LVTHS Cac Nhan To Anh Huong Den Thoa Man Cong Viec Cua NVVP PDF

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC KINH T TP.HCM

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Chu vn Ton
CC NHN T NH HNG N
S THA MN CNG VIC CA
NHN VIN KHI VN PHNG TP.HCM
Chuyn ngnh: Thng mi

M s: 60.34.10
LUN VN THC S KINH T
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:

TS. NGUYN C TR
TP. H Ch Minh Nm 2009

i
Li cam oan
Ti xin cam oan lun vn Cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca

nhn vin khi vn phng TP.HCM l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti.
Cc s liu trong ti ny c thu thp v s dng mt cch trung thc. Kt qu

nghin cu c trnh by trong lun vn ny khng sao chp ca bt c lun vn
no v cng cha c trnh by hay cng b bt c cng trnh nghin cu no
khc trc y.
TP.HCM, ngy 14 thng 05 nm 2009

Tc gi lun vn
Chu Vn Ton
ii
Li cm n
Ti xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trng i hc Kinh t TP.HCM dy d

v truyn t cho ti nhng kin thc qu bo lm nn tng cho vic thc hin lun
vn ny.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n Tin s Nguyn c Tr tn tnh hng dn v ch

bo ti c th hon tt lun vn cao hc ny.
Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n tt c bn b, ng nghip c v nhng ngi

gip ti tr li bng cu hi kho st lm ngun d liu cho vic phn tch v cho ra
kt qu nghin cu ca lun vn cao hc ny.
iii
Tm tt lun vn
ti s dng phng php nghin cu nh lng xc nh s tha mn cng

vic ca nhn vin khi vn phng ti thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc nhn t nh
hng n s tha mn ny. D liu s dng trong nghin cu ny c thu thp t
bng cu hi gi cho cc nhn vin khi vn phng TP.HCM. T cc l thuyt v
s tha mn cng vic v cc nghin cu thc tin ca cc nh nghin cu trong
vn ny thang o cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic c xy dng vi
thang o likert nm mc . tin cy ca thang o c kim nh bi h s
Cronbachs alpha v phn tch nhn t. M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh cng c xy
dng ban u vi bin ph thuc l s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin v by
bin c lp gm s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng
nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty. Sau khi kim
nh tin cy ca thang o, m hnh c iu chnh li vi su bin c lp gm
s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc
li c bn v phc li tng thm. Kt qu phn tch hi quy cho thy su nhn t
ny c nh hng c ngha thng k n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn
phng TP.HCM. Trong ba nhn t nh hng mnh l s tha mn i vi thu
nhp, c im cng vic v cp trn v ba nhn t c nh hng yu l s tha
mn i vi o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm.
iv
Mc lc
Li cam oan .......................................................................................................................... i

Li cm n .............................................................................................................................ii
Tm tt lun vn ...................................................................................................................iii
Danh mc cc k hiu, ch vit tt......................................................................................vii
Danh mc cc bng, biu.....................................................................................................vii
Danh mc cc hnh v, th ..............................................................................................vii
CHNG 1: M U......................................................................................................... 1
U
1.1. t vn ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu ................................................................................................... 2
1.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu .............................................................................. 2
1.4. Phng php nghin cu ............................................................................................ 3
1.5. ngha ti.............................................................................................................. 4
1.6. Cu trc ca lun vn.................................................................................................. 5
CHNG 2: C S L THUYT ...................................................................................... 6
2.1. Gii thiu .................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic ........................................................................... 6
2.2.1. Khi nim............................................................................................................. 6
2.2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic .................................................................... 8
2.2.2.1. Thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow (1943) ................................................ 8
2.2.2.2. Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer (1969) ................................................................. 9
2.2.2.3. Thuyt thnh tu ca McClelland (1988)................................................... 10
2.2.2.4. Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg (1959) .................................................... 10
2.2.2.5. Thuyt cng bng ca Adam (1963)........................................................... 11
2.2.2.6. Thuyt k vng ca Vroom (1964)............................................................. 12
2.2.2.7. M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham (1974) .................. 13
2.2.2.8. Cc nguyn nhn dn n s tha mn trong cng vic............................. 14
2.3. Cc nghin cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic .............................................. 16
2.4. M hnh nghin cu v ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng
vic ............................................................................................................................ 21
2.4.1. nh ngha cc nhn t ...................................................................................... 22
2.4.2. M hnh nghin cu........................................................................................... 25
2.4.3. Ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic.................................... 26
2.5. Tm tt ...................................................................................................................... 27
CHNG 3: PHNG PHP NGHIN CU................................................................. 28
U
3.1. Thit k nghin cu .................................................................................................. 28

3.1.1. Thang o ............................................................................................................ 29
3.1.2. Chn mu........................................................................................................... 32
3.1.2.1. Tng th ...................................................................................................... 32
3.1.2.2. Phng php chn mu .............................................................................. 32
3.1.2.3. Kch thc mu........................................................................................... 33
v
3.1.3. Cng c thu thp thng tin - Bng cu hi ........................................................ 34

3.1.4. Qu trnh thu thp thng tin............................................................................... 35
3.2. K thut phn tch d liu thng k.......................................................................... 36
3.2.1. Kim nh tin cy ca thang o .................................................................... 37
3.2.2. Kim nh s bng nhau ca gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con ................ 37
3.2.3. H s tng quan v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh ............................................ 38
CHNG 4: KT QU NGHIN CU............................................................................ 39
U
4.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp, lm sch v m ha d liu........................... 39

4.1.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp ................................................................. 39
4.1.2. Lm sch d liu................................................................................................ 40
4.1.3. M ha d liu ................................................................................................... 40
4.2. M t mu ................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.1. Kt cu mu theo cc c im ......................................................................... 40
4.2.2. S tha mn cng vic ca mu ........................................................................ 44
4.3. Phn tch tin cy v ph hp ca thang o ..................................................... 44
4.3.1. H s Cronbachs alpha ..................................................................................... 45
4.3.1.1. Thang o tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic..................................... 45
4.3.1.2. Thang o s tha mn cng vic ni chung ............................................... 47
4.3.2. Phn tch nhn t ............................................................................................... 48
4.3.2.1. Cc kha cnh ca tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic....................... 48
4.3.2.2. Cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic .......................................... 51
4.4. Kim nh s tha mn cng vic ca cc tng th con........................................... 51
4.4.1. S tha mn cng vic chung ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM ................ 51
4.4.2. S tha mn cng vic gia nam v n ............................................................. 52
4.4.3. S tha mn cng vic theo tui................................................................... 52
4.4.4. S tha mn cng vic theo thi gian cng tc ................................................. 53
4.4.5. S tha mn cng vic theo trnh , chc danh v loi hnh doanh
nghip ................................................................................................................ 54
4.5. Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh ..................................................................................... 55
4.5.1.1. Ma trn h s tng quan gia cc bin ..................................................... 56
4.5.1.2. Xy dng phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh................................................. 57
4.5.1.3. nh gi ph hp ca m hnh v kim nh cc gi thuyt................. 58
4.5.1.4. Gii thch tm quan trng ca cc bin trong m hnh............................... 58
4.5.1.5. D tm s vi phm cc gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh............ 59
4.6. Tm tt kt qu nghin cu ...................................................................................... 61
CHNG 5: KT LUN V KIN NGH....................................................................... 63
5.1. Kt lun v s tha mn cng vic ........................................................................... 63
5.2. Kin ngh i vi ngi s dng lao ng ............................................................... 65
5.2.1. Thu nhp ............................................................................................................ 66
5.2.2. c im cng vic............................................................................................ 67
5.2.3. Cp trn.............................................................................................................. 69
5.2.4. o to thng tin .............................................................................................. 70
5.2.5. Phc li .............................................................................................................. 71
5.2.6. Lu khc ......................................................................................................... 72
5.3. Hn ch ca nghin cu ny v kin ngh i vi nghin cu tng lai.................. 72
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................... 75
vi
Danh mc ph lc ................................................................................................................ 79
vii
Danh mc cc k hiu, ch vit tt

TP.HCM: Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Danh mc cc bng, biu

Bng 2-1 Cc ch s cu thnh cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic ..................26
Bng 3-1 Cc thang o c s dng trong bng cu hi nghin cu ................................31
Danh mc cc hnh v, th
Hnh 2.1 Cc cp bc ca nhu cu Maslow ...........................................................................8
Hnh 2.2 Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer .......................................................................................9
Hnh 2.3 Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg..........................................................................11
Hnh 2.4 Thuyt k vng ca Victor Vroom .......................................................................13
Hnh 2.5 M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham........................................14
Hnh 2.6 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh ban u .....................................................................26
Hnh 4.1 Mu phn chia theo gii tnh ................................................................................41
Hnh 4.2 Mu phn chia theo tui...................................................................................41
Hnh 4.3 Mu phn chia theo thi gian cng tc .................................................................42
Hnh 4.4 Mu phn chia theo trnh .................................................................................42
Hnh 4.5 Mu phn chia theo chc danh cng vic.............................................................43
Hnh 4.6 Mu phn chia theo loi hnh doanh nghip .........................................................43
Hnh 4.7 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh c iu chnh ...................................................56
Chng 1 M u 1
CHNG 1: M U
1.1. t vn
Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu
v ngun nhn lc cng ngy cng gia tng. Doanh nghip ngy cng ch trng hn
vn xy dng ngun nhn lc, nht l tuyn chn ng ngi cho cng ty mnh.
Tuy nhin, chn c ng ngi mnh cn l cha , doanh nghip cn phi
bit cch gi chn nhn vin ca mnh nht l nhng nhn vin nng ct, gi vai tr
ch cht trong cng ty. Vi s thiu ht ngun nhn lc c nng lc nh hin nay,
vic gi chn nhn vin gii tr thnh vn c cc ch doanh nghip ht sc
quan tm.
S n nh trong i ng nhn vin s gip doanh nghip tit kim c thi gian
v chi ph (tuyn dng, o to, v.v.), gim cc sai st (do nhn vin mi gy ra khi
cha quen vi cng vic mi), to nim tin v tinh thn on kt trong ni b doanh
nghip. T nhn vin s xem doanh nghip l ni l tng cho h pht huy nng
lc ca mnh cng nh gn b lu di vi doanh nghip. Cui cng quan trng hn
ht, s n nh ny s gip doanh nghip hot ng hiu qu hn, to c s tin
cy ca khch hng v cht lng sn phm v dch v ca doanh nghip.
Vy lm th no xy dng c i ng nhn vin n nh cho cng ty mnh?

Nhiu nghin cu trong v ngoi nc cho rng cn to ra s tha mn cng vic
cho ngi lao ng. Khi c c s tha mn cng vic, nhn vin s c ng
lc lm vic tch cc hn, t dn n hiu sut v hiu qu cng vic cao hn.
y cng l iu m ch doanh nghip mong mun t c t nhn vin mnh.
Theo Luddy (2005), nhn vin khng c s tha mn s dn n nng sut lao ng
ca h thp, nh hng n sc khe c v th cht ln tinh thn. Nhn vin c s
tha mn trong cng vic s t i ch lm v t ngh vic hn.
Chng 1 M u 2
Nghin cu ny c thc hin nhm mc ch tm hiu, nh gi hin trng s

tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM hin nay, ng thi tm ra
cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn ny. Vi d liu thu c t cuc kho st
v thng qua x l, phn tch d liu thng k, nghin cu ny hy vng cung cp
cho cc nh qun l doanh nghip cc nhn su sc hn v cc nhn t c th mang
li s tha mn cng vic cho nhn vin. T gip h c cc nh hng, chnh
sch ph hp trong vic s dng lao ng, nhm gi chn nhng nhn vin ph hp
m nh qun l mong mun h gn b lu di vi cng ty.
1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu

ti c thc hin nhm mc ch xc nh cc nhn t nh hng n s tha
mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM vi cc mc tiu c bn sau:
- Th nht, tm hiu s tha mn cng vic ni chung v s tha mn theo tng

nhn t, kha cnh ca s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM.
- Th hai, xy dng v kim nh cc thang o tng nhn t nh hng n s tha

mn cng vic v thang o s tha mn cng vic chung.
- Th ba, so snh s tha mn cng vic gia nhn vin vn phng c s khc nhau
v gii tnh, tui, thi gian cng tc, trnh hc vn, v tr cng vic v loi
hnh doanh nghip h ang cng tc.
- Th t, xc nh mnh ca cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic

ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM.
1.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

i tng nghin cu l s tha mn cng vic v cc nhn t nh hng n s
tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin. Thng qua vic thu thp thng tin cp mt t
nhng ngi c kho st bng bng cu hi s xc nh c s tha mn cng
vic ca nhn vin tng nhn t ca cng vic nh s tha mn i vi thu nhp,
Chng 1 M u 3
o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v

phc li cng ty. Cc kha cnh c th ca tng nhn t c th hin bi cc ch s
(bin quan st) cng c xem xt v kim nh. Cui cng, thng qua phn tch
thng k s nh hng ca tng nhn t i vi s tha mn cng vic ni chung s
c xem xt v xc nh.
Phm vi nghin cu c gii hn nhn vin vn phng, tc khng bao gm tt

c cc loi nhn vin. Nhn vin vn phng l nhng ngi lm vic trong vn
phng ca mt doanh nghip hoc mt cng ty, t chc no (Oxford Advance
Learners Dictionary). Nhn vin vn phng y bao gm c nhn vin cp di
ln nhn vin cp cao, nhng khng bao gm nhng ngi lm ch doanh nghip.
V mt a l, ti ch kho st khi nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM, khng kho
st nhn vin lm vic cc tnh thnh khc. ti ch nghin cu v s tha mn
cng vic khng nghin cu v d nh i cng ty lm vic ca nhn vin. Thi
gian thc hin cuc kho st l cui nm 2008 v u nm 2009.
1.4. Phng php nghin cu

ti s dng phng php nghin cu nh lng tm hiu, xc nh s tha
mn cng vic ca nhn vin. Thang o Likert nm mc c s dng o
lng gi tr cc bin s.
V y l nghin cu khm ph, cch thc ly mu l thit k chn mu phi xc sut

vi hnh thc chn mu thun tin.
Bng cu hi t tr li s c s dng lm cng c thu thp thng tin, d liu

cn thit phc v cho phn tch nh lng ni trn. Bng cu hi c gi n
ngi c kho st thng qua th in t (email) vi ng dn kt ni n bng
cu hi c thit k trn mng. Bng cu hi chnh thc c th tm thy phn
Ph lc ca lun vn ny.
Chng 1 M u 4
Lun vn s dng thng k suy din phn tch kt qu thu thp c t mu.
Cronbachs alpha c dng la chn v cng c thnh phn ca ca thang o,
phn tch nhn t EFA c dng xc nh cc nhn t n cha ng sau cc
bin s c quan st. So snh trung bnh ca cc tng th con chia theo c im
khc nhau ca tng th cho php suy lun s ging v khc nhau gia cc tp tng
th con c quan tm. Cui cng phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh c s dng xc
nh cc nhn t thc s c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic cng nh h s
ca cc nhn t ny trong phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
1.5. ngha ti
ti c mt s ngha sau:
Th nht, kt qu nghin cu s cho ngi c c c ci nhn tng qut v s

tha mn cng vic cc nhn t, kha cnh khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic
ni chung ca khi nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM. Nghin cu cng s so snh
s tha mn cng vic c phn chia theo gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn, v tr
cng vic v thuc cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau.
Th hai, nghin cu ny gip ta nhn bit c cc thang o dng o lng s

tha mn cng vic v cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn
vin vn phng, t cc nh qun l ca doanh nghip, cng ty v t chc s xy
dng cho t chc mnh chnh sch ph hp nhm ci thin s tha mn cng vic
ca nhn vin vn phng trong t chc ca mnh.
Th ba, y l nghin cu khm ph, lm c s cc nghin cu su hn v s

tha mn cng vic ca ngi lao ng ni chung v nhn vin vn phng ni ring
Vit Nam.
Chng 1 M u 5
1.6. Cu trc ca lun vn

Lun vn c chia lm nm chng. Chng 1 - M u s gii thiu c s hnh
thnh ti, mc tiu nghin cu, i tng v phm vi nghin cu, phng php
nghin cu v ngha ca ti. Chng 2 - C s l thuyt s gii thiu l thuyt,
hc thuyt lm nn tng cho vic nghin cu s tha mn cng vic, tm tt cc
nghin cu thc tin v s tha mn cng vic trong mt s lnh vc mt s quc
gia v khu vc c th. Chng ny cng s gii thiu m hnh nghin cu c xy
dng ban u t c s l thuyt. Chng 3 - Phng php nghin cu s gii thiu
v vic xy dng thang o, cch chn mu, cng c thu thp d liu, qu trnh thu
thp thng tin c tin hnh nh th no v cc k thut phn tch d liu thng k
c s dng trong ti ny. Chng 4 - Kt qu nghin cu s phn tch, din
gii cc d liu thu c t cuc kho st bao gm cc kt qu kim nh tin
cy v ph hp thang o v cc kt qu thng k suy din. Cui cng, Chng 5
- Kt lun v kin ngh s a ra mt s kt lun t kt qu thu c bao gm kt
lun v s tha mn cng vic, mt s kin ngh i vi ngi s dng lao ng v
mt s hn ch v kin ngh cho cc nghin cu tng lai.
Chng 2: C s l thuyt 6
CHNG 2: C S L THUYT
2.1. Gii thiu

Chng ny trc ht s gii thiu khi nim v s tha mn cng vic cng nh
cc hc thuyt lin quan n s tha mn cng vic, ng vin trong cng vic bao
gm cc hc thuyt ni ting nh Thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow, Thuyt
EGR ca Alderfer, Thuyt thnh tu ca McClelland, Thuyt hai nhn t ca
Herzberg, Thuyt k vng ca Vroom, Thuyt cng bng ca Adam v M hnh
c im cng vic ca Hackman v Oldham. Chng ny cng s cp n cc
nguyn nhn dn n s tha mn cng vic. Sau l phn tm tt mt s nghin
cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic. Kt thc chng ny l phn xy dng
m hnh nghin cu ban u v a cc cc ch s nh gi c dng o lng
s tha mn cng vic theo cc nhn t v s tha mn cng vic ni chung.
2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic

2.2.1. Khi nim
C kh nhiu cc nh ngha v s tha mn cng vic. T in bch khoa ton th

wikipedia.com th cho rng s tha mn cng vic l s hi lng ca mt c nhn
i vi cng vic ca anh ta hay c ta. Trong khi , t in Oxford Advance
Learners Dictionary th nh ngha s tha mn l vic p ng mt nhu cu hay
mong mun no v v vy c th hiu s tha mn cng vic l vic nhn vin
c p ng nhu cu hay mong mun ca h khi lm vic.
Mt trong cc nh ngha u tin v s tha mn cng vic v c trch dn nhiu

nht c th k n l nh ngha ca Robert Hoppock (1935, trch dn bi Scott v
ng s, 1960). Tc gi cho rng, vic o lng s tha mn cng vic bng hai
cch: (a) o lng s tha mn cng vic ni chung v (b) o lng s tha mn
cng vic cc kha cnh khc nhau lin quan n cng vic. ng cng cho rng s
tha mn cng vic ni chung khng phi ch n thun l tng cng s tha mn
ca cc kha cnh khc nhau, m s tha mn cng vic ni chung c th c xem
nh mt bin ring.
Theo Spector (1997) s tha mn cng vic n gin l vic ngi ta cm thy
thch cng vic ca h v cc kha cnh cng vic ca h nh th no. V n l s
nh gi chung, nn n l mt bin v thi . Cn Ellickson v Logsdon (2001) th
cho rng s tha mn cng vic c nh ngha chung l mc ngi nhn vin
yu thch cng vic ca h, l thi da trn s nhn thc ca ngi nhn vin
(tch cc hay tiu cc) v cng vic hoc mi trng lm vic ca h. Ni n gin
hn, mi trng lm vic cng p ng c cc nhu cu, gi tr v tnh cch ca
ngi lao ng th tha mn cng vic cng cao.
Schemerhon (1993, c trch dn bi Luddy, 2005) nh ngha s tha mn cng

vic nh l s phn ng v mt tnh cm v cm xc i vi cc kha cnh khc
nhau ca cng vic ca nhn vin. Tc gi nhn mnh cc nguyn nhn ca s tha
mn cng vic bao gm v tr cng vic, s gim st ca cp trn, mi quan h vi
ng nghip, ni dung cng vic, s i ng, v cc phn thng gm thng tin,
iu kin vt cht ca mi trng lm vic, cng nh c cu ca t chc.
Theo Kreitner v Kinicki (2007), s tha mn cng vic ch yu phn nh mc

mt c nhn yu thch cng vic ca mnh. chnh l tnh cm hay cm xc ca
ngi nhn vin i vi cng vic ca mnh.
Nh vy, c rt nhiu cc nh ngha khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic nhng

chng ta c th rt ra c rng mt ngi c xem l c s tha mn cng vic
th ngi s c cm gic thoi mi, d chu i vi cng vic ca mnh. Lin
quan n nguyn nhn no dn n s tha mn cng vic th mi nh nghin cu
u c cch nhn, l gii ring qua cc cng trnh nghin cu ca h. Phn tip theo
s cp n cc l thuyt cng vi cc nghin cu thc tin lin quan n s tha

mn cng vic.
2.2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic
Nghin cu s tha mn cng vic thng c cc nh nghin cu gn lin vi

cc l thuyt v ng vin v s tha mn cng vic. Sau y l tm tt mt s l
thuyt ng lu .
2.2.2.1. Thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow (1943)
Ni n s tha mn ni chung ngi ta thng nhc n l thuyt nhu cu cp bc

ca Maslow (1943). Theo ng nhu cu ca con ngi c chia lm nm cp bc
tng dn: sinh l, an ton, x hi, t trng v t th hin. Sau khi mt nhu cu no
c tha mn th nhu cu cp bc cao hn k tip s xut hin. T l
thuyt ny, ta c th thy nh qun l cn phi bit c nhn vin ca mnh ang
cp bc nhu cu no t ng vin nhn vin ca mnh bng cch p ng cc
nhu cu c nhn ca h.
T
th hin
T trng
X hi
An ton
Sinh l
Hnh 2.1 Cc cp bc ca nhu cu Maslow

Ngun: Organizational Behavior [21]
y l l thuyt v nhu cu ca con ngi v n c xem xt v ng dng trong

nghin cu ny v ch khi no cc nhu cu ca nhn vin c p ng th h mi
c th c s tha mn trong cng vic. Cc nhu cu trong l thuyt ny u c
cp di dng cc bin khc nhau. V d nh s tha mn v nhu cu sinh l v an
ton c th c th hin cc bin o lng s tha mn v thu nhp v phc li

cng ty. Tng t, s tha mn v nhu cu x hi v t trng c th hin cc
bin th hin s tha mn v mi quan h vi cp trn v vi ng nghip cng nh
bin th hin quyn t ch nht nh trong thc hin cng vic.
2.2.2.2. Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer (1969)
Nhn chung l thuyt ny ging nh thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow, tuy nhin

c mt s khc bit nh sau: th nht, s lng nhu cu c rt gn cn ba thay v
nm, l nhu cu tn ti (existence need), nhu cu lin i (relatedness need) v
nhu cu pht trin (growth need); th hai, khc vi Maslow, Alderfer cho rng, c
th c nhiu nhu cu xut hin trong cng mt thi im (Maslow cho rng ch c
mt nhu cu xut hin mt thi im nht nh); th ba, l yu t b p gia cc
nhu cu, mt nhu cu khng c p ng c th c b p bi nhu cu khc
(Kreitner & Kinicki, 2007) .V d: mt nhn vin khng c p ng nhu cu v
thu nhp nhng c th c b p bi mi trng lm vic tt, cng vic ph hp,
c hi c o to thng tin, v.v.) trong khi Maslow th khng tha nhn iu .
Nhu cu
lin i
Nhu cu Nhu cu
tn ti pht trin
Tha mn/ tin trin
Tht vng/ quay ngc
Tha mn/ tng cng

