Electronics Final

1
AZ-EX Technical support Committee

.

.

AZ-EX 2013
2

eldaboly_2010@yahoo.com

y_m729@yahoo.com

anas-ebrahim@hotmail.com

anas_khalil@live.com

belal.eldiwany@hotmail.com

flying_ butterfly91@yahoo.com

Soma_mostafa2020@hotmail.com
3
Table of contents:
Chapter (1) Electronic component ------------------------------- Page (9)

Chapter (2) Electrical instruments ------------------------------- Page (39)
Chapter (3) Diode ---------------------------------------------------- Page (53)
Chapter (4) Power supply ------------------------------------------ Page (68)
Chapter (5) Special purpose diodes ----------------------------- Page (80)
Chapter (6) Transistor ---------------------------------------------- Page (88)
Chapter (7) Op-amp ------------------------------------------------- Page (102)
Chapter (8) 555 ------------------------------------------------------- Page (125)
Chapter (9) 7 segment ---------------------------------------------- Page (151)
Chapter (10) Dc motor speed control --------------------------- Page (155)
Chapter (11) Relay & Other components ---------------------- Page (163)
4
Table of components:

Fixed resistors 220/100/1.5/1.2/240
20 330
2.2 k
180k
Fixed resistors 10 k
20
Fixed resistors 1 k /240
20 2k
Fixed resistors
20 4.7 k
Fixed resistors
20 100 k
Fixed resistors
20 1 M
Variable RES 100k
2 50k
10 k
5
LDR resistance
3 Small
Chemical Capacitors 2200UF /0.1UF
6 1000 F 25 V/1UF
Chemical Capacitors
6 10 F 50 V
6 Ceramic Capacitors
100nF /1NF/10nf
6 Ceramic Capacitors
10nF /1NF
Diode 1N4007/4148/4007
6 Zener Diode 3.3 V

5V
6 Bridge 1 A Current
5 NPN Transistor BC547
2 PNP Transistor BC557
6
4 Operational amplifier 741 op.amp
4 Timer 555
Center Tap
Transformer
5 12 0 12
5 LED )(Red
5 LED )(Green
5 LED )(Yellow
7
REGULATOR
Bridge 2 A
7812/781=09/7805/7912/7909/7805/LM317/LM337
UM66 BC107

TDA2002 + Bush button
MOTOR 470UF CD4066
2N2222 RELAY 12V BUZZER
L293D CD4017 SPEAKER
222 12V ZENER TRIC BT136
200UF 102/101/104 nf 10k (10 watt)
8
Chapter (1)
Electronic
Components
9
10
analog digital
1. Analog signals can be converted into digital signals by using a modem.
2. Digital signals use binary values to send and receive data between computers.
3. Digital signals are easier and more reliable to transmit with fewer errors.
...
4. Analog signal are replicas of sound waves that can be distorted with noise and
drop the quality of transmission.
5. Digital data has a faster rate of transmission when compared to analog, and gives
better productivity.
digital analog
Digital signals 1 0 Digital signals transmission
. Analog signal
( noise analog
(
Digital signals ,
5 comparator
0 5 4.6 noise
. .
1 0 digital continues in time analog
.
11
digital signal
key digital
. analog
( data rate ) digital . analog
Electrical component

.
( ) ,

.

.
12
:
-1 :
-2 :

K 10

10K .

. R=(L)/A

.

" " .
axis
slide .
13
-3 :
: ): (PTC

.
PTC 1 33 .
: ):(NTC

NTC
14
-4 :

1000

.
-1 :

.
.

.R=(L)/A
-2 :
15
.
.
-3 :
-4
3

.
Surface Mount -5
()
( )

.

%20

16
( ( .

3:
4:
16...... 5 4:
-1
-2 p=I V
1 2
1.5 WATT=1 :
.5P=1.5 I V= 211.5
)(SAFETY FACTOR 1.5 .
17

_1
_2
4R7 =4.7 OHM
3K3=3.3 K OHM
numerical code_3
103
10000=10103=103
470 =471
39=39
0.12 = 012
0.1=010
2.2=2200000= 225 .
18
_4 color code
4 3

%20 .
10 tolerance 5 %
500 = 100/ 5 * 10000
9500. 10500
Red blue brown brown
+ 260% 1 _
19
Red blue gold gold
2.6+ % 5 _
Yellow violet silver
+ 0.47%20 _
Black
6 5
Orange orange black brown brown
3300 + %1 _
5 1.25
.
_1
_ 2 3
.
3 _

.
20
The following shows all resistors from 1R to 22M:
21

, , .

