Calculating The Vegetation Indices From Landsat 8 Image Using ArcGis 10 PDF

7/20/2017 Calculating the Vegetation Indices from Landsat 8 image Using ArcGis 10.
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Contents: Be the first of your friends to like this
Step 1:
Calculating
Re ectance
value from
the Satellite
http://grindgis.com/blog/vegetation-indices-arcgis 1/29
7/20/2017 Calculating the Vegetation Indices from Landsat 8 image Using ArcGis 10.1
the Satellite FOLLOW US ON TWITTER

data
Follow @grindgis
Step 2:
Correcting
the
Popular Recent
Re ectance Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service
value with Comments
sun angle Satellite Mapping
Step 3: Request to Download Satellite Geocoding
Imagery from DigitalGlobe, using
Calculating WorldView, SPOT & More. Microsoft Excel
NDVI from Harris MapMart
2013 and
4th and 5th Google Maps API
bands Comments: 60
Step 4: 67 Important
Calculating GIS
SAVI from Applications
and Uses
Re ectance
Comments: 44
Step 5:
Calculating Calculating the
Vegetation
Tasseled cap Indices from
indices Landsat 8
image Using ArcGis 10.1
Step 6: Comments: 31
Tasseled cap
Brightness Know Basics of
indices Remote
Sensing
Quickly and
Step 7:
Become Expert
Similarly
Comments: 27
calculate the
other
Mapping of
indicesTasseled 2015 Public
cap wetness Companies
index Forbes Global
andGreenness 2000
index Comments: 20
The Normalized Di erential Vegetation Index (NDVI) is

a standardized vegetation index which allows us to
generate an image showing the relative biomass. The
chlorophyll absorption in Red band and relatively high
CATEGORIES
re ectance of vegetation in Near Infrared band (NIR)

http://grindgis.com/blog/vegetation-indices-arcgis Arcgis 2/29
re ectance of vegetation in Near Infrared band (NIR) Arcgis

are using for calculating NDVI. ( From ESRI) Blog
Data
GIS
An NDVI is often used worldwide to monitor
drought, monitor and predict agricultural LIDAR
Home
production, What
assist in is Remote
predicting Sensing?
hazardous What is GIS?
MapboxTerms of Service
re zones, and map desert encroachment. Maps
The NDVI is preferred for global vegetation
Microsoft Excel
monitoring because it helps to compensate
for changing illumination conditions, surface Python
slope, aspect, and other extraneous factors QGIS
(Lillesand 2004). Remote Sensing
SAGA
Software
Monitoring the intensity and the density of the green
vegetation growth can be done using the re ection Statistics
from the red band and the infrared band. Green Tutorials
vegetation re ects more energy in the near- infrared What is GIS?
band than in the visible range. It observe red band
What is Remote
more for the photosynthesis process. Leaves re ects
Sensing?
less in the near-infrared region when they are
stressed, diseased or dead. Features like Clouds,
water and snow show better re ection in the visible
range then the near-infrared range, while the TAGS
di erence is almost zero for rock and bare soil. 2013 Add x and y Advantage
Output of of GIS: Arcgis Arcmap

the NDVI Blog Charts Charts on
method the map China Component
creates a of GIS De nition of GIS DEM
single-band Dot Density Map Dr. Roger
dataset that Tomlinson ESRI Excel
only shows Forbes Global 2000
greenery. Forbes magazine
Values close
Satellite Mapping to zero
Geocoding GIS Global
2000 Heat map How GIS
Request to Download Satellite Imagery from represent
Works: Japan John Snow Cholera
DigitalGlobe, WorldView, SPOT & More. rock and
Harris MapMart bare soil Outbreak Map Landsat 8 LIDAR
and data LIDAR DEM map
negative values represent water, snow and clouds. Maps Online open source
Taking ratio or di erence of two bands makes the software map Population
vegetation growth signal di erentiated from the the programming Python
background signal. NDVI method was developed by