Hnh 2.2 Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer
(Ngun: www.valuebasedmanagement.net) [41]
Vic m hnh hi quy tuyn a bin trong nghin cu ny c xy dng trong

bin ph thuc (s tha mn cng vic) v nhiu bin c lp khc nhau (s tha
mn ca cc nhu cu khc nhau) chng t con ngi cng lc c nhiu nhu cu

ch khng phi l mt.
2.2.2.3. Thuyt thnh tu ca McClelland (1988)
L thuyt ca McClelland tp trung vo ba loi nhu cu ca con ngi: nhu cu v

thnh tu, nhu cu v quyn lc v nhu cu v lin minh. Chng c nh ngha
nh sau (Robbins, 2002):
- Nhu cu v thnh tu l s c gng xut sc, t c thnh tu i vi b

chun mc no , n lc thnh cng.
- Nhu cu v quyn lc l nhu cu khin ngi khc c x theo cch h mong mun.
- Nhu cu v lin minh l mong mun c c cc mi quan h thn thin v gn

gi vi ngi khc.
Nhu cu thnh tu ca McClelland c th hin trong nghin cu ny di dng

c im cng vic. Cng vic cn c thit k sao cho nhn vin t c thnh
tu h mong mun. Cn nhu cu lin minh c th hin mi quan h vi cp
trn v ng nghip. Cui cng, nhu cu quyn lc c th hin c hi c
thng tin.
2.2.2.4. Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg (1959)
Thuyt ny chia cc nhn t lm hai loi: cc nhn t ng vin v cc nhn t duy

tr. Cc nhn t ng vin gm thnh tu, s cng nhn ca ngi khc, bn cht
cng vic, trch nhim cng vic, s thng tin v s tin b, v trin vng ca s
pht trin. Nu nhn vin c p ng s mang li s tha mn trong cng vic
cho h, ngc li nhn vin s khng c s tha mn. Cc nhn t duy tr gm
chnh sch cng ty, s gim st ca cp trn, lng bng, mi quan h vi cp trn
v ng nghip, iu kin lm vic, i sng c nhn, v tr cng vic v s m
bo ca cng vic. Nu c p ng s khng c s bt mn trong cng vic,
ngc li s dn n s bt mn. (Efere, 2005). Nh vy, Herzberg tch bit

tng i hai nhm nhn t ny v cho rng ch c nhng nhn t ng vin mi c
th mang li s tha mn cho nhn vin v nu khng lm tt cc nhn t duy tr s
dn n s bt mn ca nhn vin.
Nhiu nghin cu a ra kt qu khng ng h s phn chia hai nhm nhn t

nh trn ca Herberg cng nh bc b vic cho rng cc nhn t duy tr khng
mang li s tha mn trong cng vic. (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2007). Thc t cho thy
rng cc nhn t thuc hai nhm trn u c nh hng t nhiu n s tha mn
trong vic. Tuy nhin, thng qua l thuyt ca Hezberg ta cng c th thy c
tm quan trng ca nhn t ng vin trong vic mang li s tha mn trong cng
vic cng nh tc ng ca cc nhn t duy tr trong vic dn n s bt mn ca
nhn vin.
Nhn vin
Nhn t ng vin
Nhn t duy tr
Nhn vin khng cn Nhn vin

bt mn v bt mn khng cn
khng c nhng bt mn v
ng lc khng c c ng lc
ng lc
Hnh 2.3 Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg

(Ngun: : www.valuebasedmanagement.net) [41]
2.2.2.5. Thuyt cng bng ca Adam (1963)
J. Stacey Adams cho rng nhn vin c xu hng nh gi s cng bng bng cch
so snh cng sc h b ra so vi nhng th h nhn c cng nh so snh t l
ca h vi t l ca nhng ng nghip trong cng ty. Nu kt qu ca s so
snh l s ngang bng nhau tc cng bng th h s tip tc duy tr n lc v
hiu sut lm vic ca mnh. Nu th lao nhn c vt qu mong i ca h, h
s c xu hng gia tng cng sc ca h trong cng vic, ngc li nu th lao h
nhn c thp hn so vi ng gp ca h, h s c xu hng gim bt n lc
hoc tm cc gii php khc nh vng mt trong gi lm vic hoc thi vic
(Pattanayak, 2005).
L thuyt ny cng c th c xem xt gc ti ca lun vn ny. Mt nhn

vin khng th c c s tha mn nu h nhn ra rng mnh b i x khng
bng t vn lng bng, c hi o to thng tin n s h tr t cp trn.
2.2.2.6. Thuyt k vng ca Vroom (1964)
Vroom cho rng hnh vi v ng c lm vic ca con ngi khng nht thit c
quyt nh bi hin thc m n c quyt nh bi nhn thc ca con ngi v
nhng k vng ca h trong tng lai. Khc vi Maslow v Herzberg, Vroom
khng tp trung vo nhu cu ca con ngi m tp trung vo kt qu. L thuyt ny
xoay quanh ba khi nim c bn (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2007) hay ba mi quan h
(Robbins, 2002 ):
- Expectancy (k vng): l nim tin rng n lc s dn n kt qu tt. Khi

nim ny c th hin thng qua mi quan h gia n lc (effort) v kt
qu (performance).
- Instrumentality (tnh cht cng c): l nim tin rng kt qu tt s dn n
phn thng xng ng. Khi nim ny c th hin qua mi quan h gia
kt qu (performance) v phn thng (outcome/rewards).
- Valence (ha tr): l mc quan trng ca phn thng i vi ngi thc
hin cng vic. Khi nim ny c th hin thng qua mi quan h gia
phn thng (rewards) v mc tiu c nhn (personal goals).
Vroom cho rng ngi nhn vin ch c ng vin khi nhn thc ca h v c ba
khi nim hay ba mi quan h trn l tch cc. Ni cc khc l khi h tin rng n
lc ca h s cho ra kt qu tt hn, kt qu s dn n phn thng xng ng
v phn thng c ngha v ph hp vi mc tiu c nhn ca h.
K vng Tnh cht cng c Ha tr

N lc Kt qu Phn thng Mc tiu
Hnh 2.4 Thuyt k vng ca Victor Vroom

(Ngun: c iu chnh t hnh v ca Robbins, 2002) [27]
V l thuyt ny c da trn s nhn thc ca ngi lao ng nn c th xy ra

trng hp l cng lm mt cng ty v cng mt v tr nh nhau nhng mt ngi
c ng lc lm vic cn ngi kia th khng do nhn thc ca h v cc khi nim
trn l khc nhau.
ng dng l thuyt ny vo ti nghin cu ca lun vn ny, ta thy rng mun

ngi lao ng c ng lc hng ti mc tiu no (d nhin mc tiu ny gn
lin vi mc tiu ca t chc) th ta phi to nhn thc ngi lao ng rng n
lc ca h s mang li nhng phn thng nh h mong mun. Mun c c nhn
thc trc ht ta phi to c s tha mn trong cng vic hin ti ca h,
khin h tha mn vi iu kin mi trng lm vic hin ti, tha mn vi s h
tr ca cp trn, ca ng nghip, t khin h tin tng hn vo n lc ca h s
dn n kt qu v phn thng nh h mong mun. S tha mn v thng pht
cng minh cng s gip h tin rng nhng kt qu h t c chc chn s nhn
c s ghi nhn cng nh s tng thng ca cng ty.
2.2.2.7. M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham (1974)
Hackman v Oldham (1974) xy dng m hnh ny nhm xc nh cch thit k

cng vic sao cho ngi lao ng c c ng lc lm vic ngay t bn trong h
cng nh to c s tha mn cng vic ni chung v to c hiu qu cng vic
tt nht. xy dng c thit k cng vic nh th, theo hai nh nghin cu ny,
cng vic trc ht phi s dng nhiu k nng khc nhau, ngi nhn vin phi
nm r cng vic t u n cui v cng vic phi c tm quan trng nht nh. Ba
iu ny s mng li ngha trong cng vic cho ngi lao ng cng nh mang li
s th v cho h. K n, cng vic phi cho php nhn vin thc hin mt s quyn
nht nh nhm to cho nhn vin cm nhn c trch nhim v kt qu cng vic
ca mnh. Cui cng, cng vic phi m bo c tnh phn hi t cp trn, ghi nhn
thnh tu ca nhn vin cng nh nhng gp , ph bnh nhm gip nhn vin lm
vic tt hn ln sau. N gip nhn vin bit c kt qu thc s ca cng vic
mnh lm.
M hnh ny c ngha ng dng i vi ti nghin cu ny, cc bin c im

cng vic s c a vo nh gi xem nhn t bn cht cng vic nh hng n
mc tha mn cng vic ni chung ca nhn vin vn phng nh th no.
Kha cnh Trng thi Kt qu mang li

cng vic tm l cho c nhn
ct li cn thit v cng vic
- K nng khc nhau.

- Hiu cng vic. Tri nghim s th v
- Tm quan trng trong cng vic
- ng lc lm vic ni ti cao
Tri nghim trch - Hiu sut cng vic cao
- Quyn quyt nh nhim i vi kt qu - S tha mn cng vic cao
cng vic - Ngh vic v thi vic thp
Nhn thc v kt qu
- Phn hi thc s ca cng vic
Nhu cu pht trin ca

nhn vin
Hnh 2.5 M hnh c im cng vic ca Hackman & Oldham

(Ngun: Hackman & Oldham, 1974 ) [17]
2.2.2.8. Cc nguyn nhn dn n s tha mn trong cng vic
Theo Kreitner & Kinicki (2007) v Alam & Kamal (2006) c nm nguyn nhn dn
n tha mn cng vic. Th nht l s p ng v cc nhu cu. Cc nhu cu ny
khng ch dng li cc nhu cu hon thnh tt cng vic m phi bao gm c

cc nhu cu c nhn v gia nh ca nhn vin.
Nhn t th hai dn n s tha mn cng vic l mc gia nhng mong i

ca nhn vin v nhng g h c c t cng ty. Khi mong i vt xa thc t
nhn c, nhn vin s c cm gic bt mn. Ngc li nu nhn vin nhn c
nhiu th vt xa mong i ca h th s dn n s tha mn rt cao.
Nguyn nhn th ba ca s tha mn trong cng vic n t vic nhn thc ca c

nhn v gi tr cng vic. Nh vy, mt nhn vin s tha mn khi cng vic mang
li cho anh ta mt gi tr quan trng mang tnh c nhn no . tng cng s
tha mn cho nhn vin, nh qun l cn xy dng mi trng lm vic tt vi ch
ng v cng nhn s ng gp ca nhn vin.
S cng bng l nhn t th t dn n s tha mn. Nhn vin s so snh cng sc

h b ra v thnh tu h t c vi cng sc v thnh tu ca ngi khc. Nu
h cm thy mnh c i x cng bng th h s c c s tha mn.
Nhn t di truyn c xem l nhn t cui cng nh hng n s tha mn. Nu

nh bn nhn t trn ngi s dng lao ng c th tc ng t nhiu n chng
th i vi nhn t ny, h hu nh khng th tc ng c. Do c im di truyn
hay do c tnh ca mi con ngi khc nhau m cng mt nng lc v s i ng
nh nhau nhng hai ngi vi c tnh khc nhau s c mc tha mn khc nhau.
T cc hc thuyt trn, ta thy rng cc nh nghin cu khc nhau c ci nhn khc

nhau v cc nhn t mang li s tha mn cng vic. Tuy nhin, qua cc hc thuyt
trn, ta thy c im chung ca cc tc gi t cc hc thuyt ny. Tt c h u
cho rng mang li s tha mn cng vic th nh qun l cn phi mang li s
tha mn nhu cu no ca ngi nhn vin. i vi Maslow v Alderfer th nhu
cu l nhu cu c sng, n no mc m, c an ton, c giao kt bn b,
c tn trng v t th hin mnh, v.v. S phn chia nhm v cp bc ca cc nhu
cu ca hai ng l khc nhau nhng cc loi nhu cu l tng ng nhau.

McClelland th nhc nh chng ta v nhu cu v thnh tu v quyn lc ca con
ngi, nhng th m nhiu ngi n lc ht sc t c n. Herzberg th a
ra hai nhm nhn t l nhm loi b s bt mn v nhm mang n s tha mn
nhng mc tiu cui cng cng l tha mn nhu cu ca ngi lao ng. Vroom th
li cho rng ng lc ca ngi lao ng ph thuc vo nhn thc ca h i vi n
lc, kt qu v phn thng nhng cui cng th ci m ngi nhn vin quan tm
cng l phn thng c ph hp vi mc tiu (nhu cu) ca h hay khng. Adam
th nhn mnh n nhu cu i hi v s i x cng bng ca ngi qun l i
vi ngi nhn vin cp di. Cn Hackman v Oldham th cho rng nhn vin i
hi cng vic ca h cn c thit k mt cch khoa hc hp l mi c th c
c s tha mn trong cng vic.
2.3. Cc nghin cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic

Cc hc thuyt lin quan n s tha mn cng vic nu trn c cc nh
nghin cu sau ny xem xt, ng dng v tin hnh nghin cu xc nh v kim
nh cc nhn t no thc s nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca ngi lao
ng. Sau y chng ta hy im qua mt s nghin cu ny.
Cc nh nghin cu Smith, Kendall v Hulin (1969) ca trng i hc Cornell

xy dng cc ch s m t cng vic (JDI) nh gi mc tha mn cng vic
ca mt ngi thng qua cc nhn t l bn cht cng vic, tin lng, thng tin,
ng nghip, v s gim st ca cp trn. Cn cc nh nghin cu Weiss v ng
nghip (1967) ca trng i hc Minnesota th a ra cc tiu ch o lng s
tha mn cng vic thng qua Bng cu hi tha mn Minnesota (MSQ) trong
c cc cu hi v kh nng s dng nng lc bn thn, thnh tu, tin b, thm
quyn, chnh sch cng ty, i ng, ng nghip, sng to, s c lp, gi tr o
c, s tha nhn, trch nhim, s m bo, a v x hi, s gim st ca cp trn,
iu kin lm vic, v.v... C th thy JDI v MSQ l cc ch s v tiu ch nh gi
s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin c s dng nhiu trong cc nghin cu v

s tha mn cng vic.
Boeve (2007) tin hnh cuc nghin cu s tha mn cng vic ca cc ging
vin khoa o to tr l bc s cc trng y ti M trn c s s dng l thuyt
hai nhn t ca Herzberg v ch s m t cng vic ca Smith, Kendall & Hulin.
Theo , nhn t s tha mn cng vic c chia lm hai nhm: nhm nhn t ni
ti gm bn cht cng vic v c hi pht trin thng tin v nhm nhn t bn
ngoi gm lng, s h tr ca cp trn v mi quan h vi ng nghip. Mc ch
ca nghin cu ny l kim nh tnh ng n ca c hai l thuyt trn. Trong
nghin cu ny ca Boeve, cc thng k mang tnh nh lng c p dng nh
h s alpha ca Cronbach, h s tng quan Spearman v hi quy tuyn tnh.
Kt qu phn tch tng quan ca nm nhn t trong JDI i vi s tha mn cng

vic ni chung cho thy nhn t bn cht cng vic, mi quan h vi ng
nghip v c hi pht trin l c tng quan mnh nht vi s tha mn cng vic
trong khi s h tr ca cp trn v lng bng c tng quan yu i vi s tha
mn cng vic ca cc ging vin. Phn tch hi quy cho thy ngoi bn nhn t
l bn cht cng vic, mi quan h vi ng nghip, c hi pht trin v s h tr
ca cp trn, thi gian cng tc ti khoa cng nh hng n s tha mn ca ging
vin (cng gn b lu di vi khoa cng cm thy tha mn cng vic). iu ny
cng l gii s tha mn cng vic trong nghin cu ny li ln hn s tha mn
ca tng nhn t ca JDI. R rng ngoi cc nhn t c cp trong JDI cn c
cc nhn t khc nh hng n s tha mn trong cng vic v thi gian cng tc
l mt trong cc nhn t . Thi gian cng tc c nh hng n s tha mn cng
vic trong trng hp ny l do tnh c th ca cng vic ti khoa ging dy ny.
Trong cc nhn t nh hng c xt trong nghin cu ny th bn cht cng vic
l nhn t nh hng mnh nht n s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Qua nghin
cu ca mnh, Boeve cng kim nh tnh ng n ca l thuyt ca Herzberg
v ch s m t cng vic JDI.
Luddy (2005) s dng ch s m t cng vic JDI tm hiu s tha mn cng

vic ca ngi lao ng Vin y t cng cng Western Cape, Nam Phi. Luddy
kho st s tha mn nm kha cnh tha mn trong cng vic, l thu nhp,
thng tin, s gim st ca cp trn, ng nghip v bn cht cng vic. Kt qu
cho thy rng ngi lao ng Vin y t cng cng Western Cape hi lng vi
ng nghip ca h hn ht, k n l bn cht cng vic v s gim st ca cp
trn. C hi thng tin v tin lng l hai nhn t m ngi lao ng y cm
thy bt mn. Ngoi ra, chng loi ngh nghip, chng tc, gii tnh, trnh hc
vn, thm nin cng tc, tui, thu nhp v v tr cng vic cng c nh hng
ng k n s tha mn cng vic.
Mc d kt qu nghin cu ny ca Luddy cho rng c nm nhn t bn cht cng

vic, s i ng, s gim st ca cp trn, thng tin v ng nghip u c lin
quan n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin (vi s lng mu l 203), ng cho
rng cc nghin cu tng lai cn c thc hin xa hn nhm khng nh mi
quan h ny. Mt c im ng lu trong nghin cu ny ca Luddy l ng c
gng chia cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic thnh hai nhm nhn t.
Nhm th nht l cc nhn t c nhn gm chng tc, gii tnh, trnh hc vn,
thm nin cng tc, tui tc v tnh trng hn nhn. Nhm nhn t th hai ng gi
l nhn t t chc gm bn cht cng vic, s i ng/ tin lng, s gim st ca
cp trn, c hi thng tin v v tr cng vic.
(Cheng-Kuang Hsu, 1977) s dng ch s m t cng vic JDI ca Smith

v ng nghip tin hnh nghin cu s tha mn cng vic ca cng nhn nh
my dt i Loan. Kt qu cho thy rng cc ch s JDI phn nh c s tha
mn cng vic ca cng nhn ti y. Trong chn nhn t c nhn th c bn nhn t
(gii tnh, tui, trnh hc vn v kin ca gia nh v cng vic) c mi quan
h nht nh vi s tha mn cng vic. Trong tm nhn t t chc th c n su
nhn t (bn cht cng vic, v tr cng tc, chnh sch cng ty, s cng nhn ca t
chc, cm gic v thi gian rnh vic v nh mun b vic) nh hng nhiu n
s tha mn cng vic.
Nghin cu ca Hsu cng a ra mt s kt qu c ch i vi cc nh qun l nhn

s i vi ngnh dt i Loan. i vi cc nhn t c nhn nh gii tnh th n
hi lng nht i vi lng ca mnh trong khi nam li hi lng nht v c im
cng vic v mi quan h vi cc ng nghip. tui 21-25 l tui c tha
mn cng vic cao nht. Ngi cha kt hn tha mn v lng, thng tin v mi
quan h vi cp trn nhiu hn trong khi ngi kt hn th hi lng vi cng vic
v ng nghip nhiu hn. Cng nhn n t nng thn th hi lng nhiu hn so
vi cng nhn n t thnh th. i vi nhn t t chc nh bn cht cng vic th
kt qu nghin cu ny cho thy cng nhn c mc tha mn khc nhau i vi cc
c tnh cng vic khc nhau. V tr cng tc cng nh hng n mc tha mn,
cng nhn v tr cng cao th s tha mn cng cao, v.v.
Worrell (2004) s dng phin bn MSQ c iu chnh nm 1977 (bng cu

hi ngn - 20 cu hi) tin hnh nghin cu ca mnh v s tha mn cng vic
ca chuyn vin tm l trng hc. Kt qu nghin cu ca ng ch ra rng 90%
cc bc s tm l trng hc M tha mn hoc rt tha mn vi cng vic ca h.
Nghin cu cng cho thy rng s tha mn ni chung ny tng dn theo thi
gian so vi nm 1982 v 1992. Ngi tr li bng cu hi nghin cu cng c
nh tip tc gn b vi v tr cng tc ca h t nht nm nm. C hi thng tin
tip tc l nhn t to ra s bt mn nhng n li khng phi l nhn t quan trng
nh hng n s bt mn ca chuyn vin tm l trng hc. H vn cn bt mn
vi cc chnh sch v qui trnh thc hin cng vic. nh tip tc gn b vi cng
vic v giy chng nhn ngh nghip l hai nhn t thc s nh hng n s tha
mn cng vic.
Sweeney (2000) nghin cu v tm hiu s tha mn cng vic ca cc chuyn

vin chng trnh h tr nhn vin ca Hip hi cc chuyn gia h tr nhn vin
M. Nghin cu s dng bng cu hi MSQ ca Weiss thu thp thng tin v

kho st s tha mn ca cc chuyn vin ny. Nhn chung cc chuyn vin u hi
lng vi cng vic ca mnh. Cc chuyn vin lm vic bn ngoi tc cc t chc
h cung cp dch v th tha mn vi cng vic nhiu hn so vi cc chuyn vin
lm vic ti hip hi. Cc nhn t nh tui tc, gii tnh, chng tc, cng vic c
lin quan n nng nghip hay khng, s chng nhn ca nh nc u khng c
nh hng ng k n s tha mn cng vic ca h. Sweeney cng a ra mt s
kin ngh nh m thm cc knh thng tin phc v cho vn thng tin ngh
nghip v chnh sch ca t chc, s mt cng bng gii tnh l ro cn ca s tha
mn cng vic v bng thc s l hc v cn thit cho nhng chuyn vin ny.
Schjoedt (2005) thc hin nghin cu cc nhn t gy nn s tha mn cng vic

ca cc ch doanh nghip nh trn c s cc nghin cu trc cho thy cc ch
doanh nghip u rt hi lng vi cng vic ca h. Nh nghin cu ny s dng
cng lc ba m hnh: Job Characteristics Model (JCM) ca Hackman & Oldman
(1980), Big Five ca Goldberg, v Person-Environment Fit (P-E fit) ca Chatman
v Spokan. Trong , m hnh JCM cho rng s tha mn cng vic ph thuc v
vic thit k cng vic, m hnh Big Five cho rng mc tha mn cng vic ph
thuc rt nhiu vo bn tnh ca chnh con ngi, cn m hnh P-E fit th cho rng
ngi lao ng ch t c s tha mn khi h thc s ha hp vi mi trng
mnh ang cng tc. Kt qu nghin cu ca Schjoedt cho thy m hnh P-E fit l
ph hp nht trong vic gii s tha mn cng vic ca cc ch doanh nghip nh
M.
Vit Nam, TS. Trn Kim Dung (2005) thc hin nghin cu o lng mc
tha mn cng vic trong iu kin ca Vit Nam bng cch s dng Ch s m t
cng vic (JDI) ca Smith v ng nghip. Tuy nhin, ngoi nm nhn t c
ngh trong JDI, tc gi a thm hai nhn t na l phc li cng ty v iu kin
lm vic ph hp vi tnh hnh c th ca Vit Nam. Mc tiu chnh ca nghin
cu ny nhm kim nh gi tr cc thang o JDI cng nh l xc nh cc nhn t

nh hng nh th no n mc tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin Vit Nam.
Thang o Likert by mc , phn tch nhn t (EFA) v phn tch nhn t khng
nh (CFA) c s dng. Mt nhc im ca nghin cu ny l c im ca
mu nghin cu, i tng tr li bng cu hi nghin cu l nhn vin ang thc
hin cc kha hc bui ti ti trng i hc Kinh t TP.HCM. H c nh gi
l nhng ngi c nh hng hc hnh ln nh hng v tng li nhiu hn, h
cng c nh gi l ngi c nhu cu phi vt cht cao hn nhu cu vt cht. Kt
qu cng cho thy nhn t bn cht cng vic v c hi c o to thng tin
c nh gi l quan trng nht i vi s tha mn cng vic ca i tng kho
st. Do vy kt qu nghin cu c th phn nh cha ng thi ca ton b nhn
vin ti TP. HCM cng nh ti Vit Nam.
Nh vy, im qua cc nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic cc lnh vc cng

nh cc quc gia khc nhau, ta c th thy Ch s m t cng vic JDI c
cc nh nghin cu s dng kh ph bin trong vic tm hiu mc tha mn
cng vic ca nhn vin cc lnh vc, quc gia khc nhau. Hu ht cc nghin cu
u kim nh c rng cc nhn t trong JDI phn nh c s tha mn cng
vic ca nhn vin, hoc nc ny hoc nc khc, hoc lnh vc ny hoc
lnh vc. khc. iu ny cng ni ln rng, s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin c
th s ph thuc vo nm nhn t chnh l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, thng tin,
cp trn, ng nghip v bn cht cng vic. y cng l nn tng cho vic xy
dng m hnh nghin cu cho ti ny.
2.4. M hnh nghin cu v ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s

tha mn cng vic
T c s cc hc thuyt v cc nghin cu lin quan, ti nghin cu ny tin
hnh xy dng m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh ban u vi bin ph thuc l s tha
mn cng vic, cn bin c lp l cc bin sau:
+ Thu nhp
+ o to v thng tin
+ Cp trn
+ ng nghip
+ c im cng vic
+ iu kin lm vic
+ Phc li cng ty
Nm bin c lp u tin c ly t Ch s m t cng vic JDI mc d tn gi

khng ging hon ton nhng ni dung kh tng ng. Vic c tn li cho cc
nhn t (bin) ny da trn kh nng bao qut ni dung ca n. Ring hai bin c
lp sau c thm vo trn c s xem xt tnh hnh c th ca nhn vin Vit
Nam cng nh mt s cc nghin cu c lin quan cp n s nh hng ca
iu kin lm vic v phc li ca cng ty ln s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin
Vit Nam.
Cc nhn t hay bin c ly t ch s JDI v cc nghin cu trc y, nhng ni

dung ca cc nhn t ny cng nh nhng kha cnh (ch s) no cu thnh nn n
s c xem xt da trn cc nh ngha ca chnh nhn t v cc nghin cu
lin quan. y cng l c s xy dng cc bin quan st di dng cc cu hi
trong bng cu hi nghin cu ca ti ny.
2.4.1. nh ngha cc nhn t
nh ngha cc nhn t sau y (tr c im cng vic) c ly t t in

Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary (2000) v Oxford Dictionary of Business
English (1998).
Thu nhp (Income): l s tin m c nhn, t chc, khu vc, quc gia, v.v. c c
t vic lm, t vic u t, t vic kinh doanh, v.v. Trong ng ngha ca ti
nghin cu ny th thu nhp l s tin m c nhn c c t vic lm cng cho mt
doanh nghip, t chc no , thu nhp ny khng bao gm cc khon thu nhp khi
h lm cng vic khc (khng lin quan n doanh nghip, t chc h ang lm
thu). Theo , khon thu nhp ny s bao gm cc khon lng c bn, cc khon
tr cp (nu c), cc loi thng bao gm c thng nh k v thng khng nh

k, hoa hng (nu c) v li ch bng tin khc pht sinh trc tip t cng vic
chnh hin ti.
Ring cc khon bo him x hi, bo him y t v cc loi bo him khc m cng

ty ng cho nhn vin c qui vo phc li cng ty nn khng c a vo
nhn t thu nhp.
o to v thng tin
o to (Training): l qu trnh hc hi nhng k nng cn thit thc hin mt

cng vic c th. Thng tin (Promotion): l vic di chuyn ln v tr hoc cng vic
quan trng hn trong mt cng ty. o to trong ti ny c nhm chung vi
thng tin do o to thng nhm mc ch cui cng l thng tin hoc nng cao
kh nng, hiu qu lm vic ca nhn vin.
o to c Schmidt (2007) nh gi cao tm quan trng ca n trong cng ty.

