Nikolaou

Energy

Michael Nikolaou
Chemical & Biomolecular / Petroleum Engineering

nikolaou@uh.edu
Nikolaou
Energy What is Energy?

Ability to do work
Heat (thermal)
Light (radiant)
Motion (kinetic)
Electrical
Chemical
Nuclear
Gravitational (Potential)

2
Nikolaou Not All Energy Can Do Work, but
Energy All Work Needs Energy

3 Source: US Energy Information Administration, www.eia.gov

Nikolaou
Energy Why Look at Energy?
Energy

Population Water

Energ y is the biggest

Democracy scientific and Food
technological
problem facing our
planet in the next 50
years.
Education R. E. Smalley, 2005 Environment
(Chemistry Nobel, 1995)

Disease Poverty
Terrorism
and war
4 Smalley, R. E. (2005). MRS Bulletin 30(6): 412-417.
Nikolaou
Energy Can We Use Much Less Energy?

5 Source: The National Academies Press, Americas Energy Future. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12710&page=20

Nikolaou
Energy

Energy Sources

Energy and the

Planet

Producing Fuels
ENERGY SOURCES
Oil

Natural Gas

Renewables

Closing Thoughts

6
Nikolaou Quiz:
Energy What is the Source of Most of Energy Used?

7 The National Academies, http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/

Nikolaou Fossil Fuels:
Energy Currently Dominant Energy Source

83%

8 Source: The National Academies, http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/

Nikolaou
Energy Energy Sources and Sinks

Edvard Munch
The Scream

9 Source: http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/interactive/our-energy-system/ based on data from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Nikolaou
Energy US Transportation: (Almost) All on Oil

90%

10
Nikolaou
Energy US Electricity: (Almost) None from Oil
US Biomass
Global
Wind
Solar
Geother
Biomass mal
2% Wind Tidal
2% 1%
Hydro
6%

Hydro
19% Coal
Nuclear Coal 36%
20% 45%
Nuclear
16%
Oil
1% Natural Natural
Oil
Gas Gas
10%
24% 18%

11 Source: US Energy Information Administration, 2011, www.eia.gov

Nikolaou The Global Energy Mix:
Energy Fossil Fuels into the Future
78%

You are
here

12 Source: US Energy Information Administration, 2013. www.eia.gov

Nikolaou
Energy Are We Running Out of Energy?
No!

The real challenge: Energy at the right

Time
Place
Cost
Impact
13 Image Source: N. S. Lewis, Powering the Planet, http://nsl.caltech.edu
Nikolaou
Energy

Energy Sources

Energy and the

Planet

Producing Fuels
ENERGY AND THE PLANET
Oil

Natural Gas

Renewables

Closing Thoughts

14
Nikolaou
Energy Energy and the Environment

15 Source: http://www.realscience.org.uk
Nikolaou
Energy Greenhouse Gases

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Industrial Gases:
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

16
Nikolaou Energy and the Environment:
Energy A New Concern?
Industrial
Revolution Athens

Peppered
Moth
London Los Angeles
smog, Beijing
1952

17 Source: Web image search

Nikolaou Keeping the Air Clean:
Energy Engineers to the Rescue!

18 Source: http://www.mastermuffler.net/catalytic-converter
Nikolaou Keeping the Air Clean:
Energy Reformulated Gasoline in the US

19 Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2012

Nikolaou
Energy

Energy Sources

Energy and the

Planet

Producing Fuels
PRODUCING FUELS
Oil

Natural Gas

Renewables

Closing Thoughts

20
Nikolaou
Energy Fuels

Hydrogen?
Electricity?
Gasoline?
Nikolaou
Energy Are We Running out of Oil?

Hubberts peak

22
Nikolaou US Oil Production:
Energy Pushing Hubberts Peak

23
Nikolaou US Natural Gas Production:
Energy Pushing Hubberts Peak More

24
Nikolaou
Energy Fossil Fuels in Recent History

Industrial Revolution:
Biomass and Coal
20th Century: Oil

You are
here

25 Source: http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/energy_outlook_datacenter_eoglobaldemand.aspx
Nikolaou Reducing Carbon Intensity of Global Energy Mix:
Energy A Historical Imperative

Diesel (Oil)

Methane (Natural Gas)

26 M. I. Hoffert et. al., Nature, 1998, 395, 881

Nikolaou
Energy Fossil Fuels in the Future
The Stone Age did not end due to shortage of stones.
N. Lewis, 2007
The Guano Age did end due to shortage of guano.

