l lie sam.l me the!lr.!eCrlen!src.rake human ly shou d pace . the UN assesshenl of the tast cenrury.

s t..r aps ore of the best lh nqs we.an toa:( iotuard to s.!nd ng nalve n hs ena ys s OMaf y .fl !.nrra: w. rers and th nke6. sone orea(er
tha. olhers veddlrnqtre astce.t!tu or;acF
O n this essa, lh! rrle ras
','M.r r!._ to the economc sce.e rhe astce.{1ry!!is accural y idenled iie:.ur.rl
.o op6 .q ro.c. cflhe quole He qces.l lo use
.r;r:.1!nzed b! mass nd!slra zaron rheexpan:o.oi itThs par.!GFh b! lds up.n ." .

rhe balanced perepe.lve o r

.," !.; e." ths nrorse of ifomrar.i
:n. f .,8 ma er.ld ar overa gr.vlation lclrards.
esl3b sh,.d i lrre.re! ous.nP
'1" efioclvey craftng I rt. r
! ob:,s.r Llora -lenry Ford s relo !liona./ narslra r \a< a.enllq oi tr.!.dLre.^ n. d;L L, Fn ,.n rclvanl obsetoaron thar
nolr es tr.rsfomed Anrencas ia.C evenlla y the ..-'"'"''o-dg1ao.J.'. slggesls Ihll the..h evmnc
r!.rl s)ec.nomt brfllnllwtr I skyrockerng ...11 alo oreor ol the lastcnt!rycan b.
f .au.: r:i! eles and arge s.a e .restmen(. Th s !r:s srei rh hodr attribuled lo lts wr(ers and
5 rrue ror vr.fua 1r eien 1; of h;ai
ro: I ihr.rt its iia4ge6. horleler as we saw roo. ear y ende: o tr | he lrer ce tlr\,
'rl-. Greea Dep.esslon oitne 1!3Cs Lale.on l1r. Co.l
r'ln, p tled the iiee market aga nst lhe commlf sl srate B6tJ| r ,, .. bd rerp..,q.o O&O hay.pteario dslrn.t
.. ... .! a. ,id.L 6.
f alolio::d!.e exanip es suppc.tng lhe
De

'''' '9" o'
nra ket n.r ferE t. stay ll cperen !p ren.rkabte
:h: wrter lLrns 3. .hi .,..
,rrli/.lrse aii.r rboll lrre
i.lure of _o.b. 5alrcn ann
!:s Lt ff ,/!.onea F.ss b lestorlabolrexpotat!r econ.m. b-oiFll iil Hr iiqi
;.d .,i-.1. si..fl.o SrNowhre else is rhe s.y h! am!.!s an app..prale !a r of
tL , rd or. r4o s op\ Lo dr4r) Loi- rq ,erF/rat ,, ,hymin! wods ( .ecd ana
t.c cash drivan world of indrsiry and internatjo.a lied )1. drv lrome his p.
lr:de: ihe significant changes in the asl co.tury
hive granled !s vast potentia lo meet need, and
i.c..L{ hoLl!rcC re.son oo. riore oeooe weie cbseivaton lhat I has beer a
r; "d . rlrF Frsr.ro Se.o.Ll l,\ord \!ab rhan :l wa.torn century N.!ver rh.
.re.Ednq tr.E . history ! Re!!r!Lo.saqs.sr wileriras goi on. st. iunher
. ..,"d J a.. . ,.a /D- ro I e .r r_11
lak ng painslo shoL! lrorore
!1" Vo( ".or d o .d pe confl ctmay spain elen r.F
b Gr.dh n .L r eNd nq re t!n., oj \rrFqjF.n aggressicf. n so!lon ihe
x.mp es lusnab lhe poir
11 :" : "," salsfacl.riy. Bul used nlhs
d L4 ... al mnner rhy dehofslr.l. a
 ntlr Cnara JCt tjtp ttlat t:jt t, 2aB-\1${orr1qEor"fi,rAO_j
111ra Ctanll JC2 etArnxin: kjE J, )Aot jjtNo'tlft:tDEx11F"aa.l:
Iteed, Ioday as we sr.nd o.1he verae oia aobat
oi people s so! s 0Slmtarty, technologca econony, we n $e the s gniicance oithe l;t century
.dvancements I the ast cenl!ry made many s mpie whelher t is for beflerorworse ony
lasks sjmpLerio, everyday liviis Conventence ndeed, ;":rJfl [:*"
but at the price oi.omperence. The ast cftury's
dependence on technology nade many peoptel!si that
- dependent and !nable lo lhiik ior thmse ves. er ' re. bpcn a, ".e o. bo . aJl rq o,;. -
Co.c !svey we and that lhe lasl cenlury was fdeed oesru.IJe de!eopments. The ear , 1900c <:, "no
boih ihe besloitimes aid the worstoitimes 1r.", C .. e o p ,, -o o . , o . .,""\
".r or
r" .'o1ord u". aor aor- r" . o.., o. i,q,.
L,l
L trFs or H rosh ma E.d Naaa5at
Thr.roh.Lrr jhp
02s6A iwe.tieth cenrue soen.e dscove,ed
no;e $avs ro
mprove rood prod!cron beq nn nq wr,h etect;e
'F-r Te d d it,olon ., c
F Pad ofthe cha enge otthts essay queslon tay n the dscussion ofexireme f F oor{a roreeo. s96, d _c.sra ,q ooe. j-
assessmeits ("best aid wo6l ) Berow are some oiher previous A eve questions ' ' a-d d i.ood aos , or c .r,e rt.e r q e..orr o_on ro
thai i.!ove a s miar chalenqe Howwould you deatwjth ea.h quesron? ro\ orth scienrists steired dEbbtiiq wlh:ni;:r.n;
.q Dot ,. f. ,o10 . .el
.,oneo
a) A feoitotal !r ry-dreamornohtmare? sfFep and ; no.. qu.gm 16 regarclr.a rhe
ethrcs or
b)
{2O1]O)
dea ism briigs dis lus onmentireatisrn brngs resu rs , Discuss (2000) ' rdr .alrqdrd ;,;;'"',tt,,,
c) Fumai be nss have lilimiled desires, bLrl i;iled resources. rs iposiOlero t'1- <Fd I " ao .s";-".""';':
"-.r9 o "aur o:q,. -
reconcile the ido? (1998) u! Tad@ .lte -d\ o -.-.o ",'.e7-r
d 'F . 'rd
slructure ol essay i 2a Thp
opoeo..er to.6,-eea\t .ot-p - as we soon rornJour
8. "'F' Fr - ro'r.etag."arec
.oF- t r -,-a rr. d5.e>.-6r.r..,-e too- obsetua00ns of the b6sr and
e) 'rJercy kiling ls not mercr!: t is murder' D sc!ss.(l993) worst noments of the Menlioth

DrougnL abour drastrc c..na to ou.darlv l;Fs

onqi.arf9 rro.n paii( car economic .fd r;chnoo.r.:r
u*ooo1qrs o^...rd,,,,o. .r"cool^_ r" Compare lhal apprcach to s
paragEph. Flere, the wrier

--
"?
r9rF rd.
*
'."'."i.asor.oi6 d F.r -
structurs lhe bBsl afd worst ot
human experence aroufd |re
a,,res\Yer d Ai-ttrq\+ ir Lov{.i\r ar\ { {l rlr! h -cr ", " -:,on"r (hemes ofOgovernment
Fo cres More irnpodaf[/ ae en]o, areaier
a !re
rreedom ecofohrr and Ore.hnotoo
Lr'r!ns.rb..oJo butrorwitholta DrLc conrr butnq,o rhe prcqmDis
bovernrnenls in the lastcFnturv empovea
mm.l,." effectileness are phreses (n
ourea!rk skucllres.nd had cotossal oubii.
sDendfs. ead f9 io nar onatdeior,
bo d) that are used ro iidicale:
or o c F6 b64 uoo.a. so d be,
r!n;fn r. rhe

sFairlF, do.d
E
"1.;d ",e ,."
_,"- :rbr". l" oi;.";,
oro,a_ brolgl I aoo., """ ", ." t_ ,
" " .. ".... ""
Ine $tenleih cenr!ry peope earied
so mLr.h -""",
rnar lney rorgoLhow ro 5pend rljrse
ra-d2,drd,,rgaa. a.e r o. /;d ! Marera
our ar
L,e,d.t -"nl/r
rr cost. r o r roo.r- oar or o.ooi d. . cgi-F,
 jl-lr t:tht !(. nu Ll, ,tja, iliorrrii l):at ), ))aj jj,J,.o'it1t:)::.r.,,tj.tjj\j(:i:
91' ;Etlitu r: r ).a-1 -jt\!\1\'t:t.t!:tt r:JrlrlLf;
1 3 "rgnora.ce is b iss. Do yo! agree?
0rln tlre scenaro pa nled ber,o.e perh.ps the siateme.t
would hold Irle nol knowi.g the iie he ls m ss n! o!1 .n
-. d. o d ..Pe.,.o J op- -.
ollsld.lh. wa rs olris vra.d m.y aiford the ma. Jre
rha.ce ic k,aep hls blissf: .ess
s con.e.n,s rer. m:y be
H
ic!. .oit.lneir c.mes *.! d hara ! neel
easiLy and he
pro..ss :soaerin.is irr: o- d a
riy.-es el! BNt perh.ps it is s! table to nov/ l!r.lo ri.
4lderc.rterloi g.orance in the eleryman s Lfe tij H.!ever, ilrs s ncl a. e.s! essat l. r ndersrand. One d i'i.!liy m ghi ire her
koiledge comes io !s I many iorms, be 11 bas c leracy, E.g!a!te llhict Dakes use ofvery conFtex sntence strucr!res. He.ce ),.Jf ght
dis.overnlta sclentic lrulh c. a religlols o.e. or a zln!
thal ihera s so m!ch to know that cne does not !et know.
ls oflhe ess.! wh cf ere no( mmediatey ccmprehe.sibte
lre irunan being is a creature lh rsiy ior knowedge qEve
.tethe hr)l tanthe fahid.len iee of knawledge af gaod ir llncran.e;s b s3. !!o!rc rhal mp! rhat know edge (tThe srrer 5e!ins rllr a
a.d etl and n.nt then an.narkrrdt hlsio,l has bee, r .ni! !rngs pa n, and tnar attthe know edgs being mpartd
..t.t endina arest lat k..wle.Jqe, .J allkin.js. lo the yo!.gcr !eneralon ihrough schoos these days s blt
another loppin! clsuiferng to oura ready not too happy
.r ! s pe/haps . this I r n! F.e to k.ow more to be less Otlere :lrewrler m.k.s a
i d B. e ..n..pts
irk beNn h.r pr.i.!s pe q-odrF abstracl (s!ctr as
r!.orart ih.l som.one londered on the ill ily of t, roll!sl nol kio$ing t s aty a {d!bio!sty btssf! )stale
g.crance ) /or dal,:ed
.. Jr'. .b B o-oooi
Alrholgh the e.d ess purs! t of knov/ledge the nab ty to kio*eaoe fraf rcl ead lo
3e I! ! sat:sled !! lh the (.o{ledge llrat o.e has .af.ot 5e
,lescr led as b ss nether can gfo.ance That h!m.f lA ady sl.nd nq ortsde on. of the llards ar lhe
.!ii23ton lras evolved lo tjr s p. ntwrere edlcation and n.nla hospna may look tn o. o.e of ls patents, a 30 s.eiaio the w ter qEbs
terac\r sso mpoian! to one s slri!a makes ( iper.t!e leaFo d lrcwn!p playng,tlr some loys He has the lhe 6llertion of her reaaer
l. rea ze :hal tre ca..ot h de !nder these fetr rords a rd ,nenla ty oi ! 3 leaFod. bul hes happy, ob vious to the Nowever, she ioves oi 1o
ne.Ce.ever 1. be mo.e :han ,!norant ' Ial., , .e ee o q .lo
-^ d o " qio.iF.o.. her.rglnrefls (. )Ih s s
fi sl.ang ch dren oilhe lh.d word natons..n
lf the E Aqa.. th w. ter makes lrTh s ls one of lhe maf! contexts n whrch people are essenlallo avod mln!
b. e.ab ea lo mprove lhe r les wtlr llera.y .nd a. lse.f a !o.d ersnrpe lo Fcren lo ihi.h that igrora.ce ca. be blsstu, blr petnaps
.r!afeness lh.t lhere a.e ihlngs they can do fcrer.mpeto 'n o d .o - e90.
preve.t certa Nd seases why sho! d they be a lc$ed ro !. I ssiu can he not se lhe symparhe(. eys otthose who
o. n blissnr igforance oilhe r f!tle deaths? The.e.re '- D- -.1 ./- l. gbb,- D .o1.
lrrose ri. ar!!eiora retlritoihe smperile wtholrthe
.omplcatons cf modeiniy and Drcoress b!r ihe resl ssle iHe ioo can.ol be ving n the \olatblss oi ignorance of
s not rr'lrelher or not.re should be happierwith orvr tholi his be ng diflerenl. can he? There are tmes when it is worth
a.ompurer crte evsLon se1, b!t llhetler n aliain !g tirose pondering, hovr' lgnorant m!s1one be beiors pa n and a
.cmf.rts (lhrolgh knowedge and n!e.tion), ne ose . .od6J .r., g h. ,..e. e ir
somEtn f: thar l.s there beior Fd o o.:.oo eo. : arhere s or.rol
nersof coud be so ignora.ias to fot be aware oflhe
t s mcrc aboul .arei!
y tread ng the oalh beiwen larols pa.s lhis word lffl cts on !s. Pe aps I s 6n
na lete af../N.isn
lhe s mpelcJ, of a fool s nor esse.t a Fart of llnan cxrstence be.9 abe to ieeln ore
d.sirabe and irence al most on y sLperlica y b ssiu, bll '" "1 0 e _ .
rh. one eho s eade. dowll vr lh lhe woi!ht of k.owledge the issle n re atile lerms, whether or.or bei.g g.or..t
so:s to be cy..a .an
hard y des re a.y happ ness trom .lorls on-- lc iead a h.aper tfe
r! n! elher. Perhaps I s hard to lnd lh.t area r-behraen
wiere one can be happ! aboul knoy/ ng lei conien(ed n
not knovr n! al, blt t s mpodanl to take lh.t l6t step oul
 rlir ari.,,j jar a,r,nrrililf ! tstt ) lt)al ;!\t\.c4j1tJt t)a(f.ttj1a.i!
liuct t4laz c|EtlLhr kjn ),2r1tt jttnt], tDE;tf.nnats
oi gforance a Thal kno$ edge br.as cyni.ism rs a The r: ier.., e{panJs
lrllbe i]] lhose who argle ihal t s p.e.sey su.h skucturng of reblna s lk heraroas lo in. !d-o.iher
lnovredge thal we want io aloid. tial know cd!e and oo.. o ..
]1- do o. for-s of kn.r eioe a.rd
..nspin.y olth s so.l s wrrai leads to wars a.d nor. 0.cknovrledg lh.l lrrre b ir. o'c .ot . o-
.o. " iro,n lrr. pJr!! 3caCetr .
sur,-ern! O 10 wh clr lwollc have 10 say thatw.rs an.t o.e io be weara/ oftrlmdr rea of5tr ps .nd . manr'
.orflicls occur whelher o. rol tnere s this k.o{reaS. and cases not knowt.g aboll lhe comi caliofs seem lo
iv i! n the r.alrord reqlnes !s to recognize thal 5!!jqe5 Tore b ss . BI:gr | , rhajnor or r:
k.owleCle is mporlart, O lf not more bjssf! rhan od'.b aL dao.o. pd a o. - dev opnent oi.rqumeit
gnorence. whch dos -azd Io pa n and slfier ng.
ihe backloyourar!!menta.d
rr .!s a t.nlr;s pad or re
wonh lnotr n9 abcui
e .erencF oT I fg aj rn nle. r lrum.n hF .q ihatlhesl:lne lma! ti!
vald heE bulronls.!t
djd L (o
tcia l!norance, tire only siaie rvh ch might possibty afiord wrier reilerales he.lhes s
tota b ss {no one can knlvr ior surel becalse ir!.na .c oo so io. br 6 ,o,. qo, e ln-r
b-anls neei to know 3.d li is a need thai wiibecom ' 2 b..*16 ad. ., o, ,o bq. . _
apparcni I our rnteracton wth others. whetherwe le t or looethff al heraGumenls o3r.rd!ro-.d
noi Yet, allholoh lgnorance s not btrss happiness ts ioln.l belo@ add ng lina iood for
I olher ways, a.d whether knowedge leads to.yncism or though( Remember, your
.on.lusio. shoud nol be r
''.- ro-. ios.oo.o
a. Nnde.stand nq oi ourwo d ihat ca. aiford momenis oi o,,'1'o
blss, js a natler ofpersonalcho ce Perhaps rhe reaslr mere summary l shoud ^o.
te up your na n po nts and
vrhytaded aduts ook upon lhe I innocent.hild.en cr oihers ! r_ -(o. o .116ooi
. o!r socieiy, wh! seem happ er tha. them, wth envy and ?' \''
''l .
nruller'lgnor.nce sbiss is bccause rhey have ioGotien d6t,o .. oo
n gar. ng knowledge, that lhey too ca. be brssf! tn other r-. \,-rdb_.
wals A And n say.g those words, ke the rady oltsde r'rdr .6.b. ,"ob;
lhe rvard. ls rhere .ol a tinge oi symparhy ard atso atemplto nk back 1o hr l.owedge wh.rr^'ea!.5 jh. !Jssoe :
b sr.r r. ".
tlrankflhess thal yo! are removed trom thal sr6le oibissf! llrst scenaro -Th s s one
gnorance? Perhaps lhat is lhe clearest demo.slrat o. rhat
most do .ot ir! y agree thal ignorance is btss
\o oi dF.norc o ."e or" po . q.. :a roe nlei genterF,a.son.f her
Teh ShiNing ".o;rl
edch oiher Dptoma.r 5 arwa/s hrclded Ln h- .ontenl arer pckfg u. on
t or edo. o Do r- p. itca and intemaiion:
concepls oi jgnnrance aic
" .d.0.6..o..f 0.1. b_
oopnquestiorsd-o o 'e,rroe.(t ,o o q es,o oo,.^e.,oien "9- " 4.., q .e.. d.o o
reqlirn9 some k nd ciphllosophica dscussion yo! musl be very c ear in your '! r6 qa.gd r,1 opo i,^o.ri
!nderslanding and erpression oi abstract .on.epis to attempt such q!estions Carei!t . 'stob.9\"a e
'orlaN zaiion and a well-dc'ined {hes s staiement are essenta to make sense ot yo!r d 61po.....
\o 06.
essa\, n genera , t.J/ln! an open qlesliof s nol recommended. Below are some ,-"^,-:d_"-"-::.:"." - , """;".,e
exanpres ofopen olestio.s ircnr lrcvtous A ele q!.slions. ",
E) s teiiy rilary everpossbe? (2002) -5. -_." .c
b) D scuss tire appea,.n(] tlre dangers oi at.npt n! t. pred ci the i!rL'e {2001) n,-dud .l "-";""
.or6d dro
c) Dc arcunrefts e!er settle .nything? (19S9)
rl ocnsjderthe !a!e in re ofpLaniiig (1996)
.i cc.side, ihe impcrtance oisteep (1s93) '!orcdde rre i, dolb worr.go.crr.eioseetolr
il fte pace !f.oolr in everyd.y ie (199?l