Kt qu nghin cu ca ng cho thy s tha mn i vi o to trong cng
vic c quan h r rt vi s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Trong ti ny, ta s
kho st mc tha mn v o to trong cng vic ca nhn vin cc kha cnh
nh o to c k nng hon thnh tt cng vic, o to c nng cao
kin thc v k nng lm vic, cc chng trnh o to ca cng ty ang p dng.
Cp trn (Supurior): l ngi v tr cao hn trong mt cng ty hay t chc. Trong

ng ngha ca ti ny th cp trn l ngi qun l trc tip nhn vin cp di.
S tha mn cng vic mang li t nhng yu t mi quan h gia cp trn vi

nhn vin cp di ca mnh bao gm s d giao tip vi cp trn (Ehlers, 2003),
s h tr khi cn thit (Wesley & Muthuswamy, 2008) v s quan tm ca cp trn
(Bellingham, 2004), s bo v nhn vin khi cn thit (Linden & Maslyn, 1998,
c trch bi Dionne, 2000), nng lc ca cp trn, s t do thc hin cng vic
ca cp di (Weiss et al,1967), ), s ghi nhn s ng gp ca nhn vin, s i

x cng bng i vi cp di (Warren, 2008).
ng nghip (Colleague): l ngi bn lm vic cng vi nhau. Trong ng ngha

ca ti ny th ng nghip l ngi cng lm trong mt doanh nghip vi bn,
l ngi m bn thng xuyn trao i, chia s vi nhau v cng vic.
i vi phn ln cc cng vic th thi gian mi nhn vin lm vic vi ng

nghip ca mnh l nhiu hn so vi thi gian lm vic vi cp trn. Do vy, cng
nh mi quan h vi cp trn, mi quan h ca nhn vin vi ng nghip cng nh
hng n s tha mn trong cng vic. Tng t mi quan h vi cp trn, nhn
vin cn c c s h tr gip ca ng nghip khi cn thit, tm thy s thoi
mi thn thin khi lm vic vi ng nghip (Hill, 2008). ng thi, nhn vin phi
tm thy ng nghip ca mnh tn tm vi cng vic t c kt qu tt nht
(Bellingham, 2004). Cui cng, ng nghip cn phi l ngi ng tin cy (Chami
& Fullenkamp 2002).
c im cng vic (Job characteristics): theo nh m hnh c im cng vic ca

R. Hackman v G. Oldman (1974) th mt cng vic s mang n nhn vin s tha
mn chung v to c hiu qu cng vic tt nu thit k cng vic tha mn
cc c im sau: s dng cc k nng khc nhau, nhn vin nm r u ui cng
vic v cng vic c tm quan trng nht nh i vi hot ng sn xut kinh
doanh ni chung ca doanh nghip; cng vic cho php nhn vin thc hin mt
s quyn nht nh hon tt cng vic ca mnh v nhn vin s chu trch nhim
i vi cc quyt nh ca mnh; cng vic phi c c ch phn hi nh gi ca
cp trn i vi nhng g nhn vin lm rt kinh nghim cho ln sau. Ngoi ra,
c c s tha mn ngi nhn vin rt cn c lm cng vic ph hp vi
nng lc ca h (Weiss et al., 1967; Bellingham, 2004).
iu kin lm vic (Working Condition): l tnh trng ca ni m ngi lao ng

lm vic. i vi ti nghin cu ny iu kin lm vic l cc nhn t nh hng
n sc khe v s tin li ca ngi lao ng khi lm vic, bao gm thi gian lm

vic ph hp (Skalli v ng nghip 2007), s an ton thoi mi ni lm vic
(Durst, 1997), c trang thit b cn thit cho cng vic (Bellingham, 2004) v
thi gian b ra cho vic i li t nh n cng ty (Isacsson, 2008).
Phc li (Benefit): l nhng li ch m mt ngi c c t cng ty ca mnh

ngoi khon tin m ngi kim c. Theo Artz (2008) phc li c vai tr quan
trng trong vic xc nh mc tha mn cng vic. Theo ng, phc li nh hng
n s tha mn cng vic. Th nht, phc li l b phn cu thnh nn phn th
lao m cng ty tr cho ngi nhn vin, m phn th lao ny nh hng n s tha
mn cng vic. Th hai, phc li i lc c tc dng thay th tin lng.
Vit Nam, cc phc li m ngi nhn vin quan tm nht bao gm bo him x
hi, bo him y t, c ngh php theo lut nh, c ngh bnh v vic ring khi
c nhu cu, c cng on bo v li ch hp php ca nhn vin, c i du lch
hng nm, c lm n nh lu di ti cng ty (khng s mt vic), c cng ty
h tr mua nh, c quyn mua c phn cng ty vi gi u i, v.v.
iu kin lm vic v phc li l hai nhn t c thm vo cng vi nm nhn t

ca JDI ca Smith v ng tc gi trn c s xem xt tnh hnh c th ca Vit Nam
v cc nghin cu c lin quan v nh hng ca hai nhn t ny i vi s tha
mn cng vic.
2.4.2. M hnh nghin cu
Vi c s l thuyt nh trn, ta c th tm tt m hnh nghin cu ban u nh sau:

Thu nhp
o to v thng tin
Cp trn
S tha mn cng vic
ng nghip
c im cng vic
iu kin lm vic
Phc li
Hnh 2.6 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh ban u
2.4.3. Ch s nh gi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic
T cc nh ngha v cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic trn, cc ch s nh

gi cho tng nhn t c xy dng nh Bng 2-1 bn di.
Bng 2-1 Cc ch s cu thnh cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic
Nhn t Ch s cu thnh
Lng
Thng
Thu nhp
Tr cp
S phn phi thu nhp cng bng
o to cho nhn vin k nng cn thit cho cng vic
To iu kin cho nhn vin hc tp
o to thng tin
Chng trnh o to ca cng ty
C hi thng tin cho ngi c nng lc
Giao tip vi cp trn
S h tr ng vin ca cp trn
S quan tm ca cp trn
Cp trn ghi nhn s ng gp ca nhn vin
Cp trn
Cp trn bo v nhn vin trc ngi khc
Nng lc ca cp trn
S y quyn ca cp trn
Cp trn i x cng bng vi nhn vin
S h tr ca ng nghip
S thn thin ha ng ca ng nghip
ng nghip
S tn tm trong cng vic ca ng nghip
ng nghip ng tin cy
Nhn t Ch s cu thnh
Cng vic s dng nhiu k nng
Hiu r cng vic
Tm quan trng ca cng vic
c im cng vic
Quyn quyt nh trong cng vic
S phn hi v gp ca cp trn
Cng vic ph hp vi nng lc
Thi gian lm vic
Lm thm gi
iu kin lm vic Phng tin, my mc thit b cho cng vic y
Ni lm vic an ton thoi mi
Thi gian i li t nh n c quan
Bo him x hi, bo him y t
Ngh php, ngh bnh
Du lch ngh dng
Phc li cng ty
H tr ca cng on
S m bo ca cng vic
Phc li khc
2.5. Tm tt
T cc l thuyt v s tha mn cng vic, cc nghin cu lin quan n s tha
mn cng vic m hnh hi qui tuyn tnh ban u c xy dng vi bin ph
thuc l s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM cn by bin
c lp ln lt l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, s tha mn i vi o to thng
tin, s tha mn i vi cp trn, s tha mn i vi ng nghip, s tha mn
i vi c im cng vic, s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic v s tha mn
i vi phc li cng ty. T cc nh ngha v cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng
vic cng vi cc nghin cu lin quan, ta cng xy dng c tng cng 37 ch s
(kha cnh/ bin quan st) cu thnh o lng s tha mn tng nhn t nh
hng n s tha mn cng vic.
Chng 3: Phng php nghin cu 28
CHNG 3: PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Tip theo hai chng trc, chng ny s gii thiu v phng php nghin cu
vi hai phn l thit k nghin cu v k thut phn tch d liu thng k. Phn thit
k nghin cu s gii thiu v cch xy dng thang o, cch thc chn mu, cng
c thu thp thng tin kho st v qu trnh tin hnh thu thp thng tin. Phn k
thut phn tch d liu thng k s gii thiu cch thc kim nh tin cy ca
thang o bng xc nh cronbachs alpha, phn tch nhn t, thng k suy din vi
kim nh s bng nhau ca cc tng th con v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh.
3.1. Thit k nghin cu

Trong phn thit k nghin cu ny ta s cp n thang o c s dng, tin
cy v ph hp ca thang o, cch thc chn mu, cng c dng thu thp
thng tin, qui trnh thu thp v x l thng tin.
Sau khi xc nh c m hnh nghin cu cng nh cc bin quan st ca cc

nhn t, bc tip theo l la chn thang o cho cc bin. Thang o c s dng
trong nghin cu ny l thang o Likert nm mc cho tt c cc bin quan st,
bin c lp ln bin ph thuc.
Cng vic tip theo l xc nh mu cho nghin cu ny. Phng php chn mu
phi xc sut thun tin c s dng vi quy m mu l khong 200 nh c
trnh by phn Chn mu ca chng ny.
Bc tip theo l la chn cng c thu thp thng tin cn nghin cu. Bng cu
hi t tr li c s dng thu thp thng tin. Ni dung cc cu hi trong bng
cu hi c trnh by phn Cng c thu thp thng tin Bng cu hi ca
chng ny.
Sau khi xy dng c bng cu hi, xc nh c s lng mu cn thu thp,

bng cu hi c gi i thu thp thng tin. Thng tin thu thp c s c
x l cho ra kt qu di dng cc s liu thng k. Thng k suy din s c s
dng th hin kt qu nghin cu.
Sau y, chng ta s xem xt chi tit cch la chn thang o, chn mu, chn cng
c thu thp thng tin v qu trnh thu thp thng tin v x l s liu thng k.
3.1.1. Thang o
ti ny nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng, y l

mt dng nghin cu thi ca con ngi v mt kha cnh no trong cuc
sng. xem xt nh gi c thi ca ngi tr li, trong trng hp ny l
s tha mn cng vic th ngi nghin cu c th la chn hai dng cu hi trong
bng cu hi ca mnh. Dng cu hi u tin l cu hi dng m, ngha l ngi
tr li c th ty theo kin ca mnh m tr li v cm nhn ca h v s tha
mn cng vic ca h. Dng cu hi th hai l dng cu hi ng, ngha l ngi
thit k bng cu hi s a ra lun nhng la chn tr li vi cc tuyn b v thi
ca ngi tr li nh hon ton ng , ng , khng chc, khng ng , hon
ton khng ng .
V d thay v hi cu hi di dng v m Anh/ ch cm thy lng ca mnh nhn

c t cng ty nh th no? th ta c th hi cu hi di dng ng Mc lng
ca anh/ch hin nay l ph hp vi nng lc v ng gp ca anh/ ch i vi cng
ty km theo nm la chn tr li l: hon ton ng , ng , khng kin,
khng ng v hon ton khng ng . Vi dng cu hi u tin, chng ta s
nhn c cc cu tr li khc nhau v hu nh l mi ngi tr li mt cch. iu
ny khin ta khng kim sot c cu tr li ca h v cng kh c th lng ha
hay rt ra c mt kt lun chung v vn mc lng ca h. Vi dng cu hi
th hai v vi cu tr li c sn, khi nhn c cu tr li chng ta s thy c r
hn v nh gi ca ngi tr li i vi mc lng ca h hin nay.
Nh vy s dng cu hi ng trong nghin cu thi ni chung l thun li hn.

Ngoi ra, v mt trong nhng mc tiu ca ti ny l tm hiu, xc nh mc
tha mn cng vic nn vic s dng cu hi dng ng vi cc la chn tr li
dng thang o Likert l ph hp nht. Vi cu tr li ca ngi tr li di dng
thang o ny, ta s thy c s tha mn cng vic ca ngi nhn vin tng
kha cnh, tng nhn t trong cng vic mc tha mn hay khng tha mn v
mc nhiu hay t (i vi Likert nm v by mc ). ng thi, v thang o
Likert l thang o khong nn ta c th s dng s liu thu thp c x l, phn
tch nh lng xc nh mi quan h tng quan, quan h tuyn tnh gia cc
bin ni chung, cng nh gia cc bin c lp v bin ph thuc.
Tuy nhin m bo tnh ph hp ca thang o, theo Kumar (2005) cn gii quyt

hai vn sau:
- Ai l ngi quyt nh thang o no c s dng o lng ci cn o?
- Lm th no bit c mt cng c no ph hp dng c ci cn o?
Cu tr li cho cu hi th nht chnh l cc nh nghin cu chuyn gia trong lnh

vc lin quan. i vi ti ny l cc nh nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic.
l Smith, Kendall v Hullin, nhng ngi dng thang o Likert o lng
s tha mn cng vic ca ngi lao ng nm nhn t gm bn cht cng vic,
tin lng, thng tin, ng nghip, v s gim st ca cp trn. ti nghin cu
ny v c bn cng s dng thang o Likert o lng s tha mn cng vic ca
nhn vin. Tuy nhin, mt s nhn t c thay i cht t v tn gi cng nh ni
dung. Nhn t tin lng c i thnh thu nhp, nhn t thng tin c i
thnh o to thng tin. Vic ly tn mi trn nhm m rng v bao qut ha cc
nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic. Ngoi ra, trn c s nghin cu ca cc chuyn
gia v cc nh nghin cu khc trong lnh vc ny v xem xt tnh hnh c th
Vit Nam, hai nhn t khc cng theo thang o Likert l iu kin lm vic v phc
li cng ty c thm vo xem xt v kim nh tnh ph hp ca n.
Cu hi th hai rt quan trng, c hai phng php to dng nn tnh ph hp

ca mt cng c nghin cu, l dng lp lun logic v dng bng chng thng k.
R rng dng phng php th hai th thuyt phc hn. Trong thc t t cc nghin
cu lin quan n s tha mn cng vic th thang o Likert c cc nh nghin
cu s dng rng ri v tha nhn tnh ph hp ca n.
V tin cy ca cng c o lng, h s alpha ca Cronbach s c s dng

kim nh tin cy ca cc bin (cu hi) c s dng trong bng cu hi. Ngoi
ra, phn tch nhn t cng c tin hnh kim nh tnh n kha cnh ca cc
cu hi trong nhm thuc tng kha cnh (nhn t).
Bng 3-1 Cc thang o c s dng trong bng cu hi nghin cu

Nhn t Bin Thang o
Thng tin c nhn
H tn nh danh
Email nh danh
Gii tnh nh danh
Thng tin phn loi nhn Nm sinh T l
vin Thi gian bt u lm vic T l
Trnh hc vn Cp bc
V tr cng vic Cp bc
Loi hnh doanh nghip nh danh
Thng tin v s tha mn tng kha cnh chi tit trong cng vic
Cc ch s nh gi v thu nhp
Cc ch s nh gi v o to thng tin
nh gi chi tit v mc Cc ch s nh gi v cp trn
tha mn tng kha Cc ch s nh gi v ng nghip Likert 5 mc
cnh ca cng vic Cc ch s nh gi v c im cng vic
Cc ch s nh gi v iu kin lm vic
Cc ch s nh gi v phc li cng ty
Thng tin v s tha mn ca tng nhn t
Hi lng v thu nhp
Hi lng v o to thng tin
Hi lng v cp trn
nh gi chung v mc
Hi lng v ng nghip Likert 5 mc
tha mn cng vic
Hi lng v c im cng vic
Hi lng v iu kin lm vic
Hi lng v phc li cng ty
3.1.2. Chn mu
3.1.2.1. Tng th
Tng th ca kho st ny l ton b nhn vin vn phng lm vic ti TP.HCM.

Nh nh ngha phn m u ca ti, nhn vin vn phng trong nghin cu
ny s bao gm ton b nhng ngi lm vic n lng, tc khng phi lm ch
doanh nghip, hu ht thi gian lm vic ca h l trong vn phng, ni cng tc
c th l cc t chc, cng ty, chi nhnh, vn phng i din, phng giao dch, v.v.
t ti TP.HCM. Nh vy, tng th ca kho st ny l tt c nhng ngi tha
ba c im l nhn vin vn phng, lm cng n lng v ni lm vic l TP.HCM.
3.1.2.2. Phng php chn mu
t c cc mc tiu nghin cu ra phn m u ca ti, thit k

chn phi xc sut vi hnh thc chn mu ngu nhin thun li c s dng v
c xem l hp l tin hnh nghin cu ti ny. L do la chn phng
php chn mu ny v ngi tr li d tip cn, h sn sng tr li bng cu hi
nghin cu cng nh t tn km v thi gian v chi ph thu thp thng tin cn
nghin cu.
Theo Cooper v Schindler (1998), l do quan trng khin ngi ta s dng phng
php chn mu phi xc sut l tnh tit kim v chi ph v thi gian. V mt ny th
phng php chn mu phi xc sut vt tri so vi chn mu xc sut. Ngoi ra,
hai tc gi cng nhc nh rng chn mu xc sut khng phi lc no cng m bo
tnh chnh xc v trong mt s trng hp chn mu xc sut l khng th thc hin
c. Tuy nhin hai tc gi ny cng khng nh nhc im ln nht ca phng
php chn mu phi xc sut l s ch quan thin v trong qu trnh chn mu v s
lm mo m bin dng kt qu nghin cu. Gio s Tin s Nguyn Th Cnh (2007)
cho rng chn mu phi xc sut l d phc tho v thc hin nhng n c th cho
kt qu sai lch bt chp s phn on ca chng ta, do ngu nhin nn c th
chng khng i din cho tng th.
V y l nghin cu khm ph cng vi phn tch nh trn, phng php chn mu

phi xc sut vi hnh thc chn mu thun tin l ph hp nht. Cc bng cu hi
nghin cu s c gi trc tip n bn b, ngi quen tr li ng thi cng
nh nhng ngi ny gi cho bn b ca h tr li thm cho n khi t c s
lng mu cn thit.
3.1.2.3. Kch thc mu
Kch thc mu s ph thuc vo vic ta mun g t nhng d liu thu thp c v

mi quan h ta mun thit lp l g (Kumar, 2005). Vn nghin cu cng a dng
phc tp th mu nghin cu cng ln. Mt nguyn tc chung khc na l mu cng
ln th chnh xc ca cc kt qu nghin cu cng cao. Tuy nhin trn thc t th
vic la chn kch thc mu cn ph thuc vo mt yu t ht sc quan trng l
nng lc ti chnh v thi gian m nh nghin cu c th c c.
i vi ti ny, do cc gii hn v ti chnh v thi gian, kch thc mu s

c xc nh mc ti thiu cn thit nhng vn p ng c nhu cu ca cuc
nghin cu. Kch thc mu d kin ban u l 200.
Vic xc nh kch thc mu bao nhiu l ph hp vn cn nhiu tranh ci vi

nhiu quan im khc nhau. MacCallum v ng tc gi (1999) tm tt cc quan
im ca cc nh nghin cu trc v con s tuyt i mu ti thiu cn thit
cho phn tch nhn t. Trong , Gorsuch (1983) v Kline (1979) ngh con s
l 100 cn Guilford (1954) cho rng con s l 200. Comrey v Lee (1992) th
khng a ra mt con s c nh m a ra cc con s khc nhau vi cc nhn nh
tng ng: 100 = t, 200 = kh, 300 = tt, 500 = rt tt, 1000 hoc hn = tuyt vi.
Mt s nh nghin cu khc khng a ra con s c th v s mu cn thit m a

ra t l gia s mu cn thit v s tham s cn c lng. i vi phn tch nhn t,
kch thc mu s ph thuc vo s lng bin c a trong phn tch nhn t.
Gorsuch (1983, c trch bi MacClallum v ng tc gi 1999) cho rng s lng
mu cn gp 5 ln so vi s lng bin. Trong khi Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn

Mng Ngc (2005) cho rng t l l 4 hay 5. Trong ti ny c tt c 37 tham
s (bin quan st) cn tin hnh phn tch nhn t, v vy s mu ti thiu cn thit
l 37 x 5 = 185.
Nh vy, s lng mu 200 l chp nhn c i vi ti nghin cu ny.
3.1.3. Cng c thu thp thng tin - Bng cu hi
Bng cu hi t tr li c s dng thu thp thng tin cn nghin cu trong

ti ny. Vic s dng bng cu hi thu thp thng tin cn nghin cu c
nhng li ch sau (Ranjit Kumar, 2005):
- Tit kim chi ph, thi gian v ngun nhn lc;
- m bo c tnh n danh cao v ngi nghin cu v i tng kho st khng

cn phi gp mt nhau.
Ngoi ra, cng d thy rng vi cng c bng cu hi nghin cu chng ta c th c

c nhng thng tin cn thit t s lng ln ngi tr li mt cch nhanh chng
v hiu qu.
Tuy nhin theo Bless v ng tc gi (2006) th bng cu hi t tr li c mt s

hn ch nh sau:
- Trnh hc vn v s hiu bit ca ngi tr li i vi cc thut ng s dng

trong bng cu hi l khng bit trc c;
- T l tr li i vi cc bng cu hi l kh thp;
Sau khi xem xt nhu cu thu thp thng tin, nhng im mnh v im yu ca
cng c ny cng nh cng c thu thp thng tin m cc nghin cu lin quan s
dng, bng cu hi t tr li c thit k v s dng thu thp thng tin cn
thit. Bng cu hi ny cha ng mt s thng tin cn thit cho nghin cu nh

sau:
- Thng tin phn loi ngi tr li nh h tn, a ch th in t, gii tnh, nm

sinh, thi gian bt u cng tc ti cng ty hin ti, trnh hc vn, chc danh/ v
tr cng vic, loi hnh doanh nghip ang cng tc.
- Thng tin v s tha mn cng vic cc kha cnh c th c biu hin di

dng cc cu hi phn nh ch s nh gi tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic
gm thu nhp, o to v thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im tnh cht cng
vic, iu kin lm vic v chnh sch phc li.
- Thng tin v s tha mn cng vic ni chung.
Cc giai on thit k bng cu hi.
Bc 1: Da vo c s l thuyt v cc nghin cu lin quan trc y to nn

bng cu hi ban u.
Bc 2: Bng cu hi ban u c tham kho kin ca gio vin hng dn v

mt s i tng kho st iu chnh li cho ph hp v d hiu.
Bc 3: Bng cu hi c hon chnh v kho st th trc khi gi i kho st

chnh thc.
3.1.4. Qu trnh thu thp thng tin
Phn mm Forms Google Docs c s dng thit k bng cu hi trn

mng. Bng cu hi ny c gi trc tip hoc gin tip qua bn b n i
tng kho st.
Nhm m bo i tng kho st l ph hp i vi nghin cu ny, trong th

in t gi i v trn bng cu hi nghin c u c nhn mnh n cc c im
ca i tng kho st loi cc i tng khng ph hp.
Nhm o bo tnh bo mt ca ngi tr li, trn bng cu hi th hin cam kt

ch s dng thng tin cho mc ch nghin cu ca ti cng vi cam kt bo mt
thng tin cho ngi tr li. Ngoi ra, thng tin v h tn ca ngi tr li l ty
chn, c th cung cp hoc khng. Thng tin c dng truy tm ngun gc
ngi tr li l a ch th in t. a ch th in t ny cng c s dng
gi kt qu cuc kho st ny n nhng ngi tr li c nhu cu mun bit kt qu
ca cuc kho st.
Ngoi ra, cng nghin cu gii thiu v ti cng c nh km theo bng

cu hi phc v cho nhng ngi c nhu cu hiu r hn v ti cng nh ci
khi nim c s dng trong bng cu hi.
Th in t gi cho i tng tr li, bng cu hi trn mng c th tm thy