Haber-Bosch
Guano mine process
Chincha Islands, Peru
circa 1860

27 Source: Wikipedia
Nikolaou
Energy Need to Spend Energy to Make Fuel
Source: C.A.S. Hall, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/3810
US
100 Domestic
Oil
Energy Return on Investment (EROI) 1930

80

Coal
60

Firewood
40
US US
Imported
Hydro

Domestic
Oil Oil
1970 1970 US Imported
20 Natural Oil
US
Wind Gas 2005
Domestic
PV-solar Nuclear Oil
Biodiesel 2005 Total Energy
Tar Sands (Quad Btu)
0
28 10 20 30 100
Nikolaou
Energy

Energy Sources

Energy and the

Planet

Producing Fuels
OIL
Oil

Natural Gas

Renewables

Closing Thoughts

29
Nikolaou Oil & Gas Production:
Energy Upstream

30
Nikolaou and Downstream:
Energy Oil Refining and PetroChemicals

31 Source: Wikipedia
Nikolaou Products Made from 1 Barrel of Crude Oil
Energy (42 Gallons)

/42

/42
/42 42

/42

32 Source: US Energy Information Administration, 2013. www.eia.gov

Nikolaou
Energy BTW: Plastics!

33 Source: YouTube (The Graduate)

Nikolaou
Energy

Energy Sources

Energy and the

Planet

Producing Fuels
NATURAL GAS
Oil

Natural Gas

Renewables

Closing Thoughts

34
Nikolaou
Energy Natural Gas Production and Transportation

International trade
70% Pipeline
30% Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Sweetener

Dehydrator

Ethane
Propane

35 Source: www.total.com
Nikolaou
Energy Jethro Tull and Shale Gas

36 Source: YouTube
Source: http://collectorsfrenzy.com/details/310384181238
Nikolaou
Energy George Mitchell & the Shale Gas Revolution

37
Nikolaou
Energy George Mitchell & the Shale Gas Revolution
George Mitchell
[1917- July 26, 2013],
the Texas oilman
who pioneered
fracking, did as much
to change the world
as anybody in the
[Silicon] Valley.
The Economist
July 20th, 2013

38
Nikolaou
Energy US Natural Gas Production 1990-2035

39 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2012 Early Release Overview. January 2012
Nikolaou
Energy Spreading the Secret

40
Nikolaou
Energy Could Change the World

41 Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Game changers: Five opportunities for US growth and renewal, July 2013
Nikolaou
Energy Setting the US Clock back to 1992

42
Nikolaou
Energy Unconventional Becoming Conventional

43 Source: Holditch and Associates

Nikolaou US Oil Recently:
Energy Impact of Shale Oil

44
Nikolaou
Energy Production of Natural Gas from Shale Rocks

45 Source: YouTube
Nikolaou
Energy How to Monetize Natural Gas?
Gas to wire (GTW)

Gas to liquids (GTL)

Chemical reactions
10 bcf/d ~ 1MMb/d

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Freezing (-162C, -260F)

Compressed natural gas (CNG)

Compression (150-250 atm)
Possibly chilling
46
Nikolaou
Energy Gas to Wire (Electricity)

Typical: 1000 MW power plant

(CCGT)
Minimum: 450 MW (~13 Bcf/y)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
(CCGT) Efficiency ~ 60 %

47 Source: Intl Gas Union

Nikolaou Natural Gas to Chemicals:
Energy Chemical Industry Feedstock

48
Nikolaou Gas to Liquids (GTL):
Energy Gas to Chemicals & Fuels
Reforming
GTL
Methane Steam, Air

Syngas (H2 + CO)

Natural Gas
Naphtha,
Natural Gas Fischer-Tropsch, Diesel,
Processing Upgrading Waxes

Ammonia

Methanol
Ethane,
Liquids

Crude Oil Naphtha, Olefins,

Gas Oil Aromatics

Benzene,
Refinery Toluene,
Xylenes
49
Nikolaou Gas to Chemicals:
Energy Natural Gas-Based vs. Oil-Based Routes
Steam Cracker Feedstock Breakdown