.
:
( ) :

.
) ( :

.
22
C . FARAD
: ..
uF Micro Farad 10 -6 F
nF Nano Farad 10 -9 F
pF Pico Farad 10 -12 F
.AXIAL
RADIAL .
-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
23
( ) :
F F 1

power supply .
]1F (50V) [diameter 5 mm, high 12 mm


. .
: Tantalum
24
:

.
.
:Mica Capacitors
Mica .
...
() :
: Poly propylene Capacitors

100KHZ.
: Metallized Polyester Film Capacitors
25
: Polyester Film Capacitors
Polyester Film
: Polystyrene Film

. Polystyrene Film
: Variable Capacitors
Blue: 7pF (2 - 9) . white: 10pF (3 - 15) .
green: 30pF (5 - 35) . brown: 60pF (8 - 72) .
26
:
..
1/Ct=1/c1+1/c2
)Ct=1/(1/C1+1/C2
..
Ct=C1+C2
uF Micro 10^(-6) F
Farad
Nano
nF 10^(-9) F
Farad
Pico )10^(-12
pF
Farad F
_1
_2
27

Pico Farad
102=1000pF :
100000pF= 100nF= 0.1uf :

microfarad n .
V V
:
28

%20 M
%10 K
%5 J
%2.5 H
1 pF
F

COLOR DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE VOLTAGE
Black 0 x 1 pF 20%
Brown 1 x 10 pF 1%
Red 2 x 100 pF 2% 250V
Orange 3 x 1 nF 2.5%
Yellow 4 x 10 nF 400V
Green 5 x 100 nF 5%
Blue 6 x 1 F
Violet 7 x 10 F
Grey 8 x 100 F
White 9 x 1000 F 10%
29

( )
.
-
.
- (

.
- (

.

......................
30

..

C=A/d

..

.
_1 ( )

(
)

..

.
_2 :
( )
..
.
31

: E=V/D

_3:

..

..
..

-
- :
.
..
.
32

:

..
.
33
:
former
:
-1
.
-2

ferrite
.
-3

.
:
:

.
34
:

" . "
:
.
( )
(. )
1H = 1000mH = 106 H
magnetic field
electric field
_1
_2
transformer
35
: Types Coils
: ..
:
-1 :
(
) .
-2 :

.
10
.

.
.
36
-3 :
37
-4 :
: ..
-1 low Frequency Coils :

20 20 . .
-2 :

AM 465 .
- High Frequency :
Coils

2
.
(( ))
38
Chapter (2)
Electrical
Instruments
39
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
POWER SUPPLY
-1
.
-2
-3
.
-4 fine
scale
5.5 v scale 5v / 6v
fine .
-5 .
-6 .
-7
.
FUNCTION GENERATOR

ac signal wave
sawtooth, sin square , triangle

........
40
-:
.1 .
.2 .
.3
3
oscilloscope .4
.
.5
_ range
0.5 HZ (1 HZ ) range

41
0.56 MHZ
.
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 AMPLITUDE
VPEAK DUTY
.CYCLE
Oscilloscope
42

" "

.
.

()Vertical )(Power )(Screen
( ( (
)Inputs )Trigger )Horizontal
) ( Screen
10
1 .
43
( ) Power

.
) ( Vertical
( ) .
) (input channels
(waveform)

.
.
.
.
: GROUND _ 1

.
: DC _2 AC DC
DC .
:AC _3 AC SHIFT
DC .SHIFT

AMPULITUDE
50 mv
50
44
v peak 3
amplitude 50 * 150 =3 .

.
1
1 .

.
1 x 1 = 1.
5
. = 1*5 = 5 .
1.5

.
)(horizontal
(
) .
45
:

(
).

. 0.2
0.2 .

. 0.2

=4 0.2= 0.8 .
)(trigger

.

.
(Normal) .
" " .
. - + +
.
46
:

. :
EXT external
, HF
high frequency
, low frequency LF
.
DC AC AC
.
DC ,
.
.
. FUNCTION GENERATOR
( ) Inputs
:
.
:
.
:

.