phn Ph lc ca lun vn ny.
Ngi tr li sau khi hon tt phn tr li bng cu hi trn Forms Google Docs
ch cn nhn nt Gi l thng tin tr li s c lu tr trn mng. Sau khi s
ngi tr li (kch thc mu) cn thit, bng cu hi c ng li v vic thu thp
thng tin kt thc.
Cui cng, d liu thng tin thu thp c c lu vo tp tin v phn mm x l

s liu thng k SPSS c s dng x l v phn tch s liu.
3.2. K thut phn tch d liu thng k

thc hin cng vic thng k v phn tch cc d liu thu thp c, phn mm
SPSS 15.0 c s dng kim nh tin cy ca thang o ln thc hin cc
thng k suy din.
3.2.1. Kim nh tin cy ca thang o
Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca ti ny l xy dng v kim nh tin cy ca

cc thang o ca tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic cng nh thang o s tha
mn cng vic ni chung. Hai cng c xc nh h s Cronbachs Alpha v phn
tch nhn t s gip chng ta thc hin mc tiu ny.
Cronbachs alpha s kim tra tin cy ca cc bin dng o lng tng nhn t
ca s tha mn cng vic. Nhng bin khng m bo tin cy s b loi khi
thang o v s khng xut hin phn phn tch nhn t.
Sau khi loi cc bin khng m bo tin cy, cc bin gi li s c xem xt

tnh ph hp thng qua phn tch nhn t EFA. Phn tch nhn t s tr li cu hi
liu cc bin (ch s) dng nh gi s tha mn cng vic c kt dnh cao
khng v chng c th gom gn li thnh mt s nhn t t hn xem xt khng.
3.2.2. Kim nh s bng nhau ca gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con
Trong ti ny cc thng k suy din sau y s c s dng:
- Kim nh xem gi tr gi trung bnh ca mu v s tha mn cng vic chung c

th suy rng ra tng th hay khng.
- Kim nh s ging nhau v trung bnh ca cc tng th con: C hay khng s

khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm nhn vin chia theo gii tnh,
tui, trnh , thi gian cng tc, v tr cng vic v loi hnh doanh nghip.
kim nh s bng nhau ca s tha mn cng vic ca cc tng th con chia

theo c im nht nh cc kim nh tham s v phi tham s c s dng. C
th kim nh s bng nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia nam v n phng
php kim nh Independent samples T-Test v kim nh Mann-Whitney c
s dng. Tng t, kim nh s bng nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia cc
tng th con chia theo tui, thi gian cng tc, trnh , v tr chc danh v loi
hnh doanh nghip, phng php kim nh ANOVA v Kruskal-Wallis c s

dng. Ngoi ra, Levene Test cng c thc hin trc nhm kim nh tnh
phn phi chun ca phng sai ca cc tng th con trc khi tin hnh kim nh
s bng nhau ca gi tr trung bnh.
3.2.3. H s tng quan v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh
Trc ht h s tng quan gia s tha mn cng vic chung vi cc nhn t ca

s tha mn s c xem xt. Tip n, phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh a bin bng
phng php bnh phng nh nht thng thng (Ordinal Least Squares OLS)
cng c thc hin, trong bin ph thuc l s tha mn cng vic ni chung,
bin c lp d kin s l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn,
ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic, v phc li cng ty.
Phng php la chn bin Enter c tin hnh. H s xc nh R2 iu chnh

c dng xc nh ph hp ca m hnh, kim nh F dng khng nh
kh nng m rng m hnh ny p dng cho tng th cng nh kim nh t bc
b gi thuyt cc h s hi quy ca tng th bng 0.
Cui cng, nhm m bo tin cy ca phng trnh hi quy c xy dng cui

cng l ph hp, mt lot cc d tm s vi phm ca gi nh cn thit trong hi quy
tuyn tnh cng c thc hin. Cc gi nh c kim nh trong phn ny gm
lin h tuyn tnh (dng biu phn tn Scatterplot), phng sai ca phn d
khng i (dng h s tng quan hng Spearman), phn phi chun ca phn d
(dng Histogram v Q-Q plot), tnh c lp ca phn d (dng i lng thng k
Durbin-Watson), hin tng a cng tuyn (tnh chp nhn Tolerance v h s
phng i VIF).
Chng 4: Kt qu nghin cu 39
CHNG 4: KT QU NGHIN CU
Tip theo chng Phng php nghin cu, chng ny s gii thiu v cc kt qu
nghin cu thng qua vic x l, phn tch d liu thu thp c. Nh trnh by
chng trc, kt qu nghin cu c gii thiu chng ny s gm ba phn
l m t mu, phn tch tin cy v ph hp ca thang o v thng k suy din.
Tuy nhin, trc khi c th x l cc d liu bng phn mm ng dng th cc d
liu thu thp cn c lc li, lm sch v m ha.
4.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp, lm sch v m ha

d liu
4.1.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp
Thi im bt u gi bng cu hi v nhn bng tr li c bt u t ngy 05

thng 12 nm 2008 v kt thc vo ngy 10 thng 02 nm 2009. Sau khi ng bng
cu hi trn mng, trc khi c i x l v phn tch, cc d liu c lc v
cc tr li khng ph hp b loi.
n ht ngy nhn tr li bng cu hi, c 210 tr li c mm Forms

Google Docs ghi nhn. Tuy nhin, bng mt thng ta cng c th loi b mt s
tr li khng ph hp. Tr li th 2 v 3 trng nhau vi cng 1 ngi tr li v
cng kt qu tr li nh nhau, do tr li th 2 b xa. Tng t tr li th 146 v
147 trng nhau ch chn tr li th 147. Tr li th 145, phn tr li cc cu hi
u tin hon ton khng chnh xc v khng th hin thin ch tr li bng cu hi
ny nn tr li ny b loi. i vi tr li th 157, sau khi tr li, ngi tr li c
thng bo li ngi l ch doanh nghip, nn tr li ny cng b loi. Cui cng
tr li th 140 cng b loi do s tr li khng hp l. Nh vy sao khi lc cc tr
li, ch cn li 205 tr li hp l a c vo x l v phn tch.
4.1.2. Lm sch d liu
Theo yu cu ca nghin cu ch cn nm sinh ca ngi tr li. Tuy nhin, c 2 tr

li ghi c ngy thng nm sinh. thng nht v d x l s liu, ngy thng s b
b i, ch gi li nm sinh.
V thi gian bt u cng tc ti cng ty hin ti, c 9 trng hp ch ghi nm bt

u cng tc m khng ghi thng theo nh yu cu. Cc trng hp ny s c
gii quyt bng cch s dng thng 6 (thng gia ca nm) l thng bt u lm
vic trong nm tng ng.
4.1.3. M ha d liu
Tui ca ngi tr li c phn thnh nhm tui thun li cho vic x l.

Trong , tui c chia lm 4 nhm tui: 22 n 24 tui (nhm 1), 25 n 29 tui
(nhm 2), 30 n 34 tui (nhm 3) v trn 35 tui (nhm 4). Thi gian cng tc
cng c chia li lm 3 nhm: di 1 nm (nhm 1) , t trn 1 n 3 nm (nhm 2)
v trn 3 nm (nhm 3).
4.2. M t mu
4.2.1. Kt cu mu theo cc c im
Trc ht chng ta s xem xt mu nghin cu ca chng ta c phn b nh th

no khi c chia theo gii tnh, tui, thi gian cng tc, trnh hc vn, chc
danh v loi hnh doanh nghip.
V gii tnh ca mu, c tng cng 79 i tng l nam tng ng vi 38.5% v

126 i tng l n tng ng vi 61.5%. V i tng kho st ca chng ta l
nhn vin vn phng nn t l chnh lch nh trn l chp nhn c. Trn thc t
chng ta c th thy c i tng nhn vin vn phng c t l n nhiu hn nam.
Nam
38.1%
N
61.9%
Hnh 4.1 Mu phn chia theo gii tnh
C cu tui ca mu c phn b nh sau: ngi nh nht tham gia kho st l 22

tui v ngi ln nht l 51 tui. tui trung bnh ca mu l 28.77 (mean) v
ngi tr li 29 tui l nhiu nht (mode). Nu phn chia tui theo nhm nh
trnh by theo phn m ha th ta c th thy nhm tui t 25 n 29 tui chim
nhiu nht vi 114 ngi (55.6%), k n l nhm t 30 n 34 tui c 50 ngi
(24.4%), t nht l nhm tui t 35 tui tr ln ch c 14 ngi (6.8%).
120
100
80
S ngi
60 114
40
50
20 27
14
0
tui 22-24 tui 25-29 tui 30-34 tui 35 tr
ln
tui
Hnh 4.2 Mu phn chia theo tui
Xt v thi gian cng tc th c ba nhm u c t l tng i ng u: di 1

nm 60 ngi, t 1 n 3 nm 81 ngi v trn 3 nm l 64 ngi. T l phn trm
tng ng l 29.3%, 39.5% v 31.2%. iu ny cng cho thy t l ngi tham gia
kho st ny c thi gian cng tc di 1 nm l kh cao.
90
80
70
60
S ngi
50
81
40
60 64
30
20
10
0
Di 1 nm T 1-3 nm Trn 3 nm
Thi gian cng tc
Hnh 4.3 Mu phn chia theo thi gian cng tc
Trnh hc vn ca mu ch yu tp trung v ngi c trnh i hc vi 158

ngi. Trnh sau i hc cng c 26 ngi. Trnh cao ng c 15 ngi v t
trung hc tr xung ch c 6 ngi. Chia theo v tr, chc danh th nhn vin tc
nghip c t l cao nht 60.0% tng ng 123 ngi trong khi v tr qun l cp cao
ch 2.0% (4 ngi).
160
140
120
100
S ngi
80 158
60
40
20 26
6 15
0
T trung Cao ng i hc Sau i
hc tr hc
xung
Trnh
Hnh 4.4 Mu phn chia theo trnh

140
120
100
S ngi
80
123
60
40
45
20 33
4
0
1 2 3 4
Chc danh
1. Nhn vin tc nghip
2. Trng nhm/ trng i
3. Trng ph phng/ k ton trng
4. Gim c/ Ph gim c/ Tng gim c/ Ph tng gim c
Hnh 4.5 Mu phn chia theo chc danh cng vic
Cui cng, xt theo loi hnh doanh nghip mu nghin cu c s ngi lm cho
cng ty c phn v doanh nghip nc ngoi bng nhau l 60 ngi, cng ty trch
nhim hu hn c 40 ngi, cng ty nh nc c 22 ngi, cn li l nhng ngi
lm cho doanh nghip t nhn, cng ty lin doanh, v loi hnh doanh nghip khc.
Lin doanh Khc Nh nc

5% 2% 11%
Doanh nghip
nc ngoi
29% C phn
29%
Doanh nghip t
nhn Trch nhim hu
4% hn
20%
Hnh 4.6 Mu phn chia theo loi hnh doanh nghip

4.2.2. S tha mn cng vic ca mu
Trong tt c cc cu hi phn nh thi ca i tng kho st i vi tng kha

cnh chi tit cng nh by nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic v s tha mn cng
vic ni chung u c nhng ngi tr li hon ton khng ng v tr li hon
ton ng tng ng vi vic hon ton khng tha mn v hon ton tha mn
i vi tng kha cnh, nhn t . Trong , hai cu hi v chnh sch bo him x
hi v bo him y t c s tha mn cao nht vi im trung bnh l 4.27.
Kha cnh c s tha mn thp nht l cc phc li khc (h tr mua nh, c

quyn mua c phn cng ty vi gi u i, c chia c tc, v.v.) ch t 2.31 im.
S tha mn cng vic theo cc nhn t dao ng t 2.96 n 3.61 im c hiu
l nh gi chung th mu nghin cu c s tha mn vi cng vic hin ti nhng
mc tha mn l khng cao (vi thang o Likert 5 mc th im 3.00 l im
trung bnh).
4.3. Phn tch tin cy v ph hp ca thang o

Nh trnh by chng c s l thuyt, by nhn t c a vo nghin cu
v s tha mn cng vic l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp
trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty. Tuy
nhin, cc kha cnh c th (cc ch s) nh gi s tha mn tng nhn t c th
hin qua cc cu hi nghin cu th li c ly t nh ngha ca tng nhn t v
tng hp t cc nghin cu trc y v s tha mn cng vic. Do , vic kim
nh tin cy ca cc thang o ny i vi cc nhn t m chng cu thnh l ht
sc cn thit.
tin cy ca thang o (cc bin) c kim nh thng qua hai cng c l h s

Cronbachs alpha v phn tch nhn t. H s Cronbachs alpha c s dng trc
nhm loi cc bin khng ph hp. Theo Hong Trng v Chu Th Mng Nguyt
(2005) th nhiu nh nghin cu ng rng khi Cronbachs alpha t 0.8 n gn 1
th thang o lng l tt, t 0.7 n gn 0.8 l s dng c. i vi nghin cu
ny, nhm m bo tin cy ca thang o ch nhng nhn t no c Cronbachs

alpha ln hn 0.7 th mi c xem l thang o c tin cy v c gi li. Ngoi
ra, mi quan h tng quan bin tng cng c xem xt, ch nhng bin no c h
s ln hn 0.4 mi c gi li.
Sau phn tch tin cy Cronbachs s l phn tch nhn t. Theo Hair et al. (1998,
c trch bi Garson, n.d) th h s ti nhn t trn 0.6 c xem l cao v di
0.4 l thp. i vi nghin cu ny nhng bin no c h s ti nhn t nh hn 0.5
s b loi m bo tnh hon chnh (validity) ca thang o. Phng php trch
(extraction method) c s dng l phn tch nhn t chnh (principal component
analysis) v phng php quay quanh trc ta (orthogonal rotation method) l
Varimax with Kaiser Normalization (chun Kaiser).
4.3.1. H s Cronbachs alpha
H s Cronbachs alpha c tnh theo cng thc sau:
N i =1 Yi

N 2
= 1
N 1 X2 (4.1)

Trong :
N: l s bin a vo phn tch.
Y2
i
: phng sai ca bin quan st th i.
X2 : phng sai ca bin tng.

Chng ta s ln lt xem xt h s Cronbachs alpha ca thang o tng nhn t ca
s tha mn cng vic v h s alpha i vi s tha mn cng vic chung.
4.3.1.1. Thang o tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic
Kt qu phn tch Cronbach alpha i vi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic

c tm tt nh sau:
Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi thu nhp c h s Cronbachs alpha chp

nhn c l 0.77. Ta thy nu b i bt c bin no trong nhn t ny th h s
alpha u gim. Ngoi ra vi h s tng quan bin tng u ln hn 0.4 nn tt c
cc bin u c gi li v chng m bo tin cy ca thang o.
Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi o to thng tin c h s Cronbachs alpha

kh cao l 0.833 v cc h s tng quan bin tng u ln hn 0.6. iu ny cho
thy cc bin trong thang o kh gn kt vi nhau v l cc bin o lng tt cho
nhn t s tha mn i vi o to thng tin.
Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi cp trn c nhiu bin nht so vi cc nhn t

khc v cng l nhn t c h s Cronbachs alpha cao nht t 0.903 vi cc h s
tng quan bin tng kh cao ngoi tr bin u tin giao tip vi cp trn c h
s tng quan bin tng ch t 0.559. Bin ny cng l bin m nu ta b bin ny
i th h s Cronbachs alpha cng s gi nguyn. Tuy nhin v n cng khng lm
gim h s Cronbachs alpha nn vn tip tc c gi li.
Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi ng nghip c h s alpha cao th hai trong

by nhn t, t 0.879 v cc h s tng quan bin tng ca tng bin u kh cao
v ng u. y l nhn t c cc bin o lng c tng quan ng u vi bin
tng nht. Tt c cc bin u c gi li.
Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi c im cng vic c h s Cronbach alpha

gn bng 0.8 vi cc h s tng quan bin tng kh thp nhng u ln hn 0.4.
Nu loi b bt k bin no ra khi nhn t th h s alpha u s gim nn khng
c bin no b loi nhn t ny.
Thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic l nhn t c h s alpha

kh thp 0.544 di mc chp nhn ca nghin cu ny. Ngoi ra, ta cng thy
c h s tng quan bin tng ca tt c cc bin u rt thp, cao nht cng ch
t 0.477 v thp nht ch c 0.098. iu ny cho thy mc tin cy ca cc bin
ny trong vic o lng cng mt khi nim l rt thp. Ngoi ra, nu ta c b i

mt bin no th h s Cronbachs alpha cng s khng ln 0.7 theo nh gii hn
t ra ca nghin cu ny. Chng hn, nu b i bin cui cng thi gian i li th
h s alpha cng ch t 0.649. Vi kt qu nh vy, ta c c s a n kt lun
l thang o nhn t ny khng m bo tin cy v n s b loi khi cc phn
phn tch tip theo.
Thang o nhn t cui cng l s tha mn i vi phc li cng ty c h s

Cronbachs alpha l 0.730 chp nhn c. Ta cng nhn ra c mt bin khng s
mt vic c h s tng quan bin tng kh thp ch t 0.391, l c s ta loi
n ra khi nhn t phc li cng ty. Tuy nhin ta s kim tra li vic loi b ny c
ph hp khng phn phn tch nhn t.
Nh vy, thng qua cng c phn tch h s Cronbachs alpha, ta s gi li cc bin

ca cc nhn t s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng
nghip v c im cng vic. i vi nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm
vic, do cc bin trong thang o c tin cy thp, c loi bt bin no th cng
khng ci thin c nhiu cho thang o ny nn tt c cc bin ca nhn t ny s
b loi phn phn tch nhn t tip theo. Ring i vi nhn t phc li, ng ra
bin khng s mt vic s b loi khi nhn t ny nhng vic loi n cng khng
ci thin c h s alpha ca nhn t m cn lm gim h s alpha ny nn vic
loi n hay khng s c quyt nh phn tch tip theo.
4.3.1.2. Thang o s tha mn cng vic ni chung
H s Cronbachs alpha ca thang o ny kh cao 0.862 cng vi h s tng quan

bin tng u ln hn 0.4 (ngoi tr nhn t hi lng vi ng nghip ch t
0.393) cho thy cc nhn t c lin h kh cht ch v phn nh c cng mt khi
nim, l s tha mn cng vic ni chung. Tuy nhin, ta cng thy rng nu b
i bin hi lng vi ng nghip th h s alpha s tng ln t 0.868. y l c s
ta loi bin ny ra khi thang o. Tnh ng n ca vic loi b ny cng s

c khng nh phn phn tch nhn t.
4.3.2. Phn tch nhn t
Phn tch nhn t thng c dng trong qu trnh xy dng thang o lng cc
kha cnh khc nhau ca khi nim nghin cu, kim tra tnh n kha cnh ca
thang o lng (Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc, 2005). Nh vy, phn
tch nhn t va gip ta rt gn tp hp nhiu bin thnh mt s bin tng i t
ng thi kim tra kt dnh hay tin cy ca cc bin trong cng mt thang o.
Trong ti nghin cu ny, phn tch nhn t s gip ta xem xt kh nng rt gn

s lng 32 bin quan st (5 bin iu kin lm vic b loi phn phn tch h
s Cronbachs alpha) xung cn mt s t cc nhn t (bin) dng o lng s
tha mn cng vic. N cng gip ta kim nh li ln na cc ch s nh gi (bin)
trong tng nhn t c thc s ng tin cy v c kt dnh nh chng th hin
phn xc nh h s Cronbachs alpha hay khng? Tng t n cng gip ta kim
tra xem by nhn t m chng ta xy dng ban u c thc s o lng cng
khi nim s tha mn cng vic v c kt dnh cao hay khng.
4.3.2.1. Cc kha cnh ca tng nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic.
Sau khi cc bin ca nhn t iu kin lm vic b loi khi thang o, phn tch
nhn t c tin hnh. Nh vy, t s bin quan st ban u l 37 bin, nay ta ch
cn li 32 bin. Mong i ca chng trc khi tin hnh phn tch nhn t ny l 32
bin ny s c rt gn thnh 6 nhn t l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to
thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic v phc li cng ty.
Cng nh cc phng php phn tch thng k khc, trc khi tin hnh phn tch
nhn t, ta cng cn kim tra xem vic dng phng php ny c ph hp hay
khng. Vic kim tra ny s c thc hin bi vic tnh h s KMO and Bartletts
Test. Tr s ca KMO trong trng hp ny kh ln t 0.877 v Sig. ca Bartletts
Test nh hn 1/1000 cho thy 32 bin ny c tng quan vi nhau v hon ton ph
hp vi phn tch nhn t. Bartletts Test dng kim nh gi thuyt Ho l cc
bin khng c tng quan vi nhau trong tng th cn KMO dng kim tra xem
vi kch thc mu ta c c c ph hp vi phn tch nhn t hay khng. Theo
Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc (2005), gi tr KMO nm gia 0.5 n 1
c ngha l phn tch nhn t l thch hp.
Phng php trch trong phn tch nhn t ca nghin cu ny l phn tch nhn t
chnh (Principal component analysis) vi gi tr trch Eigenvalue ln hn 1. iu
ny c ngha l ch nhng nhn t c trch ra c gi tr Eigenvalue ln hn 1 mi
c gi li trong m hnh phn tch.
Bng kt qu phn tch nhn tch cho thy c tt c 32 nhn t nhng ch c by

nhn t c Eigenevalue ln hn 1. By nhn t ny s c gi li tip tc phn
tch. Ta cng thy c vi by nhn t ny s gii thch c 64.42% bin thin
ca d liu (phn trm ca phng sai). T l ny l kh cao trong phn tch nhn t.
Nhn vo h s ti nhn t ma trn nhn t (component matrix) ta kh c th thy

c nhng bin no gii thch nhn t no, do vy ta cn phi xoay cc nhn t.
Phng php xoay c chn y l Varimax procedure, xoay nguyn gc cc
nhn t ti thiu ha s lng bin c h s ln ti cng mt nhn t, v vy s
tng cng kh nng gii thch cc nhn t. Sau khi xoay ta cng s loi b cc bin
c h s ti nhn t nh hn 0.5. Ch nhng bin c h s ti ln hn 0.5 mi c
s dng gii thch mt nhn t no .
Sau khi xoay cc nhn t s tp trung ca cc bin theo tng nhn t hin r rng.
Trong nhn t u tin l ton b cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi cp
trn. Nhn t th hai l ton b cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi ng
nghip. Nhn t th ba l cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi c im cng
vic, ngoi tr bin nhn c phn hi t cp trn. Bin ny c h s ti nhn t
ln hn 0.5 nhn t th nht, do n s c a vo nhn t ny. Nhn t th
t l ton b cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi o to thng tin. Nhn t

th nm l ton b cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi thu nhp.
i vi cc bin thuc nhn t s tha mn i vi phc li cng ty, ta thy rng

bin khng s mt vic c h s ti nhn t nh hn 0.5 tt c by nhn t c
trch ra. phn phn tch h s Cronbachs alpha chng ta do d khng loi bin
ny th phn phn tch nhn t ny, ta c c s hn loi bin ny ra khi
thang o. Nm bin cn li ca nhn t phc li cng ty c s phn ha thnh
hai nhn t r rt. Ta tm t tn cho nhn t th su l phc li c bn v nhn t
th by l phc li cng thm.
Sau khi loi bin khng s mt vic ra khi phn tch nhn t, kt qu cng cho
ra by nhn t nh trn, nhng lc ny cc h s ti nhn t sau khi xoay c
ci thin so vi lc cn c bin khng s mt vic. Kh nng gii thch ca by
nhn t ny c ci thin ln 65.471%.
Kt qu cui cng sau khi loi cc bin khng ph hp phn phn tch nhn t, ta
cn li 31 bin trong thang o v c chia lm by nhn t vi tn gi tng ng
vi su nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic ta xy dng ban u (nhn t iu
kin lm vic b loi v nhn t phc li c chia lm hai). By nhn t gm
s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im
cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm.
Phn tch nhn t cng gip ta xc nh c h s nhn ca cc bin i vi tng

nhn t nh sau:
Fi = Wi1 X1 + Wi2 X2 + Wi3 X3 + . + Wi31 X31 (4.2)
Trong :
Fi : nhn t th i c gii thch bi 31 bin quan st.
Wik: nhn s ca bin th k khi gii thch nhn t th i.
Xk: bin th k.
4.3.2.2. Cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic
m bo tin cy v kt dnh ca cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic

chng ta a ra phn c s l thuyt, chng ta cng s phi tin hnh phn tch
nhn t i vi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic. Mong i ca chng ta l
cc nhn t ny s cng nhau to thnh mt nhn t (phm tr) c Eigenevalue ln
hn 1, l s tha mn cng vic ni chung c tng hp t cc nhn t trn.
iu cng c ngha l by nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic c kt dnh cao
v cng th hin 1 phm tr s tha mn cng vic.
Kt qu phn tch nhn t i vi cc nhn t ny cho thy ng l cc nhn t ny

cng phn nh mt phm tr, m da vo c s l thuyt, ta c th khng nh l
s tha mn cng vic. Tuy nhin, ta thy rng nhn t hi lng vi ng nghip
c h s ti nhn t rt thp nh hn 0.5 nn b loi khi sau phn phn tch nhn t
ny. iu ny ht sc trng khp vi kt qu phn tch Cronbachs alpha trn i
vi thang o s tha mn cng vic trn.
Nh vy, sau phn phn tch nhn t ny, ta s chn ra c 6 nhn t nh hng
n s tha mn cng vic, l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin,
cp trn, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty.
4.4. Kim nh s tha mn cng vic ca cc tng th con