http://grindgis.com/blog/vegetation-indices-arcgis
QGIS 3/29
background signal. NDVI method was developed by Python code QGIS

the NASA scientist popularly known as Normalized Raster Data shape le
Di erence Vegetation Index (NDVI). By taking a ratio Software United kingdom
of two bands drop the values between -1 to +1. Table USA Vector Data What is GIS
below shows the red and infrared bands re ectance
world map
values of features and their NDVI values.Water has
an NDVI valueHome
less thanWhat is Remote
0, bare Sensing?0 andWhat is GIS?
soils between Terms of Service
0.1, and vegetation over 0.1.Increase in the positive
NDVI value means greener the vegetation.
RED= DN values from REDband
NIR= DN values from Near Infrared band

COVER TYPE RED NIR
Dense vegetation 0.1 0.5
Dry Bare soil 0.269 0.283
Clouds 0.227 0.228
Snow and ice 0.375 0.342
Water 0.022 0.013
Fig: Table 1
Table shows typical re ectance values in the red and
infrared channels, and the NDVI for typical cover
types. Water typically has an NDVI value less than 0,
bare soils between 0 and 0.1 and vegetation over 0.1.
Here we are using the Landsat image acquired from

USGS Earth Explorer. The data is in GeoTi format
with 16 bit radiometric resolution (ranges from 0-
65535). Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and
Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) images consist of nine
spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 30 meters
for Bands 1 to 7 and 9. The resolution for Band 8
(panchromatic) is 15 meters. In addition it also have
two Thermal IR bands with a spatial resolution of
100m (later resampled into 30 m).Before calculating
the NDVI the DN data must be converted to

the NDVI the DN data must be converted to

re ectance using the equations given in their website.
Here the IR and NIR bands are 4 and 5 respectively.
Table shows the Spectral characteristics of
Landsat 8
Bands Wavelength
Band 1 Coastal aerosol 0.43 0.45
Band 2 Blue 0.45 0.51
Landsat 8
Band 3 Green 0.53 0.59
Operational
Band 4 Red 0.64 0.67
Land Band 5 Near Infrared

0.85 0.88
Imager (NIR)
Band 6 SWIR 1 1.57 1.65
(OLI) Band 7 SWIR 2 2.11 2.29
Band 8 Panchromatic 0.50 0.68
and
Band 9 Cirrus 1.36 1.38
Thermal Band 10 Thermal
Infrared 10.60 11.19
Infrared (TIRS) 1
Band 11 Thermal
Sensor
Infrared 11.50 12.51
(TIRS) (TIRS) 2
(Obtained from USGS website)
Step 1: Calculating
Re ectance value from the
Satellite data
OLI spectral radiance data can also be converted to
TOA planetary re ectance using re ectance rescaling
coe cients provided in the landsat8 OLI metadata
le. The following equation is used to convert DN
values to TOA re ectance for OLI image:
= M Q cal + A
= M Q cal + A
Where:
= TOA planetary re ectance, without

correction for solar angle. Note that does
Home
not contain What is
a correction forRemote
the sunSensing?
angle. What is GIS? Terms of Service
M = Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling

factor from the metadata
(Re ectance_Mult_Band_x, where x is the
band number)
A = Band-speci c additive rescaling factor

from the metadata (Re ectance_Add_Band_x,
where x is the band number)
Q cal = Quantized and calibrated standard

product pixel values (DN).
(Metadata means the .txt le you can nd along with the

data)
I.Open ArcMap and add satellite images band 4 and
band 5 forcalculating NDVI.
II.Open Arc toolbox in ArcMap

