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2 CC GII PHP TIT KIM NNG LNG TRONG H THNG LNH CNG NGHIP
M U
Nng lng s dng trong ngnh ch bin thc phm ni chung v thy hi sn ni
ring ch yu l in nng. i vi mt nh my ch bin thc phm, in nng tiu th
trong h thng lnh chim khong 85% tng nng lng tiu th. Vn hnh hiu qu h
thng lnh gp phn gim in nng tiu th v tng kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh
nghip l vn cp bch hin nay.
Qu trnh lm lnh hay cp ng sn phm l qu trnh lin tc, s gin on ngoi
mun hay vn hnh khng ng quy trnh thit b ca h thng lnh s gy tn tht ln
v kinh t ca nh my. Trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm, cng ngh sinh hc hay h
thng lnh v iu ha khng kh vic ngng my b ng do s c khng nhng gy nh
hng ln n tn tht nng lng m cn lm tng nhit ca mi trng lm lnh hay
cp ng do tn tht nhit dn n gim cht lng sn phm gy thit hi ln cho doanh
nghip.
m bo qu trnh lm lnh hay cp ng din ra mt cch lin tc, h thng
my lnh phi tha mn ng thi rt nhiu yu t, trong vn hnh thit b ng k
thut v bo dng thit b ng quy trnh mang ngha quyt nh n tiu hao nng
lng ca nh my.
Vi cc h thng lnh thng thng ti Vit Nam khi vn hnh ng quy trnh, bo
dng hp l c th gim chi ph nng lng t 15% tr ln, gip cho doanh nghip tng
kh nng cnh tranh v gim pht thi kh nh knh.
Ban qun l D n Chuyn ha Carbon thp trong lnh vc tit kim nng
lng - LCEE trn trng gii thiu ti liu CC GII PHP TIT KIM NNG LNG
TRONG H THNG LNH CNG NGHIP. Ti liu c pht hnh phc v h tr chuyn
gia trong nghin cu, t vn, tham kho. Mi sao chp di bt k hnh thc phi c s
ng ca Tng cc Nng lng - B Cng Thng.
Ti liu ny c bin son vi mc ch cung cp cho ngi vn hnh h thng
lnh quy trnh vn hnh hp l v cc gii php tit kim nng lng trong h thng lnh
cng nghip. Ni dung ti liu gm c cc phn sau:
- Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng lnh;
- C s l lun nh gi hiu sut h thng lnh;
- Quy trnh vn hnh h thng lnh hp l;
- Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut ca h thng;
- Ti u ha qu trnh vn hnh thit b trong h thng lnh;
- Tim nng tit kim nng lng trong h thng lnh.
Mi gp , thc mc vui lng lin h:

Ban Qun l d n LCEE
a ch: 21 Ng Quyn, Hon Kim, H Ni
Email: lcee-info@lcee.vn
Website: www.lcee.vn
D N LCEE 2
MC LC
M u 2
Danh mc k hiu vit tt 5
Chng 1 Nguyn l hot ng v hiu sut ca h thng lnh 6
1.1 Tng quan 6
1.1.1 Phn loi h thng lnh 6
1.1.2 Mi cht lnh 6
1.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng lnh 10
1.2.1 H thng lnh mt cp nn 10
1.2.2 H thng lnh hai cp nn 15
1.3 nh gi hiu sut lm lnh ca h thng lnh 20
Chng 2 Quy trnh vn hnh h thng lnh v cc yu t nh hng
trong qu trnh vn hnh 23
2.1 Quy trnh vn hnh h thng lnh 23
2.1.1 Quy nh chung 24
2.1.2 Yu cu i vi ngi vn hnh 24
2.1.3 Vn hnh h thng lnh 24
2.1.4 Vn hnh hiu qu thit b trong h thng lnh 31
2.2 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh lm vic ca h thng lnh 32
2.2.1 nh hng ca nhit bay hi 33
2.2.2 nh hng ca nhit ngng t 34
2.2.3 nh hng ca qu nhit 35
2.2.4 nh hng ng thi ca nhit ngng t v nhit bay hi 36
2.2.5 nh hng ca kh khng ngng 37
2.2.6 nh hng ca nc c trong mi cht lnh 38
2.2.7 nh hng ca ch bi trn 41
2.2.8 nh hng ca ch lm mt my nn 41
2.2.9 nh hng ca cht lng cch nhit 41
2.2.10 nh hng ca cng ngh 43
2.1.11 Mt s yu t nh hng khc 44
Chng 3 Ti u ha qu trnh vn hnh v tim nng tit kim nng lng
trong h thng lnh 45
3.1 Ti u ha qu trnh vn hnh my nn 45
3.1.1 iu khin theo bc 45
3.1.2 iu khin van trt 46
3.1.3 iu khin s vng quay 46
3.1.4 Ti tun hon mi cht t u nn v u ht ca my nn 47
3.2 Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh thit b ngng t 47
3.3 Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh thit b bay hi 48
D N LCEE 3
3.4 Ti u ha qu trnh x bng bng gas nng 48

3.5 Cc gii php tit kim nng lng trong h thng lnh v Tim nng
tit kim nng lng 48
3.5.1 iu khin cng sut my nn theo ph ti 48
3.5.2 Ci to my nn nng cao hiu sut 50
3.5.3 X kh khng ngng trong h thng lnh 51
3.5.4 S dng h thng chng bm cu cn trong thit b ngng t 53
3.5.5 Tch nc c trong h thng lnh 55
3.5.6 X du trong thit b bay hi 60
3.5.7 Gim tn tht p sut trn ng ng ht 60
3.5.8 Phng php x tuyt bng gas nng 62
3.5.9 S dng bin tn cho bm v qut 63
3.5.10 Cc gii php tit kim nng lng khc 66
Ti liu tham kho 70
Ph lc 71
D N LCEE 4
DANH MC CC K HIU VIT TT

AKD Bin tn
AKS 21 Cm bin nhit
AKS 32R Cm bin p sut
AKS 33 Cm bin p sut
AKS 38 Cng tc phao
AKS 41 Cm bin mc
AKVA Van tit lu in t
AMV 20 C cu iu khin 3 im
BSV Van an ton
DCR Phin sy lc
DSV Van chn hai ng
EKC 202 B iu khin nhit
EKC 315A B iu khin tch hp dn lnh
EKC 331 iu khin cng sut
EKC 347 iu khin mc
EKC 361 iu khin nhit mi trng
EVRA/EVRAT Van Solenoid
FIA Phin lc
ICM/ICAD Motor van
ICS Van servo
KDC Van u nn
LLG Knh xem mc lng
MLI Knh xem lng
MP 55A B iu khin chnh p sut
NRVA Van mt chiu cho h thng NH3
OFV Van chng trn
RT 107 Themostat
RT 1A B iu khin p sut
SCA Van chn
SFA Van an ton
SGR Knh xem lng
SNV Van chn dng kim
SV 1-3 B iu chnh mc lng
SV 4-6 B iu chnh mc lng
SVA Van chn
TEA/TEAT Van tit lu
VM 2 Van cn bng p sut
WVS Van nc
WVTS Van nc
D N LCEE 5
Chng 1
NGUYN L HOT NG V HIU SUT CA H THNG LNH
Ni dung chng 1 trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca h thng lnh gm h thng

s dng my nn mt cp v my nn hai cp, gip ngi vn hnh c kin thc c bn v
h thng lnh, t vn hnh h thng lnh hiu qu hn.
1.1 Tng quan
1.1.1 Phn loi h thng lnh
Qu trnh lm lnh l qu trnh to ra mi trng c nhit thp bng h thng
my lnh theo mc ch s dng. Ty theo yu cu thc t m h thng my lnh s to ra
mi trng c nhit khc nhau, ng vi tng yu cu c th h thng my lnh s c
cu trc khc nhau v c phn loi nh sau:
- H thng cp ng, i vi h thng ny mi trng lm lnh phi c nhit
t = (-35-45)0C gm h thng cp ng lin tc (bng chuyn IQF), h thng cp
ng tng m (t ng gi ABF v t ng tip xc CF).
- H thng tr ng, nhit mi trng do h thng ny to ra trong khong
t = (-20-25)0C, mc ch s dng bo qun thc phm sau khi cp ng.
- H thng sn xut nc bao gm h thng sn xut lin tc (nc vin v
vy) v h thng sn xut theo tng m (nc cy). Thng thng i vi h
thng my lnh sn xut nc , nhit mi trng lnh c to ra khong
t = (-7-9)0C;
- H thng kho bo qun lnh, i vi h thng ny ty thuc vo loi thc phm m
nhit mi trng lm lnh c yu cu rt khc nhau, bo qun tht, c, kem trong
khong thi gian ngn t = (-20-10)0C, rau, c, qu, sa, hp t = (-210)0C;
- H thng iu ha khng kh phc v cho con ngi lm vic, do nhit mi
trng lm lnh t = (2025)0C. Tuy nhin, i vi cc trng hp yu cu nghim
ngt gii hn nhit trn s thay i.
Cn c vo nhit do h thng my lnh to ra theo yu cu, cu trc h thng
my lnh cng s khc nhau, gm h thng lnh s dng my nn mt cp v h thng
my lnh s dng my nn hai cp.
1.1.2 Mi cht lnh
1.1.1.1 nh ngha
Mi cht lnh l loi lu cht c s dng trong h thng lnh, iu ha khng
kh v bm nhit (cn c gi l cht cng tc, mi cht lnh hay ga lnh). Nhim v ca
mi cht lnh l thu nhit t i tng cn lm lnh v thi nhit ra mi trng, trong qu
trnh vn chuyn nhit ny, mi cht lnh s xy ra qu trnh bin i pha bao gm qu
trnh bay hi (thu nhit) v qu trnh ngng t (thi nhit). Qu trnh bin i pha ch din
ra my lnh hp th v my lnh s dng my nn hi, i vi h thng lnh s dng
khng kh lm cht cng tc th khng xy ra qu trnh bin i pha.
D N LCEE 6
1.1.1.2 Mt s loi mi cht lnh thng dng

Cn c vo cng thc ha hc ca mi cht lnh (ga lnh), ngi ta chia thnh 6
nhm ring bit, c th nh sau:
- Nhm : Clo Flo Carbon: CFCs
- Nhm: Hydro - Clo Flo Carbon: HCFCs
- Nhm: Hydro - Flo Carbon: HFCs
- Nhm: Hydro - Carbon: HCs
- Ammonia
- CO2: Carbonic
thun tin trong cng vic tra cu tnh cht nhit ng ca mt s loi mi cht
lnh thng dng, ti liu ny s cung cp s liu c trnh by trong bng 1.1, bng 1.2,
bng 1.3.
Bng 1.1 Tnh cht nhit ng ca mt s loi mi cht lnh
Mi cht lnh Nhit Nhit p sut Th tch
ng c ti hn ti hn ti hn
K hiu Tn gi 0 0
t( C) tth( C) (kpa) (l/kg)
R702p Hydrogen,para 259,3 240,2 1292 31,82
R702n Hydrogen,normal 259,2 239,9 1315 33,21
R720 Neon 248,6 228,7 3397 2,07
R728 Nitrogen 210 146,9 3396 3,179
R740 Argon 189,3 122,49 4860 1,88
R732 Oxygen 218,8 118,569 5042,9 2,293
R50 Methane 182,2 82,5 4638 6,181
R14 Tetrafluoromethane 184,9 45,7 3741 1,598
R1150 Ethylene 169 9,3 5114 4,37
R744A Nitrous oxide 102 36,5 7221 2,216
R170 Ethane 183 32,2 4891 5,182
R23 Trifluoromethane 155 25,6 4833 1,942
R13 Chlorotrifluoromethane 181 28,8 3865 1,729
R744 Carbon dioxide 56,6e 31,1 7372 2,135
R13B1 Bromotrifluoromethane 168 67 3962 1,342
R32 Difluoromethane 136 78,4 5830 2,326
R410A R-32/125(50/50) 70,2 4790 1,83
R125 Pentafluoroethane 103,15 66,3 3630,6
R1270 Propylene 185 91,8 4618 4,495
R143a Trifluoroethane 111,81 72,71 3761 2,32
R290 Propane 187,7 96,7 4248 4,53
R22 Chlorodifluoromethane 160 96 4974 1,904
R115 Chloropentafluoroethane 106 79,9 3153 1,629
R500 R-12/152a(73,8/26,2) 159 105,5 4423 2,016
R717 Ammonia 77,7 133 11417 4,245
D N LCEE 7
Mi cht lnh Nhit Nhit p sut Th tch

ng c ti hn ti hn ti hn
K hiu Tn gi
t(0C) tth(0C) (kpa) (l/kg)
R12 Dichlorodifluoromethane 158 112 4113 1,792
R134a Tetrafluoro ethane 96,6 101,1 4067 1,81
R152a Difluoro ethane 117 113,5 4492 2,741
R402 Methylchloride 97,8 143,1 6674 2,834
R124 Chlorotetrafluoro ethane 199,15 122,5 3660
R600a Isobutane 160 135 3645 4,526
R764 Sulfurdioxide 75,5 157,5 7875 1,91
R142b Chlorodifluoroethane 131 137,1 4120 2,297
R630 Methylamine 92,5 156,9 7455 1,432
R114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 94 145,7 3259 4,383
R217 Dichlorofluoromethane 135 178,5 5168 1,717
R160 Ethylchloride 138,3 187,2 5267 1,917
R631 Ethylamine 80,6 183 5619 3,028
R11 Trichlorofluoromethane 111 198 4406
R123 Dichlorotrifluoroethane 107,15 183,79 3674 1,804
R611 Methylformate 99 214 5994
R610 Ethylether 116,3 194 3603
R216c Dichlorohexafluoropropane 125,4 180 2753 3,79
R30 Methylenechloride 97 237 6077 1,742
R113 Trichlorotrifluoroethane 35 214,1 3437
R1130 Dichloroethylene 50 243,3 5478 1,736
R718 Nc 0 373,99 22064
Ngun: ASHRAE handbook, chapter 19, refrigerants, 2001
Mc nh hng n mi trng (lm nng bu kh quyn v ph hy tng

ozone) v gii hn s dng ca mi cht lnh c trnh by trong bng 1.2.
D N LCEE 8
Bng 1.2 nh hng v gii hn s dng ca cc loi mi cht lnh

Mi cht Phm vi
Nhm ODP GWP Khuyn co
lnh s dng
R12
S dng n nm Khng cn
CFC R502 Cao Cao
1990 sn xut
R11
R22 Khng Khuyn co Chm dt
HCFC R409A nh Rt thp khng s dng sn xut nm
R411B hng sau nm 1999 2015
R134a
R404A Bt u s dng
Khng
R407B thay th cho
HFC nh Cao
R410C CFCs t nm
hng
R507 1990
D chy n,
R290 c s
tuy nhin
R600a Khng dng trong cng
y l loi
HC R290 nh Rt thp nghip, R600a
mi cht
R1270 hng c s dng
lnh thay th
trong gia dng
rt tt cho h
CFC/HCFC
c hi, gy
NH3 R717 Khng Rt thp Khng gii hn chy n, n
mn kim loi
mu
c mt cch nhn tng quan v vic la chn loi mi cht lnh ph hp, bng
1.3 so snh tnh cht ca mt s loi mi cht lnh in hnh trong cng iu kin nhit
bay hi T0 = 258K v TK = 303K.
Bng 1.3 So snh tnh cht nhit ng ca mt s loi mi cht lnh
p0 pk r G Qv Pe T
MCL COP
(Mpa) (Mpa) (kJ/kg) (g/s) (L/s) (kW) (K)
R170 1,623 4,637 2,86 162,44 6,16 0,0232 0,364 2,74 324
R744 2,291 7,208 3,15 134,24 7,45 0,0123 0,338 2,96 343
R13B1 0,536 1,821 3,39 66,14 15,12 0,0101 0,274 3,65 313
R1270 0,362 1,304 3,6 286,48 3,49 0,007 0,221 4,54 375
R290 0,291 1,077 3,71 279,88 3,57 0,0074 0,211 4,74 320
R502 0,349 1,319 3,78 104,39 9,58 0,008 0,226 4,43 310
R507A 0,381 1,465 3,84 109,98 9,09 0,0089 0,239 4,18 308
R404A 0,367 1,426 3,88 113,93 8,78 0,0086 0,237 4,21 309
R410A 0,481 1,88 3,91 167,68 5,96 0,0058 0,227 4,41 324
R125 0,4 1,57 3,93 87,76 11,39 0,0098 0,272 3,68 315
R22 0,296 1,19 4,02 163,79 6,09 0,0052 0,215 4,65 327
D N LCEE 9
p0 pk r G Qv Pe T
MCL COP
(Mpa) (Mpa) (kJ/kg) (g/s) (L/s) (kW) (K)
R12 0,183 0,745 4,07 116,58 8,58 0,0066 0,213 4,69 311
R500 0,214 0,879 4,11 140,95 7,09 0,0062 0,213 4,69 314
R407C 0,29 1,264 4,36 162,28 6,16 0,0055 0,222 4,51 320
R600a 0,089 0,407 4,6 262,84 3,8 0,007 0,22 4,55 318
R134a 0,164 0,77 4,69 149,95 6,66 0,0056 0,217 4,6 309
R124 0,09 0,44 4,89 118,49 8,44 0,0063 0,224 4,47 305
R717 0,236 1,164 4,94 1102,2 0,91 0,0015 0,207 4,84 371
R600 0,056 0,283 5,05 292,01 3,42 0,006 0,214 4,68 318
R114 0,047 0,252 5,41 99,19 10,08 0,007 0,225 4,44 303
R11 0,02 0,126 6,24 156,22 6,4 0,0044 0,196 5,09 313
R123 0,016 0,11 7,06 142,76 7 0,0048 0,205 4,86 305
R113 0,007 0,054 7,84 127,34 7,85 0,0051 0,205 4,88 303
1.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng lnh
1.2.1 H thng lnh mt cp nn
H thng my lnh s dng mt cp nn phc v cho nhu cu v bo qun lnh,
bo qun ng, sn xut nc v iu ha khng kh, thit b chnh ca h thng ny
gm my nn, thit b ngng t, thit b tit lu (van tit lu hoc ng mao) v thit b bay
hi.
H thng lnh s dng my nn mt cp c thit k theo 3 loi chu trnh chnh:
chu trnh kh (chu trnh l tng), chu trnh qu lnh v qu nhit v chu trnh c thit b
hi nhit. Nguyn l lm vic ca tng chu trnh c trnh by chi tit mc tit theo.
1.2.1.1 Chu trnh my lnh mt cp chu trnh kh
a. S nguyn l v th lgp-h
Chu trnh h thng lnh s dng my nn mt cp (chu trnh kh) c th hin
trn hnh 1.1 v th hnh 1.2, chu trnh my lnh ny gm 4 thit b chnh: my nn, thit
b ngng t, thit b tit lu v thit b bay hi. Nhim v ca tng thit b c m t chi
tit nh sau:
My nn Hp thu nhit
2
1 Dn lnh
Thit b ngng t
Van tit lu
3 4
Thi nhit
Hnh 1.1 S nguyn l h thng lnh
D N LCEE 10
Lgp
Thi nhit
3 2
Ngng t
Tit lu
Thu nhit-
4 bay hi 1
h
Hnh 1.2 Biu din nguyn l lm vic trn th lgp-h
b. Cu to - nguyn l h thng lnh
Cu to gm 4 phn:
- My nn: l thit b to chnh p sut (gia phn thp p p0v cao p pktrong h
thng) gip tun hon mi cht lnh trong h thng. u vo my nn l hi mi
cht lnh ra khi thit b bay hi, hi u ra my nn s vo thit b ngng t.
- Thit b ngng t: l thit b trao i nhit; l ni mi cht lnh trng thi hi qu
nhit c nhit v p sut cao t my nn vo nh nhit cho tc nhn gii nhit
(nc, khng kh hoc nc kt hp vi khng kh) tr thnh trng thi lng si
hoc cha si cng p sut i n b phn tit lu. Nu thit b ngng t c
gii nhit bng nc th gi l bnh ngng, nu gii nhit bng khng kh th gi l
dn ngng. Qu trnh ngng t c th hin trn hnh 1.3.
Mi cht lnh vo
t(0 C)
Qu
lnh Mi cht lnh
ngng t
Mi cht gii
nhit
F(m2 )
Mi cht lnh ra
Hnh 1.3 Qu trnh ngng t ca mi cht lnh ti thit b ngng t

- B phn tit lu: l thit b to hi bo ha m t trng thi lng si hoc lng cha
si; trc b phn tit lu l lng mi cht lnh p sut cao pk ra khi thit b
ngng t, sau b phn tit lu l mi cht lnh bo ha m p sut thp p0 i vo
D N LCEE 11
thit b bay hi. B phn ny c th l ng tit lu (ng mao), van tit lu cn bng
trong, van tit lu cn bng ngoi hay van tit lu in t.
- Thit b bay hi: l thit b trao i nhit; l ni mi cht lnh trng thi hi bo
ha m nhit v p sut thp sau van tit lu nhn nhit t mi trng (nc,
khng kh, vt th nh thc phm) cn lm lnh bin thnh hi bo ha kh
hoc hi qu nhit cng p sut trc khi vo my nn. Qu trnh thu nhit v
bay hi ca mi cht lnh c th hin trn hnh 1.4
Lu cht cn lm lnh
Mi cht lnh Mi cht lnh

trng thi
trng thi
hi bo ha
lng bo ha
kh
MCL qu Hi bo Hi bo
lnh ha m ha kh
Hnh 1.4 Qu trnh bay hi ca mi cht lnh ti thit b bay hi
Nguyn l lm vic
- Qu trnh 1-2: l giai on nn din ra trong my nn. V l thuyt y l qu trnh
nn on nhit (ng Entropi). Hi t im 1 l hi bo ha kh p sut thp p
sut bay hi (p sut mi cht trong thit b bay hi) c my nn nn ln im 2
l trng thi hi qu nhit c nhit cao p sut cao p sut ngng t (p sut
trong thit b ngng t).
- Qu trnh 2-3: l giai on ngng t din ra trong thit b ngng t: bao gm 2 giai
on (hnh 1.3): kh qu nhit v ngng t hi bo ha m, din ra p sut
cao- p sut ngng t. Giai on kh qu nhit c nhit gim dn bt u t
im 2. Giai on ngng t ngng t hi bo ha m din ra cng mt nhit -
nhit ngng t (quan h vi p sut ngng t) kt thc ti im 3 l im bo
ha lng (lng si).
- Qu trnh 3-4: l giai on tit lu din ra ti b phn tit lu. Giai on ny v l
thuyt l giai on enthalpy vo bng enthalpy ra. Giai on ny bt u t im 3
v kt thc ti im 4 l trng thi bo ha m p sut thp p sut bay hi (p
sut trong thit b bay hi).
- Qu trnh 4-1: l giai on thu nhit-bay hi din ra trong thit b bay hi (hnh
1.4). Giai on ny bt u ti im 4 v kt thc ti im 1 cng p sut v nhit
thp p sut bay hi.
1.2.1.2 Chu trnh my lnh mt cp c qu lnh , qu nhit
i vi chu trnh my lnh l tng (chu trnh kh), mi cht lnh ht v my nn
l hi bo ha kh, tuy nhin trong thc t mi cht lnh ht vo my nn thng thng l
hi bo ha m (c mt lng lng mi cht lnh ha trn vi hi), iu ny dn n hin
tng va p thy lc v gy h hng cho my nn.
Trong thc t hi mi cht lnh ht vo my nn c qu nhit khc nhau, ty
thuc vo loi mi cht, v d NH3 c qu nhit T = (515) K, Freon T = (2020)K.
D N LCEE 12
Do mc ch s dng chu trnh c qu lnh qu nhit l tng nng sut lnh,

trnh va p thy lc ti my nn, s nguyn l ca chu trnh c qu lnh, qu nhit
c trnh by trn hnh 1.5 v th 1.6.
Hnh 1.5 S nguyn l h thng lnh Hnh 1.6 Biu din trn th lgp-h
Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng
V nguyn l hot ng ca chu trnh tng t chu trnh kh, tuy nhin c hai im
khc bit c bn gm qu trnh (1-1) qu nhit hi mi cht lnh trc khi ht v my nn
v qu trnh (3-3) qu lnh mi cht lnh trc khi qua tit lu. Nguyn l lm vic ca
chu trnh c th hin trn hnh 1.6 v c m t chi tit nh sau:
Qu trnh 4-1: l qu trnh thu nhit-bay hi din ra trong thit b bay hi.
Qu trnh ny bt u ti im 4 v kt thc ti im 1 cng p sut v
nhit thp p sut bay hi.
Qu trnh 1-1: l qu trnh qu nhit hi mi cht lnh trc khi ht vo
my nn (qu trnh ng p).
Qu trnh 1-2: l qu trnh nn din ra trong my nn. V l thuyt y l
qu trnh nn on nhit (ng Entropi). Hi t im 1 l hi qu nhit
p sut thp p sut bay hi (p sut trong thit b bay hi) c my nn
nn ln im 2 l trng thi hi qu nhit c nhit cao p sut cao p
sut ngng t (p sut trong thit b ngng t).
Qu trnh 2-3: l qu trnh ngng t din ra trong thit b ngng t: bao gm
2 qu trnh: kh qu nhit v ngng t hi bo ha m, din ra p sut
cao- p sut ngng t. Qu trnh kh qu nhit c nhit gim dn bt
u t im 2. Qu trnh ngng t ngng t hi bo ha m din ra cng
mt nhit - nhit ngng t (quan h vi p sut ngng t) kt thc ti
im 3 l im bo ha lng (lng si).
Qu trnh 3-3: qu lnh ng p mi cht lnh ti thit b qu lnh, nhit
mi cht lnh gim trong qu trnh ny.
Qu trnh 3-4: l qu trnh tit lu din ra ti b phn tit lu. Qu trnh
ny bt u t im 3 v kt thc ti im 4 l trng thi bo ha m p
sut thp p sut bay hi (p sut trong thit b bay hi) h3=h4.
1.2.1.3 Chu trnh my lnh mt cp chu trnh c thit b hi nhit
i vi mt s h thng lnh ngi ta s dng thit b hi nhit vi mc ch tng
hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh ng thi tng qu nhit ca mi cht lnh trc khi ht v
my nn nhm trnh hin tng va p thy lc ti my nn, chu trnh h thng lnh c
D N LCEE 13
thit b hi nhit c th hin trn hnh 1.7 v nguyn l lm vic c biu th trn th
1.8.
1
C
3'
G
B
D F
E
1' 4
Hnh 1.7 Chu trnh h thng lnh c thit b hi nhit
Hnh 1.8 Biu din nguyn l lm vic trn th lgp-h

Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng
Nguyn l lm vic ca chu trnh tng t chu trnh kh, im khc bit c bn
gia hai chu trnh: chu trnh c thit b hi nhit c thit k thm thit b hi nhit, nhim
v ca thit b ny l thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit gia hi mi cht lnh sau khi ra
khi thit b bay hi vi mi cht lnh sau khi ra khi thit b ngng t. Nh vy, mi cht
lnh trc khi qua thit b tit lu c qu lnh, ng thi hi mi cht lnh trc khi ht
vo my nn c qu nhit, s nguyn l ca thit b hi nhit c th hin trn hnh
1.9.
Hnh 1.9 Cu to thit b hi nhit,1 hi vo, ra; 2 lng vo, ra;
D N LCEE 14
Cc qu trnh lm vic ca h thng lnh