.
47

)probes(

prob .

prob BNC-BNC

.
)(AVO

) (DC 500
) (AC 1000 .
1 100
)(Short Circuit
....
: : (Analog Meter)
.
: (Digital Multimeter)

, .
48
): (Digital Meter
) : (analog meter
)) ))
: :
200
2000
20k
200k
2000k
49

200k 2000k
( )+
) (- , (OHMS)
VWmA . COM

.
.
..

.
: :
: DC
) (DC
. DCV
VWmA
. COM
15 20
20
50
: AC
) (AC
ACV
200 200
200 750 .
: :
DC
) (DC
DCA
VWmA
COM
10
. 10A
: :
CX
.
51
: (:)buzzer

. short circuit
forward
,
reverse .
transformer

.
: :
hfe

.
52
Chapter (3)
Diode
53
: electronic devices
: ): (passive element
.

: ): (active element
.... IC
3 :
1 2 3

.
6 7 8

.
4
14 32 4

.
54
:

(
) (

)

( .)
55

) (HOLE

.
,
.
:
)(donors
: N

( )

)P( ( )AS)SB(
56
.
( )N
()

()
(.)N
)(acceptors
: P

( )IN )GA( .)B(

) (HOLE

.

(
) . P
P-n junction
N p
junction .
57
depletion
region

( recombination
(
diffusion

Perrier
potential
0.3
0.7 .
p-n junction diode

.

forward . reverse
reverse forward ,

(forward anode cathode
) 0.7
, bias voltage reverse
anode cathode
.
bias voltage forward idealshort
circuit reverse
open circuit .
58
:

N
.P
( )P

( )N

depletion region

depletion region

.
: :
( )
(
)forward (
)reverse
.
59
:
_1: ideal
forward . short circuit
reverse . open circuit
: practical _2
forward 0.7 or 0.3 v

.
reverse . open circuit
forward

:
forward
-
forward
barrier
potential

forward

60
depletion region
0.7 0.3

.
- reverse

break down voltage reverse
current . leakage current
_1 I MAX
forward

.
_2 REVERSE

depletion region
) peak inverse volt (VIP

.
APPLICATION OF DIODE
relay
coil
coil back emf

back emf

.
61
: rectifier
_1 . half wave rectifier
_2 2 . full wave rectifier
_3 . bridge
: half wave rectifier
forward
reverse .
220 RMS AMPLITUDE

:
Amp.=rms*root 2
2 12*12 amplitude
= 16
Vout=Vin-Vd=16-0.7=15.3v .
: half wave rectifier
62
transformer 220v 12
.v
_1

.
_2 amplitude amplitude = 220

311= * root 2 .
16 = root 2 *12= .
_3
.
: 2
2 + 3 center tap
2 12
12 12 3
( 12 3 ) 0 12
A c
B
A
D1
B
D2
A , c

63
A , c

VOUt= ROOT 2 * AMP. 0.7
5 0 100
.
BRIDGE
bridge 4

.
2
. 2
. AC
CENTER TAP 3 2
2 WIRE 2 ( ).
64

D1,D2
forward D1
RL . D2

D3,D4
forward D3
RL . D4
2 1.4 2 .
smoothing
.
Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing
t =RC
series
parallel

65
R=10K , C=220UF T=10K220UF

delay .
ideal forward S.C reverse

, O.C ideal forward 0.7 v
open circuit . reverse
: clipping and limiting
limit 1
signal 2
vout=vd forward ,
vout =vin .
3 2 limit
.
4 limit .
66
: clamping
clamp .
Vcap. = Vin- 0.7= vin-Vd

forward. vout=-0.7v
reverse
. Vout=2vin-0.7
((
))signal center
67
Chapter (4)
Power
Supply
68
Power supply

Circuit diagram
220 220
, 24 , 12 , 5 :
Application of circuit
. DC VOLT
How does it work?
power supply power supply

: power supply
69
1-DC to DC power supply
2-AC to DC power supply
3-AC to AC power supply
AC to DC power supply
.
Block diagram
Transformer
110 220
24 .
:

.
220V AC
.
70
22024
IP
. NP
IS . NS
IP.NP=IS.NS
NS/NP=IP/IS
NS/NP=VS/VP
NS/NP .
Rectification

220 V AC power supply AC.DC
AC signal
bridge
.
BRIDGE

4
.
71
2 2 .