II.From the Arc toolbox open Raster calculator (Arc
toolbox>Spatial Analyst tool>Map Algebra
tool>Raster Calculator tool)
Satellite Mapping
Request to Download Satellite Imagery from
DigitalGlobe, WorldView, SPOT & More.
Harris MapMart
IV.Find M Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling

factor from the metadata (Re ectance_Mult_Band_x,
A Band-speci c additive rescaling factor from the

metadata (Re ectance_Add_Band_x, where x is the
band number)
An example of where the M Band-speci c

multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata
(Re ectance_Mult_Band_x, where x is the band

number) is found within the metadata le
Apply and perform values in Raster calculator for

both REDand NIR bands (4 and 5 bands)
Example
Band 4 re ectance= (2.0000E-05 *

(sub_tif_Band_4)) + -0.100000
Where
REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_4 = 2.0000E-05
RFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_4 = -0.100000
sub_tif_Band_4= 4th band (Red band)
Set the output folder and le name then click

OK
Raster Calculator function to perform re ectance

calculation
Re ectance calculated for band 4
V. Calculate the Re ectance of band 5th by using the

same method.
Re ectance calculated for band 5
Step 2: Correcting the

Re ectance value with sun
angle
Re ectance with a correction for the sun angle is
then:

= /cos SZ = /sin SE
Where:
= TOA planetary re ectance
SE = Local sun elevation angle. The scene

center sun elevation angle in degrees is
provided in the metadata (Sun Elevation).
SZ = Local solar zenith angle; SZ = 90

SE.
I. Find Sun Elevation from the metadata

Apply and perform the values in Raster calculator
for both REDand NIR band re ectance values (4
and 5 bands)
Example
Example
Band 4 corrected_ re ectance=

(4th_r ctnce) / Sin (49.36816761)
Where:
SUN_ELEVATION = 49.36816761
4th_r ctce =uncorrected re ectance
Set the output folder and le name then click

OK
Raster Calculator function to perform sun angle

corrected re ectance
Sun angle corrected re ectance for band 4th
II.
II. Calculate the Re ectance of band 5th by using the

same method
Sun angle corrected re ectance for band 5th
Step 3: Calculating NDVI from

4th and 5th bands
As we discussed earlier to nd NDVI we use the
formula of
Here band 4= REDand band 5=NIR
I. Open Raster calculator and apply this formula and

execute the program as follows
NDVI= (Band 5 corrected Band 4

corrected)/ (Band 5 corrected + Band 4
corrected)
Set the output folder and le name then click OK
Raster Calculator function to perform NDVI
Normalized Di erential Vegetation Index
The value of NDVI is always between 1 and -1
Step 4: Calculating SAVI from

Re ectance
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index shows background soil
conditions. SAVI is a hybrid between NDVI and PVI
(Perpendicular Vegetation Index).
Where NIR is the 5th band and RED is the 4th band
respectively. L is the Soil brightness correction factor.
The value of L varies by cover of green vegetation.
High vegetation areas L= 0; the areas have no green
vegetation then L=1. Generally L=0.5 in most causes
and it works well. When L=0 then NDVI=SAVI
I. Open Raster calculator and apply this formula and
execute the program as follows
SAVI= (Band 5 corrected Band 4

corrected)/ (Band 5 corrected + Band 4
corrected)*(1+L)
Raster Calculator function to perform SAVI
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
Step 5: Calculating Tasseled

cap indices
Tasseled cap indices give the measure of Greenness,
Brightness and Wetness of each pixel and utilize a
linear combination of 6 Landsat bands (From 2nd
band to 7th band). Tasseled cap indices iscalculated
by the following equation
Tas_cap = (coe * band2) + (coe *

band3) + (coe * band4) +
(coe * band5) +(coe *

band6) + (coe * band7)
Where Tas_cap is the calculated tasseled cap index

for brightness, greenness, or wetness from the
coe cient given
Band Band Band Band Band
Index 2 3 4 5
(Blue) (Green) (Red) (NIR) (SWIR
Brightness 0.3029 0.2786 0.4733 0.5599 0.508

Greenness 0.2941 0.243 0.5424 0.7276 0.0713
Wetness 0.1511 0.1973 0.3283 0.3407 0.7117
Given by Muhammad Hasan Ali Baig et al (2014)
Step 6: Calculating Tasseled

cap Brightness indices
I. Calculate the Re
ectance of Band 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
using the same method mentioned above (Process 1
and 2)
II.Open Raster calculator and apply the formula for