Qu trnh 4-1: l qu trnh thu nhit-bay hi din ra trong thit b bay hi.
Qu trnh ny bt u ti im 4 v kt thc ti im 1 cng p sut v
nhit thp p sut bay hi.
Qu trnh 1-1: l qu trnh qu nhit hi mi cht lnh ti thit b hi nhit
trc khi ht vo my nn ( qu trnh ng p).
Qu trnh 1-2: l qu trnh nn din ra trong my nn. V l thuyt y l
qu trnh nn on nhit (ng Entropi). Hi t im 1 l hi qu nhit
p sut thp p sut bay hi (p sut trong thit b bay hi) c my nn
nn ln im 2 l trng thi hi qu nhit c nhit cao p sut cao p
sut ngng t (p sut trong thit b ngng t).
Qu trnh 2-3: l qu trnh ngng t din ra trong thit b ngng t: bao gm
2 qu trnh: kh qu nhit v ngng t hi bo ha m, din ra p sut
cao- p sut ngng t. Qu trnh kh qu nhit c nhit gim dn bt
u t im 2. Qu trnh ngng t ngng t hi bo ha m din ra cng
mt nhit - nhit ngng t (quan h vi p sut ngng t) kt thc ti
im 3 l im bo ha lng (lng si).
Qu trnh 3-3: qu lnh ng p mi cht lnh ti thit b hi nhit, nhit
mi cht lnh gim trong qu trnh ny.
Qu trnh 3-4: l qu trnh tit lu din ra ti b phn tit lu. Qu trnh
ny bt u t im 3 v kt thc ti im 4 l trng thi bo ha m p
sut thp p sut bay hi (p sut trong thit b bay hi) h3=h4.
1.2.1.4 Mt s lu
Cn c vo tnh cht nhit ng ca mi cht lnh, h thng lnh lm vic hiu
qu, vic la chn chu trnh thit k c ngha rt quan trng n tiu hao nng lng
trong h thng lnh. i vi h thng lnh s dng mi cht lnh NH3 khuyn co khng
nn s dng thit b hi nhit, thit b hi nhit ch c s dng cho h thng Freon.
1.2.2 H thng lnh hai cp nn
Trong thc t, i vi thc phm cn bo qun trong thi gian di i hi nhit
sn phm phi thp (t <-180C) km hm qu trnh phn hy do qu trnh ln men v
s pht trin ca vi sinh vt bn trong sn phm. Do cn thit c mt mi trng nhit
thp, thng thng nhit mi trng do h thng lnh to ra t < -350C, ngha l nhit
bay hi ca mi cht lnh phi thp hn t0<-400C. Trong trng hp ny p sut bay
p
hi p0 phi nh, p sut ngng t pk ln dn n t s tng p k tng cao nh hng
p0
n qu trnh lm vic ca h thng, c th:
- Gim hiu sut my nn;
- Tng tn tht trn cc van;
- Gim nng sut lnh;
- Tng nhit cui tm nn nh hng n qu trnh bi trn.
iu kin s dng h thng lnh vi my nn 2 cp:
p
- i vi NH3 khi k 9
p0
D N LCEE 15
pk
- i vi freon 13
p0
H thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp thng thng c ba dng sau:
- H thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp, hai tit lu lm mt trung gian khng hon
ton.
- H thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp, hai tit lu lm mt trung gian hon ton.
- H thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp, s dng bnh trung gian l thit b trao i
nhit.
- Phn tip theo trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca cc h thng lnh s dng my nn
hai cp.
1.2.2.1 H thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp, hai tit lu lm mt trung gian hon
ton
Mc ch h thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp theo nguyn l lm mt trung
gian hon ton l gim qu nhit ca hi mi cht lnh ht vo my nn cao p, trnh
hin tng nhit cui tm nn cao p qu cao nh hng n hiu sut my cng nh
qu trnh bi trn trong my nn.
S nguyn l hot ng ca h thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp hai van tit
lu lm mt trung gian hon ton c th hin trn hnh 1.10.
XCA
4
3'
Qk 3
NT
BTG
LTG
6
XHA
Qql 2
QL
TL2 BH
5" 1
TL1 6' 1'
5'
Q0
a. S nguyn l h thng lnh

T lgp
Hnh 1.10 a. S nguyn l h thng lnh
4
pk, tk 5 pk, tk 4
5' 5 2 5'
3
6 5" ptg, ttg 6 ptg, ttg 3 2
3' 5" 3'
p0, t0 1'
6'
1 p0, t0 1 1'
6'
S h
c. th lgp-h
b. th T-S
D N LCEE 16
TL2 BH
5" 1
TL1 6' 1'
5'
Q0

T lgp
4
pk, tk 5 pk, tk 4
5' 5 2 5'
3
6 5" ptg, ttg 6 ptg, ttg 3 2
5" 3'
3'
p0, t0 1'
6'
1 p0, t0 1 1'
6'
S h
c. th lgp-h
b. th T-S
Hnh 1.10b. th T-S, c. th lgp-h

Nguyn l hot ng
Mi cht lnh sau khi ra khi my nn cao p (XCA) ng vi trng thi (4) i vo
thit b ngng t (NT), ti thit b ngng t, mi cht lnh trao i nhit vi mi cht gii
nhit thc hin qu trnh ngng t, sau khi ra khi thit b ngng t mi cht lnh trng
thi lng bo ha (5), t y mi cht lnh c qu lnh ti thit b qu lnh (QL) n
trng thi (5). Ton b lng mi cht lnh ny i qua van tit lu th nht (TL1) thc
hin qu trnh tit lu gim p sut n p sut trung gian ptg(5) v i vo bnh trung gian
(BTG), ti BTG mt lng lng v hi mi cht lnh ha trn vi hi mi cht lnh n t
my nn h p to thnh hi bo ha kh (3) v ht v my nn cao p, lng lng mi
cht lnh cn li (6) tip tc i qua van tit lu 2 (TL2) thc hin qu trnh tit lu gim p
sut n p0 , sau tit lu (6) mi cht lnh i vo thit b bay hi (BH) hp thu nhit t
mi trng cn lm lnh, sau thit b BH, mi cht lnh trng thi hi bo ha kh (1)
c ht vo my nn h p (XHA). Ti XHA thc hin qu trnh nn on nhit mi cht
lnh tng p sut n ptg v i vo BTG. Sau khi ra khi BTG, mi cht lnh c ht vo
XCA v c nn on nhit n p sut ngng t pk v i vo bnh ngng, kt thc mt
chu trnh hot ng ca my nn.
1.2.2.2 H thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp, hai tit lu lm mt trung gian
khng hon ton
S nguyn l hot ng ca h thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp hai van tit
lu lm mt trung gian hon ton c th hin trn hnh 1.11.
4
3'
3'
XCA
3
Qk
NT
LTG
BTG
5
6
Qql 2
QL
5" TL2 BH
6' 1 1'
5' TL1
Q0 XHA
T Hnh 1.11 a. S nguyn
lgp l h thng lnh
4
D N LCEE 17
5
pk, tk 5 pk, tk 4
6
Qql 2
QL
5" NNG LNG TL2 BH
18 CC GII PHP TIT
TL1 KIM 1 H1'THNG LNH CNG NGHIP
6' TRONG
5'
Q0 XHA
T lgp
5
pk, tk 5 pk, tk 4
5' 2 5'
3
6 5" ptg, ttg 3"
6 ptg, ttg
5" 3' 3" 3 2
3'
p0, t0 1'
6'
1 p0, t0 1 1'
6'
S h
b. th T-S c. th lgp-h
Hnh 1.11b. th T-S, c. th lgp-h
Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn l hot ng ca chu trnh h thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp hai tit
lu lm mt trung gian khng hon ton v c bn ging vi chu trnh lm mt trung gian
hon ton, im khc bit c bn gia hai chu trnh l qu trnh lm mt hi mi cht lnh
sau khi ra khi my nn h p.
V mt nng lng, chu trnh h thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp lm mt trung
gian hon ton hiu qu hn chu trnh h thng lnh lm mt trung gian khng hon ton
do mi cht lnh ht v my nn cao p l hi bo ha kh gim cng tiu hao cho my
nn cao p.
1.2.2.3 H thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp, s dng bnh trung gian l thit b
trao i nhit
Chu trnh h thng lnh s dng my nn hai cp vi bnh trung gian c thit b
trao i nhit l chu trnh ang c ng dng rng ri hin nay, n c nhiu u im
trong vn hnh nh sau:
- D dng iu chnh v t ng ha;
- n gin trong vn hnh;
- Gim lng du bi trn i vo thit b bay hi do khng lm gim kh nng
trao i nhit ti thit b bay hi.
S nguyn l h thng lnh c trnh by trn hnh 1.12(a,b,c,d), chu trnh
thc t c trnh by trong phn ph lc 1.8
D N LCEE 18
4
G 3
4
G 3
G1 XCA
G1 XCA
Qk 3'
NT
Qk G2 3'
NT
G2 BTG
LTG
BTG
LTG
5 5"
5 5"
TL1 7
Qql 7 2
QLQL
TL1
Qql TL2 BH 2
TL2 6' BH 1 1'
5' G1 6' 1 1'
5' G1 Q0 XHA
a. S nguyn l h thng lnh Q0 XHA
T a. S nguyn l h thng
lgp lnh
T lgp
5' 5
pk, tk 4 7 5' 5 pk, tk 4
2
7
5' 5
pk, tk 7 5' 5 pk, tk 4
2
7 5" ptg, ttg 3'
ptg, ttg 3' 2
3 5" 3
5" ptg, ttg 3'
1' ptg, ttg
6' p0, t0 3 5" 3 3' 2
1 p0, t0 1 1'
p0, t0 1' 6'
6'
1 p0, t0 1 1' h
S 6'
b. th T-S S c. th lgp-h h
b. th T-S c. th lgp-h
c. S h thng lnh hai cp nn vi bnh trung gian ng xon

1- My nn; 2- Bnh cha cao p; 3- Bnh ngng; 4- Bnh tch du; 5- Bnh tch lng HN;
6- Dn lnh; 7- Thp GN; 8- Bm nc GN; 9- Bnh trung gian; 10- B lc; 11- B nc;
12- Bm x bng
Hnh 1.12 S nguyn l h thng lnh
D N LCEE 19
Nguyn l lm vic
Mi cht lnh sau khi thu nhit v bay hi ti thit b bay hi (6) c ht v bnh
tch lng (5), ti y thc hin qu trnh tch lng, lng lng mi cht lnh c a
ngc li thit b bay hi, lng hi mi cht lnh c ht v my nn h p (1), ti my
nn h p thc hin qu trnh nn p on nhit, sau khi ra khi my nn hi mi cht lnh
c a vo bnh trung gian (9) lm mt trc khi ht vo my nn cao p. Sau khi ra
khi bnh trung gian, mi cht lnh c ht vo my nn cao p, ti my nn cao p thc
hin qu trnh nn on nhit mi cht lnh v c a vo thit b ngng t (3), ti thit
b ngng t, hi mi cht lnh trao i nhit vi mi trng chuyn hon thnh trng thi
lng v c a vo bnh cha cao p (2), t bnh cha cao p (2) mi cht lnh c
chia thnh hai dng, dng th nht i qua tit lu 1 vi hai mc ch (a) lm mt hi mi
cht lnh trc khi ht vo my nn cao p, (b) qu lnh mi cht lnh trc khi qua tit
lu 2. Mi cht lnh sau khi qu lnh s i vo tit lu 2 thc hin qu trnh tit lu, sau
khi tit lu, mi cht lnh c a vo thit b bay hi (6). Kt thc mt chu trnh.
1.3 nh gi hiu sut lm lnh ca h thng lnh
Nng lng (in nng) s dng cho h thng lnh trong nh my ch bin thc
phm chim t trng rt ln (trn 70%), do vic la chn h thng lnh c hiu sut cao
mang ngha rt quan trng n tiu hao nng lng (in nng) ca nh my, trong
hiu sut chu trnh lm lnh ng vai tr ch o. Hiu sut chu trnh gm hai loi: (1)
hiu sut lm lnh (C.O.P) v (2) hiu sut lm lnh ca h thng lnh (C.O.S.P), c
nh ngha nh sau:
- Hiu sut lnh ca my nn (C.O.P): l t s gia nng sut lnh (Q0) vi cng sut
my nn (N), c xc nh theo 1.1.
Q
C.O.P 0 (1.1)
Ne
- Hiu sut h thng lnh (C.O.S.P): t s gia nng sut lnh vi cng sut in ca
h thng, c xc nh theo 1.2.
Q0
C.O.S.P (1.2)
N
Trong :
Q0: nng sut lnh ca h thng, (kW);
Ne cng sut my nn, (kW) ;
N: tng cng sut in ca h thng, (kW);
Tng cng sut in ca h thng bao gm: cng sut my nn v tng cng sut
ca cc ng c in trong h thng lnh.
H thng lnh c C.O.P hay C.O.S.P cng cao tc my cng c hiu sut lm lnh
cao, hay ni cch khc vi cng mt nhit lng cn ly i (lm lnh) th my hiu sut
cao s tiu tn in nng t hn, tc tit kim nng lng hn.
Hiu sut lm lnh ca my nn C.O.P ph thuc vo chnh lch nhit gia
nhit bay hi v nhit ngng t, s ph thuc ny c th hin trn th hnh
1.13.
D N LCEE 20
Nhit bay hi, 0F

-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Nhit
HP/TON
ngng t
C.O.P
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20

Nhit bay hi, 0C
Hnh 1.13 nh hng ca nhit n C.O.P
Kh nng tit kim nng lng c tnh thng qua cng sut my nn nh sau:
C.O.P2 C.O.P1
TKNL 100%
C.O.P2
Hiu sut lm lnh tham kho ca mt s h thng lnh
- H thng cp ng : C.O.P = (1,251,7)
- H thng tr ng: C.O.P = (1,82,5)
- H thng nh my nc : C.O.P = (2,5 3,0)
- H thng tr lnh, mt v iu ha khng kh: C.O.P = (3,05,5)
Hnh 1.14 th hin nh hng ca nhit bay hi v nhit ngng t n C.O.P
ca cc loi mi cht lnh s dng trong h thng lnh cng nghip.
Hnh 1.14 nh hng ca nhit bay hi v nhit ngng t n C.O.P

V d: Tng kh nng tit kim nng lng da vo vic la chn h thng lnh c hiu
sut cao.
D N LCEE 21
Nu so snh cng nng sut lnh Q0, h thng lnh th nht c C.O.P1 = 3,8; h
thng lnh th 2 c C.O.P2 = 4,5; kh nng tit kim nng lng ca h thng th 2 so vi
h thng th nht:
C.O.P2 C.O.P1 4,5 3,8
TKNL 100% 100 15,6%
C.O.P2 4,5
Nh vy, nu tng h s C.O.P ln C.O.P = 0,7 kh nng tit kim nng lng c
15,6%.
D N LCEE 22
Chng 2
QUY TRNH VN HNH H THNG LNH V CC YU T NH HNG
TRONG QU TRNH VN HNH
Vn hnh h thng lnh ring l hay h thng lnh lin hon l s tc ng ng

thi nhiu yu t ch quan ca ngi vn hnh vo h thng, tt c cc tc ng ny th
hin qua cc thng s vn hnh ca h thng, trn c s cc thng s hin th ny chi ph
nng lng, hiu qu kinh t s c tnh ton. Bn cnh , yu t khch quan cng nh
hng ng k n tiu hao nng lng ca h thng lnh, yu t khch quan gm nhit
mi trng, m khng kh, vn tc khng kh, nhit ncVic iu chnh kp thi
v chnh xc cc thng s vn hnh l yu t quyt nh n tiu hao nng lng ca h
thng. c hiu qu v nng lng hp l, i hi ngi vn hnh phi tun th cc
bc theo quy nh. Ni dung chng 2 ny trnh by quy nh chung khi vn hnh h
thng lnh.
2.1 Quy trnh vn hnh h thng lnh
H thng my lnh rt a dng v phong ph, ty thuc vo mc ch s dng m
cu trc s khc nhau, do quy trnh vn hnh c th cho mi h thng s khng ging
nhau hon ton, c bit l thng s vn hnh h thng khc nhau s c quy trnh vn hnh
khc nhau (Bng 2.1 trnh by thng s vn hnh ca mt s h thng lnh in hnh).
Thng thng ngi ta phn loi theo mi cht lnh (h thng s dng Amoniac v
h thng s dng Freon) hay s cp nn (mt cp hay hai cp). Ty thuc vo h thng c
th m s c quy trnh vn hnh ring, tuy nhin phi tun th cc quy nh chung nh sau:
- Vn hnh ng thng s k thut thit k;
- m bo nhit v m ng yu cu trong mi trng lm lnh;
- H thng phi hot ng nh, khng ngng my bt thng;
- m bo an ton cho ngi vn hnh trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca h
thng;
- m bo tui th cho my nn v thit b trao i nhit trong h thng;
- Khc phc s c nhanh nht v chi ph thp nht c th;
- Hiu sut lm vic ca h thng cao nht.
Bng 2.1 Thng s p sut v nhit tham kho
Nhit Nhit kho
H thng Loi gas p0,kg/cm2 pk,kg/cm2
dn lnh lnh
Kho mt (-5)0 05 3,54,5 1619
Kho ng R22 (-25)(-30) (-18) (-25) 22,5 1619
Cp ng (-40)(-45) (-40) (-35) 0,51,0 1619
o
Kho mt (0-5 C) -5 05 3,54,3 1723
R404A
Kho ng (-18oC) -25 (-20) (-23) 1,52,2 1723
Kho mt (-5)0 05
Kho ng NH3 (-25)(-30) (-18) (-25) 0,40,6 12,714,7
Cp ng (-45)(-40) (-40) (-35)
D N LCEE 23
Nhit Nhit kho

H thng Loi gas p0,kg/cm2 pk,kg/cm2
dn lnh lnh
NH3 2,172,37 12,71,47
Nc -15-17 -10-12
R22 2,7 2,9 13,5 14,2
H thng lnh ngy nay a dng v phong ph, chnh v th khng c mt quy trnh
vn hnh chung cho h thng lnh c th, ty thuc vo c tnh ca h thng lnh, ngi
ta c th chia ra thnh cc trng hp gn tng ng nhau c quy trnh vn hnh hp
l:
- H thng lnh mi a vo hot ng;
- H thng lnh mi i tu;
- H thng lnh dng lu ngy;
- H thng lnh dng tm thi;
Tuy khc nhau v c tnh nhng khi vn hnh bt buc ngi vn hnh phi tun
th cc quy nh v an ton, ng thi phi c tp hun trc khi thc hin cng tc vn
hnh h thng lnh, nhng quy nh chung v yu cu i vi ngi vn hnh c trnh
by mc tip theo.
2.1.1.1 Quy nh chung
- Ngi khng c nhim v khng c vo phng my;
- Khng mang cht gy chy n vo phng my;
- Ngi vn hnh lun c mt trong phng my;
- Phng my phi lun sch s, gn gang;
2.1.1.2 Yu cu i vi ngi vn hnh
- Phi c o to vn hnh h thng lnh;
- qua kha o to v an ton lao ng v vn hnh thit b p lc;
- Phi nm r s nguyn l ca h thng v hiu k nguyn l cc thit b
ca h thng;
- Phi thng xuyn theo di nht k vn hnh;
- Khi thay du my nn phi thay ng loi du quy nh v v lng
du cn thit cho my nn;
- Khng ty tin thay i cc thng s k thut c ci t sn nu khng
c s ng ca ngi c trch nhim;
2.1.1.3 Vn hnh h thng lnh
a) Cng tc kim tra v chy khng ti h thng
Sau khi hon thin cng tc lp t bao gm lp t mi, ci to h thng (i tu)
h thng lnh, quy trnh vn hnh tng qut h thng lnh gm cc bc sau:
- Kim tra kn sau khi lp t: sau khi hon tt cng tc lp t, h thng my
lnh cn th kn. Qu trnh th kn gm hai bc:
Bc 1: th kn p sut cao, i vi h thng NH3 c th s dng mt my
nn kh kim tra kn ca h thng, i vi h thng Freon bt buc s dng
kh tr (N2) kim tra kn. Tuyt i khng s dng my nn lnh nn
khng kh s dng cho vic kim tra kn. p sut th kn: cao p: 16kG/cm2,
thp p: 10 kG/cm2, thi gian th 24 gi.
D N LCEE 24
Bc 2: th kn p sut chn khng bng cch ht chn khng n khi p sut

chn khng nh hn 700mmHg, ng tt c cc van li, thi gian th 24 gi, nu
tng p sut khng qu 5mmHg h thng t.
- Chy th khng ti: cng vic ny c thc hin khi cng vic lp t, v sinh
cng nghip hon tt, cc thit b trong h thng c chy th khng ti, thi gian
chy do n v lp t quy nh.
- Kim tra thit b: trong qu trnh chy th, tin hnh kim tra tt c cc thit b
trong h thng:
My nn: kim tra n, rung v r r ti my nn;
Kim tra thit b ngng t: kim tra v tr lp t c hp l khng? B tr ng
ng c ng thit k, t bit l thit b o (gm nhit k v p k), van an ton c
y v ng cha? i vi thit b ngng t dng xi ti cn kim tra cc b
phn phn phi nc c ng u trn ton b b mt trao i nhit hay khng;
Kim tra thit b bay hi: kim tra v tr lp t ca cc dn lnh cho ng vi thit
k, v tr cc ng gp hi, gp lng;
Kim tra thit b o: h thng lnh khi vn hnh cn kim sot nhit v p sut,
do cn kim tra thit b o lp t y theo thit k;
Cng tc ht chn khng kh thng: h thng trc khi np mi cht lnh cn ht
chn khng, cng vic ny c thc hin khi hon tt ton b cng vic v xy
dng, chn khng h thng phi t ti thiu 700mmHg;
Np mi cht lnh: cng tc np mi cht lnh ch c thc hin sau khi kim tra
kn v ht chn khng h thng, ty thuc vo h thng m lng mi cht c np
vo s khc nhau.
b) Chun b cho h thng lm vic
Cng vic chun b cho h thng lnh lm vic bao gm:
- Kim tra h thng ng ng;
- Tnh trng ng m cc van;
- Thit b o lng v kim sot;
Tt c phi tnh trng sn sng lm vic v phi tun theo quy phm an ton.
- a h thng ph vo trng thi sn sng lm vic bao gm:
Bm nc cp cho h thng gii nhit, h lm lnh v cho cc thit b ca h thng
lnh;
Kim tra mc nc trong cc b cha;
Kim tra h thng du bi trn: mc du bi trn trong my nn chim khong (1/3
2/3) knh xem du;
Kim tra h thng nc gii nhit my nn (i vi my nn piston) v mt s h
thng ph khc;
Kim tra h thng in cung cp: ngun in cung cp phi m bo trong khong
cho php (38010%/3P/50 Hz);
c) Chun b cho cc thit b lm vic:
y l cng vic nhm mc ch a tt c cc thit b trong h thng vo trng
thi chun b hot ng:
D N LCEE 25
- Thit b ngng t: cung cp mi cht gii nhit (nc i vi bnh ngng, khng
kh i vi dn ngng, nc v khng kh i vi dn ngng bay hi), kim tra s
phn b mi cht gii nhit trn b mt trao i nhit;
- Thit b bay hi: b kim tra cnh khuy, bm nc cho cc dn lnh, qut gi
cho h thng phn phi gi.
d) a h thng vo lm vic
- Khi ng my nn: trc khi vn hnh my nn, kim tra ton b van u y
my nn phi trng thi mi v trnh hin tng st p khi khi ng my nn, ngi
ta thng s dng hai phng php: (1) khi ng Y-, (2) khi ng mm s dng bin
tn, sau khi khi ng, a my nn vo lm vic.
Lu khi sau khi ng my nn:
My nn trc vt:
Khi khi ng my nn trc vt, ph ti khi ng l 0%, ngi vn hnh cn kim
tra v tr van trt vi b ch th cng sut, nu ph ti khi ng cha v gi tr
0%, ngi vn hnh iu chnh bng cch khi ng bm du v gim ti bng tay
a ti khi ng v 0%;
Khi ng bm du ch bng tay (MAN), a du si vo my my nn
trong vi pht (thng thng 5 pht);
Ngng bm du;
Ch khong (510) pht du trong my chy xung, bm du lun chy trc,
sau mi khi ng my nn;
Cc kim tra cn thit sau khi khi ng my nn:
- Nhit du td =(3060)0C, bnh thng my nn hot ng, nhit du
khong 400C;
- Nhit mi cht lnh sau khi nn phi nh hn 900C, bnh thng nhit
mi cht lnh ti u nn nm trong khong (6575)0C;
- Mc du trong bnh tch du sau khi khi ng t thay i, thng mc thp
(c ghi trn bnh tch du), nu mc du gim lin tc th phi dng my
kim tra;
- Kim tra rung v ting n bt thng ca my;
- Kim tra s r r ca b m kn my nn v bm du, lng du r r ti a l
3cc/gi. Nu vt qu th phi kim tra li;
- Chnh lch p sut ti b lc du (00,5)bar, nu tng ln (0,71)bar th phi
thay th b lc;
- Chnh lch p sut bnh tch du l (00,5)bar nu vt qu gi tr 0,7bar th
kim tra li;
- Chnh lch p sut b lc ht (00,5)bar nu vt qu gi tr 1,0 bar th thay
th b lc;
My nn piston:
M t t van chn ht, nu m nhanh c th gy ra hin tng ngp lng my
nn, mt khc nu m qu ln dng in khi ng cao s qu dng;
Lng nghe ting ku ca my, nu c ting ku bt thng, km theo sng
bm nhiu u ht th ngng my ngay;
D N LCEE 26
Theo di cng dng in ca my nn;

Quan st hin tng bm tuyt trn than my;
Kim tra p sut h thng, thng thng pk<16bar;
Kim tra p sut du: pd = ph +p;
Kim tra nhit gas nn;
Kim tra nhit gas ht;
- iu chnh lu lng mi cht lnh: Sau khi h thng bt u hot ng, p
sut trong cc thit b bay hi gim n gi tr cn thit v nhit ti u nn
ch gi tr my nn ang thc hin hnh trnh kh th bt u iu chnh van tit
lu iu chnh lng mi cht lnh i vo thit b bay hi. Mc ch iu
chnh lng mi cht lnh l m bo tip xc nhiu nht gia mi cht lnh
vi b mt thit b trao i nhit ca h thng lnh, ng thi m bo hnh
trnh kh cho my nn.
Mt s lu khi iu chnh lng mi cht lnh:
- Kim sot lng lng mi cht lnh cp vo thit b bay hi:
Thit b bay hi dng ngp lng: s dng ng thy v qu nhit hi ra khi thit
b bay hi (hoc theo lng tuyt bm trn b mt ng ht);
i vi dn lnh cp dch t pha trn: kim sot lng lng mi cht lnh theo
qu nhit hi mi cht lnh ra khi dn lnh v theo mc bm tuyt trn b mt
dn lnh;
Nu nhiu dn lnh s dng chung mt ng gp hi ra khi dn lnh: th phi kim
tra qu nhit ca hi mi cht lnh ra khi tng dn;
- Kim sot qu nhit hi mi cht lnh ra khi thit b bay hi;
H thng NH3 khng dng bm: khng ch trong khong (510)0C (tng ng hi
ht vo my nn khong 150C);
H thng NH3 s dng bm cp dch th khng nn c qu nhit;
H thng Freon c bnh hi nhit, qu nhit khng ch trong khong (510)0C,
sau khi ra khi bnh hi nhit phi c qu nhit trong khong (2030)0C.
e) Kim tra thng xuyn
- Kim tra thng s vn hnh: khi h thng bt u lm vic, ngi vn hnh cn
theo di chi tit thng s vn hnh ca h thng, nu c trng thay i bt thng cn
phi x l ngay, thng s vn hnh gm:
- p sut ht;
- Nhit ht;
- p sut nn;
- Nhit nn;
- Nhit du;
- Nhit nc gii nhit;
- Nhit mi trng xung quanh;
- Nhit phng my;
- Chnh lch p sut du;
- Chnh lch p sut b lc du;
- Chnh lch p sut bnh tch du (i vi my nn trc vt);
D N LCEE 27
- V tr iu khin cng sut (i vi my nn trc vt);

- Cng dng in ng c my nn;
- Thi lng vn hnh ca my nn;
Khi vn hnh bnh thng, ngi vn hnh phi theo di k v ghi vo nht k vn
hnh y cc thng s trn 1 gi/ln.
Ngoi nhng thng s phi ghi vo nht k vn hnh, ngi vn hnh cn theo di,
quan st cc hin tng sau:
- Mc du;
- R r du trc;
- Nhit v bi my nn, nhit ny khng c ln hn 300C so vi nhit
du;
Khi thc hin thay th hoc sa cha, ngi vn hnh phi ghi r vo nht k vn
hnh, c th:
- Thay lc du;
- Np thm du;
- Thay cc phn t ca bnh tch du (my nn trc vt);
- Phn tch cht lng du;
- Phn tch cht lng nc gii nhit;
- i tu thit b: phi ghi r ngy, chi tit, thit b thay th;
Thng s vn hnh ca h thng c th hin ti t iu khin ca my nn hoc
mn hnh gim st chung (hnh 2.1)
a. Thng s vn hnh gim st ti my nn
D N LCEE 28
b. Thng s vn hnh gim st ti bng iu khin