4.4.1. S tha mn cng vic chung ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM
Nh kim nh phn h s Cronbachs alpha cng nh phn tch nhn t, s

tha mn cng vic chung s c th hin thng qua cc nhn t l s tha mn
i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, iu kin lm
vic v phc li cng ty. Do , gi tr s tha mn cng vic chung s c tnh
bng cch trung bnh cng ca cc gi tr nhn t ny. Tnh ton cho kt qu v s
tha mn cng vic d liu t mu ta c s tha mn cng vic chung c gi tr
trung bnh l 3.3275.
Nhng gi tr ny l gi tr ca mu, nn ta phi kim nh xem s c phi s tha

mn cng vic chung ca ton b tng th, tc s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin
vn phng TP.HCM cng c gi tr trung bnh t mc 3.33? lm iu ny
chng ta s s dng phng php One-sample T-Test. Kt qu cho thy, ta khng
th bc b gi thuyt Ho: s tha mn cng vic ca tng th c gi tr 3.33 trong
thang o Likert nm mc . Nu ta bc b gi thuyt ny th xc sut mc sai lm
ln n 96.1%.
4.4.2. S tha mn cng vic gia nam v n
kim nh xem s tha mn cng vic gia nam v n c khc nhau khng,
kim nh theo phng php Independent samples T-Test v phng php phi tham
s 2-samples Mann-Whitney Test c s dng. Hai phng php ny u cho
ra kt lun ging nhau.
Vi phng php Independent-samples T-Test, kim nh Levene Test c tin

hnh trc vi kt qu sig. bng 0.283 cho thy phng sai ca trung bnh s tha
mn cng vic c phn phi chun nn sig. ca T-test c tnh l 0.171. iu ny
cho thy vi tin cy 95%, th ta s kt lun l khng c s khc bit v s tha
mn cng vic gia nam v n nhn vin vn phng ti TP.HCM.
m bo cho kt lun trn, kim nh phi tham s Mann-Whitney cng c tin

hnh. Kt qu kim nh ny c sig. bng 0.295 cng cho ra kt lun nh
Independent-samples T-Test, tc gia nhn vin nam v n khng c s khc nhau
v mc tha mn cng vic. Nh vy, hai phng php kim nh u cho rng kt
lun ging nhau.
4.4.3. S tha mn cng vic theo tui
Phng php kim nh ANOVA v kim nh phi tham s Kruskal-Wallis c

p dng kim nh xem c hay khng s khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic
gia cc tui khc nhau. Trc khi tin hnh kim nh s tha mn cng vic
theo tui, tui ca nhn vin c m ha li v c chia lm bn nhm nh

trnh by phn M ha ca chng ny.
Levene test cng c tin hnh trc kim nh xem phng sai ca s tha
mn cng vic ca tng nhm tui c phn phi chun hay khng. Kt qu sig.
bng 0.448 ngha l cc phng sai ny c phn phi chun. iu ny s gip tng
kh nng chnh xc ca kim nh ANOVA hn v v mt trc quan ta d dng thy
rng vic so snh cc tng th c gi tr trung bnh bng nhau nhng phn tn
(c th qua phng sai) li hon ton khc nhau l khp khing. Vi sig. l 0.149
v tin cy 95% chng ta khng c s bc b gi thuyt khng c s khc
nhau v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin thuc cc nhm tui khc nhau.
Kt qu kim nh bng phng php phi tham s Kruskal-Wallis cng cho ra kt

qu tng t vi chi bnh phng bng 4.867 v sig. bng 0.182. Nh vy, hai
phng php kim nh cng cho ra kt lun rng khng c s cho rng s
tha mn cng vic gia cc nhn vin vn phng thuc bn nhm tui khc nhau
(22-24, 25-29, 30-34 v 35 tui tr ln) l khc nhau.
4.4.4. S tha mn cng vic theo thi gian cng tc
Kim nh v s bng nhau ca phng sai bng Levene Test cng c thc hin
trc khi phn tch ANOVA i vi s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm nhn
vin c thi gian gn b vi cng ty khc nhau. Sig. ca Levene Test l 0.372 cho
thy phng sai ca cc nhm l bng nhau. Kt qu sig. ca ANOVA bng 0.031
cho thy vi tin cy 95% th c s khc bit v s tha mn cng vic gia
nhng nhm nhn vin c thi gian lm vic khc nhau.
Vy th nhn vin c thi gian cng tc bao lu th c s khc bit v s tha mn

cng vic so vi nhm khc? Nhn vo bng thng k gi tr trung bnh s tha mn
cng vic gia cc nhm c thi gian cng tc khc nhau, ta nhn thy rng s tha
mn cng vic ca nhng ngi c thi gian cng tc di 1 nm v t 1-3 nm l
gn bng nhau t khong 3.4, ring ch c nhm nhn vin c thi gian cng tc
trn 3 nm l c s tha mn cng vic thp hn ng k so vi hai nhm trn, t
im trung bnh ch c 3.13. Do , ta s tin hnh so snh s tha mn cng vic
ca nhn vin c thi gian cng tc trn 3 nm so vi nhng nhn vin c thi gian
cng tc di 1 nm v t 1-3 nm, xem c thc s tn ti s khc bit ny.
Kim nh Dunnett Test s gip ta thc hin vic ny. Kt qu cho thy vi tin
cy 95% th ng l c s khc bit v s tha mn cng vic gia nhn vin c
thi gian cng tc trn 3 nm so vi nhn vin c thi gian lm vic t 1 3 nm.
Nu tin cy 90% th ta c th kt lun rng nhn vin c thi gian cng tc trn 3
nm c s tha mn cng vic khc so vi cc nhn vin thuc hai nhm cn li.
Nh vy, dng nh thi gian cng tc cng lu th s tha mn cng vic cng
gim xung.
Kim nh bng phng php Kruskal-Wallis cng cho kt qu tng t. Vi tin

cy 95% v sig. ca Kruskal Wallis Test bng 0.033, ta c th kt lun c s khc
bit v s tha mn cng vic gia nhng ngi c thi gian cng tc khc nhau.
Tuy nhin phng php kim nh phi tham s ny khng gip ta kt lun c c
th nhn vin c thi gian cng tc bao lu th c s khc bit c ngha thng k
v s tha mn cng vic i vi ngi thuc nhm khc.
4.4.5. S tha mn cng vic theo trnh , chc danh v loi hnh doanh
nghip
Cch kim nh s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm chia theo trnh hc vn,
theo v tr chc danh v theo loi hnh doanh nghip cng ging nh trn, hai
phng php kim nh ANOVA v Kruskal-Wallis cng c s dng.
Kim nh s tha mn cng vic i vi cc nhm nhn vin c trnh hc vn

khc nhau vi tin cy 95% cho thy khng c c s khng nh c s khc
nhau v s tha mn cng vic gia cc nhm ny mc d nhn vo gi tr trung
bnh t mu ta c th on rng dng nh nhn vin c trnh t trung hc tr

xung c s tha mn cao hn so vi nhn vin thuc cc nhm trnh khc.
Tng t, kim nh i vi s tha mn cng vic theo v tr chc danh vi tin

cy 95% cng cho thy khng c s kt lun rng v tr chc danh cng vic
c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin.
Cui cng, kt qu kim nh i vi s tha mn cng vic theo loi hnh doanh
nghip vi tin cy 95% cng cho kt qu khng c s kt lun rng nhn
vin vn phng TP.HCM lm vic cc doanh nghip thuc cc loi hnh khc
nhau c s tha mn cng vic khc nhau.
4.5. Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh

phn trc bng h s Cronbachs alpha v phn tch nhn t ta xc nh c
su nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. l, s tha mn i vi thu
nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li
cng thm. Trong bn nhn t u gn nh c ly t cc bin ca cc nhn t
tng ng c xy dng ban u ngoi tr c mt bin nhn t c im cng
vic c chuyn sang nhn t s tha mn i vi cp trn. Cn hai nhn t
cui cng c tch ra t nhn t s tha mn i vi phc li cng ty theo nh
phn phn tch nhn t. Nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic b loi
phn xc nh h s Cronbachs alpha do cc bin trong nhn t ny khng ph hp
cho thang o. Cn nhn t s tha mn i vi ng nghip b loi phn phn tch
nhn t.
Do vy, cng vi s tha mn i vi ng nghip, s tha mn i vi iu kin

lm vic cng s khng c xem xt m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh. M hnh mi
c iu chnh li trong nghin cu ny nh sau y.
Thu nhp
o to v thng tin
Cp trn
S tha mn cng vic
c im cng vic
Phc li c bn
Phc li cng thm
Hnh 4.7 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh c iu chnh
Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh s gip chng ta bit c cng nh hng ca
cc bin c lp ln bin ph thuc. Phng php hi quy c s dng y l
phng php bnh phng b nht thng thng OLS vi bin ph thuc l s tha
mn cng vic cn bin c lp l cc bin th hin m hnh iu chnh trn.
Gi tr ca s tha mn cng vic c tnh theo cch trnh by phn 4.4.1.

Cn gi tr ca cc bin c lp (s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin,
cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn, phc li tng thm) s c tnh
bng gi tr trung bnh ca cc bin thnh phn ca tng nhn t c xc nh
sau phn phn tch nhn t.
Ta c phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh nh sau:
Yi = o + 1 X1i + 2 X2i + .........+ 6 X6i + ei (4.3)

Trong :
Yi : gi tr s tha mn cng vic ca quan st th i.
Xpi : bin c lp th p i vi quan st th i.
k : h s hi qui ring phn ca bin th k.
ei : sai s ca phng trnh hi quy.
4.5.1.1. Ma trn h s tng quan gia cc bin
Bc u tin khi phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh ta s xem xt cc mi quan h tng
quan tuyn tnh gia bin ph thuc v tng bin c lp, cng nh gia cc bin
c lp vi nhau. Nu h s tng quan gia bin ph thuc v cc bin c lp ln

chng t gia chng c quan h vi nhau v phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh c th ph
hp. Mc khc nu gia cc bin c lp cng c tng quan ln vi nhau th
cng l du hiu cho bit gia chng c th xy ra hin tng a cng tuyn trong
m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh ta ang xt.
Kt qu bng h s tng quan cho thy bin ph thuc c mi quan h tng quan
tuyn tnh vi c su bin c lp, trong h s tng quan gia s tha mn cng
vic v s tha mn vi cp trn v thu nhp l ln nht, h s tng quan gia bin
ph thuc vi s tha mn i vi phc li c bn l thp nht, ch t 0.384. Kim
nh t-test v mi quan h gia bin ph thuc vi tng bin c lp cho thy c su
bin c lp trong m hnh hi quy u c quan h tuyn tnh vi bin ph thuc.
Tuy nhin gia cc bin c lp cng c tng quan vi nhau mc d h s tng
quan gia chng khng ln lm. Nhng ta cng khng phi qu bn tm v phn
kim nh a cng tuyn bn di s xc nh xem gia cc bin c gi li trong
m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh c xy ra hin tng a cng tuyn hay khng.
4.5.1.2. Xy dng phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
Bc tip theo ta tin hnh xy dng phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh. Da vo c
s l thuyt v kt qu phn tch h s tng quan Pearson trn, ta s a tt c
cc bin c lp trong m hnh hi quy iu chnh bng phng php a vo
cng mt lc (Enter).
Phn mm x l s liu cho ra phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh nh sau:
Y = -0.148+ 0.312X1+ 0.081 X2 + 0.237X3 + 0.286X4 + 0.034X5 + 0.074X6 + e (4.4)

Trong :
Y : s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin
X1 : s tha mn i vi thu nhp.
X2 : s tha mn i vi o to thng tin.
X3 : s tha mn i vi cp trn.
X4 : s tha mn i vi c im cng vic.
X5 : s tha mn i vi phc li c bn.

X6 : s tha mn i vi phc li cng thm.
e : sai s c lng.
4.5.1.3. nh gi ph hp ca m hnh v kim nh cc gi thuyt
nh gi ph hp ca m hnh ta s dng cc cng c nh tnh h s xc nh

R2, kim nh F v kim nh t.
Trc tin, h s xc nh ca m hnh trn l 0.661, th hin su bin c lp trong

m hnh gii thch c 66.1% bin thin ca bin ph thuc s tha mn cng vic.
Vi gi tr ny th ph hp ca m hnh l kh cao.
Tip theo l cn kim nh gi thuyt m hnh (phn tch phng sai) ca tng th.
trn sau khi nh gi gi tr R2 ta bit c m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh xy
dng l ph hp vi mu. Tuy nhin c th suy din m hnh ny thnh m hnh
ca tng th ta cn phi tin hnh kim nh F thng qua phn tch phng sai. Ta
c sig. ca F < 1/1000 nn ta c th bc b gi thuyt h s xc nh ca tng th
R2pop = 0. iu ny c ngha l c t nht mt bin c lp no nh hng n
bin ph thuc.
Cui cng, m bo cc bin c lp u thc s c nh hng n bin ph

thuc, ta tin hnh kim nh t. Vi gi thuyt Ho l h s hi quy ca cc bin c
lp k = 0 v vi tin cy 95% th ta ch khng th bc b gi thuyt Ho i vi 5 ,
i vi cc k khc ta u c th bc b gi thuyt Ho. iu ny c ngha l ngoi
tr nhn t s tha mn i vi phc li c bn, cc nhn t khc trong phng
trnh u c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Tuy nhin, y chng ta tm
chp nhn s tha mn i vi phc li c bn c nh hng n s tha mn cng
vic. Vic gi li bin ny s c gii thch chng 5 ca lun vn ny.
4.5.1.4. Gii thch tm quan trng ca cc bin trong m hnh
Phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh trn gip ta rt ra kt lun t mu nghin cu rng
s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM ph thuc vo su nhn
t chnh, l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im

cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Do tt c cc bin c lp u
c o lng bng thang o mc Likert (cng mt n v tnh) nn t phng
trnh hi quy ny ta cng thy c tm quan trng ca tng nhn t i vi s tha
mn cng vic. Trong , s tha mn v thu nhp c nh hng mnh nht, k n
l s tha mn i vi c im cng vic v s tha mn i vi cp trn. S tha
mn i vi o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm c nh hng
thp nht. Nu s tha mn vi thu nhp tng ln mt bc s gip cho s tha mn
cng vic tng ln trung bnh 0.316 bc. Tng t, s tng ln mt bc ca s tha
mn i vi o to thng tin, cp trn, c im cng vic, phc li c bn v
phc li cng thm s lm gia tng s tha mn cng vic ln trung bnh 0.081,
0.237, 0.286, 0.034, 0.074.
khng nh kt lun trn, ta s xem xt h s tng quan tng phn v h s

tng quan ring ca bn bin c lp trn. Kt qu hon ton ph hp vi kt lun
trn vi s tha mn i vi thu nhp v c im cng vic c vai tr quan trng
nht v s tha mn vi o to thng tin v phc li cng thm c vai tr t quan
trng nht i vi s tha mn cng vic c xy dng trong m hnh.
4.5.1.5. D tm s vi phm cc gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh
M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh bng phng php OSL c thc hin vi mt s gi
nh v m hnh ch thc s c ngha khi cc gi nh ny c m bo. Do vy,
m bo cho tin cy ca m hnh, chng ta cn phi thc hin mt lot cc d
tm s vi phm cc gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh.
Gi nh u tin l gi nh lin h tuyn tnh. Phng php c s dng l biu

phn tn Scatterplot vi gi tr phn d chun ha trn trc tung v gi tr d
on chun ha trn trc honh. Nhn vo biu ta thy phn d khng thay i
theo mt trt t no i vi gi tr d on. Vy gi thuyt v lin h tuyn tnh
khng b vi phm.
Gi nh tip theo cn xem xt l phng sai ca phn d khng i. thc hin

kim nh ny, chng ta s tnh h s tng quan hng Spearman ca gi tr tuyt
i phn d v cc bin c lp. Gi tr sig. ca cc h s tng quan vi tin cy
95% cho thy ta khng c s bc b gi thuyt Ho l gi tr tuyt i ca phn
d c lp vi cc bin c lp. Nh vy, gi nh v phng sai ca sai s khng
i khng b vi phm.
d tm s vi phm gi nh phn phi chun ca phn d ta s dng hai cng c

v ca phn mm SPSS l biu Histogram v th Q-Q plot. Nhn vo biu
Histogram ta thy phn d c phn phi chun vi gi tr trung bnh gn bng 0 v
lch chun ca n gn bng 1 (=0.985). Nhn vo th Q-Q plot biu din cc
im quan st thc t tp trung kh st ng cho nhng gi tr k vng, c ngha
l d liu phn d c phn phi chun.
Gi nh tip theo v tnh c lp ca phn d cng cn c kim nh. Ta dng

i lng thng k Durbin-Watson (d) kim nh. i lng d ny c gi tr t 0
n 4. Tra bng thng k Durbin-Watson vi s mu quan st bng 205 v s bin
c lp l 6 ta c du = 1.831. Nh vy, i lng d nm trong khong (du, 4 du)
hay (1.831, 2.169) th ta c th kt lun cc phn d l c lp vi nhau. Vi d liu
thng k ta c c d = 2.017 v nh vy cc tnh c lp ca phn d c bo
m.
Cui cng, ta s xem xt s vi phm a cng tuyn ca m hnh. phn phn tch
h s tng quan trn, ta thy rng gia bin ph thuc c quan h tng quan
kh r vi cc bin c lp nhng ta cng thy c gia cc bin c lp cng c
tng quan vi nhau. iu ny s to ra kh nng a cng tuyn ca m hnh. V
vy, ta phi d tm hin tng a cng tuyn bng cch tnh chp nhn ca bin
(Tolerance) v h s phng i phng sai (Variance inflation factor VIF).
chp nhn trong trng hp ny ca bn bin trong m hnh kh cao, u ln hn
0.5 trong khi h s VIF kh thp u di 2. H s VIF nh hn 10 l ta c th bc

b gi thuyt m hnh b a cng tuyn.
Nh vy m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh c xy dng theo phng trnh (4.4) khng
vi phm cc gi nh cn thit trong hi quy tuyn tnh.
4.6. Tm tt kt qu nghin cu
Chng ny gii thiu cc kt qu nghin cu c c t vic x l v phn tch
s liu thu thp c. Trc tin, d liu c sn lc, lm sch v m ha trc
khi c th cho tin hnh x l v cho ra kt qu thng k suy din.
Phn m t mu gip chng ta c ci nhn tng qut v mu nghin cu theo gii

tnh, tui, thi gian cng tc, trnh hc vn, chc danh v tr cng vic v loi
hnh doanh nghip. Phn ny cng cho thy nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM trong
mu nhn chung l tha mn vi cng vic vi gi tr trung bnh ca cc nhn t u
ln hn 3.00. Ta cng thy c s tha mn ca nhn vin i vi tng kha cnh
trong cng vic.
Vic xc nh h s Cronbachs alpha v phn tch nhn t gip ta khng nh

c su nhn t t thang o ban u c tin cy trong vic o lng s tha mn
cng vic. l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c
im cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm.
Phn thng k suy din bt u bng cc kim nh v gi tr trung bnh v s tha

mn cng vic ca tng th cng nh kim nh s khc nhau v s tha mn cng
vic gia nhng nhn vin thuc cc tng th con khc nhau. Cc cng c kim
nh gi thuyt v trung bnh tng th nh Independent-samples T-Test v phn tch
ANOVA cng nh cc kim nh phi tham s Mann-Whitney v Kruskal-Wallis
c s dng. Kt qu cho thy khng c s khc bit v tha mn cng vic gia
nhn vin khc gii, khc tui, trnh , v tr cng vic v loi hnh doanh
nghip. Tuy nhin cng vi tin cy 95%, nhng ngi lm vic t 3 nm tr ln
c s tha mn cng vic thp hn so vi nhng ngi c thi gian lm vic t 1

3 nm. Nu ta chp nhn tin cy 90% th c th kt lun rng nhng nhn vin
c thi gian cng tc t 3 nm tr ln c s tha mn thp hn so vi nhng nhn
vin c thi gian cng tc ngn hn.
Cui cng, phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh c tin hnh vi phng php bnh
phng b nht thng thng OSL gip ta c c phng trnh hi quy tuyn
tnh cng nh cng nh hng ca cc nhn t i vi s tha mn cng vic.
Kt qu phn tch hi quy cho thy c ba nhn t c cng nh hng mnh n
s tha mn cng vic l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, cp trn v c im cng
vic. Ba nhn t cn li cng c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic nhng vi
cng nh hn nhiu.
Chng 5: Kt lun v kin ngh 63
CHNG 5: KT LUN V KIN NGH
Trong chng ny, trc ht t kt qu nghin cu chng ta s a ra kt lun v s

tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM. Tip n l cc kin ngh
i vi ngi s dng lao ng ti TP.HCM. Cui chng ny s l mt s gii hn
ca nghin cu ny v cc xut cho cc nghin cu trong tng lai.
5.1. Kt lun v s tha mn cng vic

Nh vy t kt qu nghin cu ny ta thy c s tha mn cng vic ca nhn
vin vn phng ti TP.HCM l khng cao lm, ch t 3.33, lch chun 0.73 vi
thang o Likert nm mc . Kt qu ny cng kh gn vi kt qu nghin cu ca
Trn Kim Dung (2005) vi tr gi 4.674 vi thang o Likert by mc .
Khi s tha mn c xt di tng nhn t ring bit th nhn vin vn phng tha
mn cao nht i vi iu kin lm vic. Tip n l tha mn i vi ng nghip,
c im cng vic, cp trn, phc li cng ty v thu nhp. Nhn t c s tha mn
thp nht l o to thng tin. Khi xt s tha mn theo tng kha cnh (bin quan
st) c th th hai kha cnh v bo him x hi, bo him y t v ngh bnh, ngh
php c mc tha mn cao nht trong khi kha cnh phc li khc c mc tha mn
thp nht. Kt qu ny cho thy cn nhiu iu ngi s dng lao ng c th lm
ci thin s tha mn i ca nhn vin vi thu nhp v o to thng tin.
Kt qu phn tch thng k cho thy vi tin cy 95% khng c s khc nhau v
s tha mn cng vic gia nhn vin nam v n, gia nhng nhn vin thuc cc
tui khc nhau, gia nhng nhn vin c trnh hc vn khc nhau, gia nhng
nhn vin c chc danh v tr cng vic khc nhau v gia nhng nhn vin lm
vic nhng cng ty thuc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhn vin
c thi gian cng tc t 3 nm tr ln c s tha mn cng vic thp hn nhng
nhn vin c thi gian cng tc ngn hn. y l iu ngi s dng lao ng cn
lu .
Bng nghin cu l thuyt ta xy dng cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn

cng vic gm s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, ng
nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v phc li cng ty. T cc nh
ngha v cc nghin cu lin quan ta xy dng c tng cng 37 kha cnh c
th (bin quan st) dng lm thang o o lng s tha mn i vi cc nhn t
k trn.
Tuy nhin kim nh tin cy ca cc nhn t cng nh cc thang o ni trn,

h s Cronbachs Alpha v phn tch nhn t c s dng. Kt qu cui cng
gip ta xc nh c su nhn t (27 bin) c a vo phn tch hi quy
tuyn tnh l s tha mn i vi thu nhp, o to thng tin, cp trn, c im
cng vic, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm. Nh vy, nhn t s tha mn
i vi ng nghip b loi do khng m bo tin cy khi c xem l nhn
t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic. Ring nhn t s tha mn i vi iu
kin lm vic c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic nhng do cc bin thnh
phn ca n c xy dng ban u trong nghin cu ny khng vt qua c
kim nh h s Cronbachs Alpha nn cng khng c a vo trong phn tch
hi quy.
Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh bi bng phng php bnh phng b nht gip ta
xc nh cng ca su nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic l s tha
mn i vi thu nhp, c im cng vic, cp trn, o to thng tin, phc li c
bn v phc li cng thm. Trong , s tha mn i vi thu nhp c tc ng ln
nht. K n l s tha mn i vi c im cng vic v cp trn. S tha mn
i vi o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li cng thm c cng nh
hng nh hn nhiu.
Nh cp phn nh gi ph hp ca m hnh chng 4, kim nh t-

test ca h s hi quy ca bin phc li c bn cho thy vi d liu mu khng
bng chng bc b gi thuyt nhn t s tha mn i vi phc li c bn v s
tha mn cng vic khng c quan h tuyn tnh vi nhau. iu ny i ngc li
vi kt qu tnh ton h s tng quan Pearson. Kt qu thng k cho thy, gi tr
trung bnh ca hai bin thnh phn ca phc li c bn l kh cao t 4.27 (hu ht
cc nhn vin u c tha mn i vi phc li c bn), cao nht so vi cc bin
khc c a vo nghin cu trong lun vn ny. Chnh iu ny lm cho phc
li c bn c v khng nh hng n s tha mn cng vic.
Da vo c s l thuyt v thc tin ca s tha mn cng vic Vit Nam, ta thy