t1
 ltar ctonu!c2 QaBa.n lnt),zaat 4ssltj
r.d!ced io nolh ngness whn attacked by a modern computer. n iacl a coser
consideration oithe semantics jnvolved here eads to an insight, a conLpuierwas
oiglna y desgned to complie, and this rema ns iis Sreaiesi srrenglh !p !nli .ow The
.or.plter has a so to some peopl, becorne a lling brealhlng ihlng an ndispensabe
.orpan on p3.1y due to ils personalisalon by !l crosoft wh ch efables user-compuler
re:Uonsh.s to become more nteracive One.an rveak ihe deskrop change the scree.
$allpapei .ra basica ! decorate the compLrler screen as lhough oie were design ng tie
jnieror ol! frcuse ln ihesehays rhe.omputer s brrqing a huge
9an tcorrtives
nHorever pe.haps the rnost sdoLrs prob em associated wth complters is a
Dreakdown or a!r social cornmunicat on. Electronlc malafd chaiproqrammes are so
conlenient that they are very olch preferred over the lditionar sna l mail' that is,
lrandwriilen eters and the nol-so-traditionalleephone call TrLie itmlghibemore
c.nvenienl Yet srch comrnun catof s alrnost dvoirl oi personallolch - in everyday
Ia.e-to-face conrmunication, on can see the other person's facalexpressions and can
sense the v b8s generated by th otheas body anguage ln sna riai, there is ai eas( the
pcrsonale ement of handwriing:in teephon conversaliofs there sllrvoce. Whai
abolt e crron c mail afd chatlnes? The besl ailenrpt at showing emotions is to Lrse
Ieeb e co'nb n at ons of typog raphjca symbo s to form 'emot con s , or 'emoule icons
Th-.se and other aspects oionlin communicalion he p to craie a lalse froni, For
eNamp e o. may type <hahahahal : )> althoLrgh one may notfee in the least bii lke
ra!gh ng When personal .ommlnicalon degrades in th s manner, when barcades are
plt !p betveen peope and everybodywears doLrblelayered rnasks, the situation s ipe
for mis!nderstandlngs, which ran only lead to rnor slrife. Thls may, in fa.l, be the
qreatesl bane ollhe Dersonal compuler
Foweler, one disadvantage does not elimin:t nrut ple advanlages. 1ls not
dilicuit lo notice tlrat th computer hss pe&aded and lntruded inio our daily llves to a very
:rge extefi I s much mor difcu t lo say lhal it has b.oLrght more pa n than ga n to
mank nd as ts beneflts are so diverse and iis dlsadvantages comparaiively niniles mal
A bas c sense or se i-d scloline can colrnir any or alloi the m:jor negalve efiecis ol
compltars However. ih mode.n complter is sUll a rccni invenlion, only aboLrt ten yeaE
oo so as to uhat the i!lLf hoids in store iorlhe complie. and ts reaiionship with
mank nd we w iust hlve tc wail and se
Sean L p 102332)
objeclions but does so oblqrely.ather than directy Do you lh nk the conchsion de: s
w th tte lltimate paragraph we ? Or dos it sdeslep tfe lssue? YoLr
c alms oi th e pen
co! d lry \rrltrng a concl!son ihat bolh answers the objeclons lhat have been ralsed and
.inrn\s the wrters posilion llrat compulers b.ing mo.e ga n than pain
t- Belowaresomeolherprevo!sA-eve q!esl ons llral nlove discuss ng the eJJects
comp!lers. How wo!ld yo! dea wih eaclr queslo.?
a) compLrter games have great appealbui iitl e value." lsthisraircomnenl?(1995)
bl Eleni!a ly. compuiels wllla ow peope to work from home ls ihis desirab e? {1992)
.) Hoyr can modern technoloqybe !sed loaid earnlng in s.hools? (1988)
l5
UNIT TWO: ESSAYS
2.1lUore paln lhan ga n' , ls this a reason.ble comnrnt on the role the personal
computerhas played in ourlives so rar?
Li This essay has a good inhoducUon w th the wrters sland an the ssle ceary slaiea
Exanrine the way the wr ter draws lhe reader nto lhe .ssay wilh an insightl!l lse cl
ii.- L. o^ co96
rtr These paragraphs cois der lhe benents oi.ompulers dernonskati.g w th a wealrh oi
erampes why our ves have clranged for the beile.with them
l These paragraphs cois der tire other sde oitite a.g!men(, how computers da.ot
aways brng qa iPay specialatteniion to tlre writers rernarks after he presents ihese
argum.ts Do yoLr think he ls efiective n oifer ng a balanced vewwtrtte advanci.g lr s
Th earlsl precLrsor io our modern compulrwas a machne devetoped by
Cha es Babbage more than a ceniury ago Here forthefirsttime wassomethng
ariijcial and absollriy nof,h!rnan n nature that colrd man puLate iig!.es and sums,
showing thal lt possessed some semb ance oi human lollc atbe t ot the most i! ndamen ta
lind The personalconrputer we us taday is otcoulse, mit ons oftinres nrore
sophisilcated than ihe adding machines ofold and has shaped modern tife to a greater
exienllhan w are o!rseves aware. On the whole arn inclned to think that o!r tives are
betlerwlth the lnlroducton oflhe persona computer than withoul ri n iact, the benefils
lhal accrue to !s ouhvegh the polenta d sadvanlages ofthe machin
ATake Ihe lntemel iorexampe Wih I, one has access to r.ore tnfo.maiion ihan
would be provided by a lwenty vo !roe sei oi encycopaedias, not to mention th new
g obaldeveopments ihat occuffed
lusr m nutes ago And thar ts noi al: rhere is a
constant pielhora oitre games with \rh ch one can amuse oneseti, bils can be pad at lhe
clck ofa mouse and online a!.iians car be hed ln a singte word: convr nce.
FrYetwth allgood thiias pro.rised by ihe lnternt ther neverthLess exists a
constant skeam oi deirltus in the io.m of ndeceni photog raphs (which ar now sta.dard
viewing for a arue nu rn ber oi chi dren be ow th age of twelve, thanks 10 the conventence
oi the hlrnel), do-llyaurself suic de tips and techniq Lres ihe alesi guides on how to
nvade anolhers prvacy and so on Complaints by parenls that lhe r chitdren speid too
much ume chatung wilh theirirends on ine a.e a so prla ent. Blrlhose who condemn
computers becaus oJlhis are mlssing the poini. Dislracrons snd bad fillences hare
aways exsled even betore the advenlof the computer, and ir has atways been the
responsib ity of bolh the parent and ch d lo keep rhe chjtd away trorn such praclces riris
has been an age-old prccept so why blame the c.mplter? Qleady, iithere ts one part.l
the personajcompller llral smoreofaboonthanabane. i is the lnternet
ot
aThen again there s a lot more io the persona complrer than lre tnterne{.
Documenls can b ch!rfed out in.eat fonts elirn nating the problem ol!nreadabl
handw lng. tulasters olthe art of programm n9 can sei the compurerto periorming a
compLex ser es oicalcLr arons, so much so ihat some olthe most d fficull mathemat..
ca culaUons so m!ch so thal some ofthe most diifcLrll mathematical orob ems have been
1'1
 ' t{v Chrq .1C) qe otnain: lt:;!t 3, }At)J, ,EJ5}.8
Jlbd Cnant JC2 EcBrttitlt IKt t, 2a --45Jltt 2.2 ln whai ways has your country suffered as a resu t of rapid economtc
higher paying and more olamourous iob This was wh e his chiLdren were torced to eal
insbnt nood es daily This man is noi alone forwe freqLrently read tn the newspapers or
prckylobless worke6 refusing 10 dolobs ihat are benealh their dign ly
tndeed, the
t!Thc essay lmpress !e y dea s w ih a iange oi concens. lr disp ays a fadr ar t! \! tn
unwrtten base ne for ai acceptablelob seems to b diving iaxs
oca lssues a pre requ s Ie for any q!estion that nvolves a d sclrss on oi your.oDnlry
OA gene.ation ol s!ch weak-wiLed a.d i.iexib s peop e w on y spe I disasrer io.
U.iThe essay s asa lery cte:rabo!i the varols arsasthai corne !nderdtsc!ss!n ana
Singapore The r chldrcf wtlsufler as ihey srlbbornly reiuse to t.ke !p jcbs wh n lhe
rises topic sentences efiect veLy.
..urlrys ecoionry wllslffer as th u.ernpioyment prob n wrllprole a iolgh n!t to
crack This s a temb e consequence of rapid economic deve opment prod!cng a
leneial on ofpop e who do nol know hadship 3nd thus a. unable to adapt 1o ltwhen r
t! Lasily, th s essay s interesting for the atlenion itdelores ro devetoping each poinr As
a ru e oflhLrmb you have bee. taught thal each paragraoh should conta n a disl ncl
strkes. There s no easy so ution to this problem a nd the nrost worry ng thing sthatthese
people we hale been crticisng aretLrst the first batches oitheir generation Thercarea argu.nentalve po nt Tlr s essay dos.or keep to that slggesuon rgid y bli stit renr: ns
rol ols rnllar rir nded people who willenterthe economy soon and ir s a huge worry as ro
very organzed and ioc!sed. ln lact.lhis essay breaks up whatwoltd oihe^! se be very
ong and unwiedy paragraphs inro ih ree-par1 struci0 res, inkoducinq a ma n idea.
how lhe! w be able io support the ageing poputalon tfbad economic cond tions perstsl
or strike e\ren more terr bly
d" eop r9 "
"n .no- ..opo o-o F,r '' lJ re .p
" !r'o or.
0- cs e o1
3 to 5 are an exanple ol how th s is dore:

Second y, be eve that S ngapore is worse ofdue 10 the education porrc es thai
she has rnp emented n response to tlr e rapid econom c deve opment. O! r ed! caiton
O nlroducs maln idea, that S ngapore s ia. wolse off now ln ierms of rhe va ues oi ils
po cv is stream lfed (owards creating a nucleus oiab and prodlrctive workers io irn the
o4ooa .o-oa ing S" Sooo'oa. o^roJkodoo.pc'so r,ep.
OOr. "rd
srngapore economy and maintain our prosperiy. The r:pidit), oJ oLrr economtc 'al.<",.r " o-p I ..ppo
o Ef!lq9C.1l9f!!!9q!
o , d6a
developme.t maks lhis essentia and lhus lo us every sl!dents represe.ts lila resource ! n of'weak-wi[ed and nflex bre peoote l
poiential. He or she musl be no! dd to ft lhe colntrys needs
Singapore is lsed freqlenty as a perlcr moderotrapid econorn c development
As such. we have deveoped slreaming programmes Iwo or th.ee comp! sory a'd065ro.F ieo. o -e\., !ra$r of"sn"t .t"ep,..." ,",o
.al onal examjnations ana an exlremely heavy work oad on sildents. often, students blo ori.o ,-ro a o ooo 1 ij .p4r6 r j_J (-rn 16. , ,i , .. ."
have to stldy many slbjects and in nearty a I cases, they have tiiite say n wh ch ihese lhat ln rcn1years, econorn c crses have'rosrved ro make ihe picl;r; far ess rosy. it s
subjectsare Despitthewderangeof O'anC A Leve slbjec1s, we choose on y lre oL.o d-lroor t..o..o.r-6 j,.doo b o.,odo. 6- d.fl6.6r.,.o .l. - 01-.. d. o" .-
ones Ihat are economlcally Lrseful lo offer Io silde.rs. Tlre end p.odlcis of aL this are very indeoe.den.e . lq6s
slressed stLrdenls, a ncdence cfmyopia in yoLrng ch tdren and wo.st of a . stereorlp ca !
dentica Singaporeans. [4uch has been made oilhe benefits rhat th]s economic success h:s brolgh[o
.oeoop i F,nrn.Lop.9t"..,a.d.ro o,...n9 .
or06-ropre{
Is ihese Slngapoans,'cut ftom the same coth , which are a bg probtm ro th "r" "^;.".,"
nalon amidst oLri euplroia we shoutd cons der lhe sobe fg ihdlght olihe drawbacks rhal thts
Yes. they are good and produciive worhrs, prcncenl n Eng tsh, wirtr backgro!nd _ooidd
kiowledge ofmalhrnatcs science and the hlr.an ites aid specia sation in eco.omtca y o,o1 dp.etopt6 h" orlr I . oer
" qo- ,. o..-o..og..I
rsefulareas like eng nerin! or phys catscenc wh st hardworktng ard obed entove.a l o, Lf6.ed o^bd.l< a'oolen,or i- eocroIi>opor,dnorbr,or
However,Ihey lack the dynamsm and creativiy needed n a fasr chanoina econonry
today. Tlrey aretoo usedlorefening toihjrbooks and fottowngnxed fomats These OFrstly, fee ihat Singapore is far worse ofl now in tems olthe !a]tes of]rs
peop e wi bccome naUona leaders some day and lt does notbode wet for rtre naron ri
peop eespecislly ti e young. This has e merged to be a prcbl n now as singapore h ts
ler leaders are nrere by Ihe-book" characters the rnostt!rb! enl perod she has experence for some |ne
The younger ge;erarions
have gmwn up n a word where ih ngs lrale only gotren betrer and beft;ra;d lrhe
Th:s policy ol p!.s! .g a vsry specilc modet oJ the ideal S ngaporean has alje.atcd
stbaclslrave been iew and shori led As such, their response ta adversily l-aales: Lot
to be desjred They appear a ess hardy:nd more weak{, ed tol ihan S ng;porcans wrro
lhe !ery top and bottor. oftlre lnle leciua speclr!m Whitst gnorng th boiiorn s
Lamentable ii is uniortunately a phenomenon wondwde The very lop tholgh slffer I re-bo e' ro :,
ihis rgid sysiem as they zre bored and f.!siraied and they lvjite iher ea\re or never reach
t. -- d .t- a 1'. or ..r9- "
the r potentia
-ih
s is a terble consequen.e for a coLhtry based on human ta enl Wh e
hfnds dnv rn.rder r. m:rF: rv,..
we have qone ior a sound and teasibte edLicato. poiicy to ma ntai. econor.ic prospe.ty I
seems that the tab es have iurned aqainst !s.
arnn nn" *"n we tilustrated recenty Iherewas a m.n feilLfed
"- "^,o"?"",tr,.n
" ""-O
oor- .or -,
, 6al i 9 iob b-. !n6d do.. r o i6 o.. d I roo".o.
-ahi.d
y. being an ans loler myseti wanr ro dwe on rhe facl that our.aDrd ' dd, er. 9 " .d . d; o .. j . op_ o.
"
econom c development has come wilh a targeLy g.ored ijris a.d cu tlra scefe Th .gs
may hale picked !p.eceniy especia y with the open ng oithe Esplanade Theatres on
 t|ut ti tJta2 qPart!!.r trtr ),tiaai-,rjj4lr Jinr ari.'llJa: i'rr,,iliir rr.'! j l0|J At!-n Ij
2.3Is dre Un ted Nations stilla relevant orqdnisation?
thets.!,bllrom.rry.n.nes li.lleelhole. Nlozarl or PLcasso.emai' aien llrsarlsrc
l]] Tlr s essay showcases the !!r tefs ab tity to lse facts abo!t the Unilect Natrons and desedsmaaeccrietebytlreiacllhetlhlsperodojrapde.o.omrcgro\\4nhasbeen
.cconip.ijed by a dec n? n lrad tona ads and c!L\!re ke Chirese Qpera and L1a a!
.ufflnl alia rs efieclve y fhe examp es cl'rosen show inat the wrter js \!eitread a.d
in:.inred ab.!t lhese rnaftis A danger i. attnmpt nll tris son of essa! is hiir iq the
.ntre ar!!menl.n a sl.g e case stLrdy (n lh s..se iheS-.condGuLiWarw?sb!iar:he Ths arls provae lhe fe .rd s.! .r3 colnlr! and vta tv.nd cololrto s lr! r!
nost rop!.r cani d:te) The wr t.r does !se tnal -axarnt e, !rl noi erctr s !e y nor e.!icnn.e.l 'ne
The arts aso pfom.te ihin(ng oltollhe box a !sef! ccnceptnr lod:ys
{.rn As sLr.i il..-ams 2mexlab c ltrir: as we have.hased eco.omic m esicfe.tier
'o9o o --o 'o l
ilr,he !" iler a so staies.lear !ujde nds wtlh lrh.nela !ates the Lli ted Nalofs
sn-a . ; " \o : "
Tl: js c4c a as t sho\rs irn lnderstand ng oi the k.y lerms in tie question As yo! r:nr ieellh:l!v l'r ou prosperty and !not.rce ci an. $e hale beg!n io desccrate an r'la'y
lfeess.r lr..r lle criler. nrrlrd!cei i. mifd and .ois der wirellter the .ssav has ch dren lak. p anc ess!.i ii some forn'or.ther bll ready a .an.ol a lLrn' exceplp av
:' .a\' f.r lnrei erem ratio. iorms I seems lnslll ng that lhev are caf be ca ed I e' sts
trrs r
lhe! olai iot for e.r ch.re.t nor }:th fee i.g or pass on b!l Ior their cxam .aton pass
lrpi;a oi(hepro.llclsolouror,.educalonpolcy Yes we have become r cri e'o!!h t'
rfler lfe d sbafd ng .f lhe Leag!e oi llal
ons. the United Nal ons (UN)was sel !p r!! o anos ard lak Lessons b!t tlr s m.sr certa n y is nol an
r. be th ! riba governing body thal!!ould enacl anC enforce inrernato.r aws a.d
egreeme.lsfoni! ated on the basis oiconsens!s These awsserved as theguidetines LaslLy L feelm.st sod y tlrat llre rapld econon. deleopme.t has cd lo a
lhat ! I ts menber siales wo! d aspire to and were eipecled lo abide by
. add tion a br?akdolrn r socalre atronsh ps Wh -a we a.e nol as bad as Japa. wlrere peop e !e
d!. ro..1ihe Un ted Nations was to addiess prolr e6s oi an intrnal cnaLnarLre in an oit nstanl lo.ds and sleep n I ny.r b. e lrotes we nav get there someday E!e"c!
eff.entrn..nor and als. roorqnnised co operalile -Atfirrls bf een member slates n the sit!aro. e!!es a ol to be des red l,'lany parents do nol1r.!e d nnerwitt iheir
dea .g lnr th.se problems I s ttls ltlin! to ei.Dr ne lhather the UN has ben iltfi ng .hildren rc!! arly an.l many work fg.d! ts do not vist their age ng parents ireq!e.t)'
i:s roes thus f!r. or whelher these r.jes are ele..e evanl in the po jtica cimate.f the Iina I (eftib e thal we ned lo hale an E.l wih Yolr Farniy Day lo get peop 10 il
lvor d tod:y,.lThis assessment of relevance wl l be along thc llnes of rhree main S!ch lh fgs lsed io be oan of o!r c! ture and nollLrrning up for dinner daiLvvas an'o
crlteri.: lnether the United Naions lras been:bte to efectyet! enaci re evanl FoLces, !.he.ra 01.!sni. Now, as we work onller hoLrs. n seenrs as thoulh we hav satiice'
,theiher I cif.nf.r.e lhese plJlic es ard f:ttrn! (h3t wherhr there s sril a s!fiicert eve o!r lam y l es fo. o!r pr.spefl!
oi r.sp..1 forihese policas or r'r'helherthese meas!res slroltd be reforned.
Th s breakdolln does nol e.d wtr lam ly d n.ers lvlany S igapoans io iol evei
For ai
nl.rnatonalrriganis.ton lc be re ela.t lls p.lc.s hale to be rl r.c|y k.,rw rhel. nci!hbo!rs or lnaie an 6iio.l lo even do so Gone is llre comm!nity sp ril lhal
aptrrcair. to nternal cna prob ems as !!e as reict tne ! eva ol ihe malortty of the !.e.1t. erlsi n ttre ! :ges The end res! l ls a selfsh and self centered nal.n 1oo
'rtcrnationa c.Jnm!n Iy. Tc lh s end, the UN lras de!.are )r tLr iiLted ts tr!man t.rtan ca!ghr!pwLih.frch ia cneselflc elen stop and consder lrhal we hod dear and lry to
roes The re{r!ee prob em !s one ofthe mosl impoftant transnaliona probe.ns of today. lresalre I Srro! r re be surprsed thrt Readers D gesl rolnc Singapore 1o be a nros:
th.no'6lhan a m L on reiuges wordw de 3nd s.ttreclly addressed byihe UN rhro!!h Lrnirretd lwent)r odd deleoped coLr'trles polled? Lrvo! d not be
v.ation am!ngst lhe
the esteb shme.t oi refllee camps wondwide Canrps in the olisk rts of Rwanda and .rr soci; b.havoLrr s perlecuy ifd catile ofthat Addlng io this s.eother prablem t\"'r ttr
Z nrbabre a one ! !e bas:c provision and med .a treahenr lo at least 500 0C0 reiuge.s no Iam of lrends !s r.ols t
y wo! d.nly be 16r loo easv for S nlacoreans to eave if
..!gh1ii rhe crossflre orsuer B warfare Sinr ary reflllee.amos on tfe oliskiirs of h igs g; baCly lrere t o!r best end brllr\esl can be eni ced lo le3!e so easll! lhe r
A birn a !r.re repd y sei up wth the o.set ofwar:|d they grve provsion ior iholsa.ds.t Si.lapore s srstai.eC Drospeity ooks lo !e i. d:nger
r4iulr-.e. afd atraiged for asy !n
n Brla n Fran.e A!straia end the Neihertands
oJr rap d economc deleopmentiras brolqnt ols ofbenentcll
l. ccr.!son
A s!. io.d !
a Io fam ne strcken paces of srb-Sarr:rrn Afr.. has beei Sli!!pore oli as people hale grown tp weakwllled and ncreaslng v selr
;s aiso worse
slccessJ! y.cord naled blr tlre UN ln the last ye3. aione lhe UN has coor. n:ted ltre nte;esled Aso the edirc?tn poLcles we have mplemenied have edto:i.itsJesen
lra.sier oi.il1_v ri on US Cojars wo h oifood atri Howeler, vrLlh at teasr nfty percent oi nere as we 3s laclory-nraoe Slr!apcreans Lt is thse drawlracks whch mav o'e dav
llr. rodd s plpLr aliol liv r! be.w ure poverty le!c. these effcrrs wh e adnrirabe co! d r.i ca lv !ndo a that has been achieved throLrgh rap d econom c devel.pmert
!e redo!b ed l. greater:ievare ths prcbrem,lho!!lh rhe L.lN is.lrlto!s y not expecred lo
ae a ness;f ..ri to(a y eradlc.te rord lr!i!e. Ho taren Y! (02A1,1)

Its rr 9. y d!b,ors hLrmanilar an ro e as lire althor tatile body on lr!m.i righrs

l.eLrN s prhaps nol so successiLrlor relelanl Many of iire !n lersa rghts espoused rn
the Un iel Nalions De.laralon ofthe !ufitan R ghts 3re notrecoqn sed al a lby manv ol
o o J\l-l"r.o,
S.!.pcre nionesa..d Vei.ai Co n.l reco!. se. rersoNs basl. and ..lenabe r!hl

IB
 1{'t Ctal1lC2 EtpBltbrr r(r r, rr0r _qr.!_r.aJ JturCb'V:lC) ,caqrllnL jft r,l0dr lr:Jr-,{lj
2.4 How far should the actions ot teade.s be derermined by p!btic optnion? to cuzerry with athese slales hav ng aws that revoke ctizenry lithe ctrzen is a
co.vlcled kator As a refeciile body ofwo d oplnion the UN s rrelant in th s aspect
..-.; d^,o; -iss.e onj re;,- l
6,lopn<6nt,cces Is n the enforcerrenl ol ils securlty poicies thai tl're UN s h gh y slspect Thouqi'
seclrty resol!lons thal prevent co!nlries fiom 3!n.hlig pre emptive stikes are large!
lll t,lt s per"!,apn thevxlerr.akesatransiro.tocoosiderrheothersideofrhe rnet wth word approval lheLlNllsidoesnothavethetillarypowertoenforcelhese
Tlr s was cle:rly defironslrated when lhe united Siates oiAmerca, agalnst a lnlernauor!
aw aid competely bypessng lh. Secunly Counc olth UN, !nilatera ly aLrnched pre
emptvestrikeson.aqandsufieredvi(laLynoinlernationaL UN led p!nishment UN
Gr.al eade.s are ihose whostrive forihe betlermentofnranknd. Mairin Luther packeepers have also been accused rrf being conrpetey lneffective, wlth iheir
o.oi Ia-e ,n I.. d-r".ber LLr
.essogd aughabe policyoinotbeng able 10fre !nessfrd egainsi. UN peacekeepers stting o.
ol" o o - o <rnd
-"de f"-p o. To p"op n the Colan Heights ior the pasi tlr dy yars have lren egally bolnd under rre elani
r'-dd. ro. oilrr Lt 6a.tr o ooqI or16, a. - t-.onuo" o r.effectjve UN po cy to do vinla y notlring to prolect UN reilrgee camps in Jen n and n
governmenldecsions aid the v ews of lr s peers One slch impodant too s pub|c the Gaza strp Tlr e S ec! r ty Co! ncil mea iwhlle s an arbllrary and looih ess tiger wilir ls
no ao r qo. e nnd live permanent membr siales acl ng compeie y olt of Ihe r own vested nleresl (Chiia.
o .6.o d ,.,6or, t,6,6o, .,drn.o- ," or"":o_roLe forexamped.vetoedl52proposilonsnaperodoflhreeyears).Atlemptslogetva.ied
slccessfllrie lo go by pubtc opjr on to a fa r er(ent However, therc remain many
has wor d opin on on securty issLrs are a farce wilh the decisions of the Non-pemanenl
.onterts wne.e prb c opin on cannol hke prjorty ndeterminngateadersaciians memberc being ovei(urned i a ny of the fle perm Enenl members are in ooposit o. to t

Fllsty as mentoned earlter, op ntons are reflctive To be fair \here is slila ceila n amount oi internauona respecilor ihe LIN
_
T[is s especia y so wrh rcfe.ence to ihe pub
otthe gener: stare oisociery
mandates, wth ihe uS, desoile its lery strong blas towards un alera ac(on holdlng ofl
c,s conipLa nrs, grLr;!es o
recom.nendalons Slch optnons tend to reveatareas oi morovement anO so tell. eadcr atlacks on raq for several monllrs, hop ng lo let a UN mandale before eniering iaq
nh.i needs to be done. Th s being ttre case t becomes inroeraive thet a tea.ler..rs
bd . I oi ,.e oor o s.i ,c. ro .p.ov6 ,1e qlatc or -he .o ,nrt rr Though the UN rema .s reievanl n addressing hLrman iaaan ssles ts s8c!ily r! e
srngapore, forexanp e, membe.s ot parliameni an.t consftlency eaderc serye as; could perhaps be reloclsed and made more relevant so thai t has sharper 'teth . The
b no. Fa* ,4 o.o.. dao,heoo/er+e,( ." ..r.o"".re, p.opos.ai6on.. eslab shrnent oi a UN rapd reacton io.ce and devoLtion oipower in the Secuity Counc
' .d.(rdb. !,. eet,ng\-"o{"^.n_.o,16o.D., 6aop, erdir r-r o o co! d prhaps do m!ch to ncreas its reievance in lodays wodd.
- d-o- ^ o .dob- "do1p,bt,coo-,o, .6).d II.Fs6
a..6o.doero-drrr.tr,e
:r o.o. "ad-, foutd 06 o4... .4a or p.o, opr o Elizabeth Wu (02572)

Secondry, p!bric opinior s a iorm or cir cjsm oi rhe ru ng governr,renl and so gtves
eaders z nreans otgalgifg the rsuccess and know ng it rhey ar;go ng in the rglrr " tU Tlre conclusion to th s essay s rather ab.upt. However. lt does dentiiy a key area for
direcl on For nsla nc. ihe pterhora ot tssues raised rn the Forum pag; or ,Th;S Lails inrprovemenl ln the UN aid makes srggesi ons abcli how th s m ghlbe done fthis task
T mes oflen conlatf a iemaiive views on how the government co! were g ven mare attent o. the conclus or woLr d be better.
d have done a betler
b iLF F d - .r"o, oier ..,.td,ro.r .ti6.o6o.. drr_F 6pI
'oL6 l 6r,^ 1o^n B p rrqdra .'o o o 6 6rddr lan eno. mr^c o
.:-" or,9.rfs. .4. ..epoooo06.r. 111ao..tipp ,6
"_l ' "']Co
!6.d6 ^ " r/ o\o'01.dror
)o o.1i6.Fd,u.).. d o ,-ot: o rme,-re.r.o
.o."
., t.",
t" .,o.: oo

IF"\rcg"dd.he.bo/o ir muri be rL. ppleo lh.. a d"ciq on. ot d ,eaoer

'rn ol bp b!\"d sotelt on plbtrc oo:nion. .o o,",1,q -po..".rd-p"<oi
o."-o d.;
"."
a" 01 06,6,- ,. ...
'o-.6'j 5 6 o. o o.6o006,da ..o. : .. ,tr.o.E bdae. .1o r..
di- 6 oo,.6-tor aF,.o.6 06 io. orrhe
06, d. o od.6. " , . o, ,"
:o . lo o" .poo.o ".
.o.a.!.,6.oi
 il.er cnt4 Ja) ta :tt'tit\t: t::!. r, r-ior-l-,r-r.at
- \fii:iry tat tjt :Nfrji, iri. r. :00r rJ-\7 r:r