Hnh 2.1 Thng s vn hnh ca h thng
Bnh cha tun hon: kim tra mc lng v khi ng cc bm cp dch.
Van phao trong bnh cha h p: van phao c chc nng iu khin mc cht
lng trong bnh cha h p, thng thng trong bnh cha h p c 3 van phao.
- Van iu khin mc lng thp (van di cng): dng bo v mc cht lng thp
trong bnh thp p, khi mc lng trong bnh h n mc ny bm cp dch phi
ngng hot ng.
- Van iu khin cp dch thp p (van gia): dng iu khin cp dch thp p,
khi mc dch trong bnh thp p h n di v tr phao ny, th van in t m cp
mi cht lnh vo bnh cha, khi mc cht lng t n v tr ca phao gia, n s
tc ng ngt van in t ngng cp mi cht lnh vo bnh cha h p.
- Van iu khin mc dch cao (van trn cng): dng bo v mc cao trong bnh
thp p, khi mc cht lng trong bnh thp p ln n v tr ny, th h thng s bo
ng mc dch cao (s c mc dch cao thng thng do van in t b r). Khi
ngi vn hnh phi kha van chn v bm mi cht lnh n cc thit b bay hi
h mc lng trong bnh cha h p, phi lun theo di my nn khi c bo ng
mc dch lng cao, sau kim tra van in t.
Bnh cha cao p: trong bnh cha cao p mc lng ty thuc vo lng gas lng
dn vo cc ph ti, bnh thp p v cc thit b khc. Lng lng trong cc dn
lnh thay i do iu khin khng chnh xc v ph thuc vo cng bc hi.
Nu vic cung cp lng cho h thng c thc hin mt cch chnh xc th mc
lng trong bnh cha cao p khng i v c ch r trn ng thy. Nu trong bnh
cha cao p khng gas th xut hin hin tng thay v lng hon ton s c mt
lng hi i qua van tit lu. Bnh cha cao p ch c php cha ti a 80% th
tch bnh, tuyt i khng c cha 100% th tch bnh, v n rt nguy him khi
c s thay i nhit .
D N LCEE 29
Kim tra s bm bn trn b mt truyn nhit: hng ngy, ngi vn hnh cn

theo di s bm tuyt trn cc dn lnh, c bit l dn lnh kho lnh, bng chuyn
IQF. i dn lnh kho lnh, ngi vn hnh phi kim tra sau qu trnh x , ti
thiu 1 ln/ngy. H thng bng chuyn IQF ty theo mt hng, ngi vn hnh
quyt nh thi gian x ph hp (quy trnh x trnh by mc sau).
H thng dn ngng: phi thng xuyn theo di mc bm cu cn trn b mt
ng trao i nhit.
Kim tra kn: hng ngy, ngi vn hnh phi kim tra kn ca cc ch ni
bng mt bch, cc mi hn ca thit b ng ng m bo h thng hon ton
kn.
Kim tra s tun hon nc gii nhit:
- Bnh ngng ng thng ng: kim tra thng xuyn cc chp phn phi nc theo
mt trong ca ng;
- Bnh ngng xi ti: kim tra s phn b u ca nc vi cc cm ng.
nh k x du: i vi cc thit b lm vic lin tc, lch trnh x du nh k nh
sau:
- X bnh tch du v bnh trung gian: t 2 n 3 ln trong mt thng.
- X du t bnh ngng: 1 n 2 ln trong mt thng.
- X du dn lnh, bnh tch lng, bnh bc hi, bnh cha cao p, bnh tun hon: 1
ln trong mt thng.
f) c im vn hnh my lnh hai cp
Quy trnh vn hnh h thng lnh hai cp tng t h thng lnh mt cp, tuy nhin
h thng lnh hai cp nn c thm bnh trung gian, do cn c quy trnh vn hnh ring
cho n.Trc khi vn hnh, h thng van trn ng ng vo v ra khi bnh trung gian
phi c m hon ton, kim tra mc lng v dng c iu khin t ng.
Mt s lu khi vn hnh h thng lnh c bnh trung gian:
Mc lng mi cht lnh trong bnh trung gian phi cao hn vng trn cng ca chum
ng xon.
Khng ch nhit : h thng lm vic vi hiu sut cao, nhit hi mi cht lnh
ht vo my nn phi tha mn iu kin sau:
- Nhit mi cht ht vo my nn cao p ln hn nhit si ti bnh trung gian
l 50C;
- Nhit mi cht ht vo xylanh h p ln hi nhit si ca mi cht lnh ti
thit b bay hi t 50C n 100C;
- Nu mi cht lnh ht vo xy lanh h p l hi bo ha m th ng bt van tit lu
cp vo thit b bay hi;
- Nu mi cht lnh ht vo xylanh cao p l hi bo ha m th gim lng mi
cht lnh i vo bnh trung gian;
- Khi c nguy c va p thy lc trong xylanh h p v cao p trc tin ng bt
van ht ca xylanh h p trnh s tng p sut t ngt trong bnh trung gian,
sau mi ng van ht ca xylanh cao p;
D N LCEE 30
- Kim sot p sut trung gian: trong trng hp cung cp cho bnh trung gian mi
cht lnh mt cch chnh xc, p sut trung gian s t l vi p sut bay hi v p
sut ngng t theo mi quan h sau:
p tg p k p 0 (2.1)
Trong :
ptg: p sut ti bnh trung gian;
pk: p sut ngng t;
p0 : p sut bay hi;
Khi vn hnh h thng, ngi vn hnh ch cn so snh p sut trung gian c c
trn p k ca h thng vi p sut trn th th c th pht hin ra nhng sai st trong
vn hnh;
Nu p sut trung gian thp hn so vi quy nh, c ngha l xylanh h p lm vic
khng tt;
Nu p sut trung gian cao hn so vi quy nh, c ngha l xylanh cao p lm vic
khng tt.
2.1.1.4 Vn hnh hiu qu thit b trong h thng lnh
a) Vn hnh my nn
- Quan st bn ngoi: trc khi khi ng my nn, ngi vn hnh cn phi kim
tra ton b h thng, nu c h hng kp thi sa cha ngay, mt s h hng
thng gp: h thng du bi trn, h thng nc gii nhit (my nn piston), cc
lp cch nhit
- Quan st ting ng v rung: ting ng v rung s xc nh mc mi
mn, v hoc bin dng cc chi tit chuyn ng tng i;
- Quan st nhit cc chi tit: trong qu trnh nn mi cht lnh, mt lng nhit
thi ra v xylanh, do nhit cc chi tit tng ln. Khi vn hnh cn kim sot
nhit chi tit thng qua nhit du bi trn, thng thng gii hn nhit
du bi trn nm trong khong td =(5060)0C, nu nhit du tng nh hng
rt ln n mi mn cc chi tit;
- Quan st h thng du bi trn: lng du bi trn i qua cc b phn my lun
thay i, n ty thuc vo nht ca du v mi mn gia cc chi tit. Do
khi chn h thng cung cp du bi trn phi chn ln hn t 23 ln so vi yu
cu bi trn trong thi gian hot ng ban u ca my nn. i vi h thng mi
lp t du bi trn phi c thay th t 2 n 3 ln sau thi gian lm vic t
2030 gi, sau c 400500 gi thay du mt ln, lu khi thay du phi lm v
sinh b lc du;
- Hnh trnh m ca my nn: mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy h hng my
nn l mt lng lng mi cht lnh ht vo my nn (hnh trnh m). Khi s c
xy ra ngi vn hnh cn thc hin thao tc ng nh van ht li gim lng
m vo my nn trnh va p thy lc xy ra.
D N LCEE 31
b) Vn hnh thit b ngng t

- i vi h thng c cng sut nh (h thng lnh dn dng) thit b ngng t vn
hnh cng lc vi my nn.
- i vi h thng lnh cng nghip, m bo an ton, thit b ngng t c vn
hnh trc my nn, ng thi i vi qu trnh dng my, thit b ngng t dng
sau my nn. Khi vn hnh thit b ngng t cn lu mt s vn sau:
- m bo nhit v lu lng mi cht gii nhit trong gii hn cho php
- Bo m cc vi phun thp gii nhit lun thng sch
- Lun gi cho b mt trao i nhit sch v nc c x l ph hp
- Loi b kh khng ngng ra khi bnh ngng v kim tra thng xuyn
- Trnh dn ngng b bc x trc tip
m bo thit b ngng t lm vic t hiu sut cao, cn thit phi thc hin
nht k vn hnh cho thit b
c) Vn hnh thit b bay hi
Tng t thit b ngng t, khi vn hnh thit b bay hi cn lu mt s vn
sau:
- Gi b mt trao i nhit sch lm tng kh nng truyn nhit gip gim chnh
nhit gia tc nhn v mi cht, t gip tng nhit bay hi.
- Gi nhit bay hi cng cao cng tt: ci t nhit hp l (khng ci thp),
m bo iu kin vn hnh.
- Trnh du b a vo b bay hi (lm gim kh nng trao i nhit). nh k
kim tra b tch du, ghi nhn v thi du v thm vo h thng.
- Trnh trng hp cc b iu khin nhit tc ng sai (do bn, li k thut,).
d) Theo di s lm vic ca cc thit b v h thng ng ng
- Kim tra thng xuyn kn ti cc ch ni, mt bch cc mi hn m bo h
thng kn tuyt i trnh trng hp r r mi cht lnh ra mi trng. Ring i
vi b nc mui trong nh my nc , phi nh k kim tra hm lng mui
trong dung dch (mt ln trong mt thng).
- Kim tra mc lng mi cht lnh trong cc thit b cha: bnh cha cao p, bnh
cha h p
- Kim tra s tun hon nc ca thp gii nhit v cht ti lnh:
2.2 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh lm vic ca h thng lnh
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng lnh c nhiu yu t nh hng n hiu sut
ca h thng, trong yu t nhit nh hng rt ln n nng sut lnh, cng sut tiu
th ca my nn, bao gm: nhit bay hi ca mi cht lnh, nhit ngng t, nhit
qu nhit hi mi cht ht vo my nn, nhit qu lnh ca mi cht trc khi qua van
tit lu.
vn hnh h thng lnh hiu qu, ngi vn hnh cn nghin cu chi tit nh
hng do bin thin nhit n hiu sut ca h thng. n gin cho vic nghin cu,
chng ta xem tng thng s nhit l c lp, sau tch hp li cho h thng.
Phn tip theo s nghin cu nh hng ca tng thng s nhit c lp khi vn
hnh h thng lnh.
D N LCEE 32
2.2.1 nh hng ca nhit bay hi

Nhit bay hi ca mi cht lnh nh hng rt ln n nng sut lnh ca h
thng, nu nhit bay hi t0 gim 10C nng sut lnh gim khong 5%, cng sut my
nn gim khong 3%, hiu sut lm lnh ca my nn gim 3%, iu ny c th gii thch
nh sau:
- Khi nhit bay hi gim, p sut bay hi cng gim theo do th tch ring ca
hi mi cht lnh ht vo my nn tng ln (hnh 2.2) dn n lu lng khi
lng mi cht lnh ht vo my nn s gim.
Nhit bay hi, 0F Nhit bay hi, 0F
Lu lng th tch, ft3/pht
Lu lng khi lng, lb/pht

Lu lng khi lng, kg/s
Lu lng th tch, m3/s
Nhit bay hi, 0C Nhit bay hi, 0C
Hnh 2.2 nh hng ca nhit bay hi n th tch ring v lu lng khi lng
p
- Khi p sut bay hi p0 gim, dn n t s tng p k s tng ln, hiu sut qu
p0
trnh nn trong my nn gim i (hnh 2.3.
Hiu sut qu trnh nn on
nhit, %
T s tng p
Hnh 2.3 nh hng ca t s tng p n hiu sut my nn
- Khi t0 gim dn n tn tht trong van tit lu tng ln;
Cc nguyn nhn lm gim nhit bay hi ca mi cht lnh;
- Mi cht lnh cung cp cho thit b bay hi thiu;
- Thit b bay hi b ngp du hoc nc;
- B mt thit b bay hi b bm bn (r st, cu cn hoc b tuyt ng);
- Vn tc cht ti lnh i qua thit b bay hi gim do i lu km;
- Thit k khng ng vi nng sut lnh yu cu;
nh hng ca nhit bay hi n nng sut lnh, cng sut v hiu sut my
nn ca mt s loi mi cht lnh c trnh by Hnh 2.4
D N LCEE 33
Hnh 2.4 nh hng ca nhit bay hi n qu trnh lm vic

2.2.2 nh hng ca nhit ngng t
Nhit ngng t ca mi cht lnh c xc nh theo p sut ca mi cht lnh
trng thi bo ha (Bng 1.3). Do n c nh hng rt ln n nng sut lnh, cng
tiu th ca my nn v nhiu thng s khc ca h thng lnh, cho nn vic nghin cu
nh hng ca nhit ngng t n qu trnh lm vic thc ca h thng lnh c ngha
l lun v thc tin rt ln trong vn hnh h thng lnh.
Thc t cho thy, khi nhit ngng t tng dn n tiu hao nng lng tng, c
tnh nu nhit ngng t tng 10C, tiu hao nng lng tng 3%. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra
hin tng tng nhit ngng t:
- Mt phn b mt truyn nhit ca thit b ngng t b mt tc dng do:
Thit b ngng t b ngp lng lm cho din tch b mt trao i nhit gim dn n
hiu qu trao i nhit km;
Phn b nc gii nhit khng ng u trn ton b b mt trao i nhit;
H s truyn nhit gim:
B mt trao i nhit v pha mi cht gii nhit b bm bn;
B mt trao i nhit v pha mi cht lnh b bm du;
Vn tc chuyn ng ca mi cht gii nhit gim do tun hon km;
- Khng lng mi cht gii nhit do lm tng chnh lch nhit ca n
khi i qua thit b ngng t.
- Tn ti kh khng ngng trong h thng.
- Thit k khng chnh xc.
Khi nhit ngng t tng s gy ra hu qu sau:
- Nng sut lnh ca my nn gim;
- Tng cng tiu hao cho my nn;
- Gim hiu sut lm lnh;
D N LCEE 34
- Tng lc tc dng ln cc chi tit my;

- nh hng khng gian cht tng, hiu sut in nng gim;
- Nhit cui tm nn tng lm gim kh nng bi trn do nht ca du bi trn
gim, thm ch mt phn du bi trn c th b chy, c bit i vi h thng NH3
s dng my nn piston.
- Tui th ca my nn gim do tng p sut ngng t, h thng d r r mi cht
lnh.
Hnh 2.5 th hin nh hng ca nhit ngng t n nng sut lnh, cng sut
my nn v hiu sut lm lnh.
Hnh 2.5 nh hng nhit ngng t n kh nng lm vic ca h thng

2.2.3 nh hng ca qu nhit
qu nhit ca hi mi cht lnh ht vo my nn c nh hng rt ln n hiu
qu lm vic ca my nn, qu nhit m bo cho my nn lm vic trnh hin tng va
p thy lc xy ra, tuy nhin n li tng cng tiu hao trong qu trnh nn ca my nn.
Thng thng qu nhit ca mi cht lnh c gii hn trong phm vi sau:
- i vi NH3 qu nhit T = (515)K;
- i vi freon qu nhit T = (2030)K;
Nu qu nhit ca hi mi cht lnh ht vo my nn qu cao s gy ra cc hin tng
sau:
Lm gim nng sut lnh do lu lng khi lng mi cht ht vo my nn gim;
Nhit cui tm nn tng cao dn n gim tui th ca my nn;
Tng kh nng mi mn do nht ca du bi trn gim;
Tng cng tiu hao trong qu trnh nn;
H s lm lnh gim, hiu qu nng lng gim;
Theo tnh ton, nu qu nhit tng 1 , cng sut my nn tng khong 0,5%
D N LCEE 35
Cc nguyn nhn gy tng qu nhit v gii php khc phc:

- Nguyn nhn gy tng qu nhit
ng ng t thit b bay hi n my nn qu di, ng thi cch nhit km;
Qu trnh lm my my nn km;
iu chnh van tit lu khng ph hp (iu chnh qu nh);
Ph ti nhit qu ln;
Thit k dn lnh khng ph hp vi cng sut my nn;
- Bin php khc phc
Kim tra cn chnh van tit lu nhit, van in t chnh xc theo ph ti. Van tit
lu nhit c th t iu chnh m van nhm iu tit lu lng mi cht lnh
vo dn lnh ph hp vi ph ti lnh, tuy nhin mc t iu chnh ch trong
phm vi hp v c tr;
Trong trng hp ti lnh thay i c th s dng van tit lu in t v van tit
lu in t c mc iu tit rng v thi gian iu chnh nhanh hn;
V mt bo tr, bo dng: ch bc bo n ng dn t thit b bay hi v my
nng. Cc ng dn t ngoi tri nu khng c bc bo n hoc lp bo n lu
ngy khng cn t yu cu cch nhit s gy gia tng xm nhp nhit t mi
trng v gy gia tng qu nhit hi v my nn;
2.2.4 nh hng ng thi ca nhit ngng t v nhit bay hi
Trong thc t, c th ng thi nhit ngng t tng v nhit bay hi gim
trong trng hp ny cng sut my nn s thay i ty thuc vo chnh lch gia nhit
ngng t v nhit bay hi, bng tnh ton ngi ta xy dng mi quan h gia cng
sut h thng vi chnh lch nhit gia nhit bay hi vi nhit ngng t v
cng sut my nn vi chnh lch nhit gia nhit bay hi vi nhit ngng t
(hnh 2.6)
Cng sut h thng (kW)
Nhit ngng t (0C)
Nhit bay hi (0C)

a. nh hng chnh lch nhit n cng sut h thng
D N LCEE 36
Cng sut my nn (kW)
Nhit ngng t (0C)

Nhit bay hi (0C)
b. nh hng chnh lch nhit n cng sut my nn
Hnh 2.6 nh hng nhit ngng t v nhit bay hi n cng sut
Nhn xt:
Theo kt qu tnh ton trn cho thy:
- Khi chnh lch nhit gim, cng sut my nn s tng;
- Cng sut h thng s gim khi nhit ngng t gim;
- Cng sut h thng tng khi nhit bay hi tng, tuy nhin tng cng sut h
thng nh hn tng C.O.P;
2.2.5 nh hng ca kh khng ngng
Trong h thng lnh, ngoi mi cht lnh ra cn c th c cc loi kh khng ngng
khc, phn ln l khng kh. Khng kh xm nhp vo h thng do cc nguyn nhn sau:
Tho rp my nn v cc thit b khc trong thi gian sa cha;
H thng lm vic p sut chn khng;
Khng kh b ht vo qua cc mi ni khng kn hoc khi my nn lm vic m van
u ht ng kn;
Mt lng khng kh cn st li trong h thng sau lp t;
Mt lng khng kh pht sinh trong ln np mi cht lnh u tin cho h thng;
S tn ti ca khng kh trong h thng nh hng rt ln n qu trnh lm vic:
- Gim din tch b mt trao i nhit ca thit b ngng t;
- Tng p sut ngng t t t;
- Nguy c r r mi cht lnh cao;
- Tng cng tiu hao cho my nn;
- Gim nng sut lnh ca h thng;
c tnh, nu trong h thng tn ti kh khng ngng, khi p sut ngng t vt
10psi (0,7bar) chi ph nng lng tng khong 6%. Do h thng lnh lm vic hiu
qu v mt nng lng, lng kh khng ngng cn c tc ra khi h thng. Hnh 2.7a,
2.7b m t kh khng ngng trong h thng lnh v trnh by nguyn l tch kh khng
ngng.
D N LCEE 37
Bnh ngng v bc chm ng nm ngang
Bnh ngng bc hi
Bnh
Bnh
ngng
cha
ng ng
a. Kh khng ngng tn ti trong h thng

Hnh 2.6a M t kh khng ngng trong h thng
4
Cng sut my nn(kW)/ton
60 100 140 180 220 260

p sut ngng t, psi
Hnh 2.7b Quan h gia p sut ngng t vi cng sut my nn cc ch
nhit bay hi khc nhau.
2.2.6 nh hng ca nc c trong mi cht lnh
i vi h thng lnh cng nghip, khi vn hnh nu tn ti mt lng nc trong
mi cht lnh s gy nh hng n qu trnh lm vic ca h thng cng nh hiu sut
ca thit b. S c mt ca nc trong mi cht lnh do hai nguyn nhn sau:
- H thng lp t mi
Nc tn ti trong cc bnh cha sau khi kim tra p lc;
Nc tn ti trong h thng ng ng khi lp t mi;
Nc ngng t trn h thng sau khi kim tra p lc;
Ht chn khng khng k h thng trc khi vn hnh;
Nc c ln trong mi cht lnh khi np vo h thng;
D N LCEE 38
- S xm nhp khng kh vo h thng khi ang vn hnh.

S r r trn h thng ng ng pha thp p, c bit l h thng cp ng.
Quy trnh x du, x gas khng hp l (p sut thp).
Quy trnh ht chn khng h thng hoc mt phn h thng sau bo tr khng hp
l.
Phn ng ha hc gia mi cht lnh vi mt s kh tn ti trong h thng dn n
sinh ra nc.
nh hng ca hm lng nc cha trong h thng
- nh hng n tnh cht nhit ng ca mi cht lnh, khi mi cht lnh cha mt
lng nc duy tr nhit lm lnh theo yu cu i hi h thng phi lm vic vi p
sut bay hi thp hn yu cu (Hnh 2.8 v Ph lc 2.1, Ph lc 2.2), iu ny dn n
gim nng sut lnh ca h thng v tng cng sut tiu th in ca my nn.
Hnh 2.8a. nh hng ca hm lng nc n p sut si NH3
Hnh 2.8b. nh hng ca hm lng nc n nhit bo ha NH3
D N LCEE 39
Cng sut tiu th

Nng sut lnh gim 2% khi hm lng nc
cha trong mi cht lnh 1%
Tng 1% cng sut tiu th khi hm lng nc

cha trong mi cht lnh 1%
% nc
Hnh 2.8c. nh hng ca hm lng nc n cng sut
V d:
Mt h thng cp ng s dng mi cht lnh l NH3 c nng sut lnh Q0 =1000
kW vn hnh 10 gi/ngy v 300 ngy trong mt nm, khi mi lp t hm lng nc
cha trong NH3 l 0%, sau hai nm lm vic hm lng nc chim 10% v sau 5 nm
lm vic hm lng nc chim 20%. Tnh ton cng sut tiu th ca my nn trong cc
trng hp trn?
Phn tnh ton chi tit cho cc trng hp ny xem Ph lc 2.2
Bng 2.2 Hiu sut my nn theo hm lng nc
stt w (%) t0, (0C) tk (0C) p0, (bar) COP N (kW) P(kW.h)
1 0 0,64 1,43 699,3 2097900
2 10 -42 30 0,59 1,32 757,6 2272800
3 20 0,51 1,16 862 2586000
Hnh 2.9a nh hng hm lng nc trong NH3 n cng sut v COP
D N LCEE 40
Hnh 2.9b nh hng hm lng nc trong NH3 n tiu hao in nng

2.2.7 nh hng ca ch bi trn
tt chp nhn Thay du Thay my

nn
Hnh 2.10 Mu sc ca du
Bi trn my nn c ngha rt quan trng trong qu trnh vn hnh my nn, cht
lng du bi trn nh hng n ma st gia cc chi tit chuyn ng tng i vi nhau,
trong nht ng vai tr quyt nh. V mt nh lng, thi gian thay du do nh sn
xut my nn quy nh, v mt nh tnh, cn c vo mu sc ca du thay th, Hnh
2.10 th hin mu sc du.
2.2.8 nh hng ca ch lm mt my nn
Trong qu trnh thc hin nn p mi cht lnh lun thi ra mt nhit lng, do
nhit ca my nn tng ln. V vy lm mt my nn nhm duy tr nhit n nh cho
my nn trong sut qu trnh lm vic c ngha quan trng n hiu sut lm vic ca
my (xem hnh 2.2).
i vi my nn c nhiu phng php lm mt khc nhau, ty thuc vo loi my
nn v cng sut m chn phng php lm mt ph hp, thng thng c 3 phng php:
- Lm mt bng nc;
- Lm mt bng khng kh;
- Lm mt chnh hi mi cht lnh ht vo my nn;
2.2.9 nh hng ca cht lng cch nhit
Cch nhit kho lnh v h thng ng ng c nh hng khng nh n hiu qu
vn hnh, chiu dy v cht lng lp cch nhit phi c tnh ton theo tiu chun k
thut v hiu qu v kinh t, mi quan h gia chiu dy cch nhit vi chi ph c th
hin trn hnh 2.11.
D N LCEE 41
Hnh 2.11 Quan h gia chiu dy cch nhit v chi ph u t

Sau thi gian vn hnh, cht lng cch nhit s gim ng thi hin tng ng
sng trn b mt xut hin, tng tn tht nhit cho h thng. Cho nn vic kim tra nh
k cch nhit c ngha rt ln n hiu qu lm vic ca h thng.
Cc v tr trong h thng lnh cn lu n cch nhit:
- B mt vch cc thit b bay hi (bnh bay hi, dn bay hi, AHU, FCU,);
- ng t sau b phn tit lu n thit b bay hi;
- ng ht t thit b bay hi v my nn;
- ng dn mi cht ti lnh lng (nc, glycol,) i v v;
- ng dn gi i v v;
- Phng lnh (phng tr lnh, tr ng);
- Thit b lm lnh (t cp ng, IQF,);
Cc van, mt bch thng khng c ch bo n tt;
L do bo n khng t yu cu k thut:
- B dy bo n thiu;
- Chn khng ng vt liu bo n;
- Thi cng km khng m bo ng u v kn kht;
- Khng c lp bo v ti nhng on ng t ti nhng khu vc c bit (ngoi
tri chu ma, nng; khu vc m t );
- Sau thi gian di vn hnh cht lng lp bo n km cn phi thay mi;
- Tiu hao in nng do cch nhit khng tt c tnh theo (2.3)
Tiu hao Lng nh t xm nhp (Q)
n nng =
COP
(2.3)
V d minh ha:
Lu lng 1 kg/s,
im 1:100C ,
im 2:110C, 4 gi/ngy;
300 ngy/nm,
Gi in: 1500 /kWh,
COP = 3
Tng chi ph in:

(1 kg/s x 4.18 kJ/kg. x (11 -10)0C x 4 x 300)/3 x 1,500 = 2.5 triu ng/nm
D N LCEE 42
2.2.10 nh hng ca cng ngh

Khi thit k h thng lnh lun xut pht t mc ch cng ngh, tuy nhin s a
dng v sn phm c nh hng rt ln quy trnh thit k. i vi qu trnh cp ng ph
thuc rt ln vo:
- Tnh cht nhit vt l ca sn phm;
- Kch thc sn phm;
- Cng trao i nhit gia sn phm v mi trng cn lm lnh;
- Nhit mi trng lm lnh;
vn hnh h thng hiu qu v mt nng lng, ngi vn hnh cn hiu r bn
cht ca i tng cn lm lnh hoc cp ng v kin thc chuyn su v cc qu trnh
bin i tnh cht ca i tng, t mi xy dng quy trnh hp l cho tng i tng
c th. Hnh 2.14 th hin nh hng ca cc yu t cng ngh n qu trnh cp ng.
Ly thuyet xac dinh khoi luong rieng cua ca tra Ly thuyet va thuc nghiem xac dinh he so dan nhiet cua ca tra
1040 1.8
Tinh theo mo hinh [67]
He so dan nhiet , [W/m.K]

Khoi luong rieng, [m /kg]
1030 1.6 Thuc nghiem

3
1.4
1020
1.2
1010
1
1000
0.8
990 0.6
Tinh theo mo hinh [34]
980 0.4
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
0
Nhiet do, [ C] Nhiet do, [0C]
Lyxthuyet
10
-6
va thuc nghiem xac dinh he so dan nhiet do cua ca tra Lyx thuyet
10
4
va thuc nghiem xac dinh nhiet dung rieng cua ca tra
2 10
Tinh theo mo hinh[94a]
Nhiet dung rieng, [J/kg.K]
Tinh theo mo hinh

He so dan nhiet do, [m /s]
Thuc nghiem thuc nghiem

2
8
1.5
6
1
4
0.5
2
0 0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
0
Nhiet do, [ C] Nhiet do, [0C]
Hnh 2.12 a. Bin thin tnh cht nhit vt l trong qu trnh cp ng

