Middle School - W

18/8/2017 Middle school - Wikipedia
Middle school
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A middle school (also known as intermediate school or junior high school) is an educational stage which
exists in some countries, providing education between primary school and high school (secondary school). The
concept, regulation and classification of middle schools, as well as the ages covered, vary between, and
sometimes within, countries.
Contents
1 Afghanistan
2 Albania
3 Algeria
4 Australia
5 Brazil
6 Canada
7 China
8 Czech Republic
9 Egypt
10 France
11 Gibraltar
12 India
13 Indonesia
14 Iran
15 Israel
16 Jamaica
17 Japan
18 Italy
19 Kuwait
20 Lebanon
21 Malaysia
22 Mexico
23 New Zealand
24 Pakistan
25 Philippines
26 Poland
27 Portugal
28 Romania
29 Russia
30 Saudi Arabia
31 Singapore
32 Somalia
33 South Korea
34 Taiwan
35 Tunisia and Morocco
36 Countries of former Yugoslavia
37 United Kingdom
37.1 England
37.2 Scotland
37.3 Northern Ireland
38 United States
39 Uruguay
40 Venezuela
41 Vietnam
42 See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school 1/13
43 Notes
44 References
45 Further reading
46 External links
Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, middle school consists of grades 6, 7 and 8. Besides there is a change in the scenario.
Albania
In Albania, middle school is included in the primary education which lasts 9 years and attendance is mandatory.
Algeria
In