2.5 'G.e3t works of lite.ature do not make good litms. Discuss. ts;re, lhe eaae.s cann.l aiioii t. be nroved by plblic op flo. So. ihe.e sa I r I io !l crl
tilb c v ews cln play a part n gcvernment acrtons.
l':jTh s rs a cha leno ng essay as t reqLr res good k.owteCge of Lterature and A so a flr A ea.ler should a so h.!e the abllily to make !npopLrlar Cecls ons elen f i m..is
s!..esstu pece trolid be abe to compar specnc.haracreristics oi great works oi
lr.ratlre wth v,hrl l m has to oiier ihes-a r.spc.is (he f.Low nq essay disi nqurshes
. !o'r! toialy.gainst pllr copnon. Th s rs oflen lhe.ase n na.y.olntr es n lmesoi
.rsrs The 2cton of . e;der sho! C nol be del.m ned by ilst plb c opin on esteca ./ .
cases oiem.r!e..y nsl.ad anyachon sho!d be b.sed cn lo..s!nl.n! rhe pro!fess
il lh: .1!.1!r. .f ihe essals s .s f., ors or the n.lio. r-ls:or! fas slo\rn !s nrany a tme rh.r great eaoers are rr.se,rlrc rre aie
'. !o:fead ir lh lnFoD! ar decsions. This .c ldes olr Sen or M i sler !!hc . l9rj3 v/rs
.! nlr.d!.ion D sclsses.omrnon pe.cept.rsoirhe retatjonsnip ber,reef lerat!re.nd srrr.wn erou!li to !. alread, iirlhc merger with Ma als a a tholgh lre uas a..ed tr tn
ri m wh le hnk n! the cr!c !l obsctuatior ihr rNe ess:rt s abclt compart.g the o nol l 'relrernenl opp.silo. al hoine Ilref rl vJas the ful!re of S'ngapore ihai topped Itr Lee s
llsr consLderf-o what akes a aood l m :!enaa iot !!bLic opiiio. Th!s the rezder has to elercse hjs own Ciscretion a.i.or
i:r Greal iErel!re c.n make qocd litm I - !!iorts |ra( dep.t.rLra ities thar c:r be renaererl lLsl depern on plb c opnion iihe s lodo a goodjob I enslrn9 hls.ai on s sr.c.ss

--t Great ll Cert3nqefres(plays)eremoreefiecrvey

lleral!rs c:n nrak good fiinr F na ly n is nol adliseb e fora leader to base h s actions sot. y.n puir c.! i..
!nrf t becalse,1 s rol p agrnatcwhen lhe liews oiUre plb c are dlrded Eorr.nance
-!r Grest lteral!re d.es.ot rnake go.d lrm N!a.ce oferpr.ss on il lhe plbL c were to be
d vLdd of a .eriEi| ssle the eaderwl sure!nolbe.Llelo
spe.iicty.f peasearlhego!psa..iscend!panlallonrsinqcertaiiiactons nrhesecases t{c!d
,l!!.9e anC an alihor iat!e.a.ralve !o.e.a.nor bc r!pii.aled efiecrvely. be.rdch betler rlthe e.der dos what he be teves in, ralhcr Ihan merety bc a plpper oi
O Greal I ter:llre does nat mak goad l m I ReDrcdlcng great terarlre oiien res! ls n
pa.sable i r.s that ia pa nfuly shon ofthe org nal ce(ain acilisb This s.specl3lt)' re e!a.t tn aEe pop! aiions where dtsa!reemenls:r.
GErlend ng the rss!e:l"1akn9 a nlm!ersion of a tlerary wort a ways entals neoot:tira !o!nd lr arise w ihln he lenerai pub . Th s s the .ase n id a wlrere tlre lovennerl
d o D6 aF ias bee. iorc.d Io a.i accod ng lo Ihe \! of activst grculs, due to po Uca aliances !!lf
Oaon.lrs.. An rs !lrf! reierec.e to tlrs cpen.g senlence of the essay corctldes llre ex"emislFoltca p.nies. Tlr s has resuted ln dornestic chanleswircn are perce!.d as
ben! 3.sed to\!ard a certa n cornnun ty and so creating mLrch .l sccrd :moig llie pLrLJ .
Hence t s obliols t)rar a eaderG.notiel hs actions bedelermned byjlsl p!btic

al i ! s 1o tie said thal a prture painls a tho!sand words. ltrf r seerns nalurat for
rslo mag ne thal the besl l ns slern irom ttre greaiesr t.rarywor\s However commoi
s lhatwatching the i .. aiier ha!i.9 rcEd ihe book is lsua ly a
a s:F,pofi n! exrcse Tlrere are the erceol.ns ol colrse, The C o.kwork Oranqe b/
Antiony B!rless was brlllantly rendered l. frm lry tne Lare Slan ey KLbrct blrl ndeed
th.se lre fc\r and far be[!e]r. t s .ot to sar'rh.l lreat vorks of te.atLrre rnake ior g,ea!
la ires n n n. .larely thal I s hlrnan n?tu.e io draw comparisons across the tuo genres.
cert.inly, many iilms when j!dsed on their own mrits, receive ihe immediaie
siamp ofapproval, b!twhen measured aqainst rhe ,,great tilerarywork', lheywere
based on, falljust thar much shod.
n conc lsLon. pub c opin.n can be a. excellent too of a eaoer lf used c.ne.ly
..C lo llre rght exle.t Then views oithe popLrlaUon mlst certa n y be t3ken ir. a.c.mi
b!tlheseshoud.olsoeydet.minealeadersactiofs. Let me recal tne 1am!!s.rlcte
bl Abrahanr L n.o n Demo.recy s !olernmentcithe peop e, by lhe peop e, for rhe
peo. e Th s s somethi.g thal a lle.ders olghl to live up to, conslaft! slr!.g lo bilng
Frolress to the r ie ow men Tlre! sioud tlrls take inlo consiCerat or ihe iee:.gs.f the r
c.!ri.,,men and.cl w lh lhe r lnlereslal rr.an
A slrwoira R.mk!mar (02578)

tl I s aitl.! I tc contesl lhe lact th.r !r.at works of iteral!re can rnake oood nt'ns.
rll s..re q!3lncitons f..d lo be made to Ilre stal.nrentforit ro be dore precse ess a rhe cu.te al tte begifn n!. Aso rhe*rterhaschoseN eaders whrr ;re
:ii..p nl ge.eraLsal on iew w.rld d sp!re th.t ltre recert bor oiice srnashes, Lord oi he d r. h ltl
t1e R ngs pai o.e ani Lo .re rorih! ol pratsc .dee.j they are good tilms f only rc!erd3iCwhobothsrrLrggedlorcivlr!lrlsinAnrerca: an approprleie cho .E ! ier r e
!..a!se ale tliey ,nyoko n the a!c ence r,ry rlre opic !r.ndelr of rhe s.enes ir ch
o.' ihe .ssay quesl of
Whenlsin-oo!Lrote.ll'rrknotoryaboLrrlhereevarceofiharssar
; e iieisn.rsed by momenis oitefder rofiran.e Perhaps thon greal traryworks caf bri asoaba!the conlrbr(ons orschieleme.ts oithe pe.son ycu are i!.ln.t Tns-n
rnake tlre quoie elen rncre eflecl!e
i.ke glod i
brl lhis s more poss ble otre. trre main lein oi deas n these worl(s are
ms.
llngibe..es thal.an oe ensiy refdered n vsla terms ideEs !fheroism, courage n
oatii. h..o!r.nd !randelr ihe v slal imFaci that eeves an aldience i. v/onder is
.erte n ! o.e .i lh-c marks of a good i m

!i I
als. perlraps vrorthwh e lo me.tron thsl Iim versions.i pays are more eas V
s
.l!h5el !oc.llhan l r versions of nole s A g.od examp e wolld be The lmpo(ance of
uelrlt Ernesl b,, Os.ar U/ de . feri.stca y flnr! p ay wh.h lrasllsl as hlmorousy

.)
 ,rlut CtarB ll:2 -Ce
@![rrn: I ttur J, 2ooj.-Et!,'Il ?ar,. aliirrJf: qI''Ni'xir iJ!: r rrir- Trr!r'r

. OThls. il rnay be sa d thai great works of Lteral! can nake good flms, but very rendere.l n fim. ile.e. n'ri!l)t express ilst rl t wele h s novel Tlre Pl'tue cf Doran
:. _ oo oo- o ta q.rge . ,.o ior pdj4, o.r o rs,j. o Ga! thatwere i med, jl?r;!ld Drcbabvnothave ceiled siniLaraccoedes The
Br"o"..r'6a6< rIe- yop tr5 .-.-:.6" b.t.t. .. cte. r on . ... o d.41
oi the r..nv.s or '-.tjg"-o r o.e"d_o
i
' No o \'o''
nlcl
d^"
i.s
i",i pe.'"l"nc t E LrslaiLy difnc! t rcr ms to capl!re very belond the
ey Chu. (02A151 "iin""
.na r slory "",nd ! ol elenls
ne

2.6 'Great works of literature do not make qood fitms.,, Discuss.

Orhis.ofven enr! Lcaas !s on Io vrlr! sdaptatoNs wh ch ar good films n 1lr3 '
own flgrl s. oiten fa sh;d ol the nark ofce laken lf relat.n \!th terature thev {er!
rr"."o-on. Ct""r terary ?iorks:r. olte. mark.d bv th: r abi ty to eloke a stnse oflne
D r' 6 oiol I o.,r'1 o,6 re .-troducrton d d con-l,siol o. ehp.lhy n lhe r re.deG Dexleriiy tlth an9!age ajlows a lert to be poi!nanl. teniler'
''oo r'6r._drq ' 6o ! slaL] prolok fg a^.1fuLL.f r,rpacr A frr ier acccnF shed in h s craii s able lo
o.,e rote o ar're. oj6o o . nren pr are nls rearlers o f.e r! ex..tl-' Ihal he Ieels or perlr!ps t/tr.t lre !'nls lireri
art ies r. ils orginaiily bLrt the idea s devetoped rath;r iiie tgenUy to fee by ihe cho cesi worcs ln the mo:l aellberale ordet n a way lhal a d rectoi ca'
pertraps ne!e. h.pe 1o achlelc Nu..ces oa exprtss on :re dlfiic! t to capt!te on ::creen
ul The.onc!sion re njcrces rhis dea b,,,nrakinc.efere.co to ltre thenre d sclssed n ihe and this sireadv q ves lhe te.ary vorks an !naeniab e edge lia.v w.lld agree that tlr
iiro.lLr.ii.n BBC sera vers,on.iThomas Hed/s The [iayor clCaslerbnd!e ]sone ofthe most
pa nf! tl.rngs one can be m.de l! w.icn nexorab y dry, slvr and bo.ng llotele
ts
ia thiui lo tie lexl n reNder ng ihe rnai. plot ev"nt" io rt on" ulta element rirat is nr s5 n!
rere wo!dbthenanatir'evo.eihatdraisloqetherthe" ncon!r!ols elements n tlre
What limts the pace on which an 6.iisl cho.ses to exp.ess h msei? Nolh ng iai ncveLio create a semb ance ol conl.! ty and tc put:cross Hadvs ideas ndeed
d 6 a .ol . or L6 B
d, S .oo,." o arS .". .. oerh3ps ro amounl of nrastedul c nematoq.aphv or casl ng wotld eler be able l' etpss
o - .ro06\oi rjro,' "enr,Io"r-,^: "r "- pauros as !cdly as Faray s ab ib/ wlur lire pen a ows hi.n to wth nsllrir'Ljlph.ases xe
0,6 i odd ota ..ot .- . rlrat i'eriod ri lhe hisrory of a .ve whor a one 1..n be seid lo be !.allo)'ed
(th !a n '
d eso o r :. o-o.,o.t"l.r " r
.""."o filxs thoa!tfo,tat!elciccollheneralorisrepacedbythedscretionoiihedireclor I
one. Tlris genes s ol a( oi ttr s new ptan be cai ed the p,od!c.r s own and ts slccess c:stLng and lhe very nost lire d re.i.r.!n hope lo ach ele n h s aud ence s !he1 hls
nay even surpass thar of its pareni uowever, this success rs also rlependenl on wheiher rendltL;n oiscenes aid.hoice c!ls w nvcke in ure.n lhal same pathos whiclr ihe
or.ot the orig.al art form has qlatiles that w j shjfe n the f -aw .n{j whether lhe essen.p ,ra(ator so lcrd y mplLrres Flcw.ler .udrences a h:ftl v ever so rcspons!e !s!' ir
,.ilheorgna pece has been captured nthenew,soihatthereplcadoesno(.iisgrace 3n y bern! ab e io ree 3veltueanorpholssenseoienpaihyzndbengless.bewtl
op,6 6 ' d..he._ uo.r. i.ooo..r o.ed.,led, La.lruaqe neler p n down tirese emolcns as lLrcdlyaslhe !reatauthoEdo
rera lre to sh ne rthe,areconel:.iar'r,
O now gile re erarnp e ni Trre unbearab e L,lht.ess of gei.g 5v r,1 !i
ConclLrsion
Klnrlera The book ls a c ass. lhe l m. harCly Ceda n y lh ll m was not ala b,d llr
A n a beieve ttrat ihere s ooss biilv ot success of greel llorks of teratu.e to t was ilst as sJrey notlood as I lails lo capture trcdly lire essence orthe terl irde.il
lea ''ol rna:ks have lo be I yen lo lire d rector en.l produce lor llreir atle..pts to render ghl'ess
:'
r" oo\ ol o o-r ror n oi be nE and r-reali.ess of spirt on a llhe Cifferent levls but lhe prcClcttes oie of
ro'ro"4.b ,.:-o o some ncongnr !y whlch leales llre aud ence somewh:t ess thaf satisiled becarse :he
lone.n a new frrne bV ihe an si mosl s!bUe nuances a.o a usons. preseni n the giealest lilerary wo.ks can never b
capt!red on a simiar elel desp te adlanced c nemaiography sou.d and lgii nE
tra.e Lee Li (02572) lechniqles Tlat s perhaFs lhe qrealesl lrumph oi a.gua!].
2.7 Why is it thal no country has ever had a pefect h!naf .ights record? ili\rerl cfter re.. e a sc appr.3.h fiins bascd o. greal wollls frt! hi!h
expe.latons a.a are d sapponloa The r-..ettUlm lerslon !f Possession ihe aooll"
W;li ile inp emcnlaion oithe L_tn lersa De:taiator.i H!mai Rghls | 1!48 b! Prize !r nni.g nole bf AS Byatl Ls a .:ise lrr pol.l Perhaps t nrly be sa d lhal il is :
_ opd on'!o ' r.iBn:nd Ural f lns sho!d bel!n!ei p!rely on lhejr.N..reris l_lo!e!er lusl.s
'4"'o'p..o 'o !!!a iy to hale lhe .o!ra!e io male :tre i h b.sed o. : qre3l terary oork . i. :c.cfi
I d... td.d. d.d.c.. b..pF *"."0e . thc charl.nge oi !.ij rp 1o the elpe.lations t enla s .n. s.me .deed hale E.r:r!.d
";
"Lr i ". o rF, ro.r'c.6.16 ..".o .q " " r!mihani.s!.rasSteneyK!i,_cksversonoi ACockwo.k Ora.ge.
dn. \oro.oo. dr ." ..:," .o
.d .6D6 6 _
o