Brightness index and execute the program as follows
Tas_cap = (0.3029 *(2nd_Band_correted))+
( 0.2786 *
(3rd_Band_correted))+
(0.4733 *
(4th_Band_correted))+
( 0.5599 *
( 0.508 *
( 0.1872 *
(7th_Band_correted))
Raster Calculator function to perform SAVI Raster

Calculator function to perform SAVI
Raster Calculator function to perform Brightness

index
Tasseled cap brightness index
Step 7: Similarly calculate the

other indices using the same
method mentioned above
Tasseled cap wetness index
Tasseled cap Greenness index

References:
http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?p=3186
http://hydrology1.nmsu.edu/teaching/soil698/greenseeker/what_is_ndvi.htm
http://www.pvts.net/pdfs/ndvi/3_3_ndvi.PDF
http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org/doku.php/remote_sensing_methods:normalized_di erence_vege
Muhammad Hasan Ali Baigab, Lifu Zhanga, Tong

Shuaiab & Qingxi
Tonga- Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation

based on Landsat 8 atsatellite re ectance (2014) Remote
Sensing Letters
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/trsl20
Grant J. Firl, Lane Carter Calculating Vegetation Indices

Grant J. Firl, Lane Carter Calculating Vegetation Indices

from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ Data(2011)
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YOUR THOUGHTS HERE
hi Mate
Thank you very much for your useful information

about NDVI, I have a question:
I download Landsat 8 images from USGS, mostly
surface re ectance and in some case NDVI data,
I want to change the resolution of NDVI to 15m, I
do with resampling in Arcgis, it does and you get
the 15m, but for presentation purpose on screen
the sell size remain 30 m,also I did raster to point
from my NDVI and then with interpolation I
made 15m sell size. but this process may slightly
change the NDVI data.
can I apply pan sharpening process on NDVI

which is one band image? I would appreciate if
you consider my questions.
kind regards
kind regards
Hamid
Hamid
November 20, 2015 at 3:16 am Reply
I will try to nd answer for you, thank you

for your comment
admin
November 23, 2015 at 4:14 pm Reply
Excellent article ! Congrats !
Eliziele
February 23, 2016 at 6:59 pm Reply
Thank you
admin
February 23, 2016 at 9:23 pm Reply
Hello Sir
I have calculated NDVI and SAVI for landsat-8
image as you given. But Iam getting higher value
of NDVI than SAVI
Can you tell me reason for this
NDVI=0.46
SAVI=0.34
Speci c band values are
toa b4- 0.130
toa b5- 0.3650
Swapnil
March 6, 2016 at 6:23 am Reply
Hey, youve a mistake with corrected re ectance
AL = Band-speci c additive rescaling factor from

the metadata (RADIANCE_ADD_BAND_x
http://landsat.usgs.gov/Landsat8_Using_Product.php
Bang
April 4, 2016 at 1:26 pm Reply
Thanks I will go through it and amend it,

Appreciate for that.
admin
April 6, 2016 at 6:39 pm Reply
very good your website, thank you
ramin
July 12, 2016 at 4:25 pm Reply
Thank you
admin
Hi,
Shouldnt you convert the angle to radians?
I thought that ArcGIS prefers to work in radians.
Also, woking with trig also requires setting the
cell size and extent in the ArcGIS geoprocessing
environment, something I learnt the hard way.
vkunkel
July 19, 2016 at 7:32 am Reply
Yes you have to convert to radians in

Arcgis, good info.

