Comments concerning the energy equation in Slattery (1999) and Whitaker (1989).

Development pages 1-3

Comments pages 4-5
Annexes pages 6-8

1. Momentum equation
Slattery indeed obtains the multispecies momentum equation based on intuition (Slattery,
1999 [Eq. 8.3.2-2]), which yields:


dv


= T + A f A


(1)
dt A

and it can be written in conservative form:

( v )


+ ( vv ) = T + A f A






(2)
t A

For comparison, the multispecies momentum equation is obtained with the species body point
of view (Whitaker, 2009 [Eq. 35]), which yields:
( v )


+ ( vv ) = TA A u A u A + A f A








(3)
t
A
A

with two conclusion:

( )





(i) TA A u A u A T



(4)
A



(ii) T seems to depend on the local thermodynamics properties and on the local relative
velocity of the species body.

Comment: It is not the focus point of this text, but I wonder if you have ever seen a satisfying
way to include A in Eq. (4) ?
2. Energy equations
Slattery obtains the total multispecies energy equation based on intuition (Slattery, 1999 [Eq.
8.3.4-1]), which yields:
d v
1 2
( )




v + A f A v A



+ = ( ) +


e v q T (5)
dt 2 A

or given in the conservative form:

1 2 1 2

( )




v + A f A v A



+ + + = ( ) +


e v e v v
q T (6)
t 2 2 A

Then subtracting the mechanical energy (Slattery 1999, [Eq. 8.3.4-4]) he obtain

( )




v + A f A u A



( )
+ ( )
= ( ) +



e ev q tr T (7)
t A

( )







where I think that tr T v T : v

My objective is to arrive to the same form of Eq. (6) and Eq. (7) using the species body
point of view.

First, starting from (Whitaker, 1989 [Eq. 29]), the species internal energy equation is (I made
the complete development in Appendix A):

( A eA ) + ( A eA ) v A =


t
(8)
B= N
1 1
( q A + q AR ) + QAB + TA : v A + rA e*A + v*A 2 v A v*A + v A2






B =1 2 2

Summing up we get

t ( ) + ( A eA ) v A =


e
A A
A A
B= N
( q A + q AR ) +
A



Q
A B =1
AB
A


(
+ TA : v A ) (9)

1

1
+ rA e*A + v*A 2 + rA v A v*A + v A2
A 2 A 2

Then we use v A = v + u A and the definition Eq. (4)

( e ) + ( ev ) + A eA u A = ( q + q R ) + T : v





t A
(10)





1
A A
( A
)
+ A u A u A : v + TA : u A + rA v A v*A + v A2


2
Then we develop the multispecies mechanical energy equation, by using Eq. (4) and


multiplying Eq. (3) with v :

( v )



+ v ( vv ) = v T + v A f A





v




(11)
t A

With the help of the four relations below (expanding these terms is the simplest way
I found to link the total and mechanical equations without too much pain)
1 2 1 2 1 2

1
v = ( v ) + v ( ) = v ( v ) + v 2 ( )
t 2 2 t 2 t t 2 t
1
1
1
1
v 2 v = ( v ) ( v 2 ) + v 2 ( v ) = ( v ) v ( v ) + v 2 ( v )





2 2 2 2 (12)





v ( v ) = v ( v ) + v 2 ( )
t t t
v ( v; v ) = v ( v v ) + v 2 ( v )

Combining Eq. (11) and (12), the total mechanical energy equation may be written:

1 2 1 2
1 2

v + v v + v ( ) + ( v ) =
t 2 2 2 t

(13)
v T + v A f A





A

Or more conveniently
1 2 1 2

( )








A A A


v + v v = T v T : v + v f (14)
t 2 2
Now, we add the above equation (Eq. (14)) to the internal energy equation (Eq. (10)):
1 2 1 2


e + v + e + v v + A e A u A =
t 2 2 A

( )


( q + q R ) + T v + v A f A







(15)
A

1
+ A u A u A : v + TA : u A + rA v A v*A + v A2


A A A 2

Finally, we obtain the total multispecies energy equation by simplifying the last term
according to (Whitaker 1989)
1 2 1 2


e + v + e + v v + A e A u A =
t 2 2 A

( )


( q + q R ) + T v + v A f A







(16)
A

1
+ A u A u A : v + TA : u A + rA u A v*A + u A v + u A2
A A A 2
3. Comparison
Here we repeat the equation (6) and (7) and the equations (10) and (16) so as to compare
the energy equations given by Slattery (1999) and the energy equation obtained by the
species body point of view (inspired from Whitaker 1989):
A) Total multispecies energy equations:
Slattery (1999):
1 1

e + v 2 + e + v 2 v =
t 2 2
(6)
( )


( q ) + T v + A f A v A






A

Inspired from Whitaker (1989):

1 2 1 2


e + v + e + v v + A e A u A =
t 2 2 A

( )


( q + q R ) + T v + v A f A







(16)
A

1
+ A u A u A : v + TA : u A + rA u A v*A + u A v + u A2
A A A 2

Comments:
The time dependant terms are the same, the advective terms are the same. The 3rd terms of lhs
of Eq. (16) is often included in the heat flux term, hence this is not a problem. We may admit
that the last line of Eq. (16) is negligible. However, one important discrepancy remains: Eq.