l
 tLa cnrls 1c2 Ealttum Js!. r, ]|0j-1Jl_l rr ;rr'! r''
,'arua,ri.rt ia: !..;itiirtni rra,r "0r
.s ie, wo! a lre upon a ch ld C.ary, tlre gover.ment has nfri.ge.l upon a .h C s rtqht
ror a saiee.d se.lre ch dhood and has exchanged thar t r one f ed wilrr b ood and Lhe c r.!msta.ces n:coriirryfor.e.tlo!i!e!Pilsh!mann!hls.i.rexrnfolascltlnni'l
vrolcfce. A so ln the lra{_r trar thal cammenceci .anrer th s year the raqigolemme.i llreprobens lfacesorlotlhcmer.tenanceofsoceLorpoiilca slabiLtr' n the ccLr'try
i ned lh. mltiatd corpse ofai Amer.an sold e. aning ihese mages o. st.re te evLs..
Slch !.ellr ca :.lons c eary speak lolunres aboulirorv rhe qolernment vews h!man n the pr.senr era oi!lobaisarof. gover.mNls a lrround Ihe!r'orld hav. vewed
fglls llerce hr.ran rlrhls,!lr b. dlflic! t lo i! tr I ljn--s.f war, erhe. a colntry s f.le ec.i.m c progss as lhc l;p lrorry_ as ony throlqh cont n!o!s.conomi. celeopnre'l
c.n a co! ry p.oqress o.e of lhe key ieclors lrral dererm re lhe exterl of econonrc
.e!e opm.ii s sl;bl ty boln poirca and so. a Th s niav be llre reaso. io'a.olnto tc
r...rc!son the Llniversa De.ar!tor.iH!m:r n!nlssr tseryes.san srcr lce tlre iu ilnent of. iefr huna nshls n relurn io.the stab ty lo 'unLr forer-ln
nrpoiani o! .le ne, based .f ih-a beler hai elcrr- fd ! du<r s !o.n iree lnd cla , w ih nv.slmenls Fcr examp e thers are many counves lodavwiro lrave conti.lec lhe r
. .. e5. 6, d-p b
lr !lrit!.nd r!.dh Fo$e!er,l. tod:ts comp rcated vrorld human r:ghts m:y be d spe.sel
' ' -a oor. o'6'po{
liih.nret!,.forprog.essveecoiomcdeve!pm.nrbasedonso.a an.j p.lit srab 'lpd.j_ "c.I1{oo
On thc ollrer ha.a acoroptgcler.mentfiaynore!-a.re.ogns.llreexstenceofsuch.
U
iame r re expecrel no prrLcoprnlon (owards ts po cis Ihose g! ty.ic.mmillng
D,"calon llre Declar:ton may hale iaken rnonths lo be d.alrn up by the U. ted lhese polil caLcdmes were mprisoned wilhoul (rlal cearlyshowngan nirngemenlcf
ratons ailer lhe Seconc World \!ar. bLl t wiL ceriainty lake a mlch onger I me the lhe p! ilca and civllnghts Firm acnon laken aga nst Ihe l/an A, r!,en demo'strations as
lecaration to tir y becor.e lniversa r!!hen every couniry has f! elcuse not to have e
!,e as T bels slruggle lor ndependence have also showed how tne 3!thorlt.r an
!ovemment in Ch na seeks io !nfy the ent re nation thrcugh lio enl means
However. we
pene.l h!maf ghts re.ord
ofthe governmnts actions lor lodav Chlna has
ae!nol deiy lhe eltectveiess Ch nese
r:eco." u l,ant new p in larlous ndlrstriesard ts grcss domestc p.oduci has
[]o. K:r \'1,/. i02S78) "ynr n the asi len years Hence t can be seen ihal irunor rlghls
" oi lhe increase
a w.ys been
hav;beeniorsakenlnordertcestablishastabepoticacLmaie$lrchl resiorshave
L]] rr!h le Iire essay was an en!agi.g one t co! d hale been b.oader I ts c.nception oi
rLrnan r glrls and noi eant so heav ly on the Un ve6a De. araiion f t-tunrafl Rtghts
Al the same time a cou.try may choose to wlthhold the righG for lhe etpss on of
r'lhal cthr h slorlca molements or qroLrps cou d be Lrsed to dis.lss human r qhtst
oD nlo.s thro!ah censorshlp !nd maginary oul-of_balnds markers w ih the aim of
!rote.l nq and rnai.ta n n! the socaLand cu tu.a stab itv n sociely Forinstance, the
Remakin! s.gapore com'nlttee recsnl! proposed that the ieelant govemmenl
oroanisata.s bosen the,r q.p on censorsh p so 3s io aLow som room ior giowth n th
o;aartsscene.Lranysolerntenlsinthewordhaveawavsviewedforegnc!tLrcsana
antudes as s thre:t, h.nce man! stay conservative tsowever inlheeraolgoba sat.n
co!nli es halc to open up 3nd sn,r'.rC accept new c! t!res wnile cofi n!o!siy
strcnllhenng their loca c! t!.es Even regarding the ire w to express one s lho!!lirls.
many golernnrent have fo\ lve comed s!.h suggeslons ir the fear ol spark.g
.ont;o;ersy aii arg!menls throlgholr soclet-v therebv lnderm . ng sc. a srablilv, thrcrl
s. key ngred eni Jorconomc adlancenrent
Ln add t o.. human rqhts may nor be d! y accorded to a cot ntry s cilzens wher the
lorarnment js cleary cofrupl Th s occ!.s when a qovernment s obsessed !/ ih se f'
;.mfon and Lrxlry ortoo obsessed wilh ils own extreme f!ndamenla sl altitlrdes thal t
h.s forsaken the selera rghls oi its cilzens fo. food hea th educatio. and wo.k ns!cl
co!nlres the seFwadn of eve.y cuzen s cLearly comp,omised For exeinp)e n
Af!har slan. acute pole l can be seen elerywhe.e as ts cltizens are cepored oi f..t e
:.ilror a!ric! t!re as wel as othr means ois!rvlva Thefe is a so !neqlal tcatine.i ot
?i il lldlels based on lhe r gender :s only lhe malos can be ed!caled or tlork 3fd
sometmes elen be entitled lo poygamy SLrch !necua trealmert of the cize.s s lhc
res!tofar neffcienl goter.mnlwho has lts proriles wrcng !c.c lisevenmo'e
dLff.u tlor s!ch counlres lo lua lfeDe.iaratonoiH!manRighls

lra.d 3.ounlry na! hale to lorsake the De.laration n l mes of!:t

On rhe other
{here colntry may have lo depoy a lits resources to ensute vclory orto merelv
an eiLng
s!ryiv.. For exampe, in ltlyannar .h ld so d ers have been empoyed Chld sodeB
hale been !sed to bolh strengihen the amy 3s wel as lo gain an edge over the e.eny
 vacnau Jc2 QQA Ltin: tnv 3, 2aot-carrEr(r1-Elai J,4 huo clins JC2 tlt\Btlt;t!' r,n/ J .rr0r aott'4\f,:LGrtjl.n

F Ft et me expLan Ihe basis behind ihe ban o. rerroducrive

UNIT THREE: CO[4PREHENSION
.oning ilAs ilustrated in paragraph 2 orpassage A, bleve lhat
human if s somethino th.toushtto develop through iis natural Application Queslion
way it s nol somelhlng ther sholld be ilstgrown afd bolght by
people Lsin! money And as ihe authoroipassaoe I puG iti. ine
27. man should deda nly .o1 p ay cod PThe pocess oicreation is
so'relhnO th:l s extremey unique a.d completi lampering w th
lrr s may ad lo unwanled conseqlefcesiorhanknd as awhoe
AThus, rcpoductve c on nq shou d be bannedas I vio ales the
aws olnalue and tis somethrg which Singapore doesn I need to
add 10 ts name p.esently
The w.ters of passages A and B difier n lhn afttudes iowari con.g research a.c
Se60nd y, fee Ihat there ls.o pressing ned thaicail!stry przctic. Whal poLices ii a.y do you lhnk lhe government ot yolr coln1ry shoud
repbdlclv cronng. As Ko.loovich.nenllons n paragrph 4, implement wlh rogard to c orlns research lnd pracl.e? Exp ain why. justilvinq vour answer
deafh stlsl pad and parceioJ human ile n factwe are humans wilh revanl das rrom both lass.ces as welas yourowr knowedle and oPnions i8l
of y if we are moda. There s thus no heed to lse cion rg to
extend ourlifespan bon a pEctica note imaSine howSingapore Pains lo add in hrovn
r!l be n th6 tutur ile!ryone lves o.qer, gver the curcnt @ The folowng.ommenrs 5no I hehro! lndecland wrrar yo! co! d
aqeing populalon we mal we lbe tunsiormed into a. aged A mee swmaryof the
socielylAntray lhe olhe. .eason ior c oning nieniity is aLso fot dalwiih the qlesilon
10 iT iI l
vaid. ll nledlecolpeswanltohav childrenduetotheirtrle ove
oflhe chid they wi I not ins st on il be ng geneticzllylhe rs , I This applcation qaeslio. requis you to state yolr sIand ceary. The st.nd you take
"doo!o" oi"r 'ld^olldbejrsrd ppf"cr. Vo -o.e
adopton ln slneapore is nor any laboo and one only needs to give
shoud also directthe structure oiyo!rresponse (Eg Why alowtherapeuiic co. ng and
not rep.od!ctve clonfg? Or why not a totalbaf, but rather, slricl reulations?)h.r |r
assurance lhata chjld willbe looked aflerwer to adopi hm/her. tolLowina responses one thing lhlt stands oll is ther abilty lo strLcllre and ororni:e
fuln iacl, ihe World Child Oeanlsalon even has a movemenl ther arguments Dont lorsl lhal coherence s an lmport.nt factor ln deletm nin the
wirore parents a lover the world can adopt a chid oll oi the qua!ty oiyour response
milions oidsrituteslf Africa. Thererore, with so many opr ons
a!a able, ir s cenainly nol necess.ry ioranyone to resort to 2 While generalars!6efts aboul clonfg research afd pracllce are pobaby necessary
you shoud make a conscols eflo.t t. ale t to your colntrys stuaton Remmber
thls is applicalion, nol regrrlilaton wlry shoud ih polrces you stale be especlaly
Rproduclve clon nq sholtd a so be banned due to the pertinenl to or mpodanl lor tourcclflry?
dhense oophoes iormsuse rt possesses. As menuoned in
paGgraph 4 ol Passage B, there are cau.less situationswhere
conino maybe !s6d Jorsellish reasons dln fact,lhs hs,
ii
:c.ording to an artic e lhe E@nomisf, october l998 akeady tO The fo owing answer ls extreme y comprhensive ln the explanation of th
beef acconplshed The adlce teatured a cerman doclor. whose oo!e.!to:er.uooor. -d"r"5" dc.o h-"-,r d.o tu-.1.-oIL- o -o"
nrme was nol reveaed, who seecled the oametes oi nteteclLa ly Tr < an.r"
superor adults and Lsed them to *eate'supets nle lgenl ch ldren ^r<
-r" d-d f ': -/(
w th rQs olal least 120. lhe a.tic e rurherwenion to say thal
pBsenlLy thee are ake.dy a handfu olsuch ch ld gen lses EBr_. ".oon," /" r",oood-" pp..o1 r6. oo.dn6.o or:.oro._6
&ound lhc 4o.d. Sho.knq though lmybe ths rcdentcoltd - dnp a. d'e oe.e ope,i
become rgularlare ilwe alowed coning 10 p.ogress 1,4:ny other so.e o. .. .o p ! loo
.onlerls er sl ,lhere .lo. nO coud becone qrosslv h slsed e a. o" tra( .ad 644 ,.6, I -. d o.q r.

Nlov ngon lmaintai lhat lherapeul c c ofl.g be a owed in

lss,ypls 'oro.d
l

Singapore. By lhs lrefer lo the growlng oi organs or spec alzed
tssues rn an adlcia mediun Any lssue orstem.ls used for
this purpose musl however beobtained onl! fro'n dead loetuses
ihatis no ufbom ioetus sho! d be deslrcyed ior the sake ot
rcsearch A Lawcan be introducd to eisure thatllris is the cas
a d 6.d , d...d. 4^.d !. .-
appmval Ths lssnllariouhal s proposed I paragraph 6 of
Dassale B As mentoned thre, lhe polenr! benelts of cron.s
Ar9uab\, the hanesr ssue orrhe 3sl.enrury, conin!l has
..sed much hu and cry a olerthelvork.Amldslalthose
p.omss on the wondel pelhora oibe.enG thal coninoqou d
brng dr.yfaclionshalearsen some vehementryopposfg
coninq ot a lyles and othB lakno a more moderale stand Ailer
takin9 into accounl a llhe polenlaluses and misuses oi. on ng, i
be lere that S rgapore.u!hlto Lr.i reproducl ve con.9. bul.low
n lherapeul . . o.inq as .ng as.o !ss b.m or unborn foeluses

:8
 )!tcCn tlltJC2 aitrd\lt ty, i:n J,?00j,foliljnErEr I

c.niu.r:n0lheirrork here. I is perltnentthat eth:cs be:diereC lo,

est ie anlerlhe Fe.p e .rworse st t. God
Next. we d;
neeo substantat !ovemdentlLfd ng notebtt in
lle setin9 up nlraslructurc as we l.s arlracrng the besl brains
ol
r rh. Lrds ness, ir, de: ly, the Govrnnrenl shou d ufdei.ke ro
rrr (:ril Iunat,nosl.i lhe resear.h ce.terc for x!o stmite
re:sors'rrsr j; s rce ihe Gorer.me.: a so rLns llr. med.a 3nd
t.ea thcaE s.c(or5 an! rc:.ardi qalns !v i be eas ly p:sJed ci
a.clrai33led nroaciua bnefits nlhel!es.f tope,!id
.lscco..liy lhe Go!er.D..is ccnl@ oiilndingfabes llo
c re.llhe.orr5e.tcl.n n! research.s r sees 1 -l.w.rds
therdpe!lc orrcfroardllve cloninq, pe.haps {Pass.ge A
Dar.!r.ph 5) flhe need drses n lhe medica sctor.l. orhe
rorCs lhe Gcvernme.l w b abe lo coort nale dema.d
tLrllilnds.Em.re efecrye, alocated !Afothcroivtous
Lreneil olslbstanla l]cvernm.I spend nq s b.tler .fraslru.lrre
4i ch oier m.ans b.ner scienliic r.searclr and pE.rce Afc
..n.! h.rirll rasl porerira desefres the besl
,! ln.e!.,d lorelllal.n th! Govemment mlsl np.se
r.sr.l..s lhe partres nloled n c on.! resear.h and p 3drce
c.
hoB ese roud t ensure thet ts eth.!l!!idetnes are lret
aaher.d tc? tle rlo n.l rant ti:arre.u ls lke th. R:e :.s con n!
lhemseles ii our backyard To conlrol.nd n iecllhe c.!rs.t
..nrno r.s.arch.nc praclce ele.:vey, rhe Govehmenl reeds
lo EgL al and mo.lor those research aclviles rhjch . many
.dses reans ..nlro i.g rvho.an or canno: iake part n suclr
rdcl ces here A bil slr ct p.rh.i! but the mmens 1r.f llre risks
... na pcses to !s nec.ss rales 5len a.rion ev,Fn f ti mt2rs
! ! r! cul ,oerss 1.. cn.
repaclng lssues s loo g.ai !n.re. a Especialyfor s ngapore,
which is tryrg to.r3re a .Lclre marker Ln lhe ife sc en.s
Very. ear seflin! oul oi iesearclr, nol pursuln,o clonlnq wou d be a greal loss So
lheEpeutc co. ng slrou d be alovrd as Long as bas c !ound
,u es a,e trcsefred Prhaps a spec,a pane ofexperenced anc
^r.ra y s.!id researclrers cai be estiblsfd to ensue llr s
ir..rciuson, clon no s.ei!r y r ooube-ed!d sro.d I
.an rap di!dends or .a.llc ar.!. consequences ll s lhus
lireralve tr.lsin!:p.r makes!n .iormed stan'j.n c..n9
c s: .!v roprodu.trro cLr. n!tb!r k.ep urer:pe!1. cron ng open
Llos: hponanlly.nt fi.r mlsl be oi.lhat$ lcrea( nolh ng but
Lrenellslomankrdinfuture At3 cosrs, ,!e must ensure lhal lh
(ir.r powerfu ioo s of c on nS does nol fa nto lhe hands ol elh ca l!
and nor.ly deicent researchers lke D.SrroNon (c ) vrhomade
headliies earlyths year lor!sln! lss!e from patienls e!aly for
lr s neurc.gicai eiperimef ts We musl iu l! rc ize thal c o..9 rs
da.!e.ousgound lo lread on and so lake alprecaLtions I.
rrrevent !ndesirab e corsequences on y then c.. s.saoore
all3 n fu lprogrss n the fe sciences p l.r oJ oureconomy
02s18
LJ ihis s a. insighti! respo.se The writer here has 6 d fferenl stye oiw.iting as
compared lo the prelious sample being ess dlscursive and mor locused on
provdlnq sLpportin! or rebltialarg!ments for h s po ts lh!s his po nts conre
across lery dire.tly and forcefu y

n SflapoGs prese.l quesl t. be a gobal eaqe. in rha

b .techno og caL ne d lhe lssle ofciorioq rne!taby nergs
| ..ad.d,o rr i ,Lb
.emly slrLct and cleary'delned eth calguide ines, subsb.ta
gove.nnenl lundinq as wel as s!irab reslrictions on ihe p6rls