. AC

D1,D2
forward short circuit
reverse D3,D4
. open circuit
D1
- + . D2

D3
- +

. D4
~ bridge AC VOLT + _
. bridge
Smoothing
AC to DC
.
72

Vm

......

. .
: polarity

d c C= *A/d
. polarity
Regulation
ic regulator

ripples regulator
.
73
:
..
( )78XX , 79XX ()78XX
( )79XX ..
( .. )
:
( ) ..
LED.

15 5
330
9 470
12 560.
:led
out 12 560
........
9 470 330 5.
74

.
switch :

) 3 (switch
2 1 3
220 :
220
,
2 220 3
1 2 1
1 3
220 .
Notes
_1 bridge ~
12-12 _
+ 2200 .
75
_2 ampere bridge
1 bridge
2.
_3 24 12 9
5 9 . 12
_4 5 9 4 .
_5 12 buzzer
.
_6 box power supply

. short circuit
_7 switch . switch on
0
gnd center tap
790X
76
(GND _in _out)
out
.
1.2 30
1.230

Lm317
1.2 30
( )

( )
.
Input :
77
Output
LM317
.
Adjust

( )

.
24 30
24 RMS 30 V DC RMS
amplitude
AMP= ROOT 2 * RMS VALUE= 33V
78
12
1.2 19
1.2 30 .
:
2200 0.1
s1 ,s2
.
OUT
.
Heat sink

79
Chapter (5)
Special
Purpose
Diode
80
Special purpose diodes
() Zener Diodes

)Forward biased( (
0.7 V= ) ( )Reverse biased
" ( "
, )Data Sheet
)) breakdown voltage
(
)

(
) ,
.
_1 )IZ( IZK<IZ <IZM
_2 .
( )
(
.)
81
:
R

.
VL = Vz = Vi - Vri = Vi - I .Ri
I = IL +IZ
. : IL
. : IZ
VL = Vi ( IL+ Iz ) Ri
VL = Vi IL . Ri

IZ
Vz
I IZ , IL

82
Rz
. IZ max
() Photodiode
P N
.

Dark current
.

.
I reverse
.
10v 7.14M
1.4A
.
.182K
83
)Light Emitting Diode (LED

If

If
680 1
.LED .
..
( ) ..
( )
..
)a1( )a2(..
84
R = (VS - VL) / I
: LED
IF VF VF VR Luminous Viewing
Type Colour Wavelength
max. typ. max. max. intensity angle
5mcd @
Standard Red 30mA 1.7V 2.1V 5V 60 660nm
10mA
Bright 80mcd @
Standard 30mA 2.0V 2.5V 5V 60 625nm
red 10mA
32mcd @
Standard Yellow 30mA 2.1V 2.5V 5V 60 590nm
10mA
32mcd @
Standard Green 25mA 2.2V 2.5V 5V 60 565nm
10mA
High 60mcd @
Blue 30mA 4.5V 5.5V 5V 50 430nm
intensity 20mA
Super 500mcd @
Red 30mA 1.85V 2.5V 5V 60 660nm
bright 20mA
Low 5mcd @
Red 30mA 1.7V 2.0V 5V 60 625nm
current 2mA
85
: IF max ..
: VF typ ..
: VF max ..
: VF max ..
: Luminous intensity .. mcd = millicandela
: Viewing angle ..
: Wavelength .. nm = nanometer
buzzer

)(Varactor Diode

reverse
depletion region
P N .
( )Depletion region
dC .
86
:C .
: .
:A .
:d ( ).
:q .
:v .
40 pf------- 4pf
1v----- 40v
87
Chapter (6)
Transistor
88
TRANSISTOR
:

(..)p,n ( p )n
2
"."
TRANSISTOR
TRANS ISTOR
TRANSFER RESISTOR
" " forward (low

) impedance reverse . (high impedance)
) (FET )(BJT
Field effect transistor Bipolar junction transistor

BJT
BJT
() () .. FET
unipolar (
) .
BJT
:BJT
-1: PNP
PNP
89
P N
. PNP
-2: NPN
NPN
N P
NPN
. NPN
-1 : Emitter
PNP NPN ( )forward
.
-2 : Collector
( )reverse .
-3 : Base
( )forward ( )reverse .
90