rng, phc li c bn, trong lun vn ny l bo him x hi, bo him y t, ngh
bnh ngh php, cng c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ni chung ca nhn
vin. Thc t, nu nhn vin khng c tha mn v phc li c bn th s tha
mn cng vic ca nhn vin s gim xung. Do , vic gi li nhn t ny trong
m hnh l ph hp v gip phn nh ng hn tc ng ca cc nhn t ln s tha
mn cng vic.
5.2. Kin ngh i vi ngi s dng lao ng

i vi nhng ngi s dng lao ng TP.HCM, nghin cu ny cu c mt s
ngha nht nh.
Trc ht, vi mc tha mn cng vic trung bnh 3.33 l tng i thp nn ngi
s dng lao ng cn phi thc hin nhiu bin php nhm tng s tha mn cng
vic ca nhn vin mnh. Khi c s tha mn cng vic cao nhn vin s lm vic
hiu qu hn v gn b lu di vi cng ty hn. Vi kt qu phn tch hi quy cho
thy cc nhn t nh hng s tha mn cng vic bao gm s tha mn i vi thu
nhp, c im cng vic, cp trn, o to thng tin, phc li c bn v phc li
cng thm. Cng nh hng ca cc nhn t ny c th hin qua h s hi
quy ca cc bin trong phng trnh gip ngi s dng lao ng thy c mnh
nn tc ng vo nhn t no ci thin nhanh hn s tha mn cng vic ca

nhn vin.
5.2.1. Thu nhp
i vi s tha mn i vi thu nhp ca nhn vin, v y l nhn t nh hng

mnh nht hay c ngha quan trng nht trong vic ci thin s tha mn cng
vic ca nhn vin nn ngi s dng lao ng phi ht sc lu , nht l khi gi tr
tha mn ca nhn t ny ang mc thp hn mc tha mn cng vic v ng
v tr kh khim tn so vi cc nhn t khc. Th t u tin m doanh nghip cn
lm trong nhn t ny l to s cng bng hn trong vic phn phi thu nhp, xy
dng chnh sch tng thng, tr cp hp l v c gng tng lng cho nhn vin.
m bo vic phn phi thu nhp c cng bng, trc ht doanh nghip cn
phi tham kho, xem xt, so snh thu nhp ca nhn vin mnh vi nhn vin cc
doanh nghip khc cng ngnh, nh gi ng v tr v vai tr ca tng nhn vin
trong t chc xc nh mc thu nhp ph hp cho tng nhn vin. Ngoi ra, v
s cng bng y ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhn thc ca ngi lao ng nn
doanh nghip phi tm cch gip nhn vin nhn thc rng h c tr thu nhp
mt cch cng bng. lm vic ny, doanh nghip cn c bng m t cng vic
cho tng v tr c th, gip tng nhn vin thy c v tr, vai tr v ng gp ca
mnh cng nh ca thnh vin khc trong cng ty. C nh vy nhn vin mi cm
thy mnh c tr thu nhp cng bng (t nht l trong ni b doanh nghip). Cui
cng, doanh nghip cng phi lu trnh vic u i thu nhp (cng khai) i vi
nhng ngi thn thch, h hng trong doanh nghip v iu ny cng nh hng
n cm nhn v s cng bng ca ngi lao ng.
Mc ch ca thng l nhm tr thu nhp cho ngi lm vic tt khuyn khch h

lm vic tt hn. c c mt phn thng no th ngi nhn vin phi t
c mt thnh tch nht nh trong cng vic, chng hn t c doanh thu trong
kinh doanh hay t c nng sut trong sn xut. nhn vin c c s tha
mn i vi cc khon thng, doanh nghip phi xy dng cho mnh chnh sch
thng r rng v ton din ngay t ban u vi cc mc thng c th cho tng
thnh tch c th. n lc xt thng doanh nghip phi da v nhng g ra
m thng.
Thnh tch kinh doanh t c thng l kt qu ca tp th nhng trong

thng c nhng c nhn xut chng nn bn cnh phn thng tp th doanh
nghip cn phi s dng cc phn thng dnh ring cho c nhn c bit xut sc.
Ngoi ra, bn cnh nhng phn thng vt cht th phn thng tinh thn nh
nhng li tn dng, ng vin cng c vai tr ht sc quan trng.
Doanh nghip phi trnh thng trn lan bnh qun thng thy cc doanh nghip
nh nc v n t c tc dng to s tha mn hay ng vin ngi lao ng lm
vic tt hn m c xem nh l mt khon lng khc v khon thng ny khng
ph thuc vo hiu sut lm vic ca h.
Tr cp i vi nhn vin vn phng thng ch yu bao gm cc khon nh tr

cp cm tra, tr cp i li (chi ph i li t nh n cng ty v ngc li v chi ph
gi xe) v ph in thoi. Ty thuc vo tnh hnh c th ca doanh nghip mnh m
doanh nghip cn phi s dng cc tr cp ny mt cch hp l v khon thu nhp
ny khng nhng mang li mt phn thu nhp cho nhn vin m cn gip h cm
nhn c s quan tm ca doanh nghip i vi h.
5.2.2. c im cng vic
Nhn t nh hng mnh n s tha mn cng vic l s tha mn i vi c

im cng vic. Nhn vo s tha mn ca nhn vin i vi nhn t ny mc
3.84 cao hn mc tha mn cng vic nhng cng cn nhiu khng ch nh qun l
cn ci thin. V vy, doanh nghip cn giao cho nhn vin mnh lm nhng cng
vic ph hp vi nng lc v th mnh ca h, phi gip h hiu r v cng vic h
ang lm, phi cho h thy c tm quan trng ca cng vic h ang thc hin
cng nh cho php h c quyn quyt nh mt s cng vic nm trong nng lc

ca h.
nhn vin c lm nhng cng vic ph hp vi nng lc v th mnh ca h

doanh nghip cn thc hin vic chn ng ngi ngay t giai on tuyn dng
nhn vin. ng tin tuyn dng cn m t y , r rng v tr cng vic ang cn
ngi, cng nh nhng k nng cn thit cho v tr . Trong qu trnh phng vn
cn m t chi tit v tr cng vic cho ngi xin vic cng nhiu cng tt. Phn bi
kim tra nng lc, kinh nghim phi bm st yu cu ca v tr cng vic cn tuyn.
Trong trng hp trong thi gian th vic pht hin nhn vin khng ph hp
vi v tr cng vic th phi mnh dn t chi ngi v tm ngi khc ph hp
hn. Nu cm thy ngi l ngi ph hp vi v tr khc ang trng trong
doanh nghip th c th thng lng li vi ngi lao ng.
Sau mt thi gian cng tc ti doanh nghip, nhn vin c th c nhu cu hon i
cng vic sang v tr khc, lc ny doanh nghip cng cn tn trng mong mun ny
ca nhn vin v phi tin hnh hon i v tr cng vic nu c v tr cng vic ph
hp vi nhn vin .
Nhn vin khng th c s tha mn cao nu h cha thc s hiu r c bn cht

cng vic ca h v mi quan h gia cng vic h ang lm v cng vic ca cc
ng nghip. Khi nhn vin mi vo m nhn cng vic, doanh nghip cn phi
dnh lng thi gian nht nh gii thiu v hot ng chung ca ton doanh
nghip, hot ng ca tng phng ban v quan trng nht l cng vic ngi nhn
vin phi lm, mi quan h ca cng vic ny vi cng vic ca phng ban khc
cng nh tm quan trng ca cng vic ny. Gii qun l phi qun trit v truyn
t cho nhn vin ca mnh nhn thc rng mi mt v tr cng vic trong doanh
nghip u c tm quan trng nht nh i vi hot ng chung ca doanh nghip.
5.2.3. Cp trn
S tha mn i vi cp trn l mt trong ba nhn t nh hng mnh n s tha

mn cng vic. Vi gi tr trung bnh bng 3.46 khng cao hn nhiu so vi s tha
mn cng vic v cng nm mc kh khim tn so vi thang o 5 mc nn
doanh nghip cng cn phi ci thin nhn t ny. Kt qu thng k t mu cho
thy, cp trn cn quan tm n nhn vin ca mnh nhiu hn, cng nh phi bo
v h trc nhng ngi khc khi cn thit, cng vi vic ghi nhn ng gp ca
h v i x cng bng vi h. Nhn vin TP.HCM nhn chung nh gi cao nng
lc ca cp trn ca mnh nhng vi gi tr trung bnh 3.73 th vn cn nhiu iu
cp trn c th ci thin i vi nng lc ca mnh v to nim tin nhiu hn cho
nhn vin cp di.
nhn vin cm nhn c s quan tm ca cp trn, trc ht cp trn cn hiu

r hn v nhn vin ca mnh. Vic tm hiu ny c th thc hin vo khong thi
gian ngoi gi lm vic nh nhng bui giao lu hp mt, tic tng hoc cng c
th thc hin ngay trong gi lm vic trong nhng lc rnh vic. Cp trn cn trao
i thng thn, tm hiu v s thch, im mnh, im yu ca nhn vin trong cng
vic cng nh trong cuc sng i t. Ch khi hiu r nhn vin ca mnh th cp
trn mi c th th hin s quan tm ca mnh i vi nhn vin cp di mt cch
ph hp. Kt qu l s quan tm ny chc chn s nhn c s trn trng ca nhn
vin nhn c s quan tm .
Song song vi vic thc s quan tm n nhn vin ca mnh, cp trn cng cn
phi ghi nhn ng gp ca nhn vin cp di khi h t c cc mc tiu
ra. Nhng li ng vin v tn dng s khng bao gi d tha khi cp trn mun
cp di ca mnh lm vic tt hn. Cp trn cng khng c thin v trong i x
gia cc nhn vin cp di ch v l do c nhn hay v nhn vin no hay a dua
mnh.
Nhn vin cp di ch thc s phc cp trn ca mnh khi cp trn thc s c ti

nng lnh o v kin thc chuyn mn gii. Do vy, nh qun l/ lnh o cn
phi khng ngng hc hi nng cao c hai nng lc lnh o v kin thc chuyn
mn. Khi cn thit phi th hin cho nhn vin cp di thy c ti nng ca
mnh.
5.2.4. o to thng tin
i vi s tha mn i vi o to thng tin, y l nhn t nh hng khng

nhiu n s tha mn cng vic nhng li c s tha mn thp nht trong cc nhn
t c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic, ch t l 2.98, tc mc khng tha
mn. V vy rt cn c doanh nghip lu . Vi gi tr di mc tha mn, nhn
vin cho rng h cha c o to y cc k nng cn thit thc hin cng
vic ca mnh (gi tr thang o t 2.66) v cc chng trnh o to ca cng ty
nhn chung l cha tt (gi tr thang o t 2.85). Vn cng ty to iu kin cho
nhn vin hc tp nng cao kin thc v k nng lm vic, v to c hi thng tin
cho ngi c nng lc cng ang mc tha mn thp hn so vi s tha mn
cng vic ni chung.
Do mi doanh nghip c c im ring cng nh c h thng vn hnh ni b khc

nhau nn khi mt ngi nhn vin mi d l sinh vin mi ra trng hay ngi
kinh nghim lm vic th cng rt cn t nhiu s o to t doanh nghip c th
thc hin tt cng vic ca mnh. Vic o to ny c th c thc hin bi chnh
ngi qun l phng ban hoc mt nhn vin tho vic trong phng. Vic o
to cng cn thit khi cng ty c s thay i v h thng qun l phn mm hay p
dng mt quy trnh sn xut mi.
Doanh nghip phi quan tm nhiu hn n cc chng trnh o to ca mnh. o

to khng ch tp trung vo o to kin thc chuyn mn cng vic m cn phi
bao gm o to v k nng qun l, giao tip, thng lng, gii quyt vn ,
qun l thi gian, v.v. N khng ch gip nhn vin hon thnh tt nhim v hin
ti m cn gip h lm tt hn cng nh trang b cho h nhng kin thc cn thit

cho s thng tin. a s nhn vin u mong mun mnh c thng chc hoc t
nht nng cao nng lc lm vic ca mnh sau mt thi gian nht nh.
Ty vo tnh hnh ti chnh v nhn s ca doanh nghip mnh, doanh nghip cn

hin thc ha cc chnh sch o to ca bng cch t chc cc bui, cc lp o
to ngn hn cho mt nhm nhn vin, hay cng c th h tr hc ph mt phn hay
ton phn cho nhn vin chn hc cc lp o to kin thc phc v cho cng vic.
Cui cng, doanh nghip phi chng minh cho ton th nhn vin thy nhng ngi
c nng lc v n lc trong cng vic s c to iu kin thng tin. Khi c v
tr qun l trng hay mi trong doanh nghip cn u tin xem xt nhng ngi
n lc ng gp cho doanh nghip hn l tuyn ngi qun l mi t bn ngoi.
5.2.5. Phc li
Bn cnh vic tip tc duy tr cc phc li c bn (ang c s tha mn cao), ngi

s dng cn lu ci thin phc li cng thm cho nhn vin, nhn t c s tha
mn thp nht trong su nhn t c nh hng n s tha mn cng vic, ch t
2.96. Doanh nghip c th cho nhn vin c mua c phiu cng ty u i, c
h tr mua nh , v.v. cng vi vic nng cao hiu qu hot ng cng on trong
doanh nghip nhm bo v nhiu hn li ch ca ngi lao ng.
Ty theo loi hnh hot ng kinh doanh c th m doanh nghip c th mang n

cho nhn vin cc khon phc li cng thm khc nhau nhm to s gn b lu di
ca h i vi doanh nghip. V d doanh nghip l ngn hng c th to iu kin
cho nhn vin ca mnh c vay vn u i, doanh nghip kinh doanh bt ng
sn c th cho doanh nghip ca mnh c mua t ai, nh vi gi u i hay v
tr bt ng sn thun li, doanh nghip sn xut hng m phm c th cho php
nhn vin ca mnh s dng min ph vi s lng sn phm nht nh trong mt
thng, v.v.
Trong cc phc li cng thm trn, doanh nghip no cng c th s dng mt cng
c l c phn ca doanh nghip. C phn ny cho php nhn vin nm gi n c
chia c tc nht nh hng nm cng nh to thm ng lc lm vic tt hn v khi
nm gi c phn th bn thn nhn vin l mt c ng trong doanh nghip. Ty
trng hp c th m doanh nghip c th cho tng (vi iu kin rng buc nht
nh) hay to iu kin cho nhn vin mua vi gi u i.
5.2.6. Lu khc
Qua nghin cu ny ta thy rng nhn t s tha mn i vi iu kin lm vic d

khng c a vo phn tch hi quy nhng phn phn tch nhn t cho thy
nhn t ny c quan h rt mnh vi s tha mn cng vic c th hin qua h s
ti nhn t ln hn so vi tt c cc nhn t khc. Rt tic l cc ch s (bin thnh
phn) ra ban u khng ph hp o lng nhn t ny. Do vy, doanh
nghip cn tip tc ci thin iu kin lm vic cho nhn vin cng nh tm hiu v
xc nh cc kha cnh (ch s nh gi) no thuc nhn t iu kin lm vic ny.
Ngoi ra, t kt qu kim nh s tha mn cng vic gia nhng vin c thi gian
cng tc khc nhau, doanh nghip cng phi lu rng nhn vin vn phng c thi
gian cng tc lu nm (t 3 nm tr ln) thng c s tha mn cng vic gim i
so vi nhn vin c thi gian cng tc ngn hn. Do vy, doanh nghip cn c
nhng bin php nhm ngn chn tnh trng gim st s tha mn cng vic ny
bng cch to iu kin cho h c m nhn cng vic mi (c im cng vic),
thc hin vic lng tng theo thm nin cng tc (thu nhp), to c hi cho h
c o to thng tin, v.v.
5.3. Hn ch ca nghin cu ny v kin ngh i vi nghin

cu tng lai
Nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM, trung
tm kinh t ln nht c nc vi s lng mu khong 200 l kh nh. Tuy nhin
do nhng gii hn v ngun ti lc v nhn lc nn nghin cu ny ch c th t
c s lng mu nh vy. Do , rt cn c cc nghin cu vi s lng mu ln

hn cho ti ny v kch thc mu cng ln th chnh xc ca nghin cu cng
cao. Ngoi ra, vic m rng gii hn phm vi a l ra ton lnh th Vit Nam cng
cn thit, trong nhn vin vn phng cc thnh ph ln khc nh H Ni, Hi
Phng, Nng v Cn Th cng cn c bao gm trong cuc kho st.
Mt gii hn khc ca ti nghin cu ny l i tng kho st b gii hn bi

kh nng s dng vi tnh cng nh internet. Bng cu hi t tr li c thit k
trn mng internet di s h tr ca phn mm Google Docs Forms v ng
dn ca n gi i qua ng th in t. iu ny c ngha l nhng nhn vin vn
phng cha bit ti internet, hoc khng thun tin trong vic truy cp internet s b
hn ch kh nng tham gia vo cuc kho st ny (nht l nhng nhn vin vn
phng ln tui). Do vy, m bo tin cy ca mu quan st, nghin cu cn
c thc hin ng thi bng cng c Google Docs v bng bng cu hi in ra
giy v gi bng th cho i tng tr li. Nhng cng lu rng xc sut nhn li
c bng tr li bng ng bu in thng l khng cao v cch thc ny s
lm gia tng chi ph in n cng nh chi ph gi i gi li bng cu hi.
Kt qu phn tch nhn t cho thy nhn t iu kin lm vic thc s c nh

hng n s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin vn phng TP.HCM nhng kt
qu phn kim nh tin cy ca thang o, h s Cronbachs alpha, li cho kt
qu l cc kha cnh (bin quan st) ca nhn t ny c xy dng ban u khng
t c tin cy. Do vy, cn c cc nghin cu tm hiu v xc nh nhng ch
s (kha cnh) no c kh nng phn nh c thang o nhn t s tha mn i vi
iu kin lm vic ny.
Nghin cu ny c gii hn bi i tng l nhn vin vn phng v phm vi a

l l TP.HCM nhng chng ta vn c th s dng kt qu ca nghin cu ny
lm ti liu cho cc nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic v sau Vit Nam ni
chung, cng nh s tha mn cng vic tng lnh vc, ngnh ngh, loi hnh
doanh nghip khc nhau. Nh tn ti, nghin cu ny nhm nghin cu s tha

mn cng vic ca nhn vin khi vn phng ni chung. V vy, rt cn c cc
nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin ca nhng ngnh ngh c th
nh nhn vin ngnh ngn hng, nhn vin ngnh logistics, v.v. cng nh nghin
cu s tha mn cng vic ca nhn vin khi doanh nghip nh nc, doanh
nghip t nhn hay doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi.
Nh cp phn t vn ca nghin cu ny, mc tiu cui cng ca doanh

nghip l lm sao cho nhn vin ca mnh lm vic hiu qu v gn b lu di vi
cng ty. To s tha mn cng vic cho nhn vin c l ch l mt trong nhng cch
t c iu ny v ch nghin cu v s tha mn cng vic l cha . Cn
c cc nghin cu v cc nhn t nh hng n hiu qu lm vic (job
performance) ca nhn vin cng nh cc nhn t nh hng n nh ngh vic
(intention to quit). Khi , cc nhn t c xy dng m hnh ban u c th s
ng vai tr quan trng khc i trong mi quan h tng quan i vi hai yu t
ny, ng thi khi s tha mn cng vic s c xem xt nh l mt nhn t tc
ng n hiu qu cng vic v nh ngh vic ca nhn vin.
75
Ti liu tham kho
Ting Vit
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iu kin ca Vit Nam, Tp ch Pht trin Khoa hc Cng ngh, i hc
Quc Gia TP.HCM.
3. Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc (2005), Phn tch d liu nghin
cu vi SPSS, Nh xut bn Thng k.
Ting Anh - English
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Workers in Different Garments Factories in Dhaka City: An Intertemporal
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5. Artz, Benjamin (2008), Fringe benefit and Job satisfaction, University of
Wisconsin White water, USA
6. Bellingham, R. (2004), Job Satisfaction Survey, Wellness Council of
America.
7. Bless, C., Higson-Smith, C., & Kagee, A. (2006), Fundamentals of Social
Research Methods: An African Perspective, Juta and Company Limited, 4th
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8. Boeve, W. D (2007), A National Study of Job Satisfaction factors among
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9. Chami, R. & Fullenkamp, C. (2002), Trust as a means of Improving
Corporate Governance and Efficiency, International Monetary Fund Institute.
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12. Durst, S. L. & DeSantis, V. S. (1997), The determinants of job satisfaction
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13. Efere, P (2005), Motivation and Job Satisfaction, Trans-Atlantic College,
London.
14. Ehlers, L. N. (2003), The relationship of communication satisfaction, job
satisfaction and self-reported absenteeism, Miami University.
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No. 3, pp.173-84.
16. Garson, G. David (n.d.). "Factor Analysis", from Statnotes: Topics in
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17. Hackman, J. R & Oldham, G. R. (1974), The Job Diagnosis Survey: An
Instrument for the Diagnosis of Jobs and the Evaluation of Job Redesign
Project, Technical Report No. 4, Department of Administrative Sciences,
Yale University, USA.
18. Hill, Steve (2008), What Make a Good Work Colleague, EzineArticle.com
19. Hornby, A. S. (2000), Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, 6th Edition,
Oxford University Press.
20. Isacsson, G., Karlstrom, A. & Swardh, J. (2008), The value of time from
subjective data on life satisfaction and job satisfaction: An emperical
assessment, National Road and Transportations Research Institute, Sweden.
21. Kreitner, R & Kinicki, A (2007), Organizational Behavior, 7th Edition,
McGraw Hill Irwin.
22. Kumar, R. (2005), Research Methodology A step by sterp guide for
Befinners, 2nd Edition, Sage Publication Limited.
77
23. Luddy, Nezaam (2005), Job Satisfaction amongst Employees at a Public

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25. Maslow, A. H. (1943), A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological
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26. Pattanayak, B (2005), Human Resource Management, Third Edition, PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd, India.
27. Robbins, Stephen P. (2002), Organizational Behavior, Pearson Education
International, 10th Edition.
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business executives: A test of the situational, dispositional, and interactional
job satisfaction models, College of Business, Illinois State University.
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Training and Overall Job Satisfaction, Human Resource Development
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31. Skalli, A., Theodossiou, I. & Vasileiou, E. (2007), Jobs as Lancaster Goods:
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36. Warren, E. (2008), The relationship between communication, supervision
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38. Wesley, J. R. & Muthuswamy, P. R. (2008), Work Role Characteristics as
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Ting Hoa
42. 1977
8 43 1977
Ph lc 1 79
Danh mc ph lc
Ph lc A: Kt qu phn tch thng k t phn mm SPSS 15.0 ........................................ 80
Ph lc A.1: Thng k m t s tha mn cng vic ca mu........................................ 80
Ph lc A.2: Phn tch tin cy Cronbachs Alpha (Reliability).................................. 82
Ph lc A.3: Phn tch nhn t ........................................................................................ 90
Ph lc A.4: Kt qu kim nh T-Test, ANOVA v phi tham s ................................ 106
Ph lc A.5: Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh (Phng php chn bin Enter).................. 116
Ph lc B: Th in t gi cho i tng kho st .......................................................... 122
Ph lc C: Bng cu hi chnh thc gi i kho st.......................................................... 123
Ph lc 1 80
CHNG A: DUMMY
Ph lc A: Kt qu phn tch thng k t phn mm SPSS 15.0

Ph lc A.1: Thng k m t s tha mn cng vic ca mu
Bng A-1. Descriptive Statistics

Std.
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation
Su thoa man trung binh
205 4.00 1.00 5.00 3.0451 .83143
d/v thu nhap
205 4.00 1.00 5.00 2.9793 .94933
d/v dao tao thang tien
205 3.78 1.22 5.00 3.4623 .78943
d/v cap tren
205 3.00 2.00 5.00 3.8410 .66087
d/v dac diem cong viec
205 4.00 1.00 5.00 4.2707 .82760
d/v phuc loi co ban
205 4.00 1.00 5.00 2.9642 1.07902
d/v phuc loi cong them
205 3.86 1.14 5.00 3.3275 .73079
d/v cong viec noi chung
Valid N (listwise) 205