[] .h s ansfef has a rqt r slru.l! rq y le; n! Mlh d ftere.l

d (eenl qr.rFs ofOeope F rsty, srrcr and cleary delnd elhGiguiceines on confg
Esearch lnd p.aclce:re rcq! rcd As we have see. nrany times
i- Th.a ri1.r offers lery r.rr d.la (lir)o. the i( nds oi regularons he proposes Tlr s n the prssaAes, clon.a is f) an clhical and moral minefield due
sa m!.h strc.ger rsspo.se lhai 3 s-sysruoni""r
nrpte (a.d vag!e) concept o|str cr regutar on. ir ls d.Llnss wltn h!m!f if Ol part.r ar concern to the
rtnoll any.an e:bcralon Fe makes rse.iporlls irom the pessa{le butdeveoos qo!.rim.fl vri I be lar9e-sca e relgLous op rion - ccnnq
- | r' ceo !! delnes sho!d be.asonaby acc.olabie to mosl re -arous
b.dies il socia unrsl lo be averled Doubles5. I w lbe
!9. iiE q!!!!c" !!q!L!. ! rpcssib e to pLease very
's ast SLnlaporean but by mak nq a
. a.r and srcl ethc.lsland on lhis s!.s t!e issue, th
ln, k I'e !o!ernnenl sho!id have poicis lhal are re evant to b.rh the medicaterc!ps G.verihenl is ket tc !a n pubic supDorl $hich means
.o1a!.1 nq Ih.... i! r.sea..h !.d lhe p.op e who wanl lo lse lhe c oning Ich.o og! ly gTh s in l!rn means. p.srtve n!ironme.l forscrenllc
slabi
resarh .esearchers.re unllieyto.clr ele mlch when flals
Fcr lire m..a !rolps conluctng rh research llre loyerrment should ofer a ctear !!rn a.d pickels bob !p and do!vn l!sto!lsde their .boralorles
qLil.r,e on frhrr rh.n.d.a loups.an or.aifut do irFo. elamp., lhey 5houd be Altholoh slr.l po i. es misbt derer sofre nor. ra! cal p.des fr.q

l i0
 :ltur ftiaat !c2 gQBt(ai ier,20!.r aorlra,tfjr4lx.Jr-,, Jlu ai.rrt Ja t;.l'N)t!iti trrr j .llr0i ao114!Rfj{[narii)t

ihe Chrlslars a so th fk thatcroalng huma.s shoua be ft Hotver' llit an ma

.rolvec to siarl \!rii an naLelpernnts o. soaled human
'rc
l*"up inro..oryos. eilra care sholld be tak.n'ers
to to ensure the embrv's art nol
""ir..Gr. ,lriu*.i"rlO r" tt;lcJt fo lesiing on fe.ll zed hum'n embryos al n'lwhen
Bes des that.llre idea tha( embryos a crcated as a source oi '.il"i."n-tq,r
"""c tr"ay iei! a.d !n!;Fdevcioee'l Dtlaled documentarlon 'asl st'u o be
slem celr anil islrored q thin folr1een deys co.tEdtcts wlh clr ".rir" are try ripnr'afi b!c'rse
connnl""""r.r"q"otrn""ipermeil ihes saretv measlrss
pclcv o;FeBale n! human v.s EThl.k abour l. abonon s erso
li..re.i n!.ounlry for th reason Ihar i s the ti ing of a h!nr:i .-. ' -; ; ".po . o . "" o o o l

oo " .. o p d.o b \6 'd -'

;. Sc,vhy should c on nS be jusnrab e as cLon n! is \loise sl I by i. ";,. "-" i1...;, then erth.mrle x!qon! becalse even an.1ma slire s!;ulbe
:{ ng.ul lhc ol5an oltlre:m!ryo ann n lunr kI; !r Ijlstbecals. r.1.. *i""1" y.i r"i n,."" be f as :s ; o;e' rl wanl l. s' ihe c'!1oi'i a f erormed
iFlrlhemore Inaralsa is.or yer tlly de?e dped i. rfe Ied
.: s.enc. aid re.hnoogt She sjLsl lak n! her tirsr sieD nlo ti 'd.
S nc. r. a:e iot ec! po.C rllh hrgh lech.oo!! N shollC n.l !.o
!ent!r rlo con n! research uhere ilrere are a oi ct a!n!ers
. l .re iol uiscrlp!.us Poti make6
.ss...led !,lh i1 n addlon v/e st ldo not knor h!.h abolt lhe rl.ere stoLa !so be.aEiJ s.reen t d.n cn the people lrho want lc make us lN'
..rscrtucn.es ol. o.inE t v/i I be rsky lo ve.t e .lo c.n n! clrn nlr re.nnolog! Elhey sh.lld be ;skeri io lr n dla led ouestionna's ard be
'i
.ie^';wsd by lh; aulhort;s lo.nsure liral lhev are lhe lor the:lshl reasDis and 'ot
A r. o. ng !v l! ve hoie to .fen le..a homoserua
lhou!
s mpv i. s.l;,J_.lailast trev ia!. FF.r iicn e coup thev shoLd n:d ic erpo'
..!.es rr s sll notlustiliab e as t s moraty anc elh.a j- 's. 'e
.lh;r :llern.lres fiEl a;d d..de on.or ng 6s ihe asl resol &Tlros' hD're ook n! lo
r.otrecl TlreG ar. st r.
ot of$ays lo irave a b:ir. icr lxlhFr
.o.e themseles slrorla aso be pe.pe wih a mature m nn Thls process ol s'rceii'gls
llrmu!h n !lD ieni zation and adoplof
s mlarlo lral ollhe a.loplon pr..ea!rs becausel!stlke an adopted clr ld ilr'c"edtnii
sr.!c be ovea b! hs or i,er fam t Fcsevel ii lhs case lhe l'n ! { Tac mcre
l,l.uiiesftomsocietyar.o.n! ssi r.gaded as..onirovers3 issus Tlre'o'edcft'
I hare lo be oveiln.i.
rhp.rlernm.rl shouil as. ed!.ale lhe.!!ic oN lh conf! techio'g! dii da3t"
r- rhr. ,".p;,,se;'rdasom*r,a Llply T./ io wrjle: shorl conclusion thal anr mvtis or msconceptons iie plbic nas tlrv sholic be made to undntand lhat
'o!
do=tl!l!!9l!19e
d
_ r,.ri':niqes ard dsa,lvantaces or.lonfE..id how ii sdone wlh a beher lnderslandrns
i'
pehaFs: the pub c.af h;i eari l. a.cpl rhe lechnoosv ji lrre govenrmenl tlants
dere.p lheiect.o.!Y r SindrP.:e

02s6.i

tgr rh" pi"-lcus th.t;respo.*. nlilook rhe.ption or strict req! aion on ccnlis
Here Ls answer thel clrooses.trsollte ba.nifg r'r'hatrils tlr s rcspcnseabale lhe
a.
.crn s tiie sildenlslocLrs on !n que y relalng herarg!ments lo herco!'lry Ths s

th.k the govnmentcl nrf co!.iry. [laiavs a. shouid b..

p.:b E. q d!"
cr.aion out.i God s hanns, rhcf
means we are iol rcspctnll
the exislence of 6od Th. ['lus ]ms . my.ountry ilr nk lhat A lalr s
lhe cniy:nd ufique God ii lhctr ves AndasotheythinkIiat
l
ch d... !re God s prse so lrey slrouid.ot messwlllr l.
B.sldostral LheBJddhslslhiklralb,dn odage sDknessand
ceallr a,L: f.!. n.ruraL !rocesses I ii sr lhev shou d n.l
!.1{ rtlr,l by e{l.nd rg ther r. an. Dreal n!. nrr bt c.n n!
 1,.:!.j t r) qp,nfiN'r. t:\1.i.zi: r;ctiitt" ]rld anilit JC2 t)trt t ]a:rljtjl n
'ti3nt!rt': ':rai

!.i I c.nfuse ess i th essel UNIT FOURI GRAM[IAR AND EXPRESSION

. Less = ltere s not so mlch 4.I COMMON STUDENT ERRORS
t ExamF:e There is &.sj wate. h lhis t)ocket hnparcd t.lhat ane, trhi.h ts nll-"t) t the
ietn",lil"""i."t*r" sroups are makl's
positire irpacr' lql rrrere are st ! nran!
obstacles lo overconre
'
. t..sser = r.l so gre.t ir.lrh"ilqr, ,i"'i,"".*ar gro!ps are nrati.s a p'sn!e LmPact lrere 6'e st nrrFv
) Elample /i s/r.rd ic Ce.rde flr.l rs rle lq$!I rrr: sellitrq FU sotlta the.nenf.. obsia. es lo overcome
3e1.,9 tetat.l b! r'.rL l rend
XAthalqhshe bellelestirataboator is Mong !q!g!91she dsa!rees"vlth llre pr' i_'rs
' o r"br d^
The pitrase n th s .es.e.l ls used to sey that:.nrethlng s rru . one !Jay. ; r,ir,J,iiri.ti" li ,t abodiof rswro.! shedisalrees!ththeprclrie6!!h' 'srsr
The rlor.l :s!e.l' rel-".s io on. part of a. iea s tiaton or o an th.i has rnany parts
lrrat aborton c nlcs """.
should ",
be burni down

x asoecl we see ihat

n tirLs m.rlind has !a red m!ch iron techno ogy / pespite the heal she st
!!ent olt lot a jog
/ s rosoect, we s.e thal
n tlr ma.kfd has gained mu.h from technology
X Desplle of Ihe heal shesillwenlollloraJog.
TCne asFe.l .f ihLs ss!e
ln solie oithe heai, slre sti wentoLrlforajo!
"
LLl clothes / clothi.s x Sh menUoned abclt tlre skafqe firan she saw lurk ng outside the apartment
I clothinn s !sed, yo! a.e thinkfg especially oi a llhe c othq! a person ls waring oroi a 7Cr..".1i.*o tl,ai +" s"v, a it,anq" man urkins olisde lhe apadmeit
patc! ar type cl.lolh.s
/-he b! coiceri has beenwlth Iocd, clolhlno a.d sh.ierloreleryone.
r. -",;n=... -r=
Thev were drscussrno the" ful!re ol le.i .o og
J look ofi m! shocs.nd a lmy.othes
16 ' 6
L! Eminent / lmminent x r.. in..'n."n, r. erpha\i5a on r -po oa 6 oi
An eminentpe:scn sonewho swe knoln, mro ni and welires pect.d especaLLy ^-n. . oemphasse " "
rta
'. rne-oo,ernmen,"
b.cause llrey are good at the r proJess o. On the other hand th word mmineni canf.r *;." . \o opace 'd'e enp'asisol o''
"-
i'
. .o . pdoo6 I 6-
x-llre oolenrment!ants to stress oo lhe lmportaF'e of lire llle scie'ces
llre impoian'e ot the ie scences
/The.omr ttee has te. memlrers, ea,ih enr ne.l '/ lhe;overnment wafG io stress
rir h s tadrcu:r Ile d ,'The ;ovendrenl wEnis ro place greater stress 9ll tlre ie sc ences
/l,iany afa ysls beieled ihaiwarwas lrnm nenl
X The syslem oi apa.lheid disc.idjnated black peop e, nroiy SoLlh An rh tes
Ll Econonrics / Economical 'id 'an
.reiudice aoai.st them
Artholgh boihw.rcs mey be lsed as adlectlcs they mean ditrereit tlr ngs Ecolamic s '-';--,"no.".=:-p a ^.o d.scrin inared as!t!-sl
I - o'oF'o a
!s.a vrh.n relerng 10 i're svstem of money trace and inirstry Economica s !sed whe. wh tes were preiudiced adainst them
ele( ng ro someur rrg lhat does .ot re!!ire a cr.l mofey 10 oprate

experer..! a period ole.onoh. iod!srralcrsis

X We :gqLtgt enslters.
anC we s99! answers
",!eere
/itrls systmwas exlremelyeconom ca becalse I !sed roclc e.i later " lr'e search for afsurers
"
x qI keep ng a.inrals ii z.os wll.
trl Shive / Thrive keep nl] a.ima s n:oos Wervll
'.ne strlves lcr soi elhi.'il o.e nrakes a,ar-a.t efl!rl !sla yoler a loig perod oltme "By
'/Keep nO ,nlm. s ln ?..s wi ..
anlhe otheriand rlr,eope ororgarl:alofshry! rhey.re doin! we .nd are
LB Faw,less, many, much
BeLeve il or not the is a d flerence betwen these woros
/Tlrey hale str!dn ior fteeaom lc creale a new so.ia order.
7I s rare 10 ina. !.si.ess1hal {hrlves n slch, depressed economy lrrF lew and man!' for do!ntable no!ns) people schools bscuts co!ntries
Use Less an.j mu;h ior lncolntab e n6uns ) sand water a r, cou'age
 ri,r Ctan| tcz 8ealttatt k:rt i,20a3 qRtlttl.),., N Cn VlC2 9QBdLnn: ktut,2aB EqLlt'1]L

. TheSovenrmenVsovenmeii a3 Passive co.structlons

Nouft: I!9Ameicah aavernnent rcspahded swiftly ta the tenatist altack. lilake s!rc that the iorm oilhe !erb s cofreclwhF passive conslructons are !sed
NoLin Human nghis activisls in Pakistan ctiti.ised the darernment far its adhercnce ta an
autnaded and inhunan palicy XThe prob ems assoclatea w th tenorsrn cainot be eas ly !q!9
Adjectlle: Ihe rheers oiqovernmenl burcauuacf nn slavr'ly /The probems assocaled with teirodsm canict be easiy sqlcd

l.;
Pay attention to the Lrse ol "lhe' for nature The same hllds ior the lollo\! ng commor consttu.iions:
.
The nat!.e/nat!re
,.. be compe q1'
,
Nature = lhe word a.ound ust do not use the . . ... a'e iot coicer.!d
x She /oves lhe nat!rcr jusi si(rng lnder a iree and /re arng bhls sing nakes her feet at . . can be mFroved'
/ She /oves naturerlusl silling undet a lree and heating birds sing nakes herfeetat [] Pronosnsr use the co.rct verbs for sing!lar and plural Pronouns
r,,1an is a sellish crealLrrei ho looks ouifor himself.
Fumanliy is seliLsh;it ooks o!t for i15elf,
'Nalure = a thins's or DeBon s lnnate qualities orcharactei. Depending on contexl, yoLl H!mans are seliish:they ook oul iorthmselves.
Human beins are slfishiihoy look out forthemselves
ll isthe nature af ia, ta tust. People are se i sht th ey ook olt for lhemselves.
ll is nol in hen tZllEta be ctuej
[! Be careiulwith prorouns. ]vake su.e it's clearwhom o.what you're rererring to
U.l When using the follow'ng proper names as nouns, inctud6 the dennite arrictel Otherwise, you may confuse your reader.
Mr Oh told l\4t Gah that he wauld have nake sure his car was sare whte le was away.
) Whose car? Who s go ng away? lt's.ot cear

rhe greenhouse efiect delinite article ( the") can change the meaning of some wods.
i.Ll The
.
Compute/The compuler
The Earth Compuier = that mach ne sitt ng on yourtable
Jerny sprlt some nareron herconputer. causing il to shan clrcult
L! Avoid sentences using the passive (voice), as thsy,re very ctumsy
x Garn shows are liked by Lrs because they he p !s rclax The computer = the whoe notion ol comp!lerc and their bnellts/ploblems
'7We like
ganre shows because tlrey help !s to re x I)J9 canpulet has chehged ha|| we wotk, play, cannunlcate a'd ever. r
some cases.

4.2 EXPRESSTON
tg Some expressions are only used in a fixed sequence. you cannot change the r
Soclety/The so.ety
Socieiy = ThB sunr of h!r'ran condito.s and aculily as a whole
Ways and means, never mea.s and ways' Sacietv today is tarn between adesire fat rnatenal satsfactian lgained anlythrcugh
rclentless activity) and a wistfui langing far a less canplicated paslarallife.

The societv = a sDecii;c comrnunity

IbZtiny Polynesian society living an ttus Etan.i stil ctingsvery ctasetyto its tn.Itionaj

f: These propernames (iouis)are also used as adjectives. Note the use ofthe
aU Sohe iriiatins colloquiaiisms to avoidl . The med a/media
x t s a must now tc hale a good educaion l )arn. Ihe nedia has a prcfath.l inpact an lhe ||ay ||e pe.cetve aur .nd bday.
i s a orereouis te now io have a good educaiof No!n:.4nrPrlncess Oiarab car acci.lern, therc ||as nassive specu alia, nt lhe rnedia
"/ I s crucial,/essenlial to have a good educaiian abaut hawthe Bitish Rayal Fanrily would .eacl
Adjecf ve: P.incess Dri3 car a..ident unleashed a !!95!A ltenzy, as eNery news agencr
x The b.skelba ieam iolgh1 ha.d to !lnch the oo d meda . tied ta get lhe lalest exposl ardre,s'lc..p'. IHere the noLrn s fenzJ/ and medi.
/ The basketba I leam foughi ha.d io sec!re/w nihe so d reda seBes as the adje.tve I

16
 I

r{ud cnang !C2 EQ art iL r i:ue ), 2aa3-gLaqfuAo

1itud ChaA 1C2 q.zrtsrtbnt Itsn 3,2aat-EMtu r''AX
-
.1.3 SPELLING
Cl Softe commonly missplled words: x IqLc, for example, ihe

Hltler / Te evislon progranrme

/The September 11 ncldent

[! Avoid Singlish;
X lf chi dren are laushl good val!es si.ce vo!no, they are ss like y to engage n

4,4 ABBREVIATIONS Repacewth From a, eady age ot tuhenthey are young".

Phone" is an abbrevialiof of"Telephone Te.hn ca y, yo! sho! d w te 'ohone, whlch
singaporeans often m s!se the word "whreby". Generally, avoid us ng wheteby when
Telephone is therclore the corect term. you mrely mean where'or'\ryhen .