NPN emitter
PNP emitter
emitter ( NPN
/ =npn.. ) emitter
..PNP .
:
:
91
: : cut off

0.7 VB<0.7V
: : active mode
VB> 0.7V
(
)
: : saturation

( )C E
STATE BE BC
CUT OFF Reverse Forward or reverse
ACTIVE Forward reverse
SATURATION Forward forward
BE reverse cut off

CB
amplifier switch oscillators

, active region saturation cut off
92

active mode forward

reverse

NPN
pnp

KCL Ie=Ib+Ic
= +
active region

100
10 A
P=Pout/Pin
P=IC2Rr/Ie2Rf
P=Rr/Rf=10000/100=100
10
93
: op AMP
op amp
.
gain
Gain =vout/vin Gain=iout/Iin
:Common Base

Emitter and Base
Collector & Base
IE IC
,
collector and Base
reverse ,
emitter & Base forward

.
Base

. Common Base
94
:Common Emitter

Emitter and Base
collector and Emitter
IB IC

,
VCC> VBB

,
.
Emitter

Common
.Emitter

Common Emitter
:Common Collector

Collector and Base
COLLECTOR and Emitter
IB IE
, &BASE
collector reverse

collector & emitter forward

,

.
95
Collector

.

LDR NPN
switch BE
. voltage divider
LDR (LIGHT)=1K
LDR(DARK)=100K
VB (LIGHT)= 5V *10K/11K=4.6 V
0.7 led
VB(DARK)=5V * 10K/110K=0.45
0.7 led .
saturation VCE= 0 C , E = ZERO

short circuit .
96
CE cut off
CE reverse
saturation
97
:
98
current source
led limit
led
current source led vcc

.
. current source
VB, RE led
VRE=VB 0.7=1.7 0.7 = 1 V
current source 100mA
RE

IE=IC=1A
RE=1v/100mA= 10
led 2
Vc=5-2 =3 v
99
Touch sensor
sensor

100

101
Chapter (7)
OP-Amp
102
Op - Amp
. supply
non inverting input +
. inverting input
103
positive supply negative supply
. power
. input
. Rin volt output dependant voltage source
104
Op-amp characteristics
Ideal op-amps
1_ , and zero current flows from to
2_ Zero input current
. ideal op amp input
3_output=
. VSS +VSS
4_gain=
Gain=voutvin=vin=
105
5_ Zero input offset voltage .
( shorted) v+ V-
. VOUT=0
6_Zero output impedance
Circuit analysis example
106
Application of op amp
1_ voltage follower (buffer)
VOUT=V-=V+=VIN =VS
GAIN=VOUT/VIN=1
. GAIN
. SIGNAL
107
2_ inverting amplifier
gain
- +
V =V =0 V (virtual ground )
108
( gain)
109
:
3_ NON inverting amplifier
gain
110
-
Vs=V+=V =V1
111
:
112
4_ op amp differentiator
-
V+=V =0
113
114
:
115
:
. impulse
5_ op amp integrator
V+=V-=0
116
117
118
:
119

.

. sinusoidal
. output=0
120
121
6_ comparator
V ref
VSS
. +VSS
VSS
.
122
. +VSS
7_ summing op amp
IFR1=R2=R3=R4..
V1=V2=V3=
Vout=-Rf(n*Vin)/R
. n
123
:
124
Chapter (8)
555
125
555

input output
!
!!

input
output input
1 output input 2 output
.
126
: )ic 555(
8

3

.
)notch(
notch

!!
data sheet : 555
127
1- GND(ground(:
2- Trigger.
3- Output:
4- Reset.
5- Control.
6- Threshold.
7- Discharge.
8- vcc:

!!

555
(:)comparator -1
128
5 ( ) positive(+
) ) negative(- ( )
: low 0V .0V
high Vcc
9 high 9v .
!!
:
high Vcc
low0 v
5 BAT1
Vcc
5 .
5V 1.5V
high
high Vcc 4.928V
0.5V 2v
low
0.018V 0V
129
:Not gate -2

( high )A ( low).
:SR..Set/reset.. latch -3
SR latch S R Q (' )Q Q
high Q' low .
R S RESET , set reset ,low set

, high reset high , low set
high . high
S high R low high

S low R high low
R S low set reset
R S low high
high .
130
R S high SR latch
reset set .
SR latch 555
reset active low
( system reset ) low
. low
low )Q( SR latch low

(. )S,R
high )Q( SR latch

( )S,R .
(:)BJT transistor -4
3 :
()base
()emitter
()collector
131

3
AW WB

.