(16) contain the power given by the body forces with the bulk velocity v , while the


corresponding term in Eq. (6) use the species velocity v A
B) Internal multispecies energy equations:
Slattery (1999):

( )




v + A f A u A



( )
+ ( )
= ( ) +



e ev q tr T (7)
t A

Inspired from Whitaker (1989):

( e ) + ( ev ) + A eA u A = ( q + q R ) + T : v





t A
(10)





1
A A
( A
)
+ A u A u A : v + TA : u A + rA v A v*A + v A2


2

Comments:
The time dependant terms are the same, the advective terms are the same. Again the 3rd terms
of lhs of Eq. (10) is often included in the heat flux term, hence this is not a problem. We may
admit that the last line of Eq. (10) is negligible. Here, one important fundamental
discrepancy remains: Eq. (7) contains the power given by the body forces, while the
corresponding term in Eq. (10) doesnt exist.

4. Motivation
My motivation was to find the origin of the Joule Heating terms in the equation of energy. I



suspected the term in the form A f A u A with the species (A) being electrons. However, the
species body point of view do not provide such a term as seen in Eq. (10). Have you an idea
about how to solve this problem ? It would be fun to find the answer!

5. Note about the development of with the species point of view

To obtain the total multispecies energy equation, I first tried to sum the species total
energy equation over A =1 to N. There are many steps, but the resulting form is hard to
work with (see appendix B)
Appendix A

The total species energy equation is:

1 2 1 2

A e A + A v A + A e A + A v A v A =
t 2 2
B= N

( ) 1
( q A + q AR ) + QAB + TA v A + A b A v A + PAB v A + rA e*A + v*A 2








B =1 B 2
Whitaker (1989)
The species mechanical energy equation is:


v A ( A v A ) + v A ( A v A ; v A ) = v A TA + v A A b A + v A PAB + v A rA v*A












t B

And using the following four relations:

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2
A v A = A ( v A ) + v A ( A ) = A v A ( v A ) + v A ( A )
t 2 2 t 2 t t 2 t
1
1 1 1
A v A2 v A = ( A v A ) ( v A2 ) + v A2 ( A v A ) = ( A v A ) v A ( v A ) + v A2 ( A v A )







2 2 2 2




v A ( A v A ) = v 2A ( A ) + A v A ( v A )


t t t
v A ( A v A ; v A ) = A v A ( v A v A ) + v 2A ( A v A )

The species mechanical energy equation is then:

1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
A v A + A v A v A + v A ( A ) + v A ( A v A ) =


t 2 2 2 t 2

( )
TA v A TA : v A + v A A b A + v A PAB + v A rA v*A









B

Then we subtract the total species energy equation from the mechanical species energy
equation

( A eA ) + ( A eA ) v A =


t
B= N
1 1
( q A + q AR ) + QAB + TA : v A + rA e*A + v*A 2 v A v*A + v A2






B =1 2 2
Appendix B

The species energy is

1 2 1 2

A e A + A v A + A e A + A v A v A =
t 2 2
B= N

( ) 1
( q A + q AR ) + QAB + TA v A + A b A v A + PAB v A + rA e*A + v*A 2








B =1 B 2
Whitaker (1989)


We perform the summation to obtain the total energy equation, but first we express v A by the
sum of 2 terms:

1 2 2

1 2
A eA + A v + A v u A + A u A +
t 2 2 2

1
2


1

A eA v + A v 2 v + A ( v u A ) v + A u A2 v
2 2 2
1 2 1

+ A e A u A + A v 2 u A + A ( v u A ) u A + A u 2A u A =






2 2 2
B= N



B =1
(

) (
( q A + q AR ) + QAB + TA v + TA u A +


)
1
A b A v + A b A u A + PAB v + PAB u A + rA e*A + v*A 2









B B 2
Now we perform the sum

1 2
1
A e A + v + v A u A + A u A +

2

t A 2 A A 2

1

2


1
A e A v + v 2 v + v A u A v + v A u A
2
A 2 A 2 A 2

1
1

+ A e A u A + v 2 A u A + A ( v u A ) u A + A u A2 u A =





A A 2 A A 2
B= N


( q + q R ) +



Q
B=1 A
AB
A A
(
+ TA v + TA u A +


)
1
v A b A + A b A u A + v PAB + PAB u A + rA e*A + v*A 2









A A A B A B A 2

Then we refresh this equation

 1 1

t A
A e A + v 2 + A u A2
2 A 2

1

1
+ v A eA + v 2 v + v A u A2
A 2 A 2
1

+ A e A u A + A ( v u A ) u A + A u A2 u A =





A A A 2


( )
( q + q R ) + TA v + TA u A + v A b A + A b A u A + PAB u A










A A A A A B

And we rearrange it:

1 2 1 2

e + v + e + v v
t 2 2
1
1 1

+
t A 2
A u 2A + v A u 2A + A u A2 u A =
A 2 A 2








q + A eA u A + q R + TA v A ( v u A ) u A + A b A v A



A A A A

( )
+ TA u A + PAB u A




A A B

and now... it is not obvious what to do