Write !h! (
'/ ) not moves (X ).
B Avoid Slangl
'l,.lovles is the shori lormlorImovng p ctures and s conside.ed lnforma Guy kd wacky, pissed,lolsy ied up, siressed oul
Exampe: Teenagers are w llng io fork out cash to buylrendy prcduc1s. x
4.5 ACRONYMS
liyo! want to use acronyms in yoLrr essay, nrak s!re thal yourfrst reierence spe s the [0 Avo:d short fo.ms. s'rorlhano and Srr.ls-spea[:
narne olthe organ sation, prcgmme or plrenomenon infull The prop.wayio do this s etc, vs, ie, eg, ok noe (instad oi 'know )
10 stale ihe rdLLnam oiihe reference, then p ace the acrcnym jn bckts (noithe other
way am! nd l). Yo! may then use the acrorym for ihe .esl of the essay tB Annoyinq redundancles at the start olfinal parasraphs:
X 'The UN {United Natons) . n concl!slon, tlrereiore
Un ied Nations (l.lN) Finally, !n conc us on...
"'The
D some conrmonly misused acronyms: Thls so we see that
All in all .

CAA - Co'C! rricular Activlty (not Co-Cufticulllr Aclivity)

CPF CenlralPrcvldentFu.d tU Other redundancies
LRT Llghr Ra Ilarsl (nat Light Srrgapore atleasu
BgpEllrars/i r/r
LRT N4ass Rapid Transit (nat l,4ass Rapid Trcnspan) Advance ahead/foMard
SARS - Severe Aclie Resp ralory Syidrome

N4F - nternat onal lvlon etary Fr.td (nol lnternatianal yb:De! Fund)
WHO Wond Heath Organ saiion Today s modern soc eiy
UN CEF - Un ied Nalions Ch ldren's FLrnd A reason forllris is dLre io ..

4,6 PUNCTUATION
LU Ever more exasperatins expressions:
ln my peBonal opin on...
LJUse" ior rh titls oi fi ms books, plays, poms farylales songs:
'
Personally, ihlnklhat.
Films: "Lod of the Rings" "Nlinorily Repoir", "A Kn ghts Tale"
Plays: "Romeo and Juliet", "The Crlcible"
Frcm my po nt ol view
Poems: "The Charge olthe Lighi B.igade", "Dulce ei Decorum Est"
Fa'ry tales: "Cinderc a", "Gold locks and the Three Barc"
Sohqs: "Wllholt Me", "One Step Closel'
 Jt'1!d lnaqt !C2 qP qutlr@ I\,t r, 2.a] qvllxtAtr Jt't li'rtu:la! q.ri..'rj!ti trlt i iaar 6?AJ1i1:t'\

An exanple ol how yo! should ncorporale these non Eng sh qlotes nto yourwrtting: Ensure that yoLr p!t the arlr.le la/ilre)lnsde lhe q!otJlon marks f i1 s rad oitire irl e
'/ The Si.a is Tir.es
Oefg Xaoplng the archilecl oi the "one country two sysrems', formula thaideijns X Straits t mes the Sirails Times
.lcng (ong s relaUonshlp !/iih Ch na, o.ce said. With a good syslem, even evit men
, c.nnot!9evi. Wlholt a sood system, .)H gooi men canioido qood b!1mav be Jor.ed :d LJ Do not begin a new Ljne wilh a p!nctuatiof mark
Io do cli. L/adin Lee. System Failre T lllE Ju y 28 2003. p 56
o .": o I .,''s. ::."
".
Notce that tire plirase one co!ntry tlro systems appears in quotaron rarks and thai ihe
!!rler rnales certa n ihat ihe reader knows ne ts rciedno io a sooan. Atso noi.e thai ihe o P06
o olor Dd... ,o.. I .do.o1.6.i . [o. .r.5--.9.i,, ' rbo'.d".- - p.o ,.L --
".o."q-
liow.ler, f you are ceira i that the non-Eng ish qlorarion has been poputary used and is
q! ie recogn sable. llhereisapaftjcularpotnryoLrwjshiomakebyrianngthetanguage 4,7 REFERENCE AND AUOTAT]ON
oflhe orlg nalor liyou Jeeliheith impaciof ihe qrole wI be comprcmisd wiih an Ul When yo! refer t. a bock or qlrole in your essay make sure thalyou ntrodLcethem
explaiatoi, yo! can anlicipate the meantng oithe phrase, thLs r.ak nc the meanjfq clear properly. You sho!Ld pay aileniion
10 th s adli.e beca!se yo! are probably going ro USE
OUOTAT ONS n yo!r response to the Apprication Queston

X Like whal the a!thor has sa d r"'lachines are the masiers of tornonow and vr'e wtl

The Cold Wai was not wilhout is rnonrenls oi Cra nra. When Arnei can p resi.tenr .loh n F TThs deaise!!de.i n what the a!lirorsays, "t"tachines ar tire masrers of tonrtjlor and
Keinedy vlsi\ed West Br n at the heighl oi {he Co d WEr, tre afimed h s sotdal]ty wirh we wiLbecome lheir slaves
ihe Berliners in the I q!est lo ma nlain ffeedom . the toomirg shadow of ihe Com;unist
emp re. by proclaim ng 1.h bin ein Beninel. X lv16ch nes can or y carrv olt lasks they are program.ned to do , as aloteC trom
Passaoe A
r/ Mach hes can onivcarry!!tlaskstheyaie progGmmed todo. ca.ns rhe authoroi
4.8 SOrvlE CONFUSTNG WORDS
t! Confusion between nouns and verbs:

Tan's nalhet felt a greal sense af rC@twhen she heat.lthathe had escaped the buming '/ r ..iolin G sham s iove A Pa !ie.i House rhe moiirer ins sts rhal rrer ch ld tre educal.d

nslance the pedorma..e oi Ceorge Otuetls Animal Farn by S ngaporean theaiie

"For
.ompany Wid Rce, was es)ecra y.iemorabe for me because it tncorporared polt ca
fha yaung satdierwas reprtdandd be.arse he orers/e pt and did nat rejieve the guatu an
jokes ufiq!e to S ngapo.e.
duly, fatcntE ihe lafterla da twa shifts

,r medieva//tne.s, it wns a.ahnan bdiet that a han.n,ho fntetnised wrlh biackcats Yo! mey lrave occas of n yorr essay. to m.ke reference 10 a qLlore. sayrn!, p.overb .r
ideololicalstatemeni u;s orgriaily nade if anolher tangLra!e

Erer th.Lgh hc had lr-pd ta liet Detate Dick's:n.that stjl believed hn Lr. nct dc rne f.lo$ nit.
trhen he svr'a,e lhei
he had nat sl.len th. nan-.! ton he] po.se
. !!rie t.:ire anluageorscrptolitreoi!net anglage Th s is a wasle .f |me .s
yo! vr'iil hale to lrans a1e r anJryay.
Ever/ Man.tay, Hatryg.es lo his..nnunity ce. e fot lae,kwan da ptactice
. Prorde a. Englishlrarslat.n oithe so!nds wthout a.6c.omp.nljng expsialon
' Provdea te13 vrorJ i,.rsod lransralicn o he phrase thaj s.rannAlicalt!
Ja.k is.,letemtrEd l. nthegiDnrsti../i.m/..rorshrp..0,rbusrrg--v.rysparcmomenr
 larr in tvJC? 1au'tt2ti: lr t! t,2a0j qLAr'1tri' x..'t atrrr ict q:Pottrati ratr,20at tj )4j11U.1

She is a',!ell.e.d and cLltuted w.nan. Yo! slou/.rbe slDiie in ycurcdmn.ris as dre.i althe garcnnenl ||culd nDt he

iir. codrpart nr.ce a @9! ir,1s tr.stfeatoi.pe.ario.s

His n.twanftt1 b.nticis. tlfies rj.lurorirflronablyslens na.e font catradi.e th.r
Irre 9.!eanerrneeds t. rrtl b-..krrs @d slppontr-s

Th. loll e,ne-tt ai the prcbletj is..r/er{rior,,

,\'ai.erc in Si sa[te har,. b.cn ur./er.. /oior!E:; ]arety, gjver the glaary ccananic

Hi: ra.l.al d,Fas --xterded rrt. r/i..eis oI/ris tie

rakirg a||ay nid y-.a. e\ans has noi siopldri srude/rrs reerr.g r@!Sq nd atriors
t! Confusion bebeeen nouns and adiectives:
Voence= no,if
!:l {ifyo! don'tknow the difference, consult a dictionary):
Nlore coniuslngwords
.
lnvention--Discovery
Af invention smanmade cars. telelrsions prl.t.! press,the b.mb
Thon.s Ed son lnventod the tht br b he dLin l dlscover t overexposute ta i.rcsponslbte teterisian prag.atining ntay tead ra uiate tenden.ies.
Dis.ovary s rhen we rea se ihe exsle.ce of somethjrrg na1!ra:gravty cryqen DNA
Vr'e can discovor rhe so!..e ofthe N le-we don t invent li tle nee.l la .e.luce out 4epend.,.. cr art as a scurce cf enet.tr
Dependenl = adjective
Earih the p.net we !e on
s A counrry lnar is derede.r ..titety an ils netlJhb.rs f.t its snergy he]ds is jn an extrenety
e:rl'n ls the soiLwe step on, or the stutfwe bury cofflns in.

. Concl!sion**Concusivcly
'Co..l!sile y s foi anolrrer day.isay fg rnc.ncrsrof .?liance ax ihe rcgioralttatle neant that t r?s batlty affacted donry
Ex.rFrF e !qt!114!91l' ,rrase i5 idpo'ranr lodrf [.t end cr essay] X

'Con.lusrley'ad!a y ..eans 'cofv ncing y aecsilely, o!e^!hen'Lnqy'

EramF e: Rese..cle.s nave con.l!sirel\l shaw. thal snaking is hathlLl / h m_y !iew, ShgaNorlans a.e t'a. taa retLTt a. the gavemnent to neet their needs.

ll!maf ly'...H!mai lies 1! .r" .o.- Do. -..jape a

t"lls!.derstand ng -i!4 sco.ceplon E..fomi.' Eco.om ca fhere is nat tnuch differen.e LetMtt) ih. p.toies.tthe t||o patjticalpanjes

g] Sohetimes, the same word can have a tolally ditferenl meaning, dependlhg of
We m.y ieolisc ih?tre.re rot rery.tfferefr irom ai ii{t vidle li!t.O cn rhe o|rer srde oi
the..hp
lo !!!!!!4.?_C9!r!!q!t!C s ! m dC c Sround where everybody is wll.!r 10
to rnd
.oopeale, !s!.lly by mak ng some .cncess ofs
Ihis argune.t has gohe ah lo. /ong; irh liDe lo seek6.omp.onlse and ensute lhat te wotknB bng harts tatrerl iilte naney secns pad atthe canpany 9!!!!!9.
set .: sida .Dr tliletences
fheyeniay cLtlu.at a.tivrties lke garng ta the theatre and ape.a.

.l-i
 ltlr t:trn| lJ tF B![N,r I::8.) 2a$-QtLLalt4A\, t{ut Cn '! icz t't trLtltL t:'N. i ,N) t'riart }.N.

111 Take noteofthese !nusualand frequent!y misused wo.dsi To compromse so.reth nq s ro ofrcrll.e staidards or p!tsometh ng in dan!.r
As a la\|yer, you shaol.l n.l larc an .nan ||nh y.tt c t..t, ii tra! inpai lart tutlg.nen! a.d
.om!rodise the.ase

Crlleron C tera fte .ilerior ra.1ra s/Lvas th.JUd!tUththtlerhr&rU glg

ihe criteia a.e/h ave/we rc
fhe daluh is/has/eas 4.9 TO "S" OR NOTTO "S',?
fhe dala arelharel||e.e
A. No. vo! can't "s"
!U These words do not have a plural forrn-do nol add "s".
Examp e: aovrces, bagga9es. eq!iprnerls x

\ot r . o )o- . d.e 1p -.a,iorr do o,

Tlese words are fo owed b, sr'has/lrad
s ^o by a,e/were/hav...
lt ls fo ovred "do Etaflp\e The equipnenl ElaDlly
ENarlple The equiprnent qglauity" x

atlElptiY Foren,la-
i ,-ie p!6!44c1-!,
Baggage
lllThefollowing words are adjeclives, and are noi used as nou ns. Th ey th erefore F
do not have a pluralform and you cannot a.ld ,,s . shu.9
L!s!age
Exampre: Our commuirrry.enrfe rs iolding a series .iiatks abaut heatth and secuitv iol C oih ng
9!!9i! peapte.
"'
Exampre A/-"oborrs qficl! rearr ro rerogris. Lmrrrar /aices aftentuning abautb find
lbe sour.e oitbe sourd X
Sklf.
Ema L-lpbr.gln!l
B. Yes. vou can lsl'
m You can add 's" to ihe fo ow ng words-b!r ir changes the meaning or pad of
!] Even though the following words can be sing!tar or pturat, do not add "s".
These wods .an be lsed r h
s^las/has and are/vre/have. .
:. ndicates thal the narked lrord s ha! - rsl
af un.olntabt. iro!" ;"d s,,r""td I
"ot Exanpe fte lasmariar Iiqcl fr'as a nisurdersio.d soecles an.t yf:; btutatty
[n Company : Yo! nray nrt NLth bad conpar\] yor da nct tnix th bad conpanies exleminated bytatne,s in lh,. tu::t hell afthe t e|iielh cen1uft /'
becaLrse compa.y' i. tf s cas., is an rncounrabte noun; co rot clanqe ri6ilfrarorm
b -do oatt Exa'np e Ev."ry day, marf p/arl alr.r arlna, s!ecres qe.l,iren closet ra the btiikat
.\tn .lian, anC if we da nat act i'ast, it nay be taa iate to sa\/e thern. /
E A d (uncountable no!ni= nroney en!ipment. c, seryices prov ded for peopt in need
lndia appeate.J to the incniationat ccthntnitv i.t innediate eEin the dtaightsttick--D Eranp e Scterlisis hafe !is..lerc.r iLro ner! nr.nkef sp-,ecttqlEl i tje Anann,ainiaesl

Ads (countable noun): so.ieh ngthaijs !sef! oi heipt!

ttanspa,encies and ha.ket p.rs a.e lnraiuabte i.:.hing ar'Cs torh..dssed iea.hers

ft An (uncountable no!n) = r,hal {e bre:the

fte bus, atres /,lrslntia iilel the 4[||ith na\t.tis t]n1es that dtave nant peap e t'rcn

A 6 (6ountabie .oun ) = exalseratea beh:!tor,

t,lant peaple distilte i,4?tiila be.rlse sre is []t o:41! .r)C !,aces tha't annay ihe.n
 jnlr at! $ iat t P.i'(trtt. t:!tj )tjr E?ar'1r1:'^ rn{ t::r) 2,.at qqJrr'.,ii)1tt
arix:r,ra/ E?ij,ftrr
ciall or Gralls = lcounrable noun)p ece.lski. .ttached to a damalred pan oithe bod!
l"1.ry Lr.s blrrr s. b.dtr the lie lhat she ha.l ta hare skni glgttto rcpla.e the E Aon-rpaiy (uncountable noun) = compaiions, orthe peopleyo! spend tmewth
She lell in with sane ba.l canpan'/ ||ha enc.u.age.l hetta smoke,.ldnk and fteq)ent
seedy 9anblhg dens
Gr.n or Grans = (verb) tra.sp anl
ir is possib/c to gl?( o/r. spe.ies.ltee anta analhel
Compa.es (countab e no!n)=.omi,ec! bus nesses
rre busrress corsurianls;rd irr,l si.gap.r-. lgQpqld! suttet t.on twa ke! pnl)ten1s:
li l:rm iuncounlablc nornl = physl.: nlu./ or dar.age /oss ol.ornper/ireress rin-r la.k al btanding
.rie h!n.n riliiri:' E.iilrslargired lii.rtris.rs oo ro.e tr{@ ihar gcod, a'id rrusl be
lli Compelton (u.countab e nounj = opocslon or st!aton ol fon cooperauo.
Pair oilhe re.so, ro. iie d/op in sa/es is ihe irterse comoetlion f.cm overseas srpplieF
tl6n! stror.s lrar,r ,lof.n lh.r smo&ing L.l4! r/re loells, .EUsDg i.repn.able d.irage
Competitons (co!ntable oount = evenl or contesl
: !!n&eG Bed'l Eaa eniete.i nanf beall/ co/rreiilrrs lo g.ir expeience belDtelhe lrliss V/D1.1
ir. Labo!r (ufcounlable nouo) ly rnaiual and !nski ed trorkers
espe. a
.4/ilolgir l\ltre is ., Anrlic
b6rd, ils sho-"s are dade in caLnlties like Vetnan and
China',!hete lajL.lLis.heap, as peapte in lhe l.ttet ca!)nt.ies arc wittng ta||otk lot less
ii cond!cl (!ncountab e ioun)= behav.!r
Aftetlhrcthg a tenpetlenl.tn and nsuliing ererybo.ly,lhe pap slat repent.d a!.d
ap.lagisad fa, het tnprcies. an al .a.dt.l
L.bo!.s (verb)=:o had
fhe ald bask-"t ',orr
w.wtlabaus al his task every.lay, nn at shhe, naking inl icale
i) co.d!cts (verb) = d rect or manaqe
baskers rhatsir ort a fcr dol/a.s yel iool holrs oipatrsiakng work Thewoa.len luntitu.e c.npany pnCe! it.ell an the way il corducls ils busnessr 11lrsists
an c.nfaiabie ||atu|ng .ar.rrti..s a,iLr --r.e/lerl oua/ilr, canbinetl wilh enrinrrnenlally
1 [1a (uncountable no!n] - etiers and par.e s
rhe secr:rary lsrar4r cea/s ththe a4!l in the na.nins, betarc his enplaye. anives.