)open circuit M , (
S.C. ,
!!!
.

.

SATURATION . cut off
132
Q1 Q2
2N2222 2N2222
OFF ON

R Q1 RL
2N2222
INPUT BAT
saturation 0.7 <

EMITTER (
short emitter collector (COLLECTOR
. on circuit
R Q1 RL
2N2222
INPUT BAT
133
0.6 > cut off
collector emitter open circuit
. off
:RC Circuit -5
134

0V

RA 0v

R RAR*C

63.2%
Vin
RB

Vn R
. RB
135

136
: 555
8 -1
4.5 16 .
1 )ground( . 0v -2
R 8 1
555 5K. NE555
X Y
.
A
B
4 reset -3
reset low SR latch low
R . S
137
SR high reset
S. R latch
2 trigger B -4
6 threshold -5
A
3 . -6
: 555
Bhigh )trigger( 2
SR-latch high base
Q1 ( low invert ) Q
)switch off( cut-off region
( )collector )discharge( 7 ( )Emitter
.
Bhigh )threshold( 6
SR-latch low base
Q1 high saturation
)switch on(region ( )collector
)discharge( 7 ( )Emitter .
138
:
trigger threshold S R Q' transistor output

HIGH LOW LOW OFF HIGH
NO Chang
LOW HIGH HIGH ON LOW
NOT Valid
: 555
:)a stable operation( -1
555
( low SR-latch low 0v
SR latch inverter SR-latch
) buffer)
) threshold( 6 high A
.
high Vcc
2 high B high SR-latch
. ) trigger(
139
6 2
6 2

RC circuit
0V
2 RC circuit
B high
3. high
Blow

A 6 RC circuit
high 3 low
3 :
140

3 low
. 6

3 high
3 low
2 6 RC circuit
6
B high A low 2
high 3 base low
)switch off(cut-off region
.
6
B low A low 2
3 . high
6
B A high 2
low 3 low 3
high base high
)switch on( saturation region
.
141
7

.
http://www.daenotes.com/images/555-Timer_Animation.GIF
R1 R2 R2
) 3 high (
off
:
142

When Vc=(1/3)Vcc
When Vc=(2/3)Vcc
tcharge= ( ) ( )
R=R1+R2
low 3 ) (
on
Vn=(2/3)*Vcc
Vc=(1/3)*Vcc
tdischarge= ( )
R=R2
143

T=tcharge +tdischarge
=(R1+R2)C*ln(2) +R2C*ln(2)=0.693*(R1+2R2)C

=F
RC
( average
)value
Vout=(Ton*vcc)/T
load
ton power . load
144
ton/T duty cycle
= Duty cycle
duty cycle 50%

50%
7 2
R1 R2
=tcharge ) (
=tdischarge ) (
145
F=
Duty cycle
Duty cycle=
5
. trigger threshold noise
1KHZ
R1 80% duty cycle
. C R2
F=
. 0.1F
F=
R1+2R2=14400equation1
Duty cycle =
0.8(R1+2R2)=R1+R2equation 2
Fromequation1
R1+R2=0.8*14400=11,520equation3
From equation 3 and equation 1
R1=8,640
R2=2,880
2.9K R2 8.6k R1
3K
:
146
1006HZ 1KHZ
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/sse8106/sse8106.swf
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=SSE8206
555 .
(:)one-shot operation -2
high
low

147
. low
high 6 2

RC Circuit
RC Circuit

low )threshold( 6
high
6 )trigger( 2
low 6
6 RC Circuit
low on .
6
A low 2
B low S R low

S R low
lowlow
B 2
high 3 high
)switch off(cut-off region

148
3 low
high
0
) (
149

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=SSE8306
150
Chapter (9)
7 Segment
151
7 Segment
.
. .
9 0 A, B, C, D, E, F and G .

on .

1
C B
2
A, B, C,
E and D
.

Decimal point
152

comma

. DP .
:

.
:
.
14 . 8 "common
"anode "common cathode" .
() .
.

.
153
154
Chapter (10)
Motors
Control
Dc motor control
155
DC MOTOR control
CONTROL
Direction Speed
: direction
Parameter of dc motor
1_ maximum volt
2_ rated speed
3_ power of motor
power supply

.
horse power . 746 watt
12 8000 rpm 6 volt

pulse width
) modulation (pwm DC DC motor

2 parameter RMS value AVG value
) (dc value
. DC motor
5v
0v
156
avg 2.5 5v . 0v
Avg value =5/4=1.25
Dc value =0v
width pulse .
sin wave motor 10kHZ

offset 0v AVG value=0
signal , offset=6v
avg0 .

+9V SUPPLY
.
157
:
( )1
SWITCHES
forward
reverse
. )2(
()1
SW1&SW2 FORWARD SW3&SW4

SW1&SW2 .REVERSE

. SWITCES
transistor switch

switches transistors
158
5v transistor 1 &2 forward 5v4& 3 transistor
reverse 5 pin
pin 5 .
npn .
NPN PNP
NPN
PNP NPN BASE 0V & COLLECTOR
EMITTER open circuit PNP open
circuit

transistor
5 3&2

transistor1&4

1
2 1
PNP
0v
collector
emitter
159
short circuit 5 2 NPN
5 collector emitter short circuit
.... .
IC 2 input 2
output .
2 .
160
161
162
Chapter (11)
Relay &
other
components
163

. Normal open (N.O.)
164

)Mini Relay(
1Amp 60Am
.
6V , 9V , 12V , 15V , 24V , 36V , 48V , 60V , 220V ..
: :
165

.
.
: :
:
.

.

.

: (
.)
166
()SPST
( )
.
)SPDT(
( )

NC
.NO
()DPST
)DPDT(
167
168
:
.

LDR NPN switch
emitter .
169
BE
. voltage divider
LDR (LIGHT)=1K
LDR(DARK)=100k
VB (dark)= 5V *10K/11K=4.6 V
led 0.7
short low impedance path emitter collector
. led led circuit
VB(light)=5V * 10K/110K=0.45
led 0.7
high impedance path emitter collector
. led led open circuit
: LED LAMP
170
171
172
173

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1

AZ-EX Technical support Committee

Chapter (1) Electronic component ------------------------------- Page (9)

Fixed resistors 220/100/1.5/1.2/240

Fixed resistors 1 k /240

Variable RES 100k

Chemical Capacitors 2200UF /0.1UF

6 Zener Diode 3.3 V

5 NPN Transistor BC547

2 PNP Transistor BC557

TDA2002 + Bush button

MOTOR 470UF CD4066

2N2222 RELAY 12V BUZZER

L293D CD4017 SPEAKER

222 12V ZENER TRIC BT136

200UF 102/101/104 nf 10k (10 watt)

1. Analog signals can be converted into digital signals by using a modem.

)(SAFETY FACTOR 1.5 .

4R7 =4.7 OHM

Red blue brown brown

Yellow violet silver

Orange orange black brown brown

pF Pico Farad 10 -12 F

]1F (50V) [diameter 5 mm, high 12 mm

: Poly propylene Capacitors

: Metallized Polyester Film Capacitors

Blue: 7pF (2 - 9) . white: 10pF (3 - 15) .

green: 30pF (5 - 35) . brown: 60pF (8 - 72) .

100000pF= 100nF= 0.1uf :

COLOR DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE VOLTAGE

Red 2 x 100 pF 2% 250V

White 9 x 1000 F 10%

-1 low Frequency Coils :

p-n junction diode

forward . short circuit

reverse . open circuit

forward 0.7 or 0.3 v

reverse . open circuit

_1 . half wave rectifier

_2 2 . full wave rectifier

: half wave rectifier

220 RMS AMPLITUDE

: half wave rectifier

_2 amplitude amplitude = 220

VOUt= ROOT 2 * AMP. 0.7

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

ideal forward S.C reverse

: clipping and limiting

Vcap. = Vin- 0.7= vin-Vd

How does it work?

power supply power supply

2-AC to DC power supply

3-AC to AC power supply

_6 box power supply

AMP= ROOT 2 * RMS VALUE= 33V

_1 )IZ( IZK<IZ <IZM

: Luminous intensity .. mcd = millicandela

" " forward (low

Field effect transistor Bipolar junction transistor

BE reverse cut off

amplifier switch oscillators

active mode forward

Gain =vout/vin Gain=iout/Iin

collector & emitter forward