N Std.
Devia- Min- Max-
Valid Missing Mean tion Range imum imum
Muc luong 205 0 3.27 .925 4 1 5
Thuong 205 0 2.93 1.116 4 1 5
Tro cap 205 0 3.08 1.154 4 1 5
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang 205 0 2.90 1.113 4 1 5
Ky nang cho cong viec 205 0 2.85 1.213 4 1 5
Dieu kien hoc tap 205 0 3.22 1.111 4 1 5
Chuong trinh dao tao 205 0 2.66 1.213 4 1 5
Co hoi thang tien 205 0 3.19 1.109 4 1 5
Giao tiep voi cap tren 205 0 3.63 1.080 4 1 5
Cap tren dong vien ho tro 205 0 3.39 1.082 4 1 5
Cap tren quan tam 205 0 3.24 1.024 4 1 5
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop 205 0 3.26 1.037 4 1 5
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien 205 0 3.25 1.017 4 1 5
Cap tren co nang luc 205 0 3.73 1.099 4 1 5
Cap tren uy quyen 205 0 3.76 .968 4 1 5
Cap tren cong bang 205 0 3.42 1.107 4 1 5
Dong nghiep ho tro 205 0 3.63 .979 4 1 5
Dong nghiep than thien 205 0 3.78 .963 4 1 5
Ph lc 1 81
N Std.
Devia- Min- Max-
Valid Missing Mean tion Range imum imum
Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong
205 0 3.50 .905 4 1 5
viec
Dong nghiep dang tin cay 205 0 3.36 .905 4 1 5
Su dung ky nang khac nhau 205 0 3.79 .987 4 1 5
Hieu ro cong viec 205 0 4.17 .875 4 1 5
Cong viec quan trong 205 0 3.86 .864 4 1 5
Quyen quyet dinh trong cong
205 0 3.84 .894 4 1 5
viec
Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren 205 0 3.47 .958 4 1 5
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc 205 0 3.55 .952 4 1 5
Thoi gian lam viec 205 0 3.87 1.040 4 1 5
Lam them gio 205 0 3.75 1.194 4 1 5
Phuong tien lam viec 205 0 4.01 .921 4 1 5
Noi lam viec an toan thoai mai 205 0 4.02 .934 4 1 5
Thoi gian di lai 205 0 3.13 1.419 4 1 5
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te 205 0 4.27 1.025 4 1 5
Nghi phep nghi benh 205 0 4.27 .909 4 1 5
Du lich nghi duong 205 0 3.69 1.425 4 1 5
Cong doan 205 0 2.89 1.424 4 1 5
Khong lo mat viec 205 0 3.78 1.106 4 1 5
Phuc loi khac 205 0 2.31 1.276 4 1 5
Hai long voi thu nhap 205 0 3.17 .957 4 1 5
Hai long voi dao tao thang tien 205 0 2.96 1.033 4 1 5
Hai long voi cap tren 205 0 3.39 1.040 4 1 5
Hai long voi dong nghiep 205 0 3.60 .906 4 1 5
Hai long voi dac diem cong viec 205 0 3.46 .936 4 1 5
Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec 205 0 3.61 .941 4 1 5
Hai long voi phuc loi 205 0 3.30 1.041 4 1 5
Hai long voi cong viec 205 0 3.40 .889 4 1 5
Ph lc 1 82
Ph lc A.2: Phn tch tin cy Cronbachs Alpha (Reliability)

Scale: Su thoa man doi voi thu nhap
Bng A-3. Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 205 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 205 100.0
a
. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.
Bng A-4. Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.770 4
Bng A-5. Item Statistics

Mean Std. Deviation N
Muc luong 3.27 .925 205
Thuong 2.93 1.116 205
Tro cap 3.08 1.154 205
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang
2.90 1.113 205
Bng A-6. Item-Total Statistics

Scale Corrected Cronbach's
Scale Mean if Variance if Item-Total Alpha if Item
Item Deleted Item Deleted Correlation Deleted
Muc luong 8.91 7.692 .489 .756
Thuong 9.25 6.210 .649 .672
Tro cap 9.10 6.373 .576 .714
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang
9.28 6.518 .581 .710
Bng A-7. Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items
12.18 11.060 3.326 4
Ph lc 1 83
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi dao tao thang tien

N %
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 205 100.0
a

.833 4

Ky nang cho cong viec 2.85 1.213 205
Dieu kien hoc tap 3.22 1.111 205
Chuong trinh dao tao 2.66 1.213 205
Co hoi thang tien 3.19 1.109 205

Ky nang cho cong viec 9.07 8.436 .640 .800
Dieu kien hoc tap 8.69 8.694 .686 .780
Chuong trinh dao tao 9.26 8.075 .707 .769
Co hoi thang tien 8.73 9.040 .622 .807

11.92 14.420 3.797 4
Ph lc 1 84
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi cap tren

N %
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 205 100.0
a

.903 8

Giao tiep voi cap tren 3.63 1.080 205
Cap tren dong vien ho tro 3.39 1.082 205
Cap tren quan tam 3.24 1.024 205
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop 3.26 1.037 205
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien 3.25 1.017 205
Cap tren co nang luc 3.73 1.099 205
Cap tren uy quyen 3.76 .968 205
Cap tren cong bang 3.42 1.107 205

Giao tiep voi cap tren 24.06 34.055 .559 .903
Cap tren dong vien ho tro 24.30 31.288 .810 .880
Cap tren quan tam 24.44 31.640 .832 .879
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop 24.43 32.981 .689 .891
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien 24.43 32.561 .747 .886
Cap tren co nang luc 23.96 32.640 .671 .893
Cap tren uy quyen 23.93 34.205 .629 .896
Cap tren cong bang 24.27 33.080 .625 .897

27.69 42.265 6.501 8
Ph lc 1 85
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi dong nghiep

N %
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 205 100.0
a

.879 4

Dong nghiep ho tro 3.63 .979 205
Dong nghiep than thien 3.78 .963 205
3.50 .905 205
viec
Dong nghiep dang tin cay 3.36 .905 205

Dong nghiep ho tro 10.64 5.830 .753 .840
Dong nghiep than thien 10.49 5.977 .731 .848
10.77 6.197 .739 .845
viec
Dong nghiep dang tin cay 10.92 6.214 .735 .847

14.27 10.347 3.217 4
Ph lc 1 86
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi dac diem cong viec

N %
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 205 100.0
a

.799 6

Su dung ky nang khac nhau 3.79 .987 205
Hieu ro cong viec 4.17 .875 205
Cong viec quan trong 3.86 .864 205
3.84 .894 205
viec
Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren 3.47 .958 205
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc 3.55 .952 205

Su dung ky nang khac nhau 18.89 10.734 .551 .768
Hieu ro cong viec 18.51 11.153 .573 .763
Cong viec quan trong 18.81 11.613 .494 .780
18.83 10.982 .589 .760
viec
Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren 19.20 10.919 .542 .770
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc 19.13 10.782 .573 .763

22.68 15.268 3.907 6
Ph lc 1 87
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi dieu kien lam viec

N %
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 205 100.0
a

.544 5

Thoi gian lam viec 3.87 1.040 205
Lam them gio 3.75 1.194 205
Phuong tien lam viec 4.01 .921 205
Noi lam viec an toan thoai mai 4.02 .934 205
Thoi gian di lai 3.13 1.419 205

Thoi gian lam viec 14.91 7.790 .374 .450
Lam them gio 15.03 7.768 .278 .507
Phuong tien lam viec 14.77 7.876 .449 .420
Noi lam viec an toan thoai mai 14.76 7.702 .477 .404
Thoi gian di lai 15.65 8.237 .098 .649

18.78 11.045 3.323 5
Ph lc 1 88
Scale: Su thoa man doi voi phuc loi

N %
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 205 100.0
a

.730 6

Bao hiem xa hoi, y te 4.27 1.025 205
Nghi phep nghi benh 4.27 .909 205
Du lich nghi duong 3.69 1.425 205
Cong doan 2.89 1.424 205
Khong lo mat viec 3.78 1.106 205
Phuc loi khac 2.31 1.276 205

Bao hiem xa hoi, y te 16.94 17.320 .474 .692
Nghi phep nghi benh 16.94 18.422 .405 .710
Du lich nghi duong 17.52 14.212 .574 .656
Cong doan 18.32 14.443 .549 .665
Khong lo mat viec 17.43 17.561 .391 .712
Phuc loi khac 18.90 16.475 .416 .707

21.21 22.412 4.734 6
Ph lc 1 89
Scale: Su thoa man cong viec

N %
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 205 100.0
a

.862 8

Hai long voi thu nhap 3.17 .957 205
Hai long voi dao tao thang tien 2.96 1.033 205
Hai long voi cap tren 3.39 1.040 205
Hai long voi dong nghiep 3.60 .906 205
Hai long voi dac diem cong viec 3.46 .936 205
Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec 3.61 .941 205
Hai long voi phuc loi 3.30 1.041 205
Hai long voi cong viec hien tai 3.40 .889 205

Hai long voi thu nhap 23.72 24.831 .512 .856
Hai long voi dao tao thang tien 23.93 22.931 .670 .838
Hai long voi cap tren 23.50 23.104 .645 .841
Hai long voi dong nghiep 23.29 26.169 .393 .868
Hai long voi dac diem cong viec 23.43 24.285 .592 .847
Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec 23.28 23.574 .675 .838
Hai long voi phuc loi 23.59 23.195 .633 .843
Hai long voi cong viec hien tai 23.48 23.212 .773 .828

26.89 30.630 5.534 8
90
Ph lc 1
Ph lc A.3: Phn tch nhn t

Phn tch nhn t i vi tt c cc bin quan st (ln 1 - 32 bin)
Bng A-43. Correlation Matrixa
Phan Cap Cap
phoi Ky Giao tren tren
thu nang Dieu Chuong tiep dong Cap ghi
nhap cho kien trinh Co hoi voi vien tren nhan
Muc Tro cong cong hoc dao thang cap ho quan dong
luong Thuong cap bang viec tap tao tien tren tro tam gop
Muc luong 1.000 .565 .346 .294 .094 .088 .049 .127 .171 .084 .136 .253
Thuong .565 1.000 .458 .507 .238 .183 .271 .253 .197 .170 .239 .389
Tro cap .346 .458 1.000 .560 .314 .188 .290 .321 .237 .276 .369 .474
Phan phoi thu nhap cong
.294 .507 .560 1.000 .402 .241 .344 .393 .229 .310 .409 .494
bang
Ky nang cho cong viec .094 .238 .314 .402 1.000 .553 .594 .473 .268 .299 .326 .316
Dieu kien hoc tap .088 .183 .188 .241 .553 1.000 .603 .559 .307 .351 .387 .349
Correlation
Chuong trinh dao tao .049 .271 .290 .344 .594 .603 1.000 .557 .232 .244 .257 .238
Co hoi thang tien .127 .253 .321 .393 .473 .559 .557 1.000 .385 .491 .456 .453
Giao tiep voi cap tren .171 .197 .237 .229 .268 .307 .232 .385 1.000 .628 .557 .498
Cap tren dong vien ho tro .084 .170 .276 .310 .299 .351 .244 .491 .628 1.000 .794 .591
Cap tren quan tam .136 .239 .369 .409 .326 .387 .257 .456 .557 .794 1.000 .744
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .253 .389 .474 .494 .316 .349 .238 .453 .498 .591 .744 1.000
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .140 .280 .325 .309 .321 .344 .285 .454 .408 .632 .694 .584
Cap tren co nang luc .198 .216 .254 .290 .205 .226 .181 .387 .354 .616 .595 .448
Cap tren uy quyen .155 .242 .233 .305 .169 .214 .160 .283 .388 .553 .479 .438
a
. Do gii hn ca trang giy, ch mt phn ca kt qu c th hin bng ny.
Ph lc 1 91
Bng A-44. KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .877
Approx. Chi-Square 3342.498
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity df 496
Sig. .000
Bng A-45. Communalities

Initial Extraction
Muc luong 1.000 .606
Thuong 1.000 .713
Tro cap 1.000 .619
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang 1.000 .638
Ky nang cho cong viec 1.000 .653
Dieu kien hoc tap 1.000 .716
Chuong trinh dao tao 1.000 .751
Co hoi thang tien 1.000 .649
Giao tiep voi cap tren 1.000 .462
Cap tren dong vien ho tro 1.000 .783
Cap tren quan tam 1.000 .804
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop 1.000 .657
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien 1.000 .695
Cap tren co nang luc 1.000 .607
Cap tren uy quyen 1.000 .624
Cap tren cong bang 1.000 .521
Dong nghiep ho tro 1.000 .767
Dong nghiep than thien 1.000 .747
Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec 1.000 .731
Dong nghiep dang tin cay 1.000 .754
Su dung ky nang khac nhau 1.000 .470
Hieu ro cong viec 1.000 .590
Cong viec quan trong 1.000 .606
Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec 1.000 .549
Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren 1.000 .516
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc 1.000 .585
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te 1.000 .720
Nghi phep nghi benh 1.000 .604
Du lich nghi duong 1.000 .623
Cong doan 1.000 .649
Khong lo mat viec 1.000 .451
Phuc loi khac 1.000 .756
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Ph lc 1 92
Bng A-46. Total Variance Explained

Component
Extraction Sums of Squared Rotation Sums of Squared
Initial Eigenvalues Loadings Loadings
% of Cumula % of Cumula % of Cumula
Total Variance -tive % Total Variance -tive % Total Variance -tive %
1 9.611 30.036 30.036 9.611 30.036 30.036 5.273 16.479 16.479
2 2.691 8.410 38.446 2.691 8.410 38.446 3.241 10.128 26.607
3 2.387 7.459 45.905 2.387 7.459 45.905 2.959 9.248 35.855
4 1.822 5.694 51.599 1.822 5.694 51.599 2.805 8.767 44.622
5 1.542 4.818 56.417 1.542 4.818 56.417 2.495 7.796 52.419
6 1.480 4.624 61.041 1.480 4.624 61.041 1.948 6.088 58.507
7 1.081 3.379 64.420 1.081 3.379 64.420 1.892 5.914 64.420
8 .980 3.062 67.482
9 .936 2.924 70.406
10 .800 2.499 72.905
11 .757 2.366 75.271
12 .680 2.125 77.396
13 .649 2.027 79.423
14 .611 1.909 81.332
15 .545 1.703 83.035
16 .518 1.618 84.653
17 .501 1.565 86.218
18 .436 1.362 87.580
19 .407 1.272 88.852
20 .384 1.202 90.054
21 .376 1.176 91.230
22 .362 1.130 92.359
23 .342 1.070 93.429
24 .321 1.002 94.431
25 .284 .887 95.318
26 .274 .855 96.174
27 .256 .800 96.974
28 .238 .743 97.717
29 .222 .695 98.412
30 .200 .624 99.036
31 .184 .574 99.610
32 .125 .390 100.000
Ph lc 1 93
Bng A-47. Component Matrixa

Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Muc luong .580
Thuong .472 .573
Tro cap .537
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang .565
Ky nang cho cong viec .530
Dieu kien hoc tap .564 -.538
Chuong trinh dao tao .488 -.488
Co hoi thang tien .647
Giao tiep voi cap tren .586
Cap tren dong vien ho tro .713
Cap tren quan tam .751
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .738
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .717
Cap tren co nang luc .632
Cap tren uy quyen .664
Cap tren cong bang .638
Dong nghiep ho tro .508
Dong nghiep than thien -.501 .494
Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec .551
Dong nghiep dang tin cay .473 -.529
Su dung ky nang khac nhau .572
Hieu ro cong viec .512
Cong viec quan trong
Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec .562
Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren .664
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te
Nghi phep nghi benh
Du lich nghi duong
Cong doan
Khong lo mat viec
Phuc loi khac .470 .589
a
. 7 components extracted
Ph lc 1 94
Bng A-48. Rotated Component Matrixa

Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Muc luong .750
Thuong .791
Tro cap .631
Dieu kien hoc tap .772
Chuong trinh dao tao .816
Cap tren uy quyen .573 .491
Dong nghiep than thien .826
Dong nghiep dang tin cay .819
Cong viec quan trong .736
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc .722
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te .780
Nghi phep nghi benh .700
Du lich nghi duong .607
Cong doan .723
Khong lo mat viec
Phuc loi khac .780
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
a
. Rotation converged in 6 iterations.
Ph lc 1 95
Bng A-49. Component Transformation Matrix

Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 .652 .351 .368 .362 .286 .241 .216
2 .044 -.622 -.435 .302 .399 .201 .362
3 -.539 .563 -.260 .362 -.069 .255 .353
4 -.470 -.021 .505 -.211 .690 -.016 .051
5 .206 .252 -.370 -.740 .189 .385 .158
6 -.122 -.330 .451 -.116 -.463 .616 .255
7 .073 -.005 .113 -.203 -.166 -.555 .778
Bng A-50. Component Score Coefficient Matrix

Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Muc luong -.053 -.012 .036 -.059 .385 -.068 -.088
Thuong -.077 .001 .032 -.022 .372 -.032 -.015
Tro cap -.017 .014 -.077 -.042 .272 .124 -.010
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang -.002 .027 -.107 .055 .292 .028 -.094
Ky nang cho cong viec -.059 -.018 -.038 .334 .019 .022 -.083
Dieu kien hoc tap -.052 -.057 .067 .359 -.102 -.022 -.035
Chuong trinh dao tao -.071 -.012 -.036 .376 -.004 -.090 .007
Co hoi thang tien .030 -.020 -.020 .285 -.016 -.049 -.114
Giao tiep voi cap tren .112 -.056 -.011 .041 -.062 .146 -.097
Cap tren dong vien ho tro .232 -.053 -.066 .007 -.101 .007 -.045
Cap tren quan tam .230 -.035 -.103 -.014 -.031 -.014 -.019
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .141 .000 -.077 -.036 .096 .002 -.009
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .205 -.026 -.050 -.029 -.041 -.089 .054
Cap tren co nang luc .209 -.020 -.036 -.086 -.029 -.064 .021
Cap tren uy quyen .101 -.018 .138 -.102 -.024 .027 -.019
Cap tren cong bang .159 .004 -.017 -.054 .010 -.088 .025
Dong nghiep ho tro .003 .309 -.111 -.020 -.006 .040 -.081
Dong nghiep than thien -.057 .300 -.032 -.051 -.020 .059 .002
Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec -.029 .290 -.048 -.017 .044 -.051 -.010
Dong nghiep dang tin cay -.042 .302 -.007 -.022 .026 -.148 .045
Su dung ky nang khac nhau -.003 .054 .154 .044 -.046 -.095 .027
Hieu ro cong viec -.068 -.033 .281 -.016 -.047 .150 -.050
Cong viec quan trong -.098 -.085 .344 .038 .038 -.111 .048
Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec .003 -.005 .207 -.009 -.004 .052 -.121
Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren .098 .038 .066 -.066 -.027 -.053 .056
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc -.025 -.055 .314 -.055 -.032 -.060 .045
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te -.043 -.092 .001 -.033 .033 .483 -.055
Nghi phep nghi benh -.018 .051 -.045 -.046 -.029 .438 -.112
Du lich nghi duong -.019 .000 -.009 -.072 -.095 .172 .334
Ph lc 1 96
Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cong doan -.023 .003 .017 -.011 -.114 -.039 .455
Khong lo mat viec -.120 -.043 .185 .032 -.037 .149 .154
Phuc loi khac .020 -.035 -.021 -.098 .064 -.223 .530
Component Scores.
Bng A-51. Component Score Covariance Matrix

Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000
4 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000
5 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000
6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000
7 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000
Component Scores.
Ph lc 1 97
Phn tch nhn t i vi cc bin quan st (ln 2 - 31 bin: bin khng s mt

vic b loi b)
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Df 465
Sig. .000

Initial Extraction
Muc luong 1.000 .606
Thuong 1.000 .712
Tro cap 1.000 .624
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang 1.000 .643
Ky nang cho cong viec 1.000 .651
Dieu kien hoc tap 1.000 .725
Chuong trinh dao tao 1.000 .752
Co hoi thang tien 1.000 .646
Giao tiep voi cap tren 1.000 .469
Cap tren dong vien ho tro 1.000 .793
Cap tren quan tam 1.000 .814
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop 1.000 .668
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien 1.000 .690
Cap tren co nang luc 1.000 .592
Cap tren uy quyen 1.000 .621
Cap tren cong bang 1.000 .528
Dong nghiep ho tro 1.000 .765
Dong nghiep than thien 1.000 .747
Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec 1.000 .729
Dong nghiep dang tin cay 1.000 .760
Su dung ky nang khac nhau 1.000 .486
Hieu ro cong viec 1.000 .591
Cong viec quan trong 1.000 .588
Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec 1.000 .556
Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren 1.000 .519
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc 1.000 .615
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te 1.000 .726
Nghi phep nghi benh 1.000 .626
Du lich nghi duong 1.000 .671
Cong doan 1.000 .625
Phuc loi khac 1.000 .761
Ph lc 1 98

Component
Extraction Sums of Squared Rotation Sums of Squared

Initial Eigenvalues Loadings Loadings
% of Cumu- % of Cumu- % of Cumu-
Total Variance lative % Total Variance lative % Total Variance lative %
1 9.441 30.453 30.453 9.441 30.453 30.453 5.198 16.768 16.768
2 2.689 8.675 39.128 2.689 8.675 39.128 3.223 10.395 27.163
3 2.352 7.587 46.716 2.352 7.587 46.716 2.936 9.470 36.633
4 1.796 5.793 52.508 1.796 5.793 52.508 2.794 9.012 45.646
5 1.540 4.968 57.476 1.540 4.968 57.476 2.486 8.020 53.665
6 1.398 4.509 61.986 1.398 4.509 61.986 1.863 6.011 59.677
7 1.081 3.486 65.471 1.081 3.486 65.471 1.796 5.795 65.471
8 .955 3.081 68.552
9 .816 2.631 71.183
10 .761 2.456 73.639
11 .748 2.414 76.053
12 .657 2.119 78.172
13 .624 2.012 80.184
14 .595 1.921 82.105
15 .538 1.736 83.841
16 .512 1.652 85.493
17 .461 1.488 86.981
18 .434 1.401 88.382
19 .393 1.269 89.651
20 .379 1.224 90.875
21 .363 1.170 92.045
22 .343 1.106 93.151
23 .322 1.039 94.190
24 .290 .937 95.127
25 .275 .888 96.015
26 .257 .829 96.844
27 .245 .789 97.634
28 .225 .724 98.358
29 .200 .646 99.004
30 .184 .593 99.597
31 .125 .403 100.000
Ph lc 1 99

Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Muc luong .612
Thuong .604
Tro cap .539
Dieu kien hoc tap .561 -.527
Chuong trinh dao tao -.505
Dong nghiep than thien -.512
Dong nghiep dang tin cay -.537
Cong viec quan trong
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te
Nghi phep nghi benh
Du lich nghi duong
Cong doan
Phuc loi khac .592
a
. 7 components extracted.
Ph lc 1 100

Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Muc luong .751
Thuong .794
Tro cap .623
Dieu kien hoc tap .777
Chuong trinh dao tao .818
Dong nghiep than thien .830
Dong nghiep dang tin cay .823
Cong viec quan trong .720
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc .754
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te .784
Nghi phep nghi benh .718
Du lich nghi duong .624
Cong doan .702
Phuc loi khac .788
a
. Rotation converged in 6 iterations.
Ph lc 1 101
Bng A-57. Component Transformation Matrix

Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 .657 .352 .370 .363 .286 .228 .205
2 .076 -.627 -.445 .296 .399 .190 .345
3 -.488 .573 -.336 .387 -.068 .238 .331
4 -.472 .053 .402 -.191 .756 -.055 .039
5 .204 .207 -.305 -.746 .111 .466 .192
6 -.242 -.329 .526 .007 -.374 .603 .229
7 .044 -.014 .140 -.195 -.174 -.521 .799

Component
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Muc luong -.052 -.012 .033 -.061 .385 -.069 -.086
Thuong -.077 .002 .029 -.022 .374 -.031 -.014
Tro cap -.028 .006 -.056 -.040 .263 .140 .008
Phan phoi thu nhap cong bang .007 .032 -.116 .052 .294 .019 -.100
Ky nang cho cong viec -.056 -.016 -.042 .334 .021 .019 -.086
Dieu kien hoc tap -.063 -.062 .079 .362 -.105 -.012 -.026
Chuong trinh dao tao -.075 -.015 -.031 .376 -.006 -.086 .012
Co hoi thang tien .022 -.027 -.005 .283 -.023 -.042 -.101
Giao tiep voi cap tren .134 -.041 -.044 .043 -.045 .126 -.133
Cap tren dong vien ho tro .244 -.047 -.077 .004 -.097 -.006 -.057
Cap tren quan tam .242 -.029 -.113 -.018 -.028 -.027 -.028
Cap tren ghi nhan dong gop .154 .008 -.092 -.039 .101 -.011 -.022
Cap tren bao ve nhan vien .203 -.029 -.039 -.032 -.046 -.088 .064
Cap tren co nang luc .199 -.029 -.012 -.089 -.040 -.055 .043
Cap tren uy quyen .100 -.016 .138 -.100 -.021 .026 -.021
Cap tren cong bang .167 .007 -.024 -.058 .011 -.099 .022
Dong nghiep ho tro .006 .309 -.109 -.023 -.008 .037 -.080
Dong nghiep than thien -.054 .304 -.036 -.049 -.017 .058 -.005
Dong nghiep tan tam voi cong viec -.031 .288 -.040 -.019 .040 -.048 -.004
Dong nghiep dang tin cay -.037 .307 -.016 -.024 .030 -.156 .037
Su dung ky nang khac nhau -.024 .043 .180 .047 -.054 -.076 .050
Hieu ro cong viec -.084 -.037 .292 -.005 -.043 .167 -.046
Cong viec quan trong -.109 -.084 .343 .046 .045 -.103 .047
Quyen quyet dinh trong cong viec -.010 -.011 .221 -.005 -.006 .063 -.111
Nhan duoc phan hoi tu cap tren .085 .031 .085 -.065 -.034 -.041 .074
Cong viec phu hop voi nang luc -.051 -.067 .342 -.049 -.039 -.037 .071
Bao hiem xa hoi, y te -.053 -.095 .014 -.024 .032 .499 -.048
Nghi phep nghi benh -.032 .042 -.018 -.040 -.037 .457 -.093
Du lich nghi duong -.048 -.012 .029 -.060 -.106 .208 .362
Cong doan -.034 .006 .022 .000 -.110 -.022 .454
Phuc loi khac .003 -.038 -.005 -.091 .060 -.200 .545
Ph lc 1 102

Component Scores.

Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000
4 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000
5 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000
6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000
7 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000
Component Scores.
Ph lc 1 103
Phn tch nhn t i vi cc nhn t ca s tha mn cng vic

Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N
Hai long voi thu nhap 3.17 .957 205
Hai long voi dao tao thang tien 2.96 1.033 205
Hai long voi cap tren 3.39 1.040 205
Hai long voi dong nghiep 3.60 .906 205
Hai long voi dac diem cong viec 3.46 .936 205
Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec 3.61 .941 205
Hai long voi phuc loi 3.30 1.041 205
Hai long voi cong viec hien tai 3.40 .889 205

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Df 28
Sig. .000

Initial Extraction
Hai long voi thu nhap 1.000 .391
Hai long voi dao tao thang tien 1.000 .571
Hai long voi cap tren 1.000 .551
Hai long voi dong nghiep 1.000 .239
Hai long voi dac diem cong viec 1.000 .509
Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec 1.000 .611
Hai long voi phuc loi 1.000 .537
Hai long voi cong viec hien tai 1.000 .738
Ph lc 1 104
Bng A-63. Correlation Matrix

Hai Hai
long Hai long
voi Hai long voi Hai Hai
Hai dao Hai long voi dac dieu long long
long tao long voi diem kien voi voi
voi thu thang voi cap dong cong lam phuc cong
Correlation nhap tien tren nghiep viec viec loi viec
Hai long voi thu nhap 1.000 .478 .313 .131 .355 .373 .479 .483
Hai long voi dao tao
.478 1.000 .557 .402 .358 .418 .571 .545
thang tien
Hai long voi cap tren .313 .557 1.000 .390 .437 .535 .467 .530
Hai long voi dong nghiep .131 .402 .390 1.000 .283 .279 .276 .277
Hai long voi dac diem
.355 .358 .437 .283 1.000 .538 .330 .729
cong viec
Hai long voi dieu kien
.373 .418 .535 .279 .538 1.000 .521 .711
lam viec
Hai long voi phuc loi .479 .571 .467 .276 .330 .521 1.000 .523
Hai long voi cong viec .483 .545 .530 .277 .729 .711 .523 1.000

Component
Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings

% of Cumulative % of Cumulative
Total Variance % Total Variance %
1 4.146 51.820 51.820 4.146 51.820 51.820
2 .950 11.877 63.697
3 .880 11.002 74.700
4 .597 7.464 82.164
5 .491 6.140 88.304
6 .408 5.096 93.399
7 .341 4.267 97.667
8 .187 2.333 100.000
Ph lc 1 105

Component
1
Hai long voi thu nhap .625
Hai long voi dao tao thang tien .756
Hai long voi cap tren .742
Hai long voi dong nghiep
Hai long voi dac diem cong viec .713
Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec .782
Hai long voi phuc loi .733
Hai long voi cong viec hien tai .859
a
. 1 components extracted.

Dummy category
a
. Only one component was extracted. The solution cannot be rotated.

Component
1
Hai long voi thu nhap .151
Hai long voi dao tao thang tien .182
Hai long voi cap tren .179
Hai long voi dong nghiep .118
Hai long voi dac diem cong viec .172
Hai long voi dieu kien lam viec .189
Hai long voi phuc loi .177
Hai long voi cong viec hien tai .207
Component Scores.

Component 1
1 1.000
Component Scores.
Ph lc 1 106
Ph lc A.4: Kt qu kim nh T-Test, ANOVA v phi tham s

Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca tng th
T-Test
Bng A-69. One-Sample Statistics

Std. Error
N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong
205 3.3275 .73079 .05104
viec noi chung
Bng A-70. One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3.33
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. Mean Difference
t df (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
-.048 204 .961 -.00247 -.1031 .0982
viec noi chung
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia nam v n)

T-Test
Bng A-71. Group Statistics

Std. Std. Error
Gioi tinh N Mean Deviation Mean
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong Nam 79 3.4159 .67091 .07548
viec noi chung
Nu 126 3.2721 .76333 .06800
Ph lc 1 107
Bng A-72. Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence Interval
Sig. Mean Std. Error of the Difference
F Sig. t df (2-tailed) Difference Difference Upper Lower
Su thoa man Equal variances
1.160 .283 1.374 203 .171 .14380 .10465 -.06253 .35014
trung binh d/v assumed
cong viec noi Equal variances
chung 1.415 181.420 .159 .14380 .10160 -.05666 .34427
not assumed
NPar Tests: Mann-Whitney Test
Bng A-73. Ranks

Gioi tinh N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
Nam 79 108.46 8568.50
Nu 126 99.58 12546.50
viec noi chung
Total 205
Bng A-74. Test Statisticsa

Su thoa man trung binh d/v
cong viec noi chung
Mann-Whitney U 4545.500
Wilcoxon W 12546.500
Z -1.046
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .295
a
. Grouping Variable: Gioi tinh
Ph lc 1 108
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia cc tui khc nhau)

Oneway ANOVA
Bng A-75. Descriptives
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
95% Confidence
Std. Interval for Mean
Devia- Std. Lower Upper Min- Max-
N Mean tion Error Bound Bound imum imum
tuoi 22-24 27 3.6296 .62429 .12014 3.3827 3.8766 2.71 5.00
tuoi 25-29 114 3.2857 .76259 .07142 3.1442 3.4272 1.14 5.00
tuoi 30-34 50 3.2743 .70687 .09997 3.0734 3.4752 1.71 5.00
tuoi 35 tro len 14 3.2755 .66645 .17812 2.8907 3.6603 1.71 4.00
Total 205 3.3275 .73079 .05104 3.2269 3.4282 1.14 5.00
Bng A-76. Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
.888 3 201 .448
Bng A-77. ANOVA

Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 2.843 3 .948 1.795 .149
Within Groups 106.105 201 .528
Total 108.948 204
NPar Tests: Kruskal-Wallis Test

Bng A-78. Ranks
Do tuoi N Mean Rank
tuoi 22-24 27 126.11
tuoi 25-29 114 100.06
viec noi chung tuoi 30-34 50 97.28
tuoi 35 tro len 14 102.79
Total 205
Bng A-79. Test Statisticsa, b

cong viec noi chung
Chi-Square 4.867
Df 3
Asymp. Sig. .182
a
. Kruskal Wallis Test
b
. Grouping Variable: Do tuoi
Ph lc 1 109
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (thi gian cng tc khc

nhau)
Oneway ANOVA
95% Confidence
duoi 1 nam 60 3.3857 .78963 .10194 3.1817 3.5897 1.86 5.00
1-3 nam 81 3.4392 .71990 .07999 3.2800 3.5983 1.14 5.00
tren 3 nam 64 3.1317 .65505 .08188 2.9681 3.2953 1.71 4.57
Total 205 3.3275 .73079 .05104 3.2269 3.4282 1.14 5.00

Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
.993 2 202 .372
Bng A-82. ANOVA

Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Between Groups 3.667 2 1.833 3.518 .031
Total 108.948 204
Post Hoc Tests

Bng A-83. Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Dunnett t (2-sided)
Mean 95% Confidence Interval
(I) Thoi gian (J) Thoi gian Difference Upper Lower
cong tac cong tac (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound
duoi 1 nam tren 3 nam .25402 .12973 .093 -.0347 .5427
1-3 nam tren 3 nam .30746* .12074 .022 .0388 .5761
*
. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
a. Dunnett t-tests treat one group as a control, and compare all other groups against it.
Ph lc 1 110
Bng A-84. Ranks

Thoi gian cong tac N Mean Rank
duoi 1 nam 60 105.67
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong 1-3 nam 81 113.15
viec noi chung tren 3 nam 64 87.66
Total 205

cong viec noi chung
Chi-Square 6.807
Df 2
Asymp. Sig. .033
a
b
. Grouping Variable: Thoi gian cong tac
Ph lc 1 111
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia cc trnh khc nhau)

Oneway
95% Confidence
Tu trung hoc tro xuong 6 3.9762 .43721 .17849 3.5174 4.4350 3.57 4.57
Cao dang 15 3.2762 .65347 .16872 2.9143 3.6381 2.43 5.00
Dai hoc 158 3.3210 .75277 .05989 3.2027 3.4393 1.14 5.00
Sau dai hoc 26 3.2473 .64214 .12593 2.9879 3.5066 1.86 4.71
Total 205 3.3275 .73079 .05104 3.2269 3.4282 1.14 5.00

Levene
.911 3 201 .437
Bng A-88. ANOVA

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between
2.738 3 .913 1.727 .163
Groups
Total 108.948 204

Bng A-89. Ranks
Trinh do hoc van N Mean Rank
Tu trung hoc tro xuong 6 158.42
Cao dang 15 92.87
Dai hoc 158 103.23
viec noi chung
Sau dai hoc 26 94.63
Total 205

cong viec noi chung
Chi-Square 6.224
df 3
Asymp. Sig. .101
a
b
. Grouping Variable: Trinh do hoc van
Ph lc 1 112
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia cc v tr chc danh

khc nhau)
Oneway
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Std. Std. Lower Upper Min- Max-
N Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound imum imum
Nhan vien tac nghiep 123 3.3926 .71020 .06404 3.2658 3.5193 1.14 5.00
Truong nhom/truong
33 3.2121 .81215 .14138 2.9241 3.5001 1.71 5.00
doi
Truong pho phong/Ke
toan truong/ Truong 45 3.2127 .73200 .10912 2.9928 3.4326 1.71 5.00
pho bo phan
Giam doc/ Pho Giam
doc/ Tong Giam doc/ 4 3.5714 .55940 .27970 2.6813 4.4616 3.00 4.29
Pho Tong giam doc
Total 205 3.3275 .73079 .05104 3.2269 3.4282 1.14 5.00

Levene
.890 3 201 .447
Bng A-93. ANOVA

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between
1.791 3 .597 1.120 .342
Groups
Total 108.948 204
Ph lc 1 113

Bng A-94. Ranks
Chuc danh vi tri cong viec N Mean Rank
Nhan vien tac nghiep 123 108.28
Truong nhom/truong doi 33 94.20
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong Truong pho phong/Ke toan
45 93.06
viec noi chung truong/ Truong pho bo phan
Giam doc/ Pho Giam doc/ Tong
4 125.25
Giam doc/ Pho Tong giam doc
Total 205

cong viec noi chung
Chi-Square 3.544
Df 3
Asymp. Sig. .315
a
b
. Grouping Variable: Chuc danh vi tri cong viec
Ph lc 1 114
Kim nh gi tr trung bnh ca cc tng th con (gia cc loi hnh doanh

nghip khc nhau)
Oneway
95% Confidence
Deviati Std. Lower Upper Min- Max-
N Mean on Error Bound Bound imum imum
Nha nuoc 22 3.1169 .75675 .16134 2.7814 3.4524 1.14 4.29
Co phan 60 3.1738 .75322 .09724 2.9792 3.3684 1.71 5.00
Trach nhiem huu
40 3.4250 .75765 .11979 3.1827 3.6673 1.71 5.00
han
Doanh nghiep tu
8 3.5179 .49450 .17483 3.1044 3.9313 2.86 4.00
nhan
Doanh nghiep
60 3.4667 .73168 .09446 3.2777 3.6557 1.71 5.00
nuoc ngoai
Lien doanh 11 3.4286 .54586 .16458 3.0619 3.7953 2.43 4.00
Khac 4 3.0714 .24744 .12372 2.6777 3.4652 2.86 3.43
Total 205 3.3275 .73079 .05104 3.2269 3.4282 1.14 5.00

Levene
1.015 6 198 .417
Bng A-98. ANOVA

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between
4.600 6 .767 1.455 .196
Groups
Total 108.948 204
Ph lc 1 115

Bng A-99. Ranks
Loai hinh doanh nghiep N Mean Rank
Nha nuoc 22 87.77
Co phan 60 89.69
Trach nhiem huu han 40 111.54
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong Doanh nghiep tu nhan 8 120.44
viec noi chung Doanh nghiep nuoc ngoai 60 113.98
Lien doanh 11 112.00
Khac 4 76.75
Total 205

cong viec noi chung
Chi-Square 9.124
Df 6
Asymp. Sig. .167
a
b
. Grouping Variable: Loai hinh doanh nghiep
Ph lc 1 116
Ph lc A.5: Phn tch hi quy tuyn tnh (Phng php chn bin Enter)
Bng A-101. Correlations
Su thoa Su thoa Su thoa Su thoa Su thoa
man trung Su thoa man trung Su thoa man trung man trung man trung
binh d/v man trung binh d/v man trung binh d/v dac binh d/v binh d/v
cong viec binh d/v thu dao tao binh d/v cap diem cong phuc loi co phuc loi
noi chung nhap thang tien tren viec ban cong them
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung 1.000 .644 .509 .663 .572 .384 .425
Pearson Correlation
Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap .644 1.000 .388 .452 .310 .337 .363
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien .509 .388 1.000 .477 .335 .307 .411
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren .663 .452 .477 1.000 .558 .359 .344
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec .572 .310 .335 .558 1.000 .223 .154
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban .384 .337 .307 .359 .223 1.000 .405
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them .425 .363 .411 .344 .154 .405 1.000
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung . .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
Sig. (1-tailed)
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien .000 .000 . .000 .000 .000 .000
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren .000 .000 .000 . .000 .000 .000
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec .000 .000 .000 .000 . .001 .014
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 . .000
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them .000 .000 .000 .000 .014 .000 .
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
N
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them 205 205 205 205 205 205 205
Ph lc 1 117
Bng A-102 Descriptive Statistics

d/v cong viec noi chung 3.3275 .73079 205
d/v thu nhap 3.0451 .83143 205
d/v dao tao thang tien 2.9793 .94933 205
d/v cap tren 3.4623 .78943 205
d/v dac diem cong viec 3.8410 .66087 205
d/v phuc loi co ban 4.2707 .82760 205
d/v phuc loi cong them 2.9642 1.07902 205
Bng A-103 Model Summary(b)

Std. Change Statistics
Model
Adjusted Error of R
R R the Square F Sig. F Durbin-
R Square Square Estimate Change Change df1 df2 Change Watson
1 .813(a) .661 .651 .43165 .661 64.455 6 198 .000 2.017
a Predictors: (Constant), Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them, Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec,
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban, Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap, Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao
thang tien, Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren
b Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Bng A-104. ANOVA (b)

Model
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Regression 72.056 6 12.009 64.455 .000(a)
1 Residual 36.891 198 .186
Total 108.948 204
a Predictors: (Constant), Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them, Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec,
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban, Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap, Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao
thang tien, Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren
b Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Ph lc 1 118
Bng A-105. Coefficientsa

Standar
dized
Unstandardized Coeffici Collinearity
Model
Coefficients ents Correlations Statistics

Std. Zero- Toler-
B Error Beta t Sig. order Partial Part ance VIF
(Constant) -.148 .216 -.684 .495
Su thoa man trung binh d/v thu nhap .312 .043 .354 7.230 .000 .644 .457 .299 .712 1.405
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dao tao thang tien .081 .039 .106 2.102 .037 .509 .148 .087 .677 1.477
1 Su thoa man trung binh d/v cap tren .237 .053 .256 4.514 .000 .663 .305 .187 .530 1.886
Su thoa man trung binh d/v dac diem cong viec .286 .056 .259 5.137 .000 .572 .343 .212 .674 1.484
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi co ban .034 .042 .038 .805 .422 .384 .057 .033 .762 1.312
Su thoa man trung binh d/v phuc loi cong them .074 .033 .110 2.235 .027 .425 .157 .092 .712 1.405
a
. Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
a
Bng A-106. Residuals Statistics
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 1.7478 4.9731 3.3275 .59432 205
Residual -1.23721 1.32817 .00000 .42525 205
Std. Predicted Value -2.658 2.769 .000 1.000 205
Std. Residual -2.866 3.077 .000 .985 205
a
. Dependent Variable: Su thoa man trung binh d/v cong viec noi chung
Ph lc 1 119
Interactive Graph: Scatter Plot
A A
A A
A
2.00000 A
A A A
Standardized Residual
A
A AA A
A A A
A
A A A
A A A A AA A A A
A A A A A
AA AAAA A AA A A
A AAA A
A
A A
A AA A
A A A
A A A
A A A A
A
A AA AA
A A
A A
AA A
A A A
A
A A A A AA AA A AA
0.00000 AAA AA AA A A
A AA
A A
A A
A AA AA A A A A
A
A
A A
A A
A AA A
A AA
A
A A A
A
A A A A
A A A A A
AA A A AAA
A
A
A A A A
AA A AA AAA A A
A A AA A
A A A A
A A
A A
AA
-2.00000 A A
A A
A
A
A
-2.00000 -1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 2.00000
Standardized Predicted Value

Ph lc 1 120
Nonparametric Correlations
Bng A-107. Correlations

Su thoa man Su thoa man Su thoa man
Gia tri tuyet Su thoa man trung binh Su thoa man trung binh trung binh
doi cua phan trung binh d/v dao tao trung binh d/v dac diem d/v phuc loi
du d/v thu nhap thang tien d/v cap tren cong viec cong them
Gia tri tuyet doi cua phan Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.060 .026 -.079 .060 .061
du Sig. (2-tailed) . .397 .708 .260 .395 .385
N 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh Correlation Coefficient -.060 1.000 .389(**) .438(**) .302(**) .330(**)
d/v thu nhap Sig. (2-tailed) .397 . .000 .000 .000 .000
N 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh Correlation Coefficient .026 .389(**) 1.000 .464(**) .334(**) .318(**)
d/v dao tao thang tien Sig. (2-tailed) .708 .000 . .000 .000 .000
N 205 205 205 205 205 205
Spearman's rho
Su thoa man trung binh Correlation Coefficient -.079 .438(**) .464(**) 1.000 .531(**) .360(**)
d/v cap tren Sig. (2-tailed) .260 .000 .000 . .000 .000
N 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh Correlation Coefficient .060 .302(**) .334(**) .531(**) 1.000 .255(**)
d/v dac diem cong viec Sig. (2-tailed) .395 .000 .000 .000 . .000
N 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh Correlation Coefficient .061 .330(**) .318(**) .360(**) .255(**) 1.000
d/v phuc loi co ban Sig. (2-tailed) .385 .000 .000 .000 .000 .
N 205 205 205 205 205 205
Su thoa man trung binh Correlation Coefficient .046 .348(**) .416(**) .340(**) .134 .415(**)
d/v phuc loi cong them Sig. (2-tailed) .508 .000 .000 .000 .056 .000
N 205 205 205 205 205 205
**
. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Ph lc 1 121
Graph: Histogram
40
30
Frequency
20
10
Mean =-8.59E-16
Std. Dev. =0.98518
N =205
0
-2.00000 0.00000 2.00000 4.00000
Standardized Residual
Normal Q-Q Plot of Standardized Residual
2
Expected Normal Value
-1
-2
-3
-2 0 2 4
Observed Value
Ph lc 2 122
Ph lc B: Th in t gi cho i tng kho st
Van Toan Chau <chauvantoan@gmail.com>
Bng cu hi nghin cu chnh thc

Chu Vn Ton <chauvantoan@gmail.com> 6 December 2008 20:22
to: tm-k15@googlegroups.com
Xin cho cc anh ch em lp TM-K15,
Trc ht xin chc mng nhng anh/ch no bo v xong lun vn cao hc. Tip n mong cc bn
cha lm hoc hoc ang lm th nhanh chn ln hon tt nha. Ton ch mi lm xong cng
nghin cu thi v ang tin hnh gi bng cu hi i thu thp thng tin nn nh anh ch tr li gip.
ng thi, nu c th, nh anh ch chuyn gip cho bn b ca mnh (tt nht l khng cng 1 cng ty)
tr li thm dm.
Ngi tr li phi p ng cc yu cu:
- LM CNG N LNG (ko l ch doanh nghip)

- LM VIC VN PHNG
- LM TP.HCM
Ch cn click vo ng link bn di v tr li ri gi i l ok:

http://spreadsheets.google.com/viewform?key=ptSjb7kTJETTJMqcJKzQXBA&hl=vn
Chn thnh cm n cc anh/ch.
Ton.
Ph lc 3 123
Ph lc C: Bng cu hi chnh thc gi i kho st

Ph lc 3 124
Ph lc 3 125
Ph lc 3 126
Ph lc 3 127
Ph lc 3 128
Ph lc 3 129
Ph lc 3 130

LVTHS Cac Nhan To Anh Huong Den Thoa Man Cong Viec Cua NVVP PDF

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LVTHS Cac Nhan To Anh Huong Den Thoa Man Cong Viec Cua NVVP PDF

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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC KINH T TP.HCM

Chuyn ngnh: Thng mi

LUN VN THC S KINH T

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:

TP. H Ch Minh Nm 2009

Ti xin cam oan lun vn Cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic ca

Cc s liu trong ti ny c thu thp v s dng mt cch trung thc. Kt qu

TP.HCM, ngy 14 thng 05 nm 2009

Ti xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trng i hc Kinh t TP.HCM dy d

Ti xin chn thnh cm n Tin s Nguyn c Tr tn tnh hng dn v ch

Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n tt c bn b, ng nghip c v nhng ngi

ti s dng phng php nghin cu nh lng xc nh s tha mn cng

Li cam oan .......................................................................................................................... i

3.1. Thit k nghin cu .................................................................................................. 28

3.1.3. Cng c thu thp thng tin - Bng cu hi ........................................................ 34

4.1. Loi cc bng tr li khng ph hp, lm sch v m ha d liu........................... 39

Danh mc cc k hiu, ch vit tt

Danh mc cc bng, biu

Vy lm th no xy dng c i ng nhn vin n nh cho cng ty mnh?

Nghin cu ny c thc hin nhm mc ch tm hiu, nh gi hin trng s

1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu

- Th nht, tm hiu s tha mn cng vic ni chung v s tha mn theo tng

- Th hai, xy dng v kim nh cc thang o tng nhn t nh hng n s tha

- Th t, xc nh mnh ca cc nhn t nh hng n s tha mn cng vic

1.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

o to thng tin, cp trn, ng nghip, c im cng vic, iu kin lm vic v

Phm vi nghin cu c gii hn nhn vin vn phng, tc khng bao gm tt

1.4. Phng php nghin cu

V y l nghin cu khm ph, cch thc ly mu l thit k chn mu phi xc sut

Bng cu hi t tr li s c s dng lm cng c thu thp thng tin, d liu

Th nht, kt qu nghin cu s cho ngi c c c ci nhn tng qut v s

Th hai, nghin cu ny gip ta nhn bit c cc thang o dng o lng s

Th ba, y l nghin cu khm ph, lm c s cc nghin cu su hn v s

1.6. Cu trc ca lun vn

2.1. Gii thiu

2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic

C kh nhiu cc nh ngha v s tha mn cng vic. T in bch khoa ton th

Mt trong cc nh ngha u tin v s tha mn cng vic v c trch dn nhiu

Schemerhon (1993, c trch dn bi Luddy, 2005) nh ngha s tha mn cng

Theo Kreitner v Kinicki (2007), s tha mn cng vic ch yu phn nh mc

Nh vy, c rt nhiu cc nh ngha khc nhau v s tha mn cng vic nhng

s cp n cc l thuyt cng vi cc nghin cu thc tin lin quan n s tha

2.2.2. L thuyt v s tha mn cng vic

Nghin cu s tha mn cng vic thng c cc nh nghin cu gn lin vi

2.2.2.1. Thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow (1943)

Ni n s tha mn ni chung ngi ta thng nhc n l thuyt nhu cu cp bc

Hnh 2.1 Cc cp bc ca nhu cu Maslow

y l l thuyt v nhu cu ca con ngi v n c xem xt v ng dng trong

ton c th c th hin cc bin o lng s tha mn v thu nhp v phc li

2.2.2.2. Thuyt ERG ca Alderfer (1969)

Nhn chung l thuyt ny ging nh thuyt nhu cu cp bc ca Maslow, tuy nhin

Tha mn/ tin trin

Tht vng/ quay ngc

Tha mn/ tng cng

Vic m hnh hi quy tuyn a bin trong nghin cu ny c xy dng trong

mn ca cc nhu cu khc nhau) chng t con ngi cng lc c nhiu nhu cu

2.2.2.3. Thuyt thnh tu ca McClelland (1988)

L thuyt ca McClelland tp trung vo ba loi nhu cu ca con ngi: nhu cu v

- Nhu cu v thnh tu l s c gng xut sc, t c thnh tu i vi b

- Nhu cu v lin minh l mong mun c c cc mi quan h thn thin v gn

Nhu cu thnh tu ca McClelland c th hin trong nghin cu ny di dng

2.2.2.4. Thuyt hai nhn t ca Herzberg (1959)