l,ra or l,lalis ivarb) = !osts Ihe maL

lt Damag {uncounlable nou. ) = phls cal rarm
ihe eadhquake.aused rid espre:d ia rraae eslinaled atnin,Dty nilli.n dollats
lhe se.relarl rsrar/y D45 the lene.s duing his ha.ntrg hteak
'Dof,. Danases ('roun plural) =.ompensa( on
L-.ol.rabnnoL. =b6oill 9 po .. o
The .aud awarde.t lhe aggtiefed wa an lady nlillion dolars in danaqes
ln sorre i.adil(in6/ socielres, were .ie, ser as a nan s pirate propelr
'r,res
Fi Dist n.tion (uncountable .oun) = q!al:l! of exce ence and superiorily
Seniat Ljlinistet Lee Koan few is cansi.l,p,ed a nan af dislitl.lian ih the fleld af politics
ft.i sciertisl is .lrenlt Lro .g rcsea.ch an the prcpenies cfbasrc panlc/es
having nou ded a stroggtDg ercalany inta a confdenl natian
s.metme ladverb) = at! tme nthef!tLrecrtheoaslihatis!nknownorthaihas.otyei D stincUons {countable nou n) = h Sh !rades)
fhe brilianl student scared tve.Istn.li.ns lnthe eraninatians, and\|as awar.led a
I h.pe lh.t ee .r.r iieel .tga, so/relime soor. presirqlous schoiarship

s.niet mes (adverb) = at nes. occaslo.a
_v
S!4eU49!. lne irairc a s. /rea.y ihii,t rs p.ssrc/e
l.Shfl (uncountable noun)=dco'ectorolrhflsorexan'ies Thiswcrd siniormal.
s! avoc us trg ll n yoi,r ess.ys
irer-" lrar so,r-" rary goodddintit. sale last rranlh.
lt)vas atltMltu.t head belore s. Lr.s ror nnefesled
Gossip (uncouniable noun) = id e :; k !rouidless tumo!r
F
ro cross Jhe road
rvrs Loo ioves lo rcaC r/re ialesi q!$,it.borr Ho/irv.o.rslars in lhe lalloiC ner?sp6pers;
sne retshas ere,7rlicy lirbit ihar slre rri.ks irp ab.ur ihetiove /ives aid olhererpr.ils
Goss p.r Gossips (couitab e nounl : : persoi .r seleraL persons who gossip
Erery Wednesday alie..aans, /,,rr. Loo goes ro .ne Crcket Club to join hetfelaw qassi.)s
lat toa and analhe. t.rn.i.f scirtillatirg n.!||s abaul athet peapl].

G..do, orce.rrif, !Lr,f! irs rarth rtth fa.tl at.r..i appa.iunity, and is setine oee]\|eiqtn F GGft (uncountable io!.)= co.!pto.
Ihe accarrta.t ||a. nnptist)ned i.t g!e11, as he ha.l.nbezzled arc.lau ni1lia. CallaB
 ]hn Ctrn! JCa 9a qttlrd tnrt r 20a3 Ela:l-.'1nLA
ILt CiN'ti; la2 cr''\rr | '. ! slt ), tt.ltt-q tuil1tr.
c. Ygu b4!e !9lqe!!,!b
gl E Suppod (uncounlable no! i) = allesiance or suppoders oi comfort
A .ommon iror w th lhe s occlrswhenstlrdertsuselhephrase.. oneolthemos! The peaple orered Mcondil /one/ s!rp!/t to i/re presrde ntiat cerdidale
argesLrg.eatesi elc Ihepady3 sirppo.l s.allered lhat rt is qrite poi/e./.ss.
ls so
Pa.enis ,eed 1. 9^/e duch .nrotior n/ s rppod ro rh eil c/rtdrcn lNore rhe ! se of .nr!. .
Exarnt -.: Ore.i rrr! /rosi pesslng orob/em rle rspid depletion orlossir lre/s X
Noi nrefy' s nc-a sdpp.i s ar Lr..o! rtab e r.!n 1-er?)
^
Yo!mlsilsean s ntr.se.orstrlcto.s ti .ot be d sli.cied cy the lord cne 3.i s!ppods (couniab e noun) - !id:rc ni n!
th nk ihar e s n!! ar foln lornr rs rec! rea
Dul.glhe eanhquare the sr-celsulr.ts ir./dfg !r rhe San Frarcis.c BrdEe st..ied ic
cE.k and buckle a.d peaple fi.ed th.t th.)) ||ajtd si,/e ||ay
Erample 11rs Lrnde.nlrif rlrrt D.!r.i 8cnhan is one oitlre nrlsi ptzcd oossessiong 116l
a.y laclba I .tub.a. lay ns hands an
" fl, Talent (uncouitable noun) = a peEo. cr pe6ons w it des rab e atibLrres. Note ihal
wher we descrlbe persois .f la enl lhe piir.a form s s ,1a enf
llJ Note slso lhatwlral ioliows is a S NGLILAR verb
"x The Slngaparc saremtrent a.!r'.U seets aut lareisr GblIL belisrirg thafthese peopte
Exampe: One rilhe rrosi inpadant co.si.te Etians ?E.
Example Ore.l he /easontfu the clecline ij / wilh thei./Jive.se abi ities .an .ant.ibute g.pa y ta ihe natian

Teleni/ialents (countab e noun) : spe.ia apl:l!de o/iacLr ry highnenla ab ty

4,10 Find the e
ors in grammar and expresslon in the three sets of exercises belov/,
and cotrect them. They are all irom st!dents' essays.
Maza n ttas rery yar ns ||hen nis p:.ef rs discc /ered hts
pelDm.d iar lhe Austian c.an b.ia.e h. vas !e. rea,s.t.l
blelj nusic, ard het;
plrl Eastroodls a nar |riil in:rf ra/errsr rre iicts, crccrs, ,!rires, composes nusic ard
[3 ln some cases, you will need to guess whai the student had in rnind, and lhen re-
structur6 and re"express the idea. (S!ggested answers are provided at the end of
_ or 6 j . ounr.bte o.,n
' 16- -, \-- ..r1
D gAa'a.lc ro .o -- o.- :.
-a. e.b-oa..rc.s- bF.- a
... ..atd.c ..ga.,l
1 ln recent years there s an n.reasinq f !mber oi iuven le de nquents ^. a
Todures (ve.b):to;.,1.1D
2. Many yea6 back thev believe lhat the sL. revove aro!.d the earth Ihestghlolrbeexrrrsirecarinth.sha,taantwnrlovttotlut'sSta.tereveNtinehe
b--. ,p^p I . -b6 6\' 16 E.r .cdFraGr 6 Lo .""uo";..'-r'"'''"'"".""
,1 Siice youilt re ( F Value 1!ncou.iable noun ) = ilre wort|. .js reb til! or !t it! ot a ih ng
are to d lhat s wrong to stea .
Litercttre has a lat at !n!t!9 as n gives ff instqbihio runan inture ani t u, to
express our.reepesi reeltrgs "tp"
5 Slnce an eary aqe t s the r aim to succeed . ie
Val!es {noun plLr.al) = one s pr icip es or sr.id:rds
Aliho!glr he rs tall blt he carnot play b.sketba
uL-
-d,Tq t
Alihodgh he ls s liy yet he s lre I liked a- -g'
va L,es (verb)= apprec ates
8. 'P- Po " V/ark is nuch niate fllflling ii yau enrtalet rcaiir, ftlEj y.L. c.ntitolbn.
L llin! yoLfg ceop are !nablc to rne.l up lo tire expectatons oflhe r pareqts.
ir''!aslei!ncounlabte noun) -,!bbsl
1!is inponanlt.lind nae etfe.lv. nezns.id.atng rlith tr.Dsehatd Mst9, es||e 2rc
roChdren-rc--n..draqedtostLdylraidThe!shoUdioobeenco!.aqedlopadcpat. .tnning aul aflan.l that.en bc !s!; io.krdri,r.

V\rastes (verb) : !se.xraras..r y

-,,i". .- ..P td.-
I n re.enl !ea.s lherhasbeenani crease n tlre numberoll!ve.iede)fque.ls
tli These words are !suatty usd as co ect ve nouns. so do not ad.j an iisii
2 Lrlany vears aqo Feorr-o bell-cved lh.i lrre 5ui revolved aro!fd th Earlh
Iiruil lledcat.n Res.ar.tr Sl.fi Slfern! eatnrent
il l,lai\'p..o. si Enember llre tl,clra. Flv .cdenl ol a few years aqo
 1t,ra .n E n ) a.r 3!t!ai: t::!' i :nii) qa..lt'1 ja tfr" ; 1) rrLr' !r rr{lr
,, r lG n

l6Theyo!.qpopleoflodzyareexpectedlobethofutdrel'adersolthecountry'solhe 4 From the tim. we are yolng re nr! l.d llar r swror!l.stea
prob.f, cltuveil. nein!uencJ_ musl be soved ronr
lir'r 5 From a. eary age, it has boen the r: m to su.ceed n
'"!e shoud p.r allenlon lo e!er\"thing lhar hajr..fs tc
Lle

i rhe united st.ics rh. cr nc rale s I qll 6 (omit either'arthouqh or'b!tl

rilIeusA I sr.spe.t tor senior c 1]zens s.rtlr.rse.rNote St!dents are advsd not 10 7 (Omit either'aLthoush or'y.11
nike su.t :i?e!..g sta:ni? ris .r rr3lbo!r slclr i -rt'F'ellicns ) 5 Acadmicqua,fical.rs.ieverrrJ..i:Lair.S{rqapo,e
2C S.nre te.p. considerihe passlng ol erams l. be iire riosl slep lo su"ess r f!
rr4 6d \ 'rucla ! ilany,iounq
anyloung pe.pLe
Oe.pLe are !.ab.l. meet lhe elcectll.ns ollhei plrenls
elpectll.ns
l0 Chidren are f.ouraqed lr s.Jcy rra,l iheysrro!dalsobeen.olragedlop!ncrp.ie.
s!!!.r
Zrliirs tre"a*ie WoCje;iL beini!encdbvlhemtostrdv On the conlrary' if he
sucks 1o a qro!p;flr ends who smoke soonero. aterhewi also sian snoking
'i1 Some youngsiels nay lco ae liv n! n dysfunclona homes thls res! t ng !n nrore
2? Thev oiter coDrnrt.rimes t!ith.!i rea sinq ts efl.ct s!ct as ihe case when n{o juve.le dellnq!erts
Ameican:o!s klled a lln e gn
12 Th s ava labi ty ol weapons .onst t!1es 10 the shoolings that take p ace da ly.
23Bygllrnothe!o!rgergene..tonlheatle.t.n(hevllrr!eon1hvmaynotgoa'o!nd
doi:q th n!s tf.t ls aSainsi the Itw l3 l he lesserlime they have wln th. parents,lhey ar more lkely lo l!rn to lhei.friends

24 Le!sjeais s a\ch lvatches, C!ess wa ets ard Esp tcloihs. 14 Only wlren so.Lety changes ihen the ioungerqenerauon be safe.

25 Notto.!ellnrg the govemme.t also r.ys a pa in sho{ ng thai ihey vai!e the yo!'g l5.NowaCays 5L leens a.e slpposed io exce and lor those who dontwil llrn to iak ng

26 For.x.mpe. Captaif Planel a nisio brn! across tho dea oiconseryauon znd addtess 16 Young peop e are tbc tltdre eadelsofthe.ounlrysolheprcbemolllvenre
pr.b sns r.e Fo !ton detorestaton .zo.e deFleir'n en'l soo' delinqren.y musl be soled now.

2i There !.r a .ome a day where most ol llre leclo!s \ork wo!Ld be done by robols 17 \^/e sho! d p.y atlenlion to whareler trai happens io them

,t Th. I 2 merers ii . h i ke rcb.l nlenied 5! Jap.nese eng neers !s almed lo hela 18 n States. there sahgh.rnerete
.11 : h.!sen.rC chores
19. n USA d sresoecl iorthe e d.rs is. r thc.ise
20 Some p:cp e ere tak n! exiims to be lhe r.osl ctuc al step to success ln te, wh ch
ini!e...d b/ llrem lo slldv Howevr' ilre dixes w(lr iee that r s : nanoN m nded i eir .n the r part
2r I I s nie.ds;tre !]ccd he may be
'
llrolr offrenli rir. srrol.. hc s ike y i. slarl rn.k ng as
'1e

22.lhe!.ilen conrm I a.r ie ulihcul rea srn! lls ioss!le ellects. (The ollrersefle'ce sh'!i be
.f, ired.r lr. rrmp. s nefie.l,. Aso !o! sh.u d b.r nol beslr. sente'ce w(h Such rs rr Also,5o.ie yo!.!si3:s mat b.lEm aysfunctiofaltafrllies anl:ir s may res! I i. nrore
thecrsewhen Possbe elt.rnati!e s!ch ls the caso whn teen'g8rs steal a car tor a cases ofjuvn le delinquefcy
iovr de orcaus atraflic.ccidentwhenlhe! specd )
$e m:v prevefl ih'n lron oo nq
12 Thr.valab r!cf weafo.scontrtbutestotheshool.!slhallakepacedat/
:3 3y!lLnJlr'eto!.!erlenra:onthe:llenloNlh.vth.veon
' -lAs! " .d-. .1emo,et.eJt\"vrr".o,c o. "
24. Lev.lJirs 5qe(.h ualclres G!ess \taiels ara E3prit cLolhes these are some oJthe j o ,, e
fashlo. ltenrs that teenaqers crave
,- \o^ .a .- .oo..
"9" ..e,o".leo..-," ..or_o!.^todono.m!,.
 ttw CtongJC2 Ealutttit I:'E3,20a3-9?A :,tL 4l

25. The governmentalso pays a parl in promoting such prejudlce b! showi.g, through thelr
varlous policies thatlhey value th. young more than the old

26 Caplain Panel helpsto put across the idea ofconseryation toyolnO viewers by addressinq
prcbems llke po uiio., deforesl.tio. aid ozone depletion.

27 Threwillcome a daywhen mosl lediouswo* willbe ione by robots

28-lhel.2melertall,chidlkerobotinventedbyJapanesee.gineerssdesignedtchelpwth

4.11 Now, fot sonefDn..,

O Oo you knowthe d fference beh4een a homonym and a homophone? i you don t.

D As qulcky as possb e, try to identfywh ch oflhe following are homonyms. and which

a)We pollsh ihe Polish fLrm ture everyday

b) He could ead if he cou d get ihe lead o!t.
c)A larm can produce prodLrce
d)The dump was so full t had 10 reius rciuse
e)The soldierdecided to desen rn the desed
f T'eo"seqt "good.r- oo,e.".. t .pr" -rr
g) At lhe Army base a bass was painled on the hean ai the bass drLrm
h)The dove dove iflolhe brshes
i)id d notobject to Ihe object.
j) The ins!rafce iorlhe nvalid was nvalid.
k) The bandage was woond around lhe woLrnd
l) Thwas a row among ihe oarsmen abolt how to row.
m) Theywre too close to ihe aoor to cose t
n) The buck does lunny th ngs when lhe does are present
o)To help wih p antiig. ihe farmor talght his sow to sow
p)The wlnd was ioo strong io w nd ti,e sa L

q)Atter a n!mberofNovoca n iiiectons, nylawgot n!mber

r) sheda tearwhen s.wihe lear n my.lolhes
s)YoL can shed your clothes i ihe woaden shed.
t) had 1() sublecl the subject io a series of questons on the subject.
u) How can I nlimate lh s 10 my mosi i.t rnale f. end?
v) I spe.i lasl evenino even nq .!t a pie of dirt