15 15 15
10 10 10
Nhiet do san pham, [ C]
Hnh 4.1(b)
5
Hnh 4.1(c)
0
5 Hnh 4.1(a) 5
0
0 0 0
-5 -5 -5
(15m/s) (15m/s) (15m/s)
(12,5m/s) (12,5m/s) (12,5m/s)
-10 (10m/s) -10 -10
(10m/s) (10m/s)
(7,5m/s) (7,5m/s)
-15
(7,5m/s)
-15 (5m/s) -15
(5m/s) (5m/s)
-20 -20 -20
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 500 1000 1500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Thoi gian cap dong, [s] Thoi gian cap dong, [s] Thoi gian cap dong, [s]
15 15 1600
10 Hnh 4.1(d) 10 Hnh 4.1(e)

1400 T=-450C
Thoi gian cap dong, [ C]

5 5 T=-42,50C
0
0
0
1200
T=-400C
0 0
T=-37,50C
T=-350C
-5 -5
1000
(15m/s) (15m/s)
(12,5m/s) -10
(12,5m/s)
-10
(10m/s) (10m/s)
800 Hnh 4.2
(7,5m/s) -15 (7,5m/s)
-15
(5m/s) (5m/s)
-20
-20 600
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 5 10 15
Thoi gian cap dong, [s] Thoi gian cap dong, [s] Van toc khong khi, [m/s]
D N LCEE 43
Hnh 2.12b. nh hng ca vn tc khng kh n qu trnh cp ng

15 15 15
v=5m/s v=7,5m/s
v=10m/s

0
10 10 10
0
Hnh 4.3(a) Hnh 4.3(b) Hnh 4.3(c)
5 5 5
0 0 0
-5
T=-45 0 C -5 T=-45 0 C -5 T=-45 0 C
T=-42,5 0 C T=-42,5 0 C T=-42,5 0 C
-10 -10 -10
T=-40 0 C T=-40 0 C T=-40 0 C
-15 T=-37,5 0 C T=-37,5 0 C -15 T=-37,5 0 C
-15
T=-35 0 C T=-35 0 C T=-35 0 C
-20 -20 -20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Thoi gian cap dong, [s] Thoi gian cap dong, [s] Thoi gian cap dong, [s]
15 15 1600
v=12,5m/s v=15m/s

10 10 Hnh 4.4
0
0
Thoi gian cap dong, [s]

Hnh 4.3(d) Hnh 4.3(e) 1400
5 5 v=5m/s
1200
0 0
v=7,5m/s
v=10m/s
-5 T=-45 0 C -5 T=-45 0 C 1000
T=-42,5 0 C T=-42,5 0 C
-10 T=-40 0 C -10 T=-40 0 C 800
T=-37,5 0 C T=-37,5 0 C v=15m/s
-15 -15 v=12,5m/s
T=-35 0 C T=-35 0 C
600
-20 -20 -45 -40 -35
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Nhiet do khong khi, [0 C]
Thoi gian cap dong, [s] Thoi gian cap dong, [s]
Hnh 2.14 c. nh hng ca nhit khng kh n qu trnh cp ng

2.2.11 Mt s yu t nh hng khc
- Trong mt s trng hp, nht l i vi my nn piston, khi my nn dng hn
m bm, qut ca dn ngng, thp gii nhit vn hot ng (thi gian chy v ch c th
ln n hng gi) hoc bm qut hot ng trong khi my nn ch khi ng (c th ln
n 30 pht). Tng cng sut ca qut v bm chim t 15-25% cng sut c cm my
lnh do nu trnh c tnh trng ny c th em li khon tit kim ln.
- Trong nhiu trng hp, c bit trong cc b x l khng kh trong cc h thng
iu khng (nh cc nh my dt), nc lnh thng hay b trn ln vi nc hi v.
Nhit nc cung cp cho cc ni tiu th s cao hn nhit u ra ca my lnh do
my lnh phi vn hnh nhit ci t thp hn.
- Trong cc my lnh s dng t hp cc thermostat ci t cc khong nhit
khc nhau ca my lnh (v d: my HKK trung tm - water chiller), nu nhit nc
lnh c ci t c nh, qu thp bt chp nhu cu s khin cho my lnh cng nh cc
bm nc lnh tiu th nng lng lng ph. Nu tng c 1oC nhit trung bnh nc
ci t c th tit kim n 3% in nng tiu th cho my lnh.
- Trong mt nh my c s dng nhiu loi my lnh, h s COP ca cc my s
khc nhau. Nu s dng my c h s COP thp chy ph ti nn th chi ph vn hnh
s cao. Nn u tin vn hnh cc my c COP cao (chi ph vn hnh thp) chy ph ti
nn. S dng cc my c COP thp chy ph ti bin i theo tng cp tng dn.
D N LCEE 44
Chng 3
TI U HA QU TRNH VN HNH V TIM NNG
TIT KIM NNG LNG TRONG H THNG LNH
Ti u ha qu trnh vn hnh h thng lnh l qu trnh iu khin thit b trong

h thng lnh lm vic t hiu sut cao nht ng vi yu cu c th, ni dung Chng 3
trnh by cc phng php iu khin thit b trong h thng lnh bao gm: my nn, thit
b ngng t, thit b bay hi v mt s gii php tit kim nng lng cho h thng lnh.
3.1 Ti u ha qu trnh vn hnh my nn

My nn c xem nh qu tim ca h thng lnh, n thc hin hai chc nng c bn:
- Duy tr p sut ti thit b bay hi khng i mi cht lnh bay hi nhit
cn thit.
- Nn mi cht lnh n p sut ngng t mi cht lnh c th ngng t nhit
mi trng.
Chc nng c bn trong vic ti u ha qu trnh vn hnh my nn l iu chnh
cng sut my nn theo yu cu thc ca h thng lnh nhm mc ch gim tiu hao nng
lng trong qu trnh vn hnh.
My nn trong h thng lnh c chn theo ph ti nhit cao nht. Tuy nhin, ph
ti lnh khi vn hnh h thng thng nh hn thit k, ng thi thay i theo thi gian
vn hnh.
Cho nn, vic iu khin cng sut my nn ph hp vi ph ti lnh thc l yu
cu cn thit nhm gim tiu hao nng lng trong qu trnh vn hnh. Trong ti liu ny
trnh by cc phng php iu khin cng sut my nn thng dng, bao gm:
iu khin theo bc (m xylanh hay dng mt s my nn theo ph ti lnh);
iu khin van trt ca my nn trc vt;
iu khin tc ng c s dng bin tn;
3.1.1 iu khin theo bc
Theo phng php ny, cng sut my nn c th c gim khi ph ti lnh gim
bng cch:
Tch mt vi xylanh trong h thng my nn nhiu xylanh (i vi my nn
piston);
ng van ht ca my nn trc vt;
Dng mt s my nn trong h thng nhiu my nn.
Cc phng php ny n gin v thun tin, c th p dng cho h thng lnh s
dng nhiu my nn piston hay my nn piston nhiu xylanh. S gim ti bng cch
tch xylanh c trnh by trn Hnh 3.1.
D N LCEE 45
Cm bin
p sut Van mt
chiu
Mi cht filter
lnh ht n TBNT
v my
nn
Bnh tch du
B iu khin
cng sut
Van chn
Solenoid van
My nn piston
Hnh 3.1 S gim ti bng cch tch xylanh my nn piston
3.1.2 iu khin van trt
Phng php ny c ng dng rng ri trong h thng lnh s dng my nn
trc vt, theo tn hiu p sut ht van trt c iu khin bng h thng du gim th
tch khoa ht ca my nn trc vt, s dch chuyn ca van trt thc hin mt cch lin
tc v nhuyn, do cng sut ca my nn c th thay i t 100% gim n 10%.
Van trt V tr van trt, %

Hnh 3.2 Thay i cng sut my nn trc vt bng van trt
3.1.3 iu khin s vng quay
Phng php thay i cng sut my nn bng cch thay i tc ng c c
p dng cho tt c cc loi my nn, y l phng php cho hiu sut cao, tuy nhin ph
u t tng i ln, do khi p dng gii php ny cn cn nhc gia chi ph u t vi
hiu qu kinh t t tit kim.
V nguyn tc, tc ng c c thay i da vo tn s ca in p cp, s
thay i tn s ca in p cp ph thuc vo ph ti lnh ca h thng, khi h thng vn
hnh y ti, ng c lm vic vi tc cao nht, khi ph ti gim cn iu chnh tc
ng c cho ph hp thc t vi mc ch gim cng sut my nn. Khi p dng gii php
ny cn lu tn s in p cp, nhit v p sut bo v my nn, Hnh 3.3 m t
minh ha phng php thay i cng sut my nn bng bin tn.
D N LCEE 46
Bin tn
B iu khin
Cm bin p
Van
sut
chn
Mi cht lnh filter
ht v my
nn Van chn n bnh tch
du
Hnh 3.3 iu khin cng sut my nn bng bin tn
3.1.4 Ti tun hon mi cht t u nn v u ht ca my nn
Theo phng php ny th ngi ta b tr u ht cc loi van tit lu dng
hi ht vo my nn. Do tit lu nn tr lc ti u ht tng ln v lm cho p sut dng
hi gim xung, hiu sut ca my nn c gim tuy nhin khng ng k so vi gim
cng sut.Phng php ny d iu chnh, tuy nhin hiu sut thp, Hnh 3.4 m t qu
trnh iu chnh dng hi t u nn quy v u ht.
CVC My nn SCA
n TBNT
ICS SVA Bnh
tch
FIA du
CVC
SVA SVA EVM
SVA
EVRAT +FA
ICS
SVA
SVA TEA SVA Mi cht lnh n

Thit b bay hi EVRAT +FA t bnh cha cao p
Hnh 3.4 S iu chnh cng sut my nn bng phng php tun hon gas nng
3.2 Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh thit b ngng t

Khi vn hnh h thng lnh trong khu vc c s bin i nhit mi trng kh
ln hoc thay i v ph ti nhit ca thit b ngng t, vic kim sot p sut ngng t
ca mi cht lnh l vn rt quan trng.
Nguyn tc vn hnh thit b ngng t l duy tr p sut (nhit ) ngng t trong gii
hn cho php.V vy khi vn hnh cn lu cc im sau:
D N LCEE 47
- m bo nhit v lu lng mi cht gii nhit trong gii hn cho php;

- Bo m cc vi phun thp gii nhit lun thng sch;
- Lun gi cho b mt trao i nhit sch v nc c x l ph hp;
- Loi b kh khng ngng ra khi bnh ngng v kim tra thng xuyn;
- Trnh dn ngng b bc x trc tip;
3.3 Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh thit b bay hi
Trn nguyn tc, nhit bay hi ca mi cht lnh cng thp th hiu sut ca h
thng cng thp. Nu nhit bay hi gim 10C nng lng tiu tn cho my nn tng
khong 3%. Do , vic kim sot nhit bay hi ca mi cht lnh trong thit b bay hi
hp l gip tng kh nng tit kim nng lng. C th s dng thit b gip ti u ha
hot ng thit b bay hi:
- S dng van tit lu in t thay cho van tit lu nhit hoc in t nhm kim
sot qu nhit ti u trong thit b bay hi, nng cao cng sut thit b bay hi
(nh thay i lng lng cp vo ph hp vi ti thc);
- Dng b kim sot qu trnh x , qut v in tr si nhm ti u ha thi im
v thi gian x dn lnh. iu ny va gip nng cao hiu sut lm lnh va
gim tiu hao nng lng lng ph cho in tr;
- Dng bm lng mi cht lnh nhm khc phc st p tc nhn lng t thit b
ngng t n b phn tit lu trong trng hp st p ny cao (do ng dn qu
di) gy nn hin tng sinh hi dn n lm gim nng sut lnh;
3.4 Ti u ha qu trnh x bng bng gas nng
Hiu sut qu trnh x bng bng gas nng c nh ngha theo biu thc 3.1
Q
D f (3.1)
Q total
Trong :
D: hiu sut qu trnh x bng
Qf: nhit lng cn thit cung cp cho qu trnh lm tan chy bng;
Qtoltal: tng nhit lng cung cp cho qu trnh x bng.
nng cao hiu sut qu trnh x bng, cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Nhit gas nm trong khong (1520)0C;
- Thi gian x bng t = (10 15) pht;
- Qu trnh x bng bng gas nng ch ph hp cho dn lnh c bc cnh rng;
3.5 Cc gii php tit kim nng lng trong h thng lnh v Tim nng tit
kim nng lng
3.5.1 iu khin cng sut my nn theo ph ti
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng lnh, ph ti lun thay i, do vic thay i
cng sut my nn theo ph ti s gip tit kim nng lng trong qu trnh vn hnh, theo
gii php ny, kh nng tit kim nng lng khong t 5% n 15%, thi gian hon vn
t 1 nm n 3 nm.
Cng sut my nn c iu khin theo s thay i ca ph ti theo nhiu phng
php khc nhau (xem mc 3.1). Trong phng php iu khin bng bin tn c hiu
qu cao nht. Tuy nhin, theo phng php ny cn mt s hn ch:
D N LCEE 48
- Chi ph u t cao;
- Ch p dng cho cc trng hp ph ti gim ti thiu 20% v thi gian gim ti
phi trn 20%;
- Do mt s h thng khi p dng phng php iu khin cng sut my nn
khng t hiu qu cao nh:
- H thng cp ng;
- Nh my sn xut nc ;
- V mt s h thng c ph ti lnh thay i khng ng k (<10%) v thi gian
gim ph ti lnh b (<10%);
V d: Mt kho tr ng lm vic nhit t = (-20-22)0C, nng sut lnh Q0 = 100 kW,
my nn s dng c C.O.P =2,8 hot ng lin tc 24/24 v 365 ngy/nm, ph ti lnh c
th gim trung bnh 25% thi gian gim ti khong 20% tng thi gian vn hnh. So snh
kh nng tit kim nng lng cho h thng trc v sau khi s dng bin tn?
Theo (1.1) cng sut my nn c xc nh nh sau:

Q Q0 100
C.O.P 0 Ne 35,7 kW
Ne C.O.P 2,8
Thi gian ph ti gim khi h thng hot ng
t 0,2 24 4,8 gi
Gi thit, nu ta xem C.O.P khng thay i sut qu trnh vn hnh, do khi ph ti gim
25% tng ng cng sut my nn gim 25% trong khong thi gian 4,8 gi.
gim cng sut trong thi gian ph ti lnh gim:
Ne Ne 0,25 35,7 0,25 8,9 kW
Tiu th in nng cho my nn khi khng s dng bin tn (xem cng sut my nn
khng i khi ph ti thay i):
P Ne 35,7 24 365 312857 kW.h
Tiu th in nng khi h thng s dng bin tn
- gim in nng tiu th trong mt ngy:
P Ne 4,8 42,86 kW.h
- gim in nng tiu th trong mt nm:
P ' P 365 15634 kW.h
- in nng tiu th ca my nn khi s dng bin tn:
PVSD P P ' 312857 15634 297214 kWh
Kh nng tit kim nng lng cho my nn khi s dng bin tn:
P P 297214 312857
NLTKMN% VSD 0,05 5%
P 312857
D N LCEE 49
Nh vy, nu h thng lnh c ph ti lnh thay i theo thi gian, gim trung bnh l
25%, thi gian gim ph ti lnh 20% tng thi gian vn hnh, kh nng tit kim nng
lng ca h thng khi s dng bin tn cho my nn:
NLTK(%) NLTKMN M 0,05 0,8 100 4%

Trong :
M: trng s s dng in ca my nn (M=0,70,9)
3.5.2 Ci to h thng my nn nng cao hiu sut
Gii php kim tra thng xuyn v ci to h thng gp phn tit kim nng lng
trong qu trnh vn hnh, c th:
Kim tra v thay th ai truyn ng cho cc loi my nn h
H thng lnh s dng my nn piston trong ch bin thy hi sn ch yu l s
dng my nn h, qu trnh truyn ng l truyn ng ai, sau mt thi gian lm vic
hiu sut truyn ng gim i do dy ai b mn hoc b gin dn n hiu sut truyn
ng s gim i dn n cng sut my nn gim. c tnh cng sut my nn c th gim
n 10% nu s dng ai truyn ng khng hp l hoc bo dng khng tt. Do vic
la chn ai ph hp v kim tra nh k s tng hiu sut truyn ng.
Nu h thng truyn ng s dng ai c tit din hnh thang hoc ai rng (Hnh
3.5) c th lm gim tn tht nng lng xung cn 1% ca tng tiu th in nng ca
my nn.
ai c in c tit din ai c tit din hnh

hnh thang thang
ai tit din hnh ai dt c rng

thang c rng
Hnh 3.5 Cc loi ai khuyn khch s dng trong truyn ng
Bo dng my nn nng cao h s C.O.P
Tt c cc loi my nn khi vn hnh hiu sut s gim theo thi gian c th gim
n 30% cng sut, do i tu my nn nh k nhm nng cao hiu sut l vic lm bt
buc khi vn hnh h thng lnh.
Trong hai loi my nn thng dng: my nn trc vt v my nn piston, kh nng
i tu my nn piston d dng thc hin v hiu sut sau khi i tu c th t n 95% hiu
sut ban u.
Theo gii php ny th chi ph u t thp, thi gian hon vn ngn.
D N LCEE 50
V d: H thng lnh s dng my nn piston, khi h thng bt u a vo vn hnh, h

s C.O.P ca my nn l 3,8, sau mt thi gian vn hnh, hiu sut my nn gim 30%
(C.O.P1 =2,66). Do my nn cn c i tu, sau khi i tu hiu sut my nn t
C.O.P2 = 3,6. Kh nng tit kim nng lng theo gii php i tu nng cao hiu sut c
tnh nh sau:
C.O.P2 C.O.P1
NLTK(%) 100 35,7%
C.O.P1
3.5.3 X kh khng ngng trong h thng lnh
Hiu sut v cng sut ca h thng lm lnh c th b gim ng k nu tn ti
mt lng kh khng ngng trong h thng. Do vic lp t thit b x kh khng ngng
trong h thng lnh gip h thng lm vic hiu qu v mt nng lng v tng tui th
cho h thng.
a) Tim nng tit kim nng lng:
Tim nng tit kim nng lng thng l t 3% n 9% in nng tiu th ca cc
my nn. Tit kim nng lng c to ra nh vic h p sut ngng t ca mi cht
lnh, khi p sut ngng t gim 1 bar tng ng cng sut my nn gim t 4% n 5%
ty theo loi mi cht lnh s dng.
V d minh ha cho h thng s dng NH3:

H thng lnh s dng mi cht lnh NH3 theo thit k, nhit ngng t t k =
0
27 C p sut ngng t tng ng pk = 10,7 bar, sau thi gian vn hnh, c mt lng kh
khng ngng tn ti trong h thng, dn n p sut ngng t tng ln p k =13,4 bar (nhit
ngng t tng ng tk =320C), nhit bay hi ca hai trng hp trn t 0 = -100C (p
sut bay hi p0 = 2,9 bar). Theo kt qu tnh ton (xem Ph lc 3.1 v 3.2) cho thy, nng
sut lnh ca h thng gim 9%, cng sut my nn tng 12%.
V d minh ha cho h thng s dng R22:

H thng lnh s dng mi cht lnh NH3 theo thit k, nhit ngng t t k =
0
27,6 C p sut ngng t tng ng pk = 11,2 bar, sau thi gian vn hnh, c mt lng kh
khng ngng tn ti trong h thng, dn n p sut ngng t tng ln pk =13,6 bar (nhit
ngng t tng ng tk =35,20C), nhit bay hi ca hai trng hp trn t 0 = -100C
(p sut bay hi p0 = 3,54 bar). Theo kt qu tnh ton (xem Ph lc 3.3 v 3.4) cho thy,
nng sut lnh ca h thng gim 9,5%, cng sut my nn tng 9,5%.
Do gii php lp t thit b x kh khng ngng trong h thng l nhu cu cp
thit cn phi thc hin gim tiu hao nng lng trong qu trnh vn hnh.
b) Phng php nhn bit kh khng ngng trong h thng
Kh khng ngng trong h thng c th gy ra nhiu s c cho h thng lnh, mt
s hin tng c trng nhn bit trong h thng tn ti kh khng ngng:
- p sut ngng t tng t ngt;
- Gi tr p sut trn cc p k khng n nh m lun dao ng;
- My nn lm vic rung v ku to;
D N LCEE 51
c) Gii php thc hin

loi b kh khng ngng tn ti trong h thng lnh, c hai phng php thc
hin:
- Tch kh khng ngng bng tay: theo phng php ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo
kinh nghim ca ngi vn hnh, ng thi hiu qu km;
- Tch kh khng ngng t ng: phng php ny cho hiu qu tt hn, hin ti hu
ht tt c cc nh my u s dng phng php ny. S tch kh khng ngng
trong h thng lnh c th hin trn Hnh 3.6
d) Phng php xc nh thi gian hon vn
Khi thc hin lp t thit b kh khng ngng cho h thng lnh, thi gian hon
vn tnh theo phng php n gin nh sau:
Li nhun tit kim c khi s dng thit b tch kh khng ngng:
S f Q T n E X (3.2)
Trong :
S: li nhun tit kim c;
f: h s ph thuc vo h thng, i vi h thng cp ng f =0,33, i vi h thng
tr ng, kho lnh v iu ha khng kh f = 0,25;
Q: Cng sut lnh ca h thng;
T: Thi lng vn hnh y ti trong nm;
n: S nm vn hnh;
E: Gi thnh 1 kWh in nng tiu th.
X: Hm lng kh khng ngng c trong h thng lnh, thng thng chn X=0,1;
Thi gian hon vn:
L
PBT , (nm) (3.3)
S
V d p dng:
Mt h thng cp ng c cng sut lnh Q= 600 kW, hot ng y ti 20 gi mi
ngy, thi gian lm vic lm 300 ngy/nm, gi in cho 1 kWh l 1.700 VN, chi ph u
t chi thit b tch kh L = 130 000 000 VN. Tnh thi gian hon vn?
S tin tit kim c trong mt nm c tnh theo (3.2)
S f Q T n E X 0,33 600 20 300 11700 0,1 201 960 000 (VN)
Thi gian hon vn c tnh theo (3.3)
L 130000000
PBT 0,56 (nm)
S 201960000
D N LCEE 52
n bnh tch lng
Bnh cha nc
Hi MCL
n t
my nn
Mi cht lnh
c bm cung
Bnh ngng bc hi
cp
SVA: van chn

SV: iu chnh mc lng
REG:van iu chnh tay
EVRA+FA: solenoid van
RT: TB iu chnh chnh AS
Bnh cha
Hnh
b. s3.6
S kh
tch nguyn
khnglngng
tch kh
tnkhng ngng
ti trong h thng
3.5.4 S dng h thng chng bm cu cn trong thit b ngng t
Khi h thng lnh lm vic, vic gi nhit cho thit b ngng t km l do mt lp
cu cn hnh thnh trn b mt ng, dn n hiu qu trao i nhit km, do vic loi b
lp cu cn trn b mt thit b trao i nhit gip tng hiu qu trao i nhit v gim chi
ph nng lng trong qu trnh vn hnh l gii php cn thit phi thc hin. Chi ph nng
lng tng thm theo chiu dy lp cu cn c th hin trn Hnh 3.7
Hnh 3.7 Quan h gia chi ph nng lng tng thm vi chiu dy lp cu cn
- Theo kt qu nghin cu ca B Nng Lng M, nu chiu dy lp cu cn cng
dy chi ph nng lng cng ln;
- Theo York International nu chiu dy lp cu cn trong lp lm lnh c cng sut
500m3/h tng chi ph nng lng hng nm khong 900 triu VN.
D N LCEE 53
Gii php thc hin

gim lp cu cn trong thit b trao i nhit (thit b ngng t, thp gii nhit),
thit b chng bm cu cn c lp t nh Hnh 3.8a, b, c;
Hnh 3.8a Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b chng bm cu cn
Hnh 3.8b V tr lp t thit b chng bm cu cn
Trc khi lp t thit b Sau khi lp t thit b chng

chng bm cu cn bm cu cn
Hnh 3.8c Thit b trao i nhit trc v sau khi lp t thit b chng bm cu cn
Li ch kinh t v thi gian hon vn
Chi ph vn hnh thit b loi b cu cn khng ng k;
Thi gian hon vn nhanh (nh hn 1 nm);
Gim chi ph nng lng khi vn hnh h thng;
Gim chi ph bo tr (ha cht, nhn cng, thay mi ng, thit b);
Gim thit hi do ngng my;
Theo chng trnh qun l Nng lng lin bang (FEMP) B Nng lng M
khuyn khch ng dng rng ri cng ngh loi b cu cn khng dung ha cht s tit
kim c 4 loi chi ph: chi ph tiu th nng lng (gim t nht 10%), chi ph tiu th x
nc, chi ph bo tr, chi ph ha cht v vn hnh h thng lm mm nc;
D N LCEE 54
3.5.5 Tch nc c trong h thng lnh

Nc trong mi cht lm lnh l mt vn ph bin trong nhiu h thng lm
lnh m ngi vn hnh thng khng nhn ra. c tnh c vi mi mt phn trm nc
c trong mi cht lnh th cng sut gim 2% v tiu th in tng 1%. Ngoi ra cn cc
vn khc nh du b phn hy, cc giong bt u r r, to thnh cc git trn cc van
v bn cn bm trong h thng.
a) Tim nng tit kim nng lng:
Tim nng tit kim nng lng thay i theo hm lng nc c trong mi cht
lnh v hm lng nc ny li thay i theo s bo dng chung ca h thng lm lnh.
Trong mt trng hp in hnh, kh nng tit kim nng lng l t 6% n 9 % lng
in tiu th ca cc my nn. i khi tim nng tit kim c th cn cao hn.
V d: Mt h thng cp ng s dng mi cht lnh l NH3 c nng sut lnh Q0
=1000 kW vn hnh 10 gi/ngy v 300 ngy trong mt nm, khi mi lp t hm lng
nc cha trong NH3 l 0%, sau hai nm lm vic hm lng nc chim 10% v sau 5
nm lm vic hm lng nc chim 20%. Tnh ton cng sut tiu th ca my nn trong
cc trng hp trn?
Kt qu tnh ton nh hng ca hm lng nc c trong mi cht lnh NH3 c
trnh by trong Bng 3.1 v Hnh 3.9 v 3.10.
Bng 3.1 Hiu sut my nn theo hm lng nc

stt w (%) t0, (0C) tk (0C) p0, (bar) COP N (kW) P(kW.h)
1 0 0,64 1,43 699,3 2097900
2 10 -42 30 0,59 1,32 757,6 2272800
3 20 0,51 1,16 862 2586000
Hnh 3.9 nh hng hm lng nc trong NH3 n cng sut v COP
D N LCEE 55
Hnh 3.10 nh hng hm lng nc trong NH3 n tiu hao in nng

Theo kt qu tnh ton trong bng 3.1 cho thy:
Nu hm lng nc c trong mi cht lnh NH3 l 10% th Cng sut my nn
tng 8,3%;
Nu hm lng nc c trong mi cht lnh NH3 l 20% th Cng sut my nn
tng 23%;
b) Phng php xc nh hm lng nc c trong mi cht lnh
Theo [10] phng php xc nh hm lng nc c trong dung dch NH3 c
thc hin theo hai phng php sau:
(1) Phng php da vo s bay hi ca mu dung dch NH3;
(2) Phng php da v nhit bay hi ca mu dung dch NH3 p sut kh quyn;
Phng php da vo s bay hi ca mi cht lnh

- Nguyn l chung
Thc hin ly mi cht lnh NH3 nghi ng c cha nc, du v tp cht trong thit
b ly mu chuyn dng, sau NH3 bay hi, xc nh phn cn li trong ng nghim
sau qu trnh bay hi ca NH3.
- Hng dn cch xc nh
S dng thit b ly mu chuyn dng (ng nghim Hnh 3.11) c thc o n
50ml, ng knh ngoi phn u ng 30mm, ng knh ngoi ca y 10mm.
Mu NH3 c ly t bnh cha h p v a vo ng nghim, th tch NH3 cn ly
l 50ml.
t ng nghim thng ng thc hin qu trnh bay hi ca NH3
Sau qu trnh bay hi, lng cht lng cn li trong ng nghim l nc v c th
c mt s cht khc nh du, tp cht
Nu cht lng cn li trong ng nghim trong sut, c ngha l mi cht lnh ch
cha nc khng c lp cht.
Nu cht lng trong ng nghim c mu vng v m, c ngha l trong mi cht
lnh ca h thng ang vn hnh c du v tp cht.
D N LCEE 56
Hnh 3.11 Dng c ly mu NH3 v th xc nh hm lng nc