Asia NG Oil

European Union NG Oil

Middle East NG Oil

US NG Oil

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Chemicals
50
Nikolaou Gas to Liquids (GTL):
Energy Very-Large or Very-Small Scale

Pearl integrated gas and GTL (Qatar)

1600 MMscf/d of gas resulting in:
140 kbo/d of gas-to-liquids products (2 trains)
120 kbo/d of natural gas liquids and ethane
$19 billion

51 Source: shell.com
Nikolaou Gas to Chemicals vs. LNG:
Energy Export Potential in North America...

52
Nikolaou Gas to Chemicals vs. LNG:
Energy Export Potential in North America...
Sabine Pass, Louisiana Regasification
Terminal

Liquefaction
Terminal

53 Source: Cheniere
Nikolaou
Energy Complementing Global Gas Trade Flows

54 Source: BP Statistical Review (2011)

Nikolaou
Energy Trucking with LNG
Baytown,
TX

Ontario,
CA
55 Source: NY Times, April 23, 2013
Nikolaou
Energy

Energy Sources

Energy and the

Planet

Producing Fuels
RENEWABLES
Oil

Natural Gas

Renewables

Closing Thoughts

56
Nikolaou
Energy Renewable Sources

Hydropower
Biomass
Wood and Wood Waste
Waste-to-Energy (MSW)
Landfill Gas and Biogas

Biofuels: Ethanol & Biodiesel

Wind
Geothermal
Solar
57
Nikolaou
Energy Why Biofuels?

CO
CO22 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2

Photosynthesis:
CO2+H2Osugars+O2

Water
Fertilizer
Energy
58
Nikolaou
Energy Net Energy Ratio for Corn Ethanol
Without co-product credit With co-product credit

Hill et al., PNAS, 103, 11206-11212 1.04

(2006) 1.25

Groode and Heywood, LFEE-2007-02 0.66

RP (2007) 0.76

Patzek, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 23, 519-567 0.88

(2004) 0.94

Farrell et al., Science, 181, 506 (2006), 0.88

"CO2 intensive" 1.06

Farrell et al., Science, 181, 506 (2006) 1.01

1.21

0 1
Net Energy Ratio

59 Data Source: Farrell et al., Science, 181, 506 (2006)

Nikolaou Quiz:
Energy Going with the Wind

Growing
fast

60 Source: The National Academies, http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/

Nikolaou
Energy Solar Cells: A Case for Creativity

61 Source: www.eia.gov
Nikolaou
Energy Solar Cells: A Frenzy of Activity

Source: Department of Energy,

SunShot Vision Study, 2012.
www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/4
7927_chapter4.pdf

62
Nikolaou Solar Cells:
Energy May Be Closer than They Appear

63 Source: Department of Energy, SunShot Vision Study, 2012. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/47927_chapter4.pdf

Nikolaou
Energy Efficiency: A Big Energy Source

Car engines Engineeering

Industrial Efficiency Challenges
Refrigeration Materials
Process/Product
Lighting designs
Heating & Cooling Controls
Work flows

64
Nikolaou Energy in a Bottle:
Energy The Need for Energy Storage and Portability

Hydrogen & Fuel Cells: No CO2

Batteries
Chemicals

65
Nikolaou Quiz:
Energy Hydrogen

66 Source: The National Academies, http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/

Nikolaou
Energy Batteries

67 Source: www.teslamotors.com
Nikolaou
Energy

Energy Sources

Energy and the

Planet

Producing Fuels
CLOSING THOUGHTS
Oil

Natural Gas

Renewables

Closing Thoughts

68
Nikolaou Its Hard to Make Predictions,
Energy Especially about the Future

69
Nikolaou
Energy Summary

Plenty of energy around!

The real problem: Energy in a bottle
At the right time
At the right place
Economically
Without adverse effects
Hydrocarbons dominant well into the future
~80%+
Natural gas significance to continue increasing
Increasingly important role of engineers

70
Nikolaou
Energy Additional Reading

http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/
http://www.eia.gov/
http://iea.org/
http://nsl.caltech.edu/energy
http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/energy_res
ources_materials

71
Nikolaou
Energy

72