admin
So just use:
(4th_r ctce) / 0.75890963 OR (4th_r ctce) /

Sin(49.36816761 * math.pi / 180)
in the raster calculator step 1, agreed?
vkunkel
July 20, 2016 at 7:44 am Reply
please how do you convert to radians and what

do you set the cell side and extent to? please I
would appreciate an immediate reply. thank you
rita
August 6, 2016 at 4:01 pm Reply
can you upload the tutorial for enhanced

di erence vegetation index, generalized
di erence vegetation index, normalized
di erence water index, speci c leaf area
vegetation index, and simple ratio.
rasoni
August 8, 2016 at 6:57 am Reply
I have tried these steps several times using

radian and degree as well,but I am getting NDVI
more than +1 to -1..It is showing NDVI values

more than +1 to -1..It is showing NDVI values

from 549 to -99..How is this possible??
Ru
August 29, 2016 at 5:30 am Reply
i have also same problem.. why??
rasoni
October 21, 2016 at 9:54 am Reply
Thank you so much. Your post gave me an easy

and clear way to calculate NDVI. But I have some
questions confused me a long time.
In http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ website, there
are two di erent directories L8 OLI/TIRS and
Landsat Surface Re ectance L8 OLI/TIRS,
whats the di erence between them? It seem
that your method is used the former data. How I
can calculate NDVI use the later data?
For the same pixel, the DN values of them are
not identical. Could you give me some
explanation for this?
For an example, LC80420352015194LGN00 :
cfmask 0
cfmask_conf 1
B1 10267 sr_band1 194
B2 9326 sr_band2 259
B3 8666 sr_band3 486
B4 7922 sr_band4 452
B5 19322 sr_band5 3123
B6 13520 sr_band6 1928
B7 9597 sr_band7 1102
B8 8321 sr_cloud 16
B9 5062
B10 29159
B11 26862
BQA 20512
Thanks again.
Xudong Zhang
September 25, 2016 at 11:08 pm Reply
For the rst step :

1. Calculating Re ectance value from the Satellite
data
The formula is like this L = MLQcal + AL or =

M Q cal + A
where:
L = TOA spectral radiance (Watts/( m2 * srad *

m))
ML = Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling factor
from the metadata (RADIANCE_MULT_BAND_x,
AL = Band-speci c additive rescaling factor from
the metadata (RADIANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x
is the band number)
Qcal = Quantized and calibrated standard
product pixel values (DN
so in the map algebra :
(1.0050E-02*
(LC81190652016289LGN00_B4.TIF))+-50.24808
because I cant do it for rst step. Please help
Iqbal
I cant run for the formula greenness and

wetness and there is an error for the formulation
I use as below:
Greenness
0.2941 *(band2corrected.img)- 0.243 *
(band3corrected.img)- 0.5424 *
(band4corrected.img)+(0.7276 *
(band4corrected.img)+(0.7276 *
(band5corrected.img))+(0.0713 *
(band6corrected.img))- 0.1608 *
(band7corrected.img)
Wetness
(0.1511 *(band2corrected.img))+
Home (0.1973
What is Remote *
Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service
(band7corrected.img))
please give me some suggestion
Iqbal
November 10, 2016 at 4:07 am Reply
Please can you tell me how can i calculate

Aerosol optical depth using landsat_8 data ?
thank you so much, anything would be helpful
and apreciated
elhilali soufyane
hi everyone, please tell me .1 why we are using

calculate only PM10 using landsat 8 images,why
cant other(03,N02,CO2 CONCENTRATION) ?, and
also 2 how we are calculate PM10 using landsat
8 (images, DN values and MTL les ) brie y ?
thanks in advance .
L ARUN
December 6, 2016 at 5:23 am Reply
Hello, Thank you for this very good explination!
I am also using Landsat 7 data for NDVI

calculation and was wondering whether to do
the same steps as for Landsat 8 (step 1 & 2 for
the same steps as for Landsat 8 (step 1 & 2 for

correction, and then step 3 for NDVI but with
band 3+4 instead of 4+5).
If this is so, where do I nd