- Phng php tnh ton
Hm lng nc c trong NH3 c xc nh theo cng thc (3.4), lu cng thc ny
khng c gi tr nu lng nc cn li trn 5ml (khong 14% v khi lng) trong ng
nghim.
V H 2 O 100
%H 2O H 2 O (3.4)
VNH 3 NH 3
Trong :
VH 2 O : th tch ca cht cn li trong ng nghim;
H O : khi lng ring ca nc, ly bng 1000kg/m3;
2
VNH 3 : th tch dung dch NH3;

NH : khi lng ring ca NH3, ly trung bnh ti nhit -330C v nhit 200C.
3
- V d p dng:
Th tch NH3 trc bay hi: 50ml;
Th tch cn li trong ng nghim (gm nc v tp cht) sau khi bay hi NH3:
0,2ml;
Khi lng ring ca nc 200C: 1000kg/m3;
Khi lng ring ca NH3 200C: 610kg/m3;
Khi lng ring ca NH3 -330C: 680kg/m3;
Hm lng nc ln nht c trong dung dch NH3 c xc nh theo (3.2):
VH O H2O 100 0,2 1000 100
%H 2 O 2 0,62%
VNH3 NH3 50 645
Ngoi vic s dng cng thc (3.2) tnh hm lng nc c trong dung dch
NH3, chng ta c th s dng Phng php th xc nh hm lng nc theo khi
lng c trong dung dch NH3 theo th Hnh 3.9.
D N LCEE 57
Phng php da vo nhit bay hi ca NH3 p sut kh quyn

Theo phng php ny, vic xc nh hm lng nc c xc nh theo nhit
o c t mu NH3 ly ra t bnh cha h p.
- Nguyn l chung
Mi cht lnh c ly ra t bnh cha h p (xem Hnh 3.12), sau thc hin o
nhit ca mu, cn c vo nhit o c, da vo th Hnh 3.13 xc nh hm
lng nc c trong mi cht lnh.
Hnh 3.12 Phng php ly mu NH3
R717 Nhit bay hi da R717 Nhit bay hi da theo hm

theo hm lng nc lng nc
-10 -31
Nhit bay hi C
Nhit bay hi C
-15 -31.5
-20 -32
-25 -32.5
-30
-33
-35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 -33.5
Hm lng nc ,% khi -1 1 3 5
lng Hm lng nc, % khi lng
Hnh 3.13 th xc nh hm lng nc c trong dung dch NH3

V d p dng:
Thc hin ly mu NH3 t bnh cha h p nh Hnh 3.14a, sau tin hnh o
nhit ti cc mu (xem Hnh 3.14 b, c, d).
(a) (b)
D N LCEE 58
(b) (d)
Hnh 3.14 Phng php ly mu v o nhit mu dung dch NH3
Kt qu o t cc mu:
- Mu th nht c nhit t0 = -31,50C;
- Mu th hai c nhit t1 = -29,60C;
- Mu th ba c nhit t3 = -30,30C;
Bng cch tra th (Hnh 3.11) xc nh c hm lng nc c trong NH3
- Mu th nht c hm lng nc 5%;
- Mu th hai c hm lng nc 15%;
- Mu th ba c hm lng nc 10%;
Bng vic c tnh trung bnh tng th hm lng nc vo khong 10%, chng ta c th
c tnh rng tng nng lng tiu th c th gim khong 10% v tng cng sut ca h
thng c th tng khong 20% bng vic tch nc ra khi amoniac.
Gii php thc hin
Cn c vo kt qu xc nh hm lng nc c trong NH3, ngi chu trch nhim v k
thut ca nh my s a phng n tch nc cho ban Gim c nh my, s nguyn
l chung ca h thng tch nc c trnh by Hnh 3.15.
Thi gian hon vn khi s dng thit b tch nc ngn (< 1 nm)
D N LCEE 59
n bnh tch lng
NH 3 c
SG
cha nc
SG
Gas
nng
n bnh
tch lng
Hnh 3.15 S nguyn l h thng tch nc

3.5.6 X du trong thit b bay hi
Du bi trn c s dng trong my nn vi mc ch gim ma st gia cc chi
tit chuyn ng tng i vi nhau, ng thi thc hin qu trnh gii nhit cho my nn.
Trong qu trnh lm vic ca h thng lnh, mt lng du bi trn s i vo cc thit b
trao i nhit, dn n hiu qu trao i nhit gim. Cho nn vic x du nh k ti cc
thit b trao i nhit l vic cn thit thc hin tng kh nng trao i nhit cho thit b.
i vi mt s dn lnh dng ngp lng, lng du tn ng li rt ln, c th nh: dn
lnh xng c ca hm sn xut nc , dn lnh trong t ng tip xc, dnh lnh trong
bng chuyn IQF v ABF, do cc dn lnh ny phi thng xuyn x du tng kh
nng trao i nhit. Thng thng chu k x du thc hin cng lc vi chu k x .
3.5.7 Gim tn tht p sut trn ng ng ht
Hi mi cht lnh trc khi ht vo my nn phi i qua nhiu tr lc nn gy ra
tn tht p sut, kt qu p sut thc ca mi cht lnh ht vo my nn nh nhn p sut
ht l thuyt, nh vy tn tht p sut lm tng t s nn v tng cc tn tht trong qu
trnh vn hnh my nn. nh hng ca tn tht p sut trn ng ng ht c th hin
trn Hnh 3.16. Do vic thit k h thng ng ng hp l s gim tn tht p sut.
Phng php n gin tnh tn tht p sut trn h thng ng ng, thng thng
c tnh theo chiu di ng tr, Bng 3.2 trnh by chiu di ng tr ca cc ph kin
ng ng (tnh bng m) [6], gip ngi vn hnh d dng tnh c tn tht p sut trn
ng ng nhm kim sot c p sut ht ca mi cht lnh vo my nn.
D N LCEE 60
Cng sut lnh sau khi tn tht p sut 0,2 bar

100%
cng sut lnh, %

80%
60%
40% Screw
Recip
20%
0%
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
Nhit bay hi C
a. nh hng ca tn tht p sut n cng sut my nn (p=0,2bar)
Tiu th nng lng sau khi tn tht p sut 0,2 bar

160%
cng sut tiu th, %
140%
120%
100%
80%
60% Screw
40% Recip
20%
0%
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
Nhit bay hi C
b. nh hng ca tn tht p sut trn ng ng ht n cng sut tiu th

Hnh 3.16 Quan h gia tn tht p sut vi nng sut lnh v cng sut tiu th
Bng 3.2 Chiu di ng tr cc ph kin trn h thng ng ng
ng knh quy c ng thp Van Van gc Co 900 T

v ng ng (mm) (lc m) (lc m) Tiu chun Tiu chun
20 7,02 3,05 0,61 1,22
32 12,2 5,20 1,22 2,14
40 13,7 5,80 1,32 2,44
50 18,0 7,32 1,52 3,05
60 21,0 9,15 2,14 3,66
80 25,3 11,0 2,44 4,58
90 30,2 12,8 3,05 5,50
100 34,5 14,6 3,66 6,10
125 43,0 18,6 4,27 7,62
150 52,0 22,2 4,88 9,15
250 86,5 36,6 7,94 15,6
D N LCEE 61
V d p dng
Trn mt on ng c ng knh quy c D =50mm, chiu di L0 =12m, c 4 co 900, mt
van v mt van gc, chiu di ng tr ca on ng trn c tnh nh sau:
- on ng thng: L0 =12 (m);
0
- Chiu di ng tr 4 co 90 L1 = 41,52 = 6,08 (m);
- Chiu di ng tr ca 1 van L2 = 18 (m);
- Chiu di ng tr ca mt van gc L3 =7,32 (m);
Tng chiu di ng tr ca on ng: L =43,4 (m);
Nu bit trc tn tht p sut trn mt mt ng, d dng tnh c tn tht p sut trn
ton b on ng.
Gii php gim tn tht p sut trn ng ng ht:
- Thay th co 900 bng co 450;
- Thay th mi ni ch T thnh mi ni ch Y;
- Kim sot lng lng mi cht lnh ht v my nn;
3.5.8 Phng php x tuyt bng gas nng
Tt c cc dn lnh lm vic nhit t < 00C s tn ti mt lp tuyt bm trn b
mt, chnh lp tuyt ny l lm tng nhit tr dn nhit, gim lu lng lu cht i qua dn
lnh v lm gim nhit bay hi ca mi cht lnh. Do khi tn ti lp tuyt trn b
mt dn lnh dn n hiu sut trao i nhit km, nng sut dn lnh gim v cng sut
my nn tng ln. Cho nn vic thc hin x tuyt dn lnh cn phi c thc hin nh
k theo chu k lm vic ca h thng. Qu trnh x tuyt c thc hin theo cc phng
php sau:
- X tuyt t nhin bng cch ngng lm vic h thng: phng php ny ch yu s
dng trong h thng lnh dn dng;
- X tuyt bng nc: Phng php ny hin ti ang c s dng ph bin trong
cc h thng cp ng, nhc im ca phng php ny:
Thi gian x tuyt lu thng ln hn 30 pht;
Tiu hao lng nc ln;
Tng m khng kh sau khi x tuyt;
Vic x tuyt ch thc hin sau mi ca lm vic;
- X tuyt bng in tr: phng php ny khng c s dng trong h thng lnh
cng nghip;
- X tuyt bng gas nng: phng php ny c mt s u nhc im sau:
u im:
Qu trnh x tuyt my nn ngng lm vic;
Tit kim nng lng trong qu trnh x ;
Hiu sut x tuyt rt cao;
Thi gian x ngn (t 10 n 15 pht);
Khng tng m sau qu trnh x tuyt;
Gim lng du i vo dn lnh;
D N LCEE 62
Nhc im:
Chi ph lp t cao;
Ch p dng cho cc dn lnh c bc cnh rng (ph hp vi dn lnh t ng tip
xc, t ng gi v bng chuyn IQF);
Kh nng tit kim nng lng khi x tuyt bng gas nng
H thng cp ng s dng gas nng (gas nng ly t bnh cha cao p) kh nng
tit kim nng lng t 20% n 25%.
V d: Mt dn lnh c din tch b mt F =50m2, chiu dy lp tuyt bm trn b
mt =1,8mm, nhit mi cht lnh x tuyt gim t 200C n 150C, vi th tch cn
thit l 500 lt, thi gian x tuyt 20 pht. Xc nh kh nng tit kim nng lng?
Khi mi cht lnh s dng x tuyt gim nhit t 200C n 150C trong thi 20
pht s gii phng 235 kW, y l nng lng tit kim c.
Gii php thc hin
S th hin trn Hnh 3.17 m t nguyn l lm vic ca h thng x tuyt bng
gas nng t bnh cha cao p.
Ht v
my nn
Van
ng
Cp dch Van
ng
Van
ng
Gas Van m
nng Van m X du
Hnh 3.17 S nguyn l qu trnh x tuyt bng gas nng t bnh cha cao p
3.5.9 S dng bin tn cho bm v qut
p dng gii php tit kim nng lng khi lp bin tn cho bm v qut, kh nng
tit kim nng lng c tnh nh sau:
- i vi qut dn lnh tit kim khong 2% nng lng tiu th ca h thng;
- i vi qut dn ngng tit kim khong 3% nng lng tiu th ca h thng;
i vi bm nc gii nhit tit kim khong 2% nng lng tiu th ca h thng.
3.5.9.1 Lp bin tn iu chnh nng sut cho cc thit b
Bm nc lnh;
Bm nc gii nhit;
Qut dn lnh (AHU, PAU);
Qut thp gii nhit.
L do v sao s dng bin tn c th gip tit kim nng lng trong h thng lnh:
D N LCEE 63
Ph ti ca h thng lnh trong a s trng hp khng c nh trong thi gian hot ng

v hu ht cc my lnh u c th t iu chnh nng sut lnh trong gii kh rng. i
vi h thng iu ha khng kh trung tm trung tm (water chiller) cc bm (nc gii
nhit, nc lnh), cc qut (dn ngng, dn lnh (trc tip, AHU, FCU), thp gii nhit)
cng c iu chnh nng sut tng ng vi s thay i ca h thng lnh theo nhu cu
thc t. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc trng hp phng php iu chnh nng sut cc
bm, qut khng c li v mt tiu th nng lng gy tiu tn nng lng lng ph cho
cc bm, qut ny.Mc lng ph cng nhiu khi thi gian vn hnh h thng cng nhiu
v khi mc non ti ca h thng cng cao.
3.5.9.2 Lp bin tn cho bm nc lnh
S nguyn l lp bin tn cho bm nc lnh trong h thng iu ha khng kh
Dn lnh
Bnh bay h
Van ba ng
p sut
ng ca th 3
VSD
Hnh 3.18 S nguyn l lp bin tn cho bm nc lnh

Nguyn l hot ng
Khi khng c bin tn:
i vi mi dn lnh: iu khin nhit khng kh, pha trc dn lnh lp
mt van 2 ng hoc 3 ng. Khi nhit phng t th van hai ng ng ngng cp nc
lnh vo dn hoc van ba ng m ng bypass nc lnh khng i qua dn lnh. Bm
nc lnh lun lm vic tc quay nh mc vi bt k ph ti no vi s lng dn
lnh ng m khc nhau. Trong trng hp cc dn lnh s dng van 2 ng, s lng van
ng m nhiu t s lm thay i chnh p sut gia ng nc cp v nc hi,
trng hp ny thng s dng van bypass (iu khin in) duy tr chnh p trong
gii hn cho php. Nh vy trong c 2 trng hp (s dng van 2 hoc 3 ng) th khi dn
lnh khng c nhu cu nc lnh th lng nc lnh tha u c bypass tr v ng
hi. iu ny gy nn tn tht nng lng cho bm (nc tha t p sut cao tr v p sut
thp).
Khi lp bin tn
Trng hp dng van 2 ng: lp bin tn iu chnh tc bm (lu lng nc)
theo chnh p sut gia ng cp v ng hi, lc ny khng cn dng van bypass
gia ng cp v ng hi.
D N LCEE 64
Trng hp dng van 3 ng: lp bin tn iu chnh tc bm (lu lng nc)

theo chnh nhit gia ng cp v ng hi, lc ny khng cn dng van bypass
gia ng cp v ng hi.
3.5.9.3 Lp bin tn cho qut dn lnh
S nguyn l:
dn lnh
Cm b n p
M cht lnh vo sut, nh t ,
VSD
Hnh 3.19 S nguyn l lp bin tn cho qut dn lnh

Gii php ny thng p dng cho cc qut dn lnh loi ln nh AHU, PAU. Cc
dn lnh ny thng cp gi vo nhiu khng gian khc nhau nh ng dn gi v ming
cp c ng m bng cc damper.
Khi khng dng bin tn:
Khi khng c nhu cu cp gi vo phng cc damper s ng li, ti cc khong
thi gian khc nhau s lng damper ng m khc nhau, tuy nhin qut vn chy vi
cng mt tc .iu ny dn n p sut ng gi cp thay i hoc chnh p sut
gia ng gi cp v gi hi thay i (khi c nhiu ming cp ng li th p sut hoc
chnh p sut tng ln).Trong trng hp c ng gi hi khi s lng cc ming cp
ng cng nhiu th nhit gi ng hi ti thi im tc th s cng gim (do gim ph
ti lnh).Trong tt c cc trng hp ny lu lng gi t qut l d so vi nhu cu.
Khi dng bin tn
Lp cm bin o p sut ng gi cp hoc chnh p gia ng gi cp v
gi hi hoc cm bin nhit gi hi hoc tn hiu t vic ng m cc damper, a
tn hiu hi tip v bin tn iu khin tc (nng sut) qut theo nhu cu thc, nhm
gim in nng tiu th lng ph cho qut.
D N LCEE 65
3.5.9.4 Lp bin tn cho qut dn ngng, thp, bm nc gii nhit

T1 T2
Bnh ngng
T1 > T2
VSD Nh t
Thp g
nh t VSD
Hnh 3.20 S nguyn l lp bin tn cho bm v qut gii nhit

chnh nhit cho php thng thng l (T1-T2) = 5-6oC. chnh nhit
trc tip lin quan n lng nhit thi i thp v do lin quan n ph ti lnh.
Nhng bm nc gii nhit v qut thp vn lm vic tc nh mc bt k ph ti
lnh thc t no.
Vi bin tn, khi ph ti lnh thc t gim xung, c th gim tc ca bm nc
gii nhit v tc qut thp gii nhit.
Tuy nhin, lu nu khng gim lu lng nc gii nhit v khng kh gii nhit
th kh nng gii nhit tng ln gip nng cao hiu sut my. Do khi xt chi tit vn
cn nh gi c yu t ny.
3.5.10 Cc gii php tit kim nng lng khc
3.5.10.1 S dng bn tr lnh
Mc ch ng dng: gim chi ph sn xut nh tn dng ch in 3 gi, san bng
ph ti nh, gim cng sut thit k my.
Bn tr lnh (BTL) l gii php cho h thng lnh trung tm c cht ti lnh lng
(water chiller), trong BTL ng vai tr nh mt c quy nhit, vi mc ch:
- Gim chi ph tin in nh tn dng ch in 3 gi (gi bnh thng (6g-18g),
gi cao im (18g-22g), gi thp im (22g-6g)): Nguyn tc: tch tr lnh vo gi thp
im s dng lnh vo gi cao im thay cho vic vn hnh my vo gi ny. H thng
lnh s c trnh vn hnh vo gi cao im nh tch tr lnh vo ngy hm trc trong
gi thp im. Nh vy thc cht lng in nng tiu th khng i m ch l chuyn di
thi gian vn hnh my t gi cao im sang gi thp im, nh gim chi ph in.
- San bng ph ti: ph ti h thng (HT) khng n nh c lc cao lc thp, nguyn
tc: cng sut my lp t phi l cng sut lc cao (nht). Vic s dng bnh tr lnh
(BTL) gip tch tr lnh vo bn lc ti thp b sung cho HT lc ti cao. Nh vy ph
ti trung bnh ton HT s thp hn, tc c th gim cng sut lp t (gim chi ph u t,
bo tr bo dng).
Nguyn tc tr lnh: c th tr di dng nhit hin hoc di dng n nhit ha rn
ca cht tr lnh.
D N LCEE 66
V d:
S dng BTL tch tr lnh vo gi thp im ngy hm trc s dng lnh vo
gi cao im ngy hm sau gip trnh c vic vn hnh my vo gi cao im
- Chi ph in khi khng dng BTL:
- 4 gi x 40 kW x 2700 VND/kWh = 432.000 VND
- Chi ph in khi dng BTL:
4 gi x 40 kW x 950 VND/kWh = 152.000 VND
Tit kim 100% x (432,000 152,000)/432,000 = 65% tin in.
Hnh 3.21 (a) Biu chuyn dch ph ti in nh bnh tr lnh

V d:
Mt ta nh bao gm khi vn phng v khi cn h. Khi cn h cn iu ha
khng kh lin tc trong ngy trong khi khi vn phng ch cn iu ha khng kh vo gi
hnh chnh.
- Nu khng s dng bnh tr lnh: cn phi u t my c cng sut lc cao nht,
tc 40 kW. Trng hp ny, my s ch chy 50% ti vo cc gi khi vn phng khng
hot ng.
- Nu s dng bnh tr lnh: nh tch tr lnh t cng sut my tha vo cc gi
khi vn phng khng hot ng b sung cho h thng khi khi vn phng hot ng
nn gim c cng sut my xung ch cn 30 kW.
Hnh 3.21 (b) Gim cng sut my nh bnh tr lnh
D N LCEE 67
3.5.10.2 Kh nng thu hi nhit thi t h thng lnh

Cn c theo nhu cu s dng nc nng trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm ni
chung v thy hi sn ni ring, mt gii php hu hiu nhm tit kim nng lng l tn
dng nhit thi t u nn ca my nn s dng gia nhit cho nc.
Tim nng tit kim nng lng

Khi tn dng nhit thi t u nn ca my nn, gip nng cao hiu sut nhit chu trnh,
gim ph ti nhit ca bnh ngng v gim chi ph nng lng gia nhit cho nc, ty
thuc vo trng hp c th m kh nng tit kim nng lng s khc nhau.
Phm vi p dng
Kh nng tn dng nhit thi t my nn ch p dng c i vi my nn s dng l my
nn piston nhit nc c th gia nhit c t 250C n 650C, my nn trc vt p dng
hiu qu khng cao do nhit cui tm nn thp t = (6575)0C.
Phng php thc hin

Cn c vo nhu cu s dng nc nng ca doanh nghip m la chn phng p
thit k ph hp, thng thng i cc doanh nghip ch bin thc phm c hm lng m
cao, doanh nghip sn xut nc gii kht nhu cu s dng nc nng rt ln cho vic v
sinh nh xng, v sinh chai l.
C hai gii php tn dng nhit thi t u nn ca my nn:
- Tn dng hon ton;
- Tn dng mt phn;
S nguyn l ca hai gii php trn c trnh by trn hnh 3.22:
B thu hi nhit
thi
RT 107 Nc vo
Nc ra NRVA SVA
T my CVPP EVM
nn n
SVA
SVA ICS SVA
Thit b ngng t n BCCA

Hnh 3.22a Tn dng mt phn nhit thi
D N LCEE 68
B thu hi nhit
thi
Nc vo
RT 107
Nc ra SVA
NRVA
n BCCA
T my
CVP EVM
nn n
SVA
ICS SVA
Thit b ngng t n BCCA
Hnh 3.22b Tn dng hon ton nhit thi
3.5.10.3 Nng cao h s cos cho h thng in ngun tit kim nng lng
Nng cao h s cos l gii php tit kim nng lng c s dng rng ri trong
cc nh my ch bin thy hi sn, vi mc ch gim cng sut phn khng v tng cng
sut c ch cho h thng.
Tim nng tit kim nng lng
Kh nng tit kim nng lng ty thuc vo h thng in v ng c in ca doanh
nghip.
Phng php thc hin

Theo kt qu nghin cu [12] cho thy phng php thit b b lai l phng php
cho hiu qu nng h s cos cao nht, y l phng php kt hp gia b theo bc v
iu khin trn cun khng bng cch s dng Thyristor.
Thit b ny s tn dng ti a u im ca c hai phng php b trn nh: gim
tn tht cng sut tc dng, nng cao cht lng in nng, tng tui th v kh nng lm
vic ca cc thit b trong h thng in v kt hp c vic b cng sut phn khng v
iu chnh in p.
D N LCEE 69
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Trn Thanh K, My lnh, NXB Gio Dc, 2002.

[2] Nguyn Xun Tin, Nguyn Anh Hi, My v thit b lnh, NXB Nng Nghip, 1983.
[3] Nguyn Xun Phng, K Thut lnh thc phm, NXB KH&KT, 2006.
[4] Nguyn Xun Tin, Tnh ton thit k h thng lnh, NXB KH&KT, 2003.
[5] Nguyn c Li Phm Vn Ty, K thut lnh c s, NXB Gio Dc, 2006.
[6] L Vn Khn, vn hnh - sa cha v lp t my lnh cng nghip, NXB KH&KT,
2013.
[7] Trn c Ba Phm Vn Bn, K thut lnh thc phm, NXB KH&KT, 1984.
[8] Trn c Ba Phm Vn Bn, K thut cng nghip lnh ng, NXB KH&KT, 1984.
[9] Per Skaerbaek Nielsen, Effects of Water Contamination in Ammonia Refrigeration
Systems.
[10] Per Skaerbaek Nielsen, ti liu o to: Ti u ha h thng lnh cng nghip.
[11] Danfoss, Automatic Controls for Industrial Refrigeration Systems.
[12] inh Ngc Quang- Bi Anh Tun- L Vit Cng, nghin cu ch to thit b b
cng sut phn khng trong li in h p da trn nguyn l lai, ti NCKH cp b,
2013-2014.
[13] ASHRAE handbook, chapter 19, refrigerants, 2001.
D N LCEE 70
PH LC
D N LCEE 71
Ph lc 1.1 Tnh cht nhit ng ca R12 trng thi bo ha
h s dn
Th tch Enthalpy Entropy Nhit dung nht
p(Mpa) nhit
v(m3/kg) h(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) ring cp(kJ/kg) (Pa,s)
t(0C) k (W/m.K)
lng hi lng hi lng hi lng hi lng hi lng hi
100 0,00119 0,00059556 10,004 113,32 306,09 0,6077 1,721 0,819 0,449 1,182 1005 6,78 116,7 4,27
90 0,00286 0,00060503 4,3948 121,53 310,59 0,6538 1,6861 0,824 0,465 1,176 819 7,18 112 4,67
80 0,00619 0,00061489 2,1355 129,81 315,19 0,6978 1,6576 0,831 0,481 1,172 684,9 7,58 107,4 5,08
70 0,01228 0,0006252 1,1286 138,17 319,87 0,74 1,6344 0,84 0,497 1,168 584 7,97 103 5,5
60 0,02261 0,00063601 0,63992 146,62 324,61 0,7806 1,6156 0,85 0,513 1,166 505,1 8,37 98,8 5,93
50 0,03911 0,00064737 0,38494 155,18 329,39 0,8197 1,6004 0,861 0,53 1,165 441,8 8,76 94,7 6,38
40 0,06409 0,00065941 0,24342 163,86 334,18 0,8577 1,5882 0,873 0,548 1,166 389,8 9,16 90,7 6,84
30 0,10026 0,00067218 0,16057 172,67 338,94 0,8946 1,5784 0,886 0,566 1,169 346,2 9,55 86,9 7,32
29,75b 0,10133 0,00067249 0,159 172,89 339,06 0,8955 1,5782 0,887 0,567 1,169 345,2 9,56 86,8 7,33
28 0,1091 0,00067481 0,14841 174,44 339,89 0,9019 1,5767 0,889 0,57 1,17 338,3 9,63 86,1 7,41
26 0,11854 0,00067751 0,13736 176,23 340,83 0,9091 1,5751 0,892 0,574 1,171 330,6 9,71 85,3 7,51
24 0,1286 0,00068023 0,12731 178,02 341,78 0,9163 1,5735 0,895 0,578 1,171 323,2 9,79 84,6 7,61
22 0,13931 0,00068301 0,11815 179,81 342,72 0,9234 1,572 0,898 0,582 1,172 316 9,87 83,8 7,71
20 0,1507 0,00068582 0,10978 181,62 343,65 0,9305 1,5706 0,901 0,586 1,174 309 9,95 83,1 7,8
18 0,16279 0,00068866 0,10213 183,42 344,59 0,9376 1,5693 0,904 0,59 1,175 302,2 10,03 82,4 7,9
16 0,17562 0,00069152 0,09512 185,24 345,52 0,9447 1,568 0,907 0,594 1,176 295,6 10,1 81,6 8,01
14 0,1892 0,00069444 0,0887 187,06 346,44 0,9517 1,5667 0,91 0,598 1,178 289,2 10,18 80,9 8,11
12 0,20358 0,00069745 0,0828 188,89 347,37 0,9587 1,5655 0,913 0,602 1,179 283 10,26 80,2 8,21
10 0,21878 0,00070048 0,07737 190,72 348,29 0,9656 1,5644 0,917 0,607 1,181 276,9 10,34 79,4 8,31
8 0,23483 0,00070353 0,07237 192,56 349,2 0,9726 1,5633 0,92 0,611 1,183 271 10,42 78,7 8,41
6 0,25176 0,00070666 0,06777 194,41 350,11 0,9795 1,5623 0,923 0,616 1,184 265,2 10,5 78 8,52
4 0,2696 0,00070982 0,06352 196,27 351,01 0,9863 1,5613 0,927 0,62 1,186 259,6 10,58 77,3 8,62
D N LCEE 72
h s dn
p(Mpa) nhit
t(0C) k (W/m.K)
2 0,28839 0,00071301 0,05959 198,13 351,91 0,9932 1,5603 0,93 0,625 1,189 254,1 10,66 76,6 8,73
0 0,30815 0,00071628 0,05595 200 352,81 1 1,5594 0,934 0,63 1,191 248,7 10,74 75,9 8,84
2 0,32891 0,00071963 0,05258 201,88 353,69 1,0068 1,5586 0,938 0,635 1,193 243,5 10,82 75,1 8,95
4 0,35071 0,00072301 0,04946 203,76 354,57 1,0136 1,5577 0,942 0,64 1,196 238,4 10,9 74,4 9,06
6 0,37358 0,00072648 0,04656 205,65 355,45 1,0203 1,5569 0,946 0,645 1,199 233,4 10,98 73,7 9,17
8 0,39756 0,00072998 0,04386 207,56 356,32 1,027 1,5561 0,95 0,65 1,202 228,6 11,07 73 9,28
10 0,42267 0,00073357 0,04135 209,46 357,18 1,0337 1,5554 0,954 0,656 1,205 223,8 11,15 72,3 9,39
12 0,44895 0,00073719 0,03901 211,38 358,03 1,0404 1,5547 0,958 0,661 1,208 219,1 11,23 71,6 9,51
14 0,47643 0,00074091 0,03683 213,31 358,88 1,0471 1,554 0,962 0,667 1,211 214,6 11,31 70,9 9,62
16 0,50514 0,00074471 0,0348 215,24 359,71 1,0537 1,5533 0,967 0,672 1,215 210,1 11,4 70,2 9,74
18 0,53513 0,00074856 0,0329 217,18 360,54 1,0603 1,5527 0,971 0,678 1,219 205,7 11,48 69,6 9,86
20 0,56642 0,0007525 0,03112 219,14 361,36 1,0669 1,5521 0,976 0,685 1,223 201,4 11,57 68,9 9,98
22 0,59905 0,00075654 0,02946 221,1 362,17 1,0735 1,5515 0,981 0,691 1,228 197,2 11,65 68,2 10,1
24 0,63305 0,00076069 0,0279 223,07 362,97 1,0801 1,5509 0,986 0,697 1,232 193,1 11,74 67,5 10,23
26 0,66846 0,00076488 0,02643 225,05 363,76 1,0866 1,5503 0,991 0,704 1,237 189 11,83 66,8 10,36
28 0,70531 0,00076917 0,02506 227,04 364,54 1,0932 1,5498 0,997 0,711 1,242 185 11,92 66,1 10,49
30 0,74365 0,00077357 0,02377 229,04 365,31 1,0997 1,5492 1,002 0,718 1,248 181,1 12,01 65,4 10,62
32 0,7835 0,00077809 0,02256 231,06 366,07 1,1062 1,5487 1,008 0,726 1,254 177,3 12,1 64,8 10,75
34 0,82491 0,00078272 0,02142 233,08 366,81 1,1127 1,5481 1,014 0,734 1,26 173,5 12,19 64,1 10,89
36 0,86791 0,00078746 0,02034 235,12 367,54 1,1192 1,5476 1,02 0,742 1,267 169,8 12,28 63,4 11,03
38 0,91253 0,00079227 0,01933 237,16 368,26 1,1257 1,547 1,026 0,75 1,274 166,1 12,38 62,7 11,18
40 0,95882 0,00079726 0,01838 239,22 368,96 1,1322 1,5465 1,033 0,759 1,282 162,5 12,48 62,1 11,33
42 1,0068 0,00080238 0,01748 241,29 369,65 1,1387 1,5459 1,04 0,768 1,29 159 12,57 61,4 11,48
44 1,0566 0,00080769 0,01662 243,38 370,33 1,1451 1,5454 1,048 0,778 1,299 155,5 12,67 60,7 11,63
46 1,1081 0,00081307 0,01582 245,47 370,98 1,1516 1,5448 1,055 0,788 1,308 152 12,78 60 11,79
D N LCEE 73
h s dn
p(Mpa) nhit
t(0C) k (W/m.K)
48 1,1614 0,00081867 0,01505 247,59 371,62 1,158 1,5443 1,063 0,798 1,318 148,6 12,88 59,4 11,96
50 1,2166 0,0008244 0,01433 249,71 372,24 1,1645 1,5437 1,072 0,81 1,329 145,3 12,99 58,7 12,13
52 1,2737 0,00083029 0,01365 251,85 372,85 1,171 1,5431 1,081 0,821 1,34 141,9 13,1 58 12,31
54 1,3327 0,0008364 0,013 254,01 373,43 1,1774 1,5425 1,09 0,834 1,353 138,7 13,21 57,3 12,49
56 1,3938 0,00084274 0,01238 256,18 373,99 1,1839 1,5418 1,1 0,847 1,366 135,4 13,33 56,7 12,68
58 1,4568 0,00084926 0,0118 258,38 374,53 1,1904 1,5411 1,111 0,861 1,381 132,2 13,45 56 12,87
60 1,5219 0,00085609 0,01124 260,58 375,05 1,1969 1,5404 1,122 0,876 1,397 129,1 13,57 55,3 13,08
62 1,5892 0,00086311 0,01071 262,81 375,54 1,2033 1,5397 1,135 0,892 1,414 125,9 13,7 54,7 13,29
64 1,6586 0,0008704 0,01021 265,06 376 1,2099 1,5389 1,148 0,91 1,433 122,8 13,83 54 13,51
66 1,7302 0,00087796 0,00973 267,33 376,44 1,2164 1,5381 1,162 0,929 1,453 119,7 13,96 53,3 13,75
68 1,8041 0,0008859 0,00927 269,62 376,84 1,2229 1,5372 1,177 0,949 1,476 116,7 14,11 52,6 13,99
70 1,8802 0,00089421 0,00883 271,94 377,22 1,2295 1,5363 1,193 0,971 1,501 113,6 14,26 52 14,25
75 2,0811 0,00091667 0,00782 277,84 377,99 1,2461 1,5337 1,241 1,037 1,576 106,1 14,66 50,3 14,96
80 2,2975 0,00094215 0,00691 283,94 378,48 1,2629 1,5306 1,302 1,122 1,677 98,6 15,11 48,7 15,8
85 2,5304 0,00097172 0,00608 290,27 378,64 1,2801 1,5268 1,384 1,239 1,817 91,1 15,65 47,2 16,82
90 2,7808 0,00100685 0,00533 296,91 378,35 1,2978 1,522 1,501 1,41 2,026 83,4 16,29 45,9 18,11
95 3,0501 0,0010502 0,00463 303,95 377,45 1,3163 1,5159 1,679 1,683 2,362 75,6 17,11 45,1 19,81
100 3,3399 0,00110644 0,00396 311,58 375,6 1,336 1,5076 1,996 2,192 2,99 67,3 18,2 45,7 22,27
105 3,6525 0,00118737 0,0033 320,24 372,08 1,3581 1,4952 2,754 3,458 4,544 58,1 19,87 51,7 26,34
110 3,9924 0,00134644 0,00252 331,82 363,95 1,3874 1,4712 7,81 11,44 14,14 46,3 23,46 113,7 39,46
D N LCEE 74
D N LCEE 75
Nhit dung
Th tch Enthalpy Entropy nht h s dn nhit
p(Mpa) ring
0 v(m3/kg) h(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) (Pa,s) (W/m.K)
t( C) cp(kJ/kg) k
100.00 0.00201 0.00064 8.266 90.71 358.97 0.505 2.0543 1.061 0.497 1.243 845.8 7.25 143.1 4.46
90.00 0.00481 0.00065 3.6448 101.32 363.85 0.5646 1.998 1.061 0.512 1.237 699.4 7.67 137.8 4.84
80.00 0.01037 0.00066 1.7782 111.94 368.77 0.621 1.9508 1.062 0.528 1.233 591 8.09 132.6 5.25
70.00 0.02047 0.00067 0.94342 122.58 373.7 0.6747 1.9108 1.065 0.545 1.231 507.6 8.52 127.6 5.68
60.00 0.0375 0.00068 0.5368 133.27 378.59 0.726 1.877 1.071 0.564 1.23 441.4 8.94 122.6 6.12
50.00 0.06453 0.0007 0.32385 144.03 383.42 0.7752 1.848 1.079 0.585 1.232 387.5 9.36 117.8 6.59
48.00 0.07145 0.0007 0.29453 146.19 384.37 0.7849 1.8428 1.081 0.589 1.233 377.8 9.45 116.9 6.69
46.00 0.07894 0.0007 0.26837 148.36 385.32 0.7944 1.8376 1.083 0.594 1.234 368.6 9.53 115.9 6.79
44.00 0.08705 0.00071 0.24498 150.53 386.26 0.8039 1.8327 1.086 0.599 1.235 359.6 9.62 115 6.89
42.00 0.0958 0.00071 0.22402 152.7 387.2 0.8134 1.8278 1.088 0.603 1.236 351 9.7 114 6.99
40.81b 0.10132 0.00071 0.2126 154 387.75 0.8189 1.825 1.09 0.606 1.236 346 9.75 113.5 7.05
40.00 0.10523 0.00071 0.20521 154.89 388.13 0.8227 1.8231 1.091 0.608 1.237 342.6 9.79 113.1 7.09
38.00 0.11538 0.00071 0.18829 157.07 389.06 0.832 1.8186 1.093 0.613 1.238 334.5 9.87 112.2 7.19
36.00 0.12628 0.00072 0.17304 159.27 389.97 0.8413 1.8141 1.096 0.619 1.239 326.7 9.96 111.2 7.29
34.00 0.13797 0.00072 0.15927 161.47 390.89 0.8505 1.8098 1.099 0.624 1.241 319.1 10.04 110.3 7.4
32.00 0.1505 0.00072 0.14682 163.67 391.79 0.8596 1.8056 1.102 0.629 1.242 311.7 10.12 109.4 7.51
30.00 0.16389 0.00073 0.13553 165.88 392.69 0.8687 1.8015 1.105 0.635 1.244 304.6 10.21 108.5 7.61
28.00 0.17819 0.00073 0.12528 168.1 393.58 0.8778 1.7975 1.108 0.641 1.246 297.7 10.29 107.5 7.72
26.00 0.19344 0.00073 0.11597 170.33 394.47 0.8868 1.7937 1.112 0.646 1.248 291 10.38 106.6 7.83
D N LCEE 76
Nhit dung
p(Mpa) ring
v(m3/kg) h(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) (Pa,s) (W/m.K)
t(0C) cp(kJ/kg) k
24.00 0.20968 0.00074 0.10749 172.56 395.34 0.8957 1.7899 1.115 0.653 1.25 284.4 10.46 105.7 7.94
22.00 0.22696 0.00074 0.09975 174.8 396.21 0.9046 1.7862 1.119 0.659 1.253 278.1 10.55 104.8 8.06
20.00 0.24531 0.00074 0.09268 177.04 397.06 0.9135 1.7826 1.123 0.665 1.255 271.9 10.63 103.9 8.17
18.00 0.26479 0.00075 0.08621 179.3 397.91 0.9223 1.7791 1.127 0.672 1.258 265.9 10.72 103 8.29
16.00 0.28543 0.00075 0.08029 181.56 398.75 0.9311 1.7757 1.131 0.678 1.261 260.1 10.8 102.1 8.4
14.00 0.30728 0.00075 0.07485 183.83 399.57 0.9398 1.7723 1.135 0.685 1.264 254.4 10.89 101.1 8.52
12.00 0.33038 0.00076 0.06986 186.11 400.39 0.9485 1.769 1.139 0.692 1.267 248.8 10.98 100.2 8.65
10.00 0.35479 0.00076 0.06527 188.4 401.2 0.9572 1.7658 1.144 0.699 1.27 243.4 11.06 99.3 8.77
8.00 0.38054 0.00076 0.06103 190.7 401.99 0.9658 1.7627 1.149 0.707 1.274 238.1 11.15 98.4 8.89
6.00 0.40769 0.00077 0.05713 193.01 402.77 0.9744 1.7596 1.154 0.715 1.278 233 11.24 97.5 9.02
4.00 0.43628 0.00077 0.05352 195.33 403.55 0.983 1.7566 1.159 0.722 1.282 227.9 11.32 96.6 9.15
2.00 0.46636 0.00078 0.05019 197.66 404.3 0.9915 1.7536 1.164 0.731 1.287 223 11.41 95.7 9.28
0 0.49799 0.00078 0.0471 200 405.05 1 1.7507 1.169 0.739 1.291 218.2 11.5 94.8 9.42
2 0.5312 0.00078 0.04424 202.35 405.78 1.0085 1.7478 1.175 0.748 1.296 213.5 11.59 93.9 9.56
4 0.56605 0.00079 0.04159 204.71 406.5 1.0169 1.745 1.181 0.757 1.301 208.9 11.68 93.1 9.7
6 0.60259 0.00079 0.03913 207.09 407.2 1.0254 1.7422 1.187 0.766 1.307 204.4 11.77 92.2 9.84
8 0.64088 0.0008 0.03683 209.47 407.89 1.0338 1.7395 1.193 0.775 1.313 200 11.86 91.3 9.99
10 0.68095 0.0008 0.0347 211.87 408.56 1.0422 1.7368 1.199 0.785 1.319 195.7 11.96 90.4 10.14
12 0.72286 0.00081 0.03271 214.28 409.21 1.0505 1.7341 1.206 0.795 1.326 191.5 12.05 89.5 10.29
14 0.76668 0.00081 0.03086 216.7 409.85 1.0589 1.7315 1.213 0.806 1.333 187.3 12.14 88.6 10.45
16 0.81244 0.00082 0.02912 219.14 410.47 1.0672 1.7289 1.22 0.817 1.34 183.2 12.24 87.7 10.61
18 0.8602 0.00082 0.0275 221.59 411.07 1.0755 1.7263 1.228 0.828 1.348 179.2 12.33 86.8 10.77
20 0.91002 0.00083 0.02599 224.06 411.66 1.0838 1.7238 1.236 0.84 1.357 175.3 12.43 85.9 10.95
D N LCEE 77
Nhit dung
p(Mpa) ring
t(0C) cp(kJ/kg) k
22 0.96195 0.00083 0.02457 226.54 412.22 1.0921 1.7212 1.244 0.853 1.366 171.5 12.53 85 11.12
24 1.016 0.00084 0.02324 229.04 412.77 1.1004 1.7187 1.252 0.866 1.375 167.7 12.63 84.1 11.3
26 1.0724 0.00084 0.02199 231.55 413.29 1.1086 1.7162 1.261 0.879 1.385 163.9 12.74 83.2 11.49
28 1.1309 0.00085 0.02082 234.08 413.79 1.1169 1.7136 1.271 0.893 1.396 160.3 12.84 82.3 11.69
30 1.1919 0.00085 0.01972 236.62 414.26 1.1252 1.7111 1.281 0.908 1.408 156.7 12.95 81.4 11.89
32 1.2552 0.00086 0.01869 239.19 414.71 1.1334 1.7086 1.291 0.924 1.42 153.1 13.06 80.5 12.1
34 1.321 0.00087 0.01771 241.77 415.14 1.1417 1.7061 1.302 0.94 1.434 149.6 13.17 79.6 12.31
36 1.3892 0.00087 0.01679 244.38 415.54 1.1499 1.7036 1.314 0.957 1.448 146.1 13.28 78.7 12.54
38 1.4601 0.00088 0.01593 247 415.91 1.1582 1.701 1.326 0.976 1.463 142.7 13.4 77.8 12.77
40 1.5336 0.00089 0.01511 249.65 416.25 1.1665 1.6985 1.339 0.995 1.48 139.4 13.52 76.9 13.02
42 1.6098 0.00089 0.01433 252.32 416.55 1.1747 1.6959 1.353 1.015 1.498 136.1 13.64 76 13.28
44 1.6887 0.0009 0.0136 255.01 416.83 1.183 1.6933 1.368 1.037 1.517 132.8 13.77 75.1 13.55
46 1.7704 0.00091 0.01291 257.73 417.07 1.1913 1.6906 1.384 1.061 1.538 129.5 13.9 74.1 13.83
48 1.8551 0.00092 0.01226 260.47 417.27 1.1997 1.6879 1.401 1.086 1.561 126.3 14.04 73.2 14.13
50 1.9427 0.00092 0.01163 263.25 417.44 1.208 1.6852 1.419 1.113 1.586 123.1 14.18 72.3 14.45
52 2.0333 0.00093 0.01104 266.05 417.56 1.2164 1.6824 1.439 1.142 1.614 120 14.32 71.4 14.78
54 2.127 0.00094 0.01048 268.89 417.63 1.2248 1.6795 1.461 1.173 1.644 116.9 14.47 70.4 15.14
56 2.2239 0.00095 0.00995 271.76 417.66 1.2333 1.6766 1.485 1.208 1.677 113.8 14.63 69.5 15.52
58 2.324 0.00096 0.00944 274.66 417.63 1.2418 1.6736 1.511 1.246 1.714 110.7 14.8 68.6 15.92
60 2.4275 0.00097 0.00896 277.61 417.55 1.2504 1.6705 1.539 1.287 1.755 107.6 14.98 67.6 16.36
65 2.7012 0.001 0.00785 285.18 417.06 1.2722 1.6622 1.626 1.413 1.881 100 15.46 65.3 17.61
70 2.9974 0.00103 0.00685 293.1 416.09 1.2945 1.6529 1.743 1.584 2.056 92.4 16.02 62.9 19.16
75 3.3177 0.00107 0.00595 301.46 414.49 1.3177 1.6424 1.913 1.832 2.315 84.6 16.7 60.6 21.16
D N LCEE 78
Nhit dung
p(Mpa) ring
t(0C) cp(kJ/kg) k
80 3.6638 0.00112 0.00512 310.44 412.01 1.3423 1.6299 2.181 2.231 2.735 76.6 17.55 58.6 23.87
85 4.0378 0.00118 0.00434 320.38 408.19 1.369 1.6142 2.682 2.984 3.532 68.1 18.71 57.4 27.82
90 4.4423 0.00128 0.00356 332.09 401.87 1.4001 1.5922 3.981 4.975 5.626 58.3 20.48 59.3 34.55
95 4.8824 0.00151 0.00262 349.56 387.28 1.4462 1.5486 17.31 25.29 26.43 44.4 24.76 83.5 59.15
D N LCEE 79
D N LCEE 80
Ph lc 1.3 Tnh cht nhit ng ca R134a trng thi bo ha
Th tch Enthalpy Entropy Nhit dung nht h s dn nhit

p(Mpa)
v(m3/kg) h(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) ring cp(kJ/kg) (Pa,s) (W/m.K)
t(0C) k
100.00 0.00056 0.00063 25.193 75.36 336.85 0.4354 1.9456 1.184 0.593 1.162 1893 6.6 143.2 3.34
90.00 0.00152 0.00064 9.7698 87.23 342.76 0.502 1.8972 1.189 0.617 1.156 1339 7.03 137.3 4.15
80.00 0.00367 0.00065 4.2682 99.16 348.83 0.5654 1.858 1.198 0.642 1.151 1018 7.46 131.5 4.95
70.00 0.00798 0.00067 2.059 111.2 355.02 0.6262 1.8264 1.21 0.667 1.148 809.2 7.89 126 5.75
60.00 0.01591 0.00068 1.079 123.36 361.31 0.6846 1.801 1.223 0.692 1.146 663.1 8.3 120.7 6.56
50.00 0.02945 0.00069 0.6062 135.67 367.65 0.741 1.7806 1.238 0.72 1.146 555.1 8.72 115.6 7.36
40.00 0.05121 0.00071 0.36108 148.14 374 0.7956 1.7643 1.255 0.749 1.148 472.2 9.12 110.6 8.17
30.00 0.08438 0.00072 0.22594 160.79 380.32 0.8486 1.7515 1.273 0.781 1.152 406.4 9.52 105.8 8.99
28.00 0.0927 0.00072 0.2068 163.34 381.57 0.8591 1.7492 1.277 0.788 1.153 394.9 9.6 104.8 9.15
26.07b 0.10133 0.00073 0.19018 165.81 382.78 0.869 1.7472 1.281 0.794 1.154 384.2 9.68 103.9 9.31
26.00 0.10167 0.00073 0.18958 165.9 382.82 0.8694 1.7471 1.281 0.794 1.154 383.8 9.68 103.9 9.32
24.00 0.1113 0.00073 0.17407 168.47 384.07 0.8798 1.7451 1.285 0.801 1.155 373.1 9.77 102.9 9.48
22.00 0.12165 0.00073 0.16006 171.05 385.32 0.89 1.7432 1.289 0.809 1.156 362.9 9.85 102 9.65
20.00 0.13273 0.00074 0.14739 173.64 386.55 0.9002 1.7413 1.293 0.816 1.158 353 9.92 101.1 9.82
18.00 0.1446 0.00074 0.13592 176.23 387.79 0.9104 1.7396 1.297 0.823 1.159 343.5 10.01 100.1 9.98
16.00 0.15728 0.00074 0.12551 178.83 389.02 0.9205 1.7379 1.302 0.831 1.161 334.3 10.09 99.2 10.15
14.00 0.17082 0.00075 0.11605 181.44 390.24 0.9306 1.7363 1.306 0.838 1.163 325.4 10.17 98.3 10.32
12.00 0.18524 0.00075 0.10744 184.07 391.46 0.9407 1.7348 1.311 0.846 1.165 316.9 10.25 97.4 10.49
10.00 0.2006 0.00075 0.09959 186.7 392.66 0.9506 1.7334 1.316 0.854 1.167 308.6 10.33 96.5 10.66
8.00 0.21693 0.00076 0.09242 189.34 393.87 0.9606 1.732 1.32 0.863 1.169 300.6 10.41 95.6 10.83
D N LCEE 81

p(Mpa)
0 v(m3/kg) h(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) ring cp(kJ/kg) (Pa,s) (W/m.K)
t( C) k
6.00 0.23428 0.00076 0.08587 191.99 395.06 0.9705 1.7307 1.325 0.871 1.171 292.9 10.49 94.7 11
4.00 0.25268 0.00076 0.07987 194.65 396.25 0.9804 1.7294 1.33 0.88 1.174 285.4 10.57 93.8 11.17
2.00 0.27217 0.00077 0.07436 197.32 397.43 0.9902 1.7282 1.336 0.888 1.176 278.1 10.65 92.9 11.34
0 0.2928 0.00077 0.06931 200 398.6 1 1.7271 1.341 0.897 1.179 271.1 10.73 92 11.51
2 0.31462 0.00078 0.06466 202.69 399.77 1.0098 1.726 1.347 0.906 1.182 264.3 10.81 91.1 11.69
4 0.33766 0.00078 0.06039 205.4 400.92 1.0195 1.725 1.352 0.916 1.185 257.6 10.9 90.2 11.86
6 0.36198 0.00078 0.05644 208.11 402.06 1.0292 1.724 1.358 0.925 1.189 251.2 10.98 89.4 12.04
8 0.38761 0.00079 0.0528 210.84 403.2 1.0388 1.723 1.364 0.935 1.192 244.9 11.06 88.5 12.22
10 0.41461 0.00079 0.04944 213.58 404.32 1.0485 1.7221 1.37 0.945 1.196 238.8 11.15 87.6 12.4
12 0.44301 0.0008 0.04633 216.33 405.43 1.0581 1.7212 1.377 0.956 1.2 232.9 11.23 86.7 12.58
14 0.47288 0.0008 0.04345 219.09 406.53 1.0677 1.7204 1.383 0.967 1.204 227.1 11.32 85.9 12.77
16 0.50425 0.00081 0.04078 221.87 407.61 1.0772 1.7196 1.39 0.978 1.209 221.5 11.4 85 12.95
18 0.53718 0.00081 0.0383 224.66 408.69 1.0867 1.7188 1.397 0.989 1.214 216 11.49 84.1 13.14
20 0.57171 0.00082 0.036 227.47 409.75 1.0962 1.718 1.405 1.001 1.219 210.7 11.58 83.3 13.33
22 0.60789 0.00082 0.03385 230.29 410.79 1.1057 1.7173 1.413 1.013 1.224 205.5 11.67 82.4 13.53
24 0.64578 0.00083 0.03186 233.12 411.82 1.1152 1.7166 1.421 1.025 1.23 200.4 11.76 81.6 13.72
26 0.68543 0.00083 0.03 235.97 412.84 1.1246 1.7159 1.429 1.038 1.236 195.4 11.85 80.7 13.92
28 0.72688 0.00084 0.02826 238.84 413.84 1.1341 1.7152 1.437 1.052 1.243 190.5 11.95 79.8 14.13
30 0.7702 0.00084 0.02664 241.72 414.82 1.1435 1.7145 1.446 1.065 1.249 185.8 12.04 79 14.33
32 0.81543 0.00085 0.02513 244.62 415.78 1.1529 1.7138 1.456 1.08 1.257 181.1 12.14 78.1 14.54
34 0.86263 0.00085 0.02371 247.54 416.72 1.1623 1.7131 1.466 1.095 1.265 176.6 12.24 77.3 14.76
36 0.91185 0.00086 0.02238 250.48 417.65 1.1717 1.7124 1.476 1.111 1.273 172.1 12.34 76.4 14.98
38 0.96315 0.00087 0.02113 253.43 418.55 1.1811 1.7118 1.487 1.127 1.282 167.7 12.44 75.6 15.21
40 1.0166 0.00087 0.01997 256.41 419.43 1.1905 1.7111 1.498 1.145 1.292 163.4 12.55 74.7 15.44
D N LCEE 82

p(Mpa)
t( C) k
42 1.0722 0.00088 0.01887 259.41 420.28 1.1999 1.7103 1.51 1.163 1.303 159.2 12.65 73.9 15.68
44 1.1301 0.00089 0.01784 262.43 421.11 1.2092 1.7096 1.523 1.182 1.314 155.1 12.76 73 15.93
46 1.1903 0.00089 0.01687 265.47 421.92 1.2186 1.7089 1.537 1.202 1.326 151 12.88 72.1 16.18
48 1.2529 0.0009 0.01595 268.53 422.69 1.228 1.7081 1.551 1.223 1.339 147 13 71.3 16.45
50 1.3179 0.00091 0.01509 271.62 423.44 1.2375 1.7072 1.566 1.246 1.354 143.1 13.12 70.4 16.72
52 1.3854 0.00091 0.01428 274.74 424.15 1.2469 1.7064 1.582 1.27 1.369 139.2 13.24 69.6 17.01
54 1.4555 0.00092 0.01351 277.89 424.83 1.2563 1.7055 1.6 1.296 1.386 135.4 13.37 68.7 17.31
56 1.5282 0.00093 0.01278 281.06 425.47 1.2658 1.7045 1.618 1.324 1.405 131.6 13.51 67.8 17.63
58 1.6036 0.00094 0.01209 284.27 426.07 1.2753 1.7035 1.638 1.354 1.425 127.9 13.65 67 17.96
60 1.6818 0.00095 0.01144 287.5 426.63 1.2848 1.7024 1.66 1.387 1.448 124.2 13.79 66.1 18.31
62 1.7628 0.00096 0.01083 290.78 427.14 1.2944 1.7013 1.684 1.422 1.473 120.6 13.95 65.2 18.68
64 1.8467 0.00097 0.01024 294.09 427.61 1.304 1.7 1.71 1.461 1.501 117 14.11 64.3 19.07
66 1.9337 0.00098 0.00969 297.44 428.02 1.3137 1.6987 1.738 1.504 1.532 113.5 14.28 63.4 19.5
68 2.0237 0.00099 0.00916 300.84 428.36 1.3234 1.6972 1.769 1.552 1.567 109.9 14.46 62.6 19.95
70 2.1168 0.001 0.00865 304.28 428.65 1.3332 1.6956 1.804 1.605 1.607 106.4 14.65 61.7 20.45
72 2.2132 0.00102 0.00817 307.78 428.86 1.343 1.6939 1.843 1.665 1.653 102.9 14.85 60.8 20.98
74 2.313 0.00103 0.00771 311.33 429 1.353 1.692 1.887 1.734 1.705 99.5 15.07 59.9 21.56
76 2.4161 0.00104 0.00727 314.94 429.04 1.3631 1.6899 1.938 1.812 1.766 96 15.3 59 22.21
78 2.5228 0.00106 0.00685 318.63 428.98 1.3733 1.6876 1.996 1.904 1.838 92.5 15.56 58.1 22.92
80 2.6332 0.00108 0.00645 322.39 428.81 1.3836 1.685 2.065 2.012 1.924 89 15.84 57.2 23.72
85 2.9258 0.00113 0.0055 332.22 427.76 1.4104 1.6771 2.306 2.397 2.232 80.2 16.67 54.9 26.22
90 3.2442 0.00119 0.00461 342.93 425.42 1.439 1.6662 2.756 3.121 2.82 70.9 17.81 52.8 29.91
95 3.5912 0.00129 0.00374 355.25 420.67 1.4715 1.6492 3.938 5.02 4.369 60.4 19.61 51.7 36.4
100 3.9724 0.00154 0.00268 373.3 407.68 1.5188 1.6109 17.59 25.35 20.81 45.1 24.21 59.9 60.58
D N LCEE 83
D N LCEE 84
Ph lc 1.4 Tnh cht nhit ng ca R404A trng thi bo ha
h s dn
Nhit Th tch Enthalpy Entropy Nhit dung nht
nhit
t(0C) v(m3/kg) h(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) ring cp(kJ/kg) (Pa,s)
p(Mpa) k (W/m.K)
ng
Si hi lng hi lng hi lng lng hi hi lng hi lng
sng
0.005 94.18 93.00 0.0006923 3.05033 83.2 310.67 0.481 1.7496 1.147 0.637 1.163 760.4 7.2 123.6 6
0.006 91.96 90.80 0.0006953 2.57089 85.75 311.99 0.4952 1.7415 1.149 0.643 1.162 723.1 7.29 122.3 6.12
0.007 90.03 88.89 0.0006979 2.22501 87.98 313.15 0.5074 1.7347 1.151 0.649 1.161 693.2 7.37 121.2 6.23
0.008 88.31 87.19 0.0007002 1.96336 89.95 314.17 0.5181 1.729 1.153 0.653 1.161 668.3 7.44 120.2 6.33
0.009 86.77 85.67 0.0007023 1.75831 91.74 315.1 0.5277 1.724 1.155 0.657 1.16 647.2 7.5 119.3 6.42
0.01 85.36 84.27 0.0007043 1.59315 93.36 315.94 0.5364 1.7196 1.157 0.661 1.16 628.9 7.56 118.5 6.5
0.02 75.43 74.45 0.0007184 0.8331 104.92 321.94 0.5963 1.6923 1.171 0.69 1.159 520.6 7.97 113.1 7.1
0.04 64.18 63.29 0.0007355 0.4358 118.21 328.8 0.6617 1.668 1.191 0.725 1.159 429.8 8.43 107.2 7.77
0.06 56.87 56.03 0.0007472 0.29818 126.98 333.25 0.7028 1.6553 1.206 0.749 1.161 383.1 8.73 103.5 8.25
0.08 51.30 50.50 0.0007566 0.22768 133.73 336.63 0.7336 1.647 1.218 0.769 1.164 352.4 8.96 100.8 8.65
0.1 46.75 45.98 0.0007645 0.1846 139.3 339.37 0.7584 1.641 1.228 0.786 1.166 329.8 9.14 98.6 8.97
0.10132
46.48 45.71 0.000765 0.18233 139.64 339.53 0.7599 1.6406 1.229 0.787 1.166 328.5 9.15 98.4 8.99
b
0.12 42.87 42.12 0.0007715 0.15547 144.09 341.7 0.7793 1.6364 1.238 0.801 1.169 312.1 9.28 96.7 9.25
0.14 39.47 38.74 0.0007779 0.1344 148.33 343.72 0.7975 1.6327 1.246 0.815 1.172 297.6 9.42 95.1 9.51
0.16 36.42 35.72 0.0007837 0.11844 152.14 345.52 0.8136 1.6296 1.254 0.828 1.175 285.4 9.54 93.7 9.74
0.18 33.66 32.97 0.0007891 0.10591 155.62 347.14 0.8282 1.627 1.262 0.84 1.177 274.9 9.65 92.4 9.95
10.1
0.2 31.13 30.45 0.0007942 0.0958 158.83 348.61 0.8414 1.6248 1.269 0.851 1.18 265.7 9.75 91.3
5
0.22 28.79 28.12 0.000799 0.08747 161.81 349.97 0.8536 1.6228 1.276 0.861 1.183 257.5 9.84 90.2 10.3
D N LCEE 85
h s dn
nhit
p(Mpa) k (W/m.K)
ng
sng
3
10.5
0.24 26.61 25.95 0.0008036 0.08049 164.61 351.22 0.865 1.6211 1.282 0.871 1.186 250.2 9.93 89.2
1
10.6
0.26 24.56 23.91 0.000808 0.07454 167.25 352.39 0.8756 1.6196 1.288 0.881 1.189 243.5 10.02 88.3
6
10.8
0.28 22.63 21.99 0.0008122 0.06941 169.75 353.48 0.8855 1.6182 1.294 0.891 1.192 237.4 10.1 87.4
3
11.1
0.3 20.80 20.17 0.0008163 0.06494 172.13 354.51 0.8949 1.6169 1.3 0.9 1.195 231.8 10.13 86.6
1
11.2
0.32 19.06 18.44 0.0008202 0.06101 174.4 355.48 0.9038 1.6158 1.306 0.908 1.198 226.6 10.21 85.9
6
0.34 17.40 16.80 0.0008241 0.05753 176.57 356.4 0.9123 1.6147 1.312 0.917 1.201 221.8 10.29 85.1 11.4
11.5
0.36 15.82 15.22 0.0008278 0.05442 178.65 357.27 0.9203 1.6138 1.317 0.925 1.204 217.3 10.36 84.4
4
11.6
0.38 14.30 13.71 0.0008314 0.05163 180.66 358.09 0.928 1.6129 1.322 0.934 1.207 213.1 10.43 83.8
7
0.4 12.84 12.26 0.0008349 0.0491 182.6 358.88 0.9354 1.612 1.328 0.942 1.21 209.1 10.49 83.2 11.8
11.9
0.42 11.44 10.86 0.0008384 0.04681 184.47 359.64 0.9425 1.6113 1.333 0.949 1.213 205.4 10.56 82.5
3
12.0
0.44 10.09 9.51 0.0008418 0.04472 186.28 360.36 0.9494 1.6105 1.338 0.957 1.216 201.8 10.62 82
5
12.1
0.46 8.78 8.21 0.0008452 0.0428 188.04 361.05 0.956 1.6098 1.343 0.965 1.219 198.5 10.68 81.4
8
0.48 7.51 6.95 0.0008485 0.04104 189.75 361.71 0.9624 1.6092 1.348 0.972 1.222 195.3 10.74 80.9 12.3
0.5 6.28 5.73 0.0008517 0.03941 191.41 362.35 0.9685 1.6085 1.353 0.98 1.225 192.2 10.79 80.3 12.4
D N LCEE 86
h s dn
nhit
p(Mpa) k (W/m.K)
ng
sng
1
0.55 3.37 2.83 0.0008595 0.03584 195.37 363.84 0.9831 1.6071 1.365 0.998 1.234 185.1 10.93 79.1 12.7
12.9
0.6 0.65 0.12 0.0008672 0.03285 199.1 365.21 0.9968 1.6058 1.377 1.016 1.242 178.8 11.06 77.9
7
13.2
0.65 1.9 2.42 0.0008746 0.0303 202.64 366.46 1.0095 1.6046 1.389 1.033 1.25 172.9 11.18 76.9
4
0.7 4.32 4.82 0.0008818 0.0281 206 367.62 1.0215 1.6036 1.4 1.051 1.259 167.6 11.3 75.8 13.5
13.7
0.75 6.6 7.1 0.000889 0.02619 209.21 368.69 1.0329 1.6025 1.412 1.068 1.268 162.7 11.41 74.9
5
14.0
0.8 8.77 9.26 0.000896 0.0245 212.29 369.69 1.0437 1.6016 1.424 1.085 1.277 158.1 11.52 74
1
14.2
0.85 10.85 11.33 0.0009029 0.02301 215.26 370.62 1.054 1.6007 1.435 1.102 1.287 153.9 11.63 73.1
6
14.5
0.9 12.83 13.3 0.0009097 0.02167 218.11 371.48 1.0639 1.5998 1.447 1.12 1.296 149.9 11.74 72.3
1
14.7
0.95 14.74 15.2 0.0009164 0.02047 220.87 372.29 1.0733 1.5989 1.459 1.137 1.306 146.1 11.84 71.5
6
1 16.57 17.02 0.0009231 0.01939 223.54 373.04 1.0824 1.5981 1.471 1.155 1.317 142.6 11.94 70.7 15
1.1 20.03 20.47 0.0009363 0.0175 228.65 374.41 1.0996 1.5965 1.495 1.19 1.339 136 12.14 69.3 15.5
1.2 23.27 23.69 0.0009496 0.01592 233.5 375.6 1.1158 1.5949 1.52 1.228 1.363 130 12.34 67.9 16
16.5
1.3 26.31 26.72 0.0009627 0.01457 238.12 376.65 1.1309 1.5933 1.547 1.266 1.388 124.5 12.54 66.7
1
17.0
1.4 29.18 29.58 0.0009761 0.0134 242.54 377.55 1.1453 1.5916 1.574 1.307 1.416 119.5 12.74 65.5
4
1.5 31.9 32.29 0.0009894 0.01238 246.8 378.34 1.159 1.59 1.603 1.35 1.446 114.8 12.93 64.3 17.5
D N LCEE 87
h s dn
nhit
p(Mpa) k (W/m.K)
ng
sng
8
18.1
1.6 34.49 34.86 0.001003 0.01148 250.91 379 1.1721 1.5882 1.634 1.397 1.48 110.4 13.13 63.3
4
18.7
1.7 36.96 37.32 0.0010169 0.01068 254.89 379.55 1.1847 1.5864 1.667 1.447 1.516 106.2 13.34 62.2
3
19.3
1.8 39.32 39.67 0.0010309 0.00996 258.76 380 1.1968 1.5846 1.703 1.501 1.556 102.3 13.54 61.2
5
1.9 41.59 41.92 0.0010455 0.00932 262.53 380.35 1.2085 1.5826 1.741 1.56 1.601 98.6 13.75 60.3 20
20.6
2 43.76 44.09 0.0010603 0.00873 266.22 380.59 1.2198 1.5805 1.784 1.625 1.651 95 13.97 59.3
9
21.4
2.1 45.86 46.17 0.0010757 0.00819 269.83 380.74 1.2308 1.5783 1.83 1.697 1.708 91.6 14.2 58.4
3
22.2
2.2 47.87 48.18 0.0010917 0.0077 273.38 380.79 1.2416 1.576 1.882 1.778 1.772 88.3 14.43 57.6
1
23.0
2.3 49.82 50.11 0.0011084 0.00724 276.87 380.73 1.2521 1.5735 1.94 1.869 1.845 85.1 14.68 56.7
6
23.9
2.4 51.71 51.99 0.0011259 0.00682 280.32 380.57 1.2624 1.5709 2.006 1.974 1.929 82 14.93 55.9
7
24.9
2.5 53.53 53.8 0.0011442 0.00643 283.74 380.31 1.2725 1.568 2.081 2.095 2.027 79 15.21 55.1
7
26.0
2.6 55.3 55.56 0.0011636 0.00606 287.14 379.92 1.2826 1.5649 2.169 2.238 2.143 76.1 15.5 54.4
5
27.2
2.7 57.02 57.26 0.0011843 0.00571 290.53 379.42 1.2925 1.5616 2.272 2.407 2.282 73.2 15.81 53.7
4
28.5
2.8 58.68 58.91 0.0012066 0.00538 293.92 378.77 1.3024 1.558 2.397 2.613 2.451 70.3 16.15 53
6
D N LCEE 88
h s dn
nhit
p(Mpa) k (W/m.K)
ng
sng
30.0
2.9 60.3 60.52 0.0012308 0.00507 297.32 377.97 1.3122 1.554 2.552 2.868 2.662 67.5 16.52 52.3
5
31.7
3 61.87 62.08 0.0012572 0.00476 300.76 376.99 1.3222 1.5496 2.748 3.195 2.931 64.6 16.93 51.8
4
36.0
3.2 64.88 65.07 0.00132 0.00419 307.87 374.35 1.3425 1.5391 3.366 4.224 3.781 58.7 17.92 50.9
5
42.7
3.4 67.74 67.89 0.0014057 0.00362 315.62 370.3 1.3645 1.5249 4.792 6.551 5.695 52.4 19.31 51
7
D N LCEE 89
Nhit dung h s dn
Nhit Th tch Enthalpy Entropy nht
ring nhit
t(0C) v(m3/kg) h(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) (Pa,s)
p(Mpa) cp(kJ/kg) k (W/m.K)
ng
Si hi lng hi lng hi lng Si hi lng hi lng
sng
0.01 88.54 88.50 0.000684 2.0955 78 377.63 0.465 2.0879 1.313 0.666 1.227 560.3 8.2 168.6 6.6
0.02 79.05 79.01 0.0006972 1.0954 90.48 383.18 0.5309 2.0388 1.317 0.695 1.227 473.2 8.63 162.6 7.06
0.04 68.33 68.29 0.0007131 0.57278 104.64 389.31 0.6018 1.9916 1.325 0.733 1.23 398.9 9.11 155.9 7.61
0.06 61.39 61.35 0.0007239 0.39184 113.86 393.17 0.6461 1.965 1.333 0.761 1.234 360.2 9.43 151.7 7.97
0.08 56.13 56.08 0.0007325 0.29918 120.91 396.04 0.6789 1.9465 1.34 0.785 1.238 334.4 9.66 148.5 8.26
0.1 51.83 51.78 0.0007398 0.24259 126.69 398.33 0.7052 1.9324 1.347 0.805 1.242 315.4 9.86 146 8.5
0.10132
51.57 51.52 0.0007402 0.23961 127.04 398.47 0.7068 1.9316 1.348 0.806 1.242 314.3 9.87 145.8 8.51
b
0.12 48.17 48.12 0.0007462 0.20433 131.64 400.24 0.7273 1.9211 1.353 0.823 1.246 300.3 10.02 143.8 8.71
0.14 44.96 44.91 0.0007519 0.17668 136 401.89 0.7464 1.9116 1.359 0.839 1.25 288 10.17 141.9 8.89
0.16 42.10 42.05 0.0007572 0.15572 139.9 403.33 0.7634 1.9034 1.365 0.854 1.254 277.5 10.3 140.2 9.06
0.18 39.51 39.45 0.0007621 0.13928 143.46 404.62 0.7786 1.8963 1.371 0.868 1.257 268.5 10.42 138.7 9.22
0.2 37.13 37.07 0.0007666 0.12602 146.73 405.78 0.7925 1.89 1.376 0.881 1.261 260.5 10.52 137.3 9.36
0.22 34.93 34.87 0.000771 0.1151 149.76 406.84 0.8052 1.8843 1.381 0.894 1.265 253.4 10.62 136 9.5
0.24 32.89 32.83 0.000775 0.10593 152.6 407.81 0.817 1.8791 1.386 0.906 1.268 247 10.72 134.8 9.63
0.26 30.97 30.90 0.0007789 0.09813 155.27 408.71 0.828 1.8744 1.391 0.917 1.272 241.2 10.81 133.7 9.75
0.28 29.16 29.10 0.0007827 0.09141 157.79 409.54 0.8383 1.87 1.396 0.928 1.276 235.9 10.89 132.7 9.87
0.3 27.45 27.38 0.0007862 0.08556 160.19 410.31 0.8481 1.8659 1.401 0.938 1.279 231 10.97 131.7 9.98
0.32 25.83 25.76 0.0007897 0.08041 162.47 411.04 0.8573 1.8622 1.405 0.948 1.283 226.4 11.04 130.7 10.09
0.34 24.28 24.21 0.0007931 0.07584 164.66 411.72 0.866 1.8586 1.41 0.958 1.287 222.2 11.11 129.8 10.2
0.36 22.80 22.73 0.0007963 0.07177 166.75 412.36 0.8743 1.8553 1.414 0.968 1.29 218.2 11.18 128.9 10.3
D N LCEE 90
Nhit dung h s dn
ring nhit
ng
sng
0.38 21.39 21.31 0.0007995 0.06811 168.76 412.96 0.8823 1.8521 1.419 0.977 1.294 214.5 11.25 128.1 10.4
0.4 20.03 19.95 0.0008026 0.06481 170.7 413.54 0.8899 1.8491 1.423 0.986 1.298 211 11.31 127.3 10.49
0.42 18.72 18.64 0.0008056 0.0618 172.57 414.08 0.8972 1.8463 1.427 0.995 1.301 207.7 11.31 126.5 10.64
0.44 17.45 17.38 0.0008085 0.05907 174.38 414.6 0.9042 1.8436 1.432 1.004 1.305 204.6 11.32 125.8 10.78
0.46 16.24 16.16 0.0008114 0.05656 176.13 415.09 0.911 1.841 1.436 1.012 1.308 201.6 11.38 125.1 10.87
0.48 15.06 14.98 0.0008143 0.05425 177.83 415.56 0.9175 1.8385 1.44 1.021 1.312 198.7 11.43 124.4 10.96
0.5 13.91 13.83 0.0008171 0.05212 179.48 416 0.9238 1.8361 1.444 1.029 1.316 196 11.49 123.7 11.05
0.55 11.20 11.12 0.0008237 0.04746 183.41 417.04 0.9388 1.8305 1.455 1.049 1.325 189.7 11.63 122.1 11.28
0.6 8.68 8.59 0.0008302 0.04354 187.11 417.96 0.9527 1.8254 1.465 1.068 1.334 184 11.76 120.6 11.49
0.65 6.30 6.22 0.0008365 0.04021 190.6 418.8 0.9657 1.8207 1.475 1.088 1.344 178.8 11.88 119.2 11.7
0.7 4.07 3.98 0.0008425 0.03734 193.92 419.56 0.9779 1.8163 1.485 1.106 1.353 174.1 12.01 117.9 11.91
0.75 1.95 1.86 0.0008485 0.03484 197.08 420.25 0.9894 1.8122 1.495 1.125 1.363 169.7 12.12 116.6 12.11
0.8 0.07 0.16 0.0008543 0.03264 200.1 420.88 1.0004 1.8083 1.505 1.143 1.373 165.6 12.24 115.4 12.31
0.85 1.99 2.08 0.0008599 0.03069 203 421.45 1.0108 1.8046 1.515 1.161 1.383 161.8 12.34 114.3 12.51
0.9 3.83 3.92 0.0008654 0.02894 205.79 421.97 1.0207 1.8011 1.525 1.179 1.393 158.2 12.45 113.2 12.71
0.95 5.59 5.69 0.0008709 0.02738 208.49 422.45 1.0303 1.7978 1.535 1.197 1.403 154.8 12.56 112.1 12.91
1 7.28 7.38 0.0008763 0.02597 211.09 422.89 1.0394 1.7946 1.545 1.215 1.414 151.6 12.66 111.1 13.11
1.1 10.48 10.59 0.0008868 0.02351 216.06 423.64 1.0568 1.7885 1.565 1.251 1.435 145.7 12.87 109.1 13.51
1.2 13.48 13.58 0.0008973 0.02145 220.76 424.27 1.0729 1.7828 1.586 1.287 1.458 140.3 13.06 107.3 13.92
1.3 16.28 16.39 0.0009074 0.0197 225.22 424.78 1.0881 1.7774 1.607 1.324 1.482 135.4 13.25 105.5 14.35
1.4 18.93 19.04 0.0009176 0.01818 229.48 425.18 1.1024 1.7723 1.629 1.362 1.507 130.9 13.43 103.9 14.79
1.5 21.44 21.55 0.0009276 0.01686 233.56 425.49 1.116 1.7674 1.651 1.402 1.533 126.7 13.6 102.3 15.25
1.6 23.83 23.94 0.0009376 0.0157 237.49 425.72 1.129 1.7627 1.675 1.442 1.561 122.8 13.78 100.8 15.73
D N LCEE 91
Nhit dung h s dn
ring nhit
ng
sng
1.7 26.11 26.22 0.0009476 0.01467 241.29 425.86 1.1414 1.7581 1.699 1.485 1.59 119.1 13.95 99.3 16.23
1.8 28.29 28.4 0.0009577 0.01375 244.96 425.93 1.1533 1.7536 1.725 1.529 1.622 115.6 14.12 97.9 16.76
1.9 30.37 30.49 0.0009678 0.01292 248.52 425.93 1.1648 1.7492 1.751 1.576 1.655 112.3 14.28 96.5 17.32
2 32.38 32.49 0.0009779 0.01217 251.99 425.87 1.1759 1.7448 1.779 1.625 1.69 109.2 14.45 95.2 17.91
2.1 34.31 34.43 0.0009881 0.01149 255.37 425.74 1.1866 1.7406 1.809 1.677 1.728 106.2 14.62 93.9 18.53
2.2 36.18 36.29 0.0009986 0.01087 258.68 425.54 1.197 1.7363 1.84 1.732 1.768 103.4 14.79 92.7 19.19
2.3 37.98 38.09 0.0010091 0.0103 261.91 425.29 1.2071 1.7321 1.874 1.79 1.812 100.6 14.96 91.5 19.9
2.4 39.72 39.83 0.0010199 0.00977 265.08 424.98 1.2169 1.7279 1.909 1.853 1.858 98 15.13 90.3 20.65
2.5 41.4 41.51 0.0010308 0.00928 268.2 424.61 1.2265 1.7237 1.947 1.92 1.909 95.5 15.3 89.1 21.44
2.6 43.04 43.15 0.001042 0.00883 271.27 424.18 1.2359 1.7194 1.988 1.993 1.964 93 15.48 88 22.3
2.7 44.62 44.73 0.0010534 0.0084 274.29 423.69 1.2451 1.7152 2.032 2.072 2.024 90.7 15.66 86.8 23.2
2.8 46.17 46.27 0.0010652 0.00801 277.27 423.14 1.2541 1.7109 2.08 2.158 2.089 88.4 15.84 85.7 24.17
2.9 47.67 47.77 0.0010772 0.00764 280.23 422.53 1.263 1.7065 2.133 2.252 2.161 86.1 16.04 84.6 25.21
3 49.13 49.23 0.0010897 0.00729 283.15 421.85 1.2718 1.7021 2.19 2.356 2.24 83.9 16.23 83.6 26.33
3.2 51.94 52.04 0.0011161 0.00665 288.94 420.3 1.289 1.693 2.323 2.598 2.426 79.7 16.65 81.4 28.81
3.4 54.61 54.71 0.0011446 0.00607 294.67 418.47 1.3059 1.6835 2.49 2.904 2.662 75.6 17.1 79.4 31.7
3.6 57.17 57.26 0.0011759 0.00555 300.41 416.29 1.3226 1.6734 2.707 3.305 2.971 71.6 17.6 77.5 35.11
3.8 59.61 59.69 0.0012109 0.00506 306.2 413.72 1.3394 1.6624 3.002 3.855 3.393 67.7 18.16 76.5 39.2
4 61.94 62.02 0.0012514 0.00461 312.13 410.64 1.3564 1.6503 3.431 4.661 4.01 63.7 18.81 76.3 44.24
4.2 64.18 64.25 0.0012995 0.00417 318.33 406.86 1.3741 1.6365 4.129 5.97 5.004 59.5 19.61 78.2 50.75
4.790c 70.2 70.2 0.0018248 0.00183 352.5 352.5 1.472 1.472
D N LCEE 92

p(Mpa)
v(m3/kg) h(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) ring cp(kJ/kg) (Pa,s) (W/m.K)
t(0C) k
100.00 0.0031 0.0006796 4.6772 77.43 303.23 0.4473 1.7515 1.134 0.617 1.164 858 7.03 125.6 5.62
95.00 0.00479 0.0006861 3.109 83.11 306.19 0.4796 1.7319 1.137 0.63 1.162 759.3 7.23 122.6 5.9
90.00 0.0072 0.0006928 2.1231 88.81 309.17 0.5112 1.7144 1.142 0.643 1.161 678.9 7.43 119.7 6.18
85.00 0.01055 0.0006996 1.4856 94.54 312.18 0.542 1.6988 1.148 0.657 1.159 612.1 7.63 116.9 6.47
80.00 0.01509 0.0007067 1.0628 100.29 315.2 0.5722 1.6849 1.155 0.671 1.158 555.7 7.83 114.1 6.77
75.00 0.02113 0.0007139 0.77578 106.09 318.24 0.6018 1.6725 1.162 0.686 1.158 507.4 8.02 111.4 7.07
70.00 0.02903 0.0007213 0.57673 111.93 321.29 0.6309 1.6614 1.171 0.702 1.158 465.5 8.22 108.8 7.39
65.00 0.03916 0.000729 0.43596 117.81 324.33 0.6594 1.6516 1.18 0.718 1.159 428.8 8.42 106.2 7.71
60.00 0.05198 0.0007369 0.33458 123.74 327.38 0.6875 1.6429 1.19 0.734 1.16 396.3 8.62 103.7 8.03
55.00 0.06795 0.0007451 0.26036 129.72 330.42 0.7152 1.6352 1.2 0.752 1.162 367.4 8.84 101.2 8.38
50.00 0.08759 0.0007536 0.20517 135.75 333.44 0.7425 1.6284 1.211 0.77 1.164 341.5 9.04 98.8 8.73
48.00 0.09661 0.0007571 0.18713 138.18 334.64 0.7533 1.6259 1.216 0.778 1.165 331.8 9.11 97.9 8.87
47.01b 0.10132 0.0007589 0.17894 139.39 335.24 0.7586 1.6247 1.218 0.782 1.166 327.2 9.15 97.4 8.94
46.00 0.10634 0.0007607 0.17099 140.62 335.85 0.7641 1.6235 1.221 0.786 1.167 322.5 9.19 97 9.01
44.00 0.11682 0.0007643 0.1565 143.07 337.04 0.7748 1.6212 1.226 0.793 1.168 313.6 9.26 96 9.16
42.00 0.12809 0.000768 0.14348 145.53 338.23 0.7854 1.6191 1.231 0.801 1.17 305 9.34 95.1 9.3
40.00 0.1402 0.0007717 0.13175 148 339.42 0.796 1.617 1.236 0.81 1.171 296.7 9.41 94.2 9.45
38.00 0.15318 0.0007755 0.12116 150.49 340.6 0.8066 1.6151 1.241 0.818 1.173 288.8 9.49 93.2 9.6
36.00 0.16708 0.0007794 0.11159 152.98 341.78 0.8171 1.6132 1.246 0.827 1.175 281 9.57 92.3 9.75
34.00 0.18194 0.0007833 0.10292 155.48 342.95 0.8275 1.6115 1.252 0.835 1.177 273.6 9.64 91.4 9.9
32.00 0.1978 0.0007873 0.09505 157.99 344.11 0.838 1.6098 1.258 0.844 1.18 266.4 9.72 90.5 10.06
D N LCEE 93

p(Mpa)
t( C) k
30.00 0.21471 0.0007914 0.08791 160.52 345.27 0.8483 1.6082 1.263 0.853 1.182 259.4 9.8 89.6 10.21
28.00 0.23271 0.0007955 0.0814 163.06 346.42 0.8587 1.6067 1.269 0.862 1.185 252.7 9.88 88.7 10.37
26.00 0.25185 0.0007998 0.07546 165.61 347.57 0.869 1.6052 1.275 0.872 1.188 246.1 9.96 87.8 10.53
24.00 0.27218 0.0008041 0.07004 168.17 348.7 0.8792 1.6038 1.281 0.882 1.191 239.8 10.05 87 10.69
22.00 0.29374 0.0008085 0.06508 170.74 349.82 0.8894 1.6025 1.288 0.891 1.194 233.6 10.01 86.1 10.99
20.00 0.31658 0.0008131 0.06054 173.33 350.94 0.8996 1.6012 1.294 0.902 1.197 227.6 10.11 85.2 11.16
18.00 0.34076 0.0008177 0.05638 175.93 352.05 0.9098 1.6001 1.301 0.912 1.201 221.8 10.2 84.3 11.33
16.00 0.36631 0.0008224 0.05255 178.55 353.14 0.9199 1.5989 1.308 0.923 1.205 216.2 10.29 83.5 11.5
14.00 0.39329 0.0008272 0.04903 181.18 354.23 0.93 1.5978 1.315 0.933 1.209 210.7 10.39 82.6 11.68
12.00 0.42176 0.0008321 0.04579 183.82 355.3 0.9401 1.5968 1.323 0.945 1.213 205.3 10.48 81.8 11.86
10.00 0.45176 0.0008372 0.04279 186.48 356.37 0.9501 1.5957 1.33 0.956 1.218 200.1 10.58 80.9 12.04
8.00 0.48335 0.0008423 0.04003 189.15 357.41 0.9601 1.5948 1.338 0.968 1.223 195 10.67 80 12.23
6.00 0.51658 0.0008476 0.03748 191.84 358.45 0.9701 1.5938 1.346 0.98 1.228 190.1 10.77 79.2 12.42
4.00 0.5515 0.000853 0.03511 194.54 359.47 0.9801 1.5929 1.355 0.993 1.234 185.2 10.87 78.3 12.61
2.00 0.58817 0.0008587 0.03292 197.26 360.48 0.9901 1.592 1.363 1.006 1.24 180.5 10.97 77.5 12.81
0 0.62665 0.0008644 0.03089 200 361.47 1 1.5912 1.372 1.019 1.247 175.9 11.07 76.7 13.02
2 0.66698 0.0008702 0.029 202.76 362.44 1.0099 1.5903 1.382 1.033 1.254 171.4 11.17 75.8 13.23
4 0.70924 0.0008763 0.02724 205.53 363.4 1.0198 1.5895 1.392 1.048 1.261 167 11.28 75 13.45
6 0.75347 0.0008825 0.0256 208.32 364.33 1.0297 1.5886 1.402 1.063 1.269 162.6 11.38 74.1 13.67
8 0.79973 0.000889 0.02408 211.13 365.25 1.0396 1.5878 1.413 1.079 1.278 158.4 11.49 73.3 13.9
10 0.84809 0.0008956 0.02265 213.97 366.15 1.0495 1.587 1.424 1.096 1.287 154.3 11.6 72.5 14.14
12 0.8986 0.0009024 0.02132 216.82 367.02 1.0594 1.5862 1.436 1.113 1.297 150.2 11.71 71.6 14.39
14 0.95133 0.0009096 0.02008 219.69 367.87 1.0693 1.5853 1.448 1.131 1.307 146.2 11.83 70.8 14.65
16 1.0063 0.0009168 0.01892 222.59 368.7 1.0792 1.5845 1.461 1.151 1.319 142.3 11.94 70 14.91
D N LCEE 94

p(Mpa)
t( C) k
18 1.0637 0.0009245 0.01783 225.52 369.49 1.089 1.5836 1.475 1.171 1.332 138.5 12.06 69.1 15.19
20 1.1235 0.0009323 0.0168 228.46 370.26 1.0989 1.5827 1.49 1.193 1.346 134.7 12.19 68.3 15.49
22 1.1857 0.0009406 0.01584 231.44 371 1.1089 1.5817 1.506 1.216 1.36 131 12.32 67.5 15.8
24 1.2505 0.000949 0.01494 234.44 371.71 1.1188 1.5808 1.522 1.241 1.377 127.3 12.45 66.7 16.12
26 1.3179 0.0009579 0.01409 237.47 372.38 1.1287 1.5797 1.54 1.267 1.395 123.7 12.59 65.8 16.46
28 1.388 0.0009672 0.01329 240.53 373.01 1.1387 1.5787 1.56 1.296 1.415 120.1 12.73 65 16.83
30 1.4608 0.0009769 0.01253 243.62 373.6 1.1487 1.5775 1.581 1.327 1.437 116.6 12.88 64.2 17.22
32 1.5365 0.0009872 0.01182 246.75 374.15 1.1587 1.5763 1.603 1.361 1.461 113.2 13.03 63.3 17.63
34 1.6151 0.0009978 0.01115 249.91 374.65 1.1688 1.575 1.628 1.398 1.488 109.7 13.19 62.5 18.07
36 1.6967 0.0010091 0.01051 253.12 375.1 1.179 1.5735 1.655 1.439 1.518 106.3 13.36 61.6 18.55
38 1.7814 0.001021 0.00991 256.37 375.49 1.1892 1.572 1.685 1.485 1.553 103 13.54 60.8 19.07
40 1.8692 0.0010336 0.00933 259.66 375.81 1.1994 1.5704 1.719 1.536 1.592 99.6 13.73 60 19.63
42 1.9603 0.0010471 0.00879 263.01 376.07 1.2098 1.5686 1.757 1.594 1.637 96.3 13.93 59.1 20.24
44 2.0547 0.0010615 0.00827 266.41 376.25 1.2202 1.5666 1.799 1.66 1.689 93 14.15 58.2 20.92
46 2.1526 0.0010768 0.00778 269.87 376.35 1.2308 1.5644 1.848 1.737 1.749 89.7 14.38 57.4 21.66
48 2.2541 0.0010935 0.00731 273.4 376.34 1.2415 1.562 1.905 1.826 1.821 86.4 14.63 56.5 22.49
50 2.3592 0.0011115 0.00685 277.01 376.22 1.2523 1.5593 1.971 1.932 1.907 83.1 14.9 55.7 23.41
55 2.6389 0.0011647 0.0058 286.46 375.31 1.2803 1.5511 2.206 2.313 2.219 74.7 15.71 53.5 26.33
60 2.9446 0.0012362 0.00482 296.77 373.11 1.3104 1.5396 2.651 3.051 2.832 65.8 16.82 51.5 30.63
65 3.2795 0.001347 0.00386 308.71 368.41 1.3447 1.5212 3.892 5.12 4.552 55.7 18.61 50.4 38.26
D N LCEE 95
D N LCEE 96
Nhit dung
Th tch Entropy nht h s dn nhit
p(Mpa) Enthalpy h(kJ/kg) ring
v(m3/kg) S(kJ/kg.K) (Pa,s) (W/m.K)
t(0C) cp(kJ/kg) k
77.65a 0.00609 0.001364443 15.602 143.15 1341.23 0.4716 7.1213 4.202 2.063 1.325 559.6 6.84 819 19.64
70.00 0.01094 0.001379881 9.0079 110.81 1355.55 0.3094 6.9088 4.245 2.086 1.327 475 7.03 792.1 19.73
60.00 0.02189 0.001401345 4.7057 68.06 1373.73 0.1040 6.6602 4.303 2.125 1.33 391.3 7.3 757 19.93
50.00 0.04084 0.001424299 2.6277 24.73 1391.19 0.0945 6.4396 4.36 2.178 1.335 328.9 7.57 722.3 20.24
40.00 0.07169 0.001448855 1.5533 19.17 1407.76 0.2867 6.2425 4.414 2.244 1.342 281.2 7.86 688.1 20.64
38.00 0.07971 0.001454122 1.4068 28.01 1410.96 0.3245 6.2056 4.424 2.259 1.343 273.1 7.92 681.4 20.73
36.00 0.08845 0.001459215 1.2765 36.88 1414.11 0.3619 6.1694 4.434 2.275 1.345 265.3 7.98 674.6 20.83
34.00 0.09795 0.001464558 1.1604 45.77 1417.23 0.3992 6.1339 4.444 2.291 1.347 257.9 8.03 667.9 20.93
33.33b 0.10133 0.001466276 1.1242 48.76 1418.26 0.4117 6.1221 4.448 2.297 1.348 255.5 8.05 665.7 20.97
32.00 0.10826 0.00146994 1.0567 54.67 1420.29 0.4362 6.0992 4.455 2.308 1.349 250.8 8.09 661.3 21.04
30.00 0.11943 0.001475361 0.96396 63.6 1423.31 0.473 6.0651 4.465 2.326 1.351 244.1 8.15 654.6 21.15
28.00 0.13151 0.001480823 0.88082 72.55 1426.28 0.5096 6.0317 4.474 2.344 1.353 237.6 8.21 648 21.26
26.00 0.14457 0.001486326 0.80614 81.52 1429.21 0.546 5.9989 4.484 2.363 1.355 231.4 8.27 641.5 21.38
24.00 0.15864 0.001491869 0.73896 90.51 1432.08 0.5821 5.9667 4.494 2.383 1.358 225.5 8.33 634.9 21.51
22.00 0.17379 0.001497679 0.6784 99.52 1434.91 0.618 5.9351 4.504 2.403 1.36 219.8 8.39 628.4 21.63
20.00 0.19008 0.001503533 0.62373 108.55 1437.68 0.6538 5.9041 4.514 2.425 1.363 214.4 8.45 622 21.77
18.00 0.20756 0.001509206 0.57428 117.6 1440.39 0.6893 5.8736 4.524 2.446 1.365 209.2 8.51 615.5 21.9
16.00 0.2263 0.001515152 0.52949 126.67 1443.06 0.7246 5.8437 4.534 2.469 1.368 204.2 8.57 609.1 22.05
14.00 0.24637 0.001521375 0.48885 135.76 1445.66 0.7597 5.8143 4.543 2.493 1.371 199.3 8.63 602.8 22.19
12.00 0.26782 0.001527417 0.45192 144.88 1448.21 0.7946 5.7853 4.553 2.517 1.375 194.7 8.69 596.4 22.35
D N LCEE 97
Nhit dung
t(0C) cp(kJ/kg) k
10.00 0.29071 0.001533507 0.4183 154.01 1450.7 0.8293 5.7569 4.564 2.542 1.378 190.2 8.75 590.1 22.5
8.00 0.31513 0.001539883 0.38767 163.16 1453.14 0.8638 5.7289 4.574 2.568 1.382 185.9 8.81 583.9 22.67
6.00 0.34114 0.001546312 0.3597 172.34 1455.51 0.8981 5.7013 4.584 2.594 1.385 181.7 8.87 577.7 22.83
4.00 0.3688 0.001552795 0.33414 181.54 1457.81 0.9323 5.6741 4.595 2.622 1.389 177.7 8.93 571.5 23
2.00 0.39819 0.001559333 0.31074 190.76 1460.06 0.9662 5.6474 4.606 2.651 1.393 173.8 8.99 565.3 23.18
0 0.42938 0.001565925 0.2893 200 1462.24 1 5.621 4.617 2.68 1.398 170.1 9.06 559.2 23.37
2 0.46246 0.001572822 0.26962 209.27 1464.35 1.0336 5.5951 4.628 2.71 1.402 166.5 9.12 553.1 23.55
4 0.49748 0.001579529 0.25153 218.55 1466.4 1.067 5.5695 4.639 2.742 1.407 162.9 9.18 547.1 23.75
6 0.53453 0.001586546 0.23489 227.87 1468.37 1.1003 5.5442 4.651 2.774 1.412 159.5 9.24 541.1 23.95
8 0.5737 0.001593625 0.21956 237.2 1470.28 1.1334 5.5192 4.663 2.807 1.417 156.2 9.3 535.1 24.15
10 0.61505 0.001601025 0.20543 246.57 1472.11 1.1664 5.4946 4.676 2.841 1.422 153 9.36 529.1 24.37
12 0.65866 0.001608234 0.19237 255.95 1473.88 1.1992 5.4703 4.689 2.877 1.428 149.9 9.43 523.2 24.58
14 0.70463 0.00161577 0.18031 265.37 1475.56 1.2318 5.4463 4.702 2.913 1.434 146.9 9.49 517.3 24.81
16 0.75303 0.001623377 0.16914 274.81 1477.17 1.2643 5.4226 4.716 2.951 1.44 144 9.55 511.5 25.04
18 0.80395 0.001631055 0.15879 284.28 1478.7 1.2967 5.3991 4.73 2.99 1.446 141.1 9.61 505.6 25.27
20 0.85748 0.001638807 0.1492 293.78 1480.16 1.3289 5.3759 4.745 3.03 1.453 138.3 9.68 499.9 25.52
22 0.91369 0.001646904 0.14029 303.31 1481.53 1.361 5.3529 4.76 3.071 1.46 135.6 9.74 494.1 25.77
24 0.97268 0.001654807 0.13201 312.87 1482.82 1.3929 5.3301 4.776 3.113 1.468 133 9.8 488.4 26.03
26 1.0345 0.001663063 0.12431 322.47 1484.02 1.4248 5.3076 4.793 3.158 1.475 130.4 9.87 482.7 26.29
28 1.0993 0.001671682 0.11714 332.09 1485.14 1.4565 5.2853 4.81 3.203 1.484 127.9 9.93 477 26.57
30 1.1672 0.001680108 0.11046 341.76 1486.17 1.4881 5.2631 4.828 3.25 1.492 125.5 10 471.4 26.85
32 1.2382 0.001688904 0.10422 351.45 1487.11 1.5196 5.2412 4.847 3.299 1.501 123.1 10.06 465.7 27.14
34 1.3124 0.001697793 0.0984 361.19 1487.95 1.5509 5.2194 4.867 3.349 1.51 120.7 10.13 460.1 27.43
D N LCEE 98
Nhit dung
t(0C) cp(kJ/kg) k
36 1.39 0.001707067 0.09296 370.96 1488.7 1.5822 5.1978 4.888 3.401 1.52 118.4 10.19 454.6 27.74
38 1.4709 0.001716444 0.08787 380.78 1489.36 1.6134 5.1763 4.909 3.455 1.53 116.2 10.26 449.1 28.05
40 1.5554 0.001725923 0.0831 390.64 1489.91 1.6446 5.1549 4.932 3.51 1.541 114 10.33 443.5 28.38
42 1.6435 0.001735509 0.07863 400.54 1490.36 1.6756 5.1337 4.956 3.568 1.553 111.9 10.39 438 28.71
44 1.7353 0.001745505 0.07445 410.48 1490.7 1.7065 5.1126 4.981 3.628 1.565 109.8 10.46 432.6 29.06
46 1.831 0.001755618 0.07052 420.48 1490.94 1.7374 5.0915 5.007 3.691 1.577 107.8 10.53 427.1 29.41
48 1.9305 0.001765848 0.06682 430.52 1491.06 1.7683 5.0706 5.034 3.756 1.591 105.8 10.6 421.7 29.78
50 2.034 0.001776514 0.06335 440.62 1491.07 1.799 5.0497 5.064 3.823 1.605 103.8 10.67 416.3 30.16
55 2.3111 0.001804403 0.05554 466.1 1490.57 1.8758 4.9977 5.143 4.005 1.643 99 10.86 402.9 31.16
60 2.6156 0.001834189 0.0488 491.97 1489.27 1.9523 4.9458 5.235 4.208 1.687 94.5 11.05 389.6 32.26
65 2.9491 0.001865672 0.04296 518.26 1487.09 2.0288 4.8939 5.341 4.438 1.739 90.1 11.25 376.4 33.47
70 3.3135 0.001900057 0.03787 545.04 1483.94 2.1054 4.8415 5.465 4.699 1.799 85.9 11.47 363.2 34.8
75 3.7105 0.001937234 0.03342 572.37 1479.72 2.1823 4.7885 5.61 5.001 1.87 81.9 11.7 350.2 36.3
80 4.142 0.001977457 0.02951 600.34 1474.31 2.2596 4.7344 5.784 5.355 1.955 78 11.95 337.1 38
85 4.61 0.002022245 0.02606 629.04 1467.53 2.3377 4.6789 5.993 5.777 2.058 74.2 12.23 324.1 39.95
90 5.1167 0.002071251 0.023 658.61 1459.19 2.4168 4.6213 6.25 6.291 2.187 70.5 12.55 311 42.24
95 5.6643 0.002126755 0.02027 689.19 1449.01 2.4973 4.5612 6.573 6.933 2.349 66.8 12.91 297.9 44.99
100 6.2553 0.002190101 0.01782 721 1436.63 2.5797 4.4975 6.991 7.762 2.562 63.2 13.32 284.8 48.36
105 6.8923 0.002262955 0.01561 754.35 1421.57 2.6647 4.4291 7.555 8.877 2.851 59.6 13.82 271.5 52.65
110 7.5783 0.002349624 0.0136 789.68 1403.08 2.7533 4.3542 8.36 10.46 3.26 56 14.42 258.1 58.33
115 8.317 0.002455796 0.01174 827.74 1379.99 2.8474 4.2702 9.63 12.91 3.91 52.3 15.19 244.6 66.28
120 9.1125 0.002594034 0.00999 869.92 1350.23 2.9502 4.1719 11.94 17.21 5.04 48.3 16.21 231.2 78.4
100.0
125 9.9702 0.002794857 0.00828 919.68 1309.12 3.0702 4.0483 17.66 27 7.62 43.8 17.73 219.1
1
D N LCEE 99
Nhit dung
t(0C) cp(kJ/kg) k
160.3
130 10.8977 0.003202049 0.00638 992.02 1239.32 3.2437 3.8571 54.21 76.49 20.66 37.3 20.63 221.9
9
D N LCEE 100
Ph lc 2.1 quan h gia p sut hi bo ha vi nhit ca dung dch NH 3
Nhit Hm lng nc c trong dung dch NH3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(0C) p sut hi bo ha, bar
-50 0,41 0,37 0,326 0,254 0,167 0,096 0,042 NA NA NA NA
-48 0,46 0,42 0,366 0,285 0,189 0,104 0,075 NA NA NA NA
-46 0,52 0,47 0,411 0,321 0,213 0,118 0,054 NA NA NA NA
-44 0,58 0,53 0,460 0,360 0,240 0,133 0,062 NA NA NA NA
-42 0,64 0,59 0,514 0,402 0,269 0,150 0,070 NA NA NA NA
-40 0,72 0,66 0,573 0,449 0,301 0,169 0,079 NA NA NA NA
-38 0,80 0,73 0,637 0,500 0,336 0,189 0,089 NA NA NA NA
-36 0,89 0,81 0,708 0,556 0,375 0,212 0,101 NA NA NA NA
-34 0,98 0,90 0,784 0,617 0,417 0,237 0,113 NA NA NA NA
-32 1,08 0,99 0,861 0,679 0,463 0,267 0,129 0,0523 0,0181 NA NA
-30 1,19 1,09 0,950 0,751 0,514 0,297 0,144 0,0592 0,0208 NA NA
-28 1,32 1,20 1,050 0,828 0,568 0,330 0,161 0,0668 0,0237 NA NA
-26 1,45 1,32 1,150 0,912 0,627 0,366 0,180 0,0753 0,0271 NA NA
-24 1,59 1,44 1,260 1,000 0,692 0,405 0,201 0,0846 0,0308 NA NA
-22 1,74 1,58 1,390 1,100 0,761 0,448 0,223 0,0950 0,0350 NA NA
-20 1,90 1,73 1,520 1,210 0,837 0,494 0,248 0,1060 0,0396 NA NA
-18 2,08 1,89 1,660 1,320 0,918 0,545 0,275 0,1190 0,0448 NA NA
-16 2,26 2,06 1,810 1,440 1,010 0,599 0,304 0,1330 0,0506 NA NA
-14 2,46 2,24 1,970 1,570 1,100 0,658 0,336 0,1480 0,0569 NA NA
-12 2,68 2,44 2,140 1,710 1,200 0,722 0,371 0,1650 0,0640 NA NA
-10 2,91 2,63 2,280 1,820 1,290 0,792 0,418 0,1890 0,0718 0,0218 NA
-8 3,15 2,85 2,470 1,980 1,400 0,866 0,460 0,2090 0,0804 0,0248 NA
-6 3,41 3,08 2,680 2,150 1,530 0,945 0,504 0,2310 0,0899 0,0282 NA
-4 3,69 3,33 2,900 2,330 1,660 1,030 0,553 0,2550 0,1000 0,0320 NA
-2 3,98 3,60 3,140 2,520 1,800 1,120 0,605 0,2810 0,1120 0,0362 NA
0,00
0 4,29 3,88 3,390 2,720 1,950 1,220 0,661 0,3090 0,1240 0,0409
61
0,00
2 4,62 4,18 3,650 2,940 2,110 1,330 0,722 0,3400 0,1380 0,0461
71
D N LCEE 101
Ph lc 2.2 quan h gia nhit hi bo ha vi nhit ca dung dch NH 3

Nng dung dch NH3, %
p 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
sut 0
Nhit bo ha, C
(bar)
0.1 32.88 3.37 -16.19 -32.73 -47.19 NA NA NA NA NA NA
0.1 45.81 15.78 -4.06 -21.09 -36.10 -48.62 NA NA NA NA NA
0.2 60.07 29.59 9.32 -8.85 -24.06 -37.02 -47.06 NA NA NA NA
0.3 69.11 38.40 17.79 -0.62 -16.28 -29.81 -40.05 -47.15 NA NA NA
0.4 75.87 45.03 24.14 5.52 -10.95 -24.26 -34.78 -42.10 -46.48 -48.82 NA
0.5 81.33 50.41 29.26 10.47 -6.19 -19.77 -30.52 -38.00 -42.51 -44.93 -46.52
1.0 99.63 68.51 46.45 27.03 9.71 -4.71 -16.12 -24.07 -28.96 -31.71 -33.59
2.0 120.23 89.04 65.90 45.69 27.61 12.38 0.61 -7.71 -13.63 -16.70 -18.85
3.0 133.55 192.37 78.53 57.79 39.23 23.49 11.22 2.51 -3.16 -6.69 -9.23
4.0 143.64 112.49 88.13 67.00 48.09 31.96 19.32 10.32 4.45 0.79 -1.88
5.0 151.86 120.74 95.98 74.55 55.35 38.91 25.97 16.72 10.70 6.94 4.14
6.0 158.85 127.59 102.68 80.99 61.56 44.86 31.67 22.21 16.05 12.20 9.28
7.0 164.97 134.09 108.57 86.64 67.02 50.11 36.69 27.05 20.76 16.82 13.80
8.0 170.44 139.61 113.84 91.70 71.92 54.81 41.19 31.39 24.98 20.96 17.85
9.0 175.38 144.62 118.65 96.29 76.37 59.10 45.30 35.34 28.83 24.73 21.53
10.0 179.91 149.23 122.94 100.52 80.47 63.05 49.08 38.98 32.37 28.20 24.90
11.0 184.09 132.50 126.85 104.43 84.27 66.72 52.60 42.37 35.65 31.41 28.03
12.0 187.99 157.49 130.72 108.09 87.82 70.15 55.90 45.53 38.73 34.41 30.94
13.0 191.64 161.22 134.78 111.53 91.16 73.38 59.00 48.51 41.62 37.23 33.68
14.0 195.08 164.75 138.10 114.79 94.31 76.44 61.94 51.34 44.35 39.89 36.26
15.0 198.32 168.08 141.25 117.88 97.31 79.35 64.73 54.02 46.95 42.42 38.71
16.0 201.41 171.25 144.24 120.77 100.16 82.12 67.39 56.58 49.42 44.82 41.04
17.0 204.35 174.26 147.11 123.45 102.88 84.76 69.94 59.02 51.78 47.12 43.25
18.0 207.15 177.15 149.85 125.99 105.49 87.31 72.39 61.37 54.05 49.32 45.38
19.0 209.84 197.91 152.48 128.40 108.00 89.75 74.75 63.63 56.23 51.43 47.41
20.0 212.42 182.56 155.01 131.23 110.41 92.10 77.02 65.81 58.33 53.46 49.37
21.0 214.90 185.10 157.45 134.22 112.75 94.38 79.21 67.92 60.36 55.42 51.25
D N LCEE 102
Ph lc 3.1
REFRIGERANT AMMONIA
MODEL N4WB 194.1
CAPACITY [kW] 55.2
CAPACITY [TR] 42.7
ABSORBED POWER [kW] 1000
SPEED [Rpm] 100
LOAD [%] 27.1
CONDENSING TEMP. [degC] -10.0
EVAPORATIVE TEMP. [degC] 0.00
SUCTION SUPERHEAT [degC] 5.00
LIQUID SUBCOOLING [degC] -10.0
SUCTION TEMP. [degC] 0.291
SUCTION PRES. [MPaA] 1.07
DISCHARGE PRES. [MPaA] 0.000
SUCTION PRES.LOSS [MPaA] 0.000
DISCHARGE PRES.LOSS [MPaA] 319
SWEPT VOLUME [m3/h] 99.9
DISCHARGE TEMP [degC] 255
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(SUC.) [m3/h] 101
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(DIS.) [m3/h] 609
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(SUC.) [Kg/h] 609
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(DIS.) [kW] 1.16
OIL HEAT REJECTION [kW] 4.54
COP [-]
--- SUPERHEAT in not counted in refrigeration capacity ---
--- WITH WATERCOOLED OIL COOLER ---
D N LCEE 103
Ph lc 3.2
REFRIGERANT AMMONIA
MODEL N4WB
CAPACITY [kW] 176.6
CAPACITY [TR] 50.2
ABSORBED POWER [kW] 47.9
SPEED [Rpm] 1000
LOAD [%] 100
CONDENSING TEMP. [degC] 34.8
EVAPORATIVE TEMP. [degC] -10.0
LIQUID SUBCOOLING [degC] 5.00
SUCTION TEMP. [degC] -10.0
DISCHARGE PRES.LOSS [MPaA] 0.000
SWEPT VOLUME [m3/h] 319
DISCHARGE TEMP [degC] 115
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(DIS.) [m3/h] 79.0
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(DIS.) [kW] 574
COP [-] 3.69
--- WITH WATERCOOLED OIL COOLER ---
D N LCEE 104
Ph lc 3.3
REFRIGERANT R22
MODEL F4WB2
CAPACITY [kW] 195.4
CAPACITY [TR] 55.6
SPEED [Rpm] 1000
LOAD [%] 100
DISCHARGE TEMP. [degC] 62.3
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(DIS.) [m3/h] 104
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(DIS.) [Kg/h] 4050
COP [-] 4.20
--- WITH DIRECT-EXPANSION OIL COOLER ---
D N LCEE 105
Ph lc 3.4
REFRIGERANT R22
MODEL F4WB2
CAPACITY [kW] 178.4
CAPACITY [TR] 50.7
SPEED [Rpm] 1000
LOAD [%] 100
DISCHARGE PRES [MPaA] 1.36
DISCHARGE TEMP. [degC] 73.9
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(DIS.) [m3/h] 84.4
REFRIG. FLOW RATE(DIS.) [Kg/h] 3910
COP [-] 3.47
--- WITH DIRECT-EXPANSION OIL COOLER ---
D N LCEE 106

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2 CC GII PHP TIT KIM NNG LNG TRONG H THNG LNH CNG NGHIP

Mi gp , thc mc vui lng lin h:

3.4 Ti u ha qu trnh x bng bng gas nng 48

DANH MC CC K HIU VIT TT

Ni dung chng 1 trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca h thng lnh gm h thng

1.1.1.2 Mt s loi mi cht lnh thng dng

Mi cht lnh Nhit Nhit p sut Th tch

Ngun: ASHRAE handbook, chapter 19, refrigerants, 2001

Mc nh hng n mi trng (lm nng bu kh quyn v ph hy tng

Bng 1.2 nh hng v gii hn s dng ca cc loi mi cht lnh

Hnh 1.1 S nguyn l h thng lnh

Hnh 1.3 Qu trnh ngng t ca mi cht lnh ti thit b ngng t

Mi cht lnh Mi cht lnh

Hnh 1.4 Qu trnh bay hi ca mi cht lnh ti thit b bay hi

Do mc ch s dng chu trnh c qu lnh qu nhit l tng nng sut lnh,

Hnh 1.7 Chu trnh h thng lnh c thit b hi nhit

Hnh 1.8 Biu din nguyn l lm vic trn th lgp-h

Hnh 1.9 Cu to thit b hi nhit,1 hi vo, ra; 2 lng vo, ra;

Cc qu trnh lm vic ca h thng lnh

a. S nguyn l h thng lnh

a. S nguyn l h thng lnh

Hnh 1.10b. th T-S, c. th lgp-h

c. S h thng lnh hai cp nn vi bnh trung gian ng xon

Nhit bay hi, 0F

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20

Hnh 1.14 nh hng ca nhit bay hi v nhit ngng t n C.O.P

Vn hnh h thng lnh ring l hay h thng lnh lin hon l s tc ng ng

Nhit Nhit kho

Bc 2: th kn p sut chn khng bng cch ht chn khng n khi p sut

Theo di cng dng in ca my nn;

- V tr iu khin cng sut (i vi my nn trc vt);

a. Thng s vn hnh gim st ti my nn

b. Thng s vn hnh gim st ti bng iu khin

Kim tra s bm bn trn b mt truyn nhit: hng ngy, ngi vn hnh cn

b) Vn hnh thit b ngng t

2.2.1 nh hng ca nhit bay hi

Lu lng th tch, ft3/pht

Lu lng khi lng, lb/pht

Nhit bay hi, 0C Nhit bay hi, 0C

Hnh 2.4 nh hng ca nhit bay hi n qu trnh lm vic

- Tng lc tc dng ln cc chi tit my;

Hnh 2.5 nh hng nhit ngng t n kh nng lm vic ca h thng

Cc nguyn nhn gy tng qu nhit v gii php khc phc:

Nhit ngng t (0C)

Nhit bay hi (0C)

Cng sut my nn (kW)

Nhit ngng t (0C)

Bnh ngng v bc chm ng nm ngang

a. Kh khng ngng tn ti trong h thng

60 100 140 180 220 260

- S xm nhp khng kh vo h thng khi ang vn hnh.

Hnh 2.8a. nh hng ca hm lng nc n p sut si NH3

Hnh 2.8b. nh hng ca hm lng nc n nhit bo ha NH3

Cng sut tiu th

Tng 1% cng sut tiu th khi hm lng nc

Hnh 2.9a nh hng hm lng nc trong NH3 n cng sut v COP

Hnh 2.9b nh hng hm lng nc trong NH3 n tiu hao in nng

tt chp nhn Thay du Thay my