Re ectance_Mult_Band_x and
Re ectance_Add_Band_x
Home Whatfor LandsatSensing?
is Remote 7? What is GIS? Terms of Service
Kirsten
December 14, 2016 at 2:18 pm Reply
Thank you, please see on this tutorial,

http://ibis.colostate.edu/WebContent/WS/ColoradoView/TutorialsDownloads/CO_
admin
December 14, 2016 at 8:31 pm Reply
How can we Calculate the le size (in bit) of the

Landsat 8 OLI le assuming that only the
information for each pixel are stored within the
image
Zaheer
December 22, 2016 at 12:09 am Reply
i just read this, it is really helpful and

systematically outlined, bravo to the author.
johnie
May 6, 2017 at 5:51 am Reply
Thank you Johnie
admin
May 6, 2017 at 2:43 pm Reply
Hi, congrats on the blog and the guide. I just

have one question arent TOA re ectance
values supposed to be converted to BOA
(bottom of the atmosphere) re ectance through
Dark Object Subtraction, or any other method, in
order to remove the atmospheric signal. As far
as I know, this should be done before any kind of
analysis involving indexes or classi cation is
concerned.
Momchill
I will see and reply to you.
admin
I have done the same as you have shown, but Im

getting very higher level NDVI data why is it so ?
The data is L8 OLI/TIRS
ChinZ
May 29, 2017 at 5:36 pm Reply
Sir.
how can i retrieve LAI leaf area index using NDVI
and SAVI?
Ahmad Shah
June 2, 2017 at 9:47 am Reply
Sir,
Thank you for the guide & it was very helpful to
me. As well as I need to know about the cloud
correction for Landsat8, Landsat7 & Landsat5.
Thank You!
Thank You!
Sathya
June 19, 2017 at 4:09 am Reply

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7/20/2017 Calculating the Vegetation Indices from Landsat 8 image Using ArcGis 10.

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

Contents: Be the first of your friends to like this

the Satellite FOLLOW US ON TWITTER

The Normalized Di erential Vegetation Index (NDVI) is

re ectance of vegetation in Near Infrared band (NIR)

re ectance of vegetation in Near Infrared band (NIR) Arcgis

Output of of GIS: Arcgis Arcmap

background signal. NDVI method was developed by

background signal. NDVI method was developed by Python code QGIS

RED= DN values from REDband

NIR= DN values from Near Infrared band

Here we are using the Landsat image acquired from

the NDVI the DN data must be converted to

the NDVI the DN data must be converted to

Land Band 5 Near Infrared

= TOA planetary re ectance, without

M = Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling

A = Band-speci c additive rescaling factor

Q cal = Quantized and calibrated standard

(Metadata means the .txt le you can nd along with the

II.Open Arc toolbox in ArcMap

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

IV.Find M Band-speci c multiplicative rescaling

A Band-speci c additive rescaling factor from the

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

An example of where the M Band-speci c

(Re ectance_Mult_Band_x, where x is the band

Apply and perform values in Raster calculator for

Band 4 re ectance= (2.0000E-05 *

sub_tif_Band_4= 4th band (Red band)

Set the output folder and le name then click

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

Raster Calculator function to perform re ectance

Re ectance calculated for band 4

V. Calculate the Re ectance of band 5th by using the

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

Re ectance calculated for band 5

Step 2: Correcting the

= TOA planetary re ectance

SE = Local sun elevation angle. The scene

SZ = Local solar zenith angle; SZ = 90

I. Find Sun Elevation from the metadata

Band 4 corrected_ re ectance=

4th_r ctce =uncorrected re ectance

Set the output folder and le name then click

Raster Calculator function to perform sun angle

Sun angle corrected re ectance for band 4th

II. Calculate the Re ectance of band 5th by using the

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

Sun angle corrected re ectance for band 5th

Step 3: Calculating NDVI from

Here band 4= REDand band 5=NIR

I. Open Raster calculator and apply this formula and

NDVI= (Band 5 corrected Band 4

Set the output folder and le name then click OK

Home What is Remote Sensing? What is GIS? Terms of Service

Raster Calculator function to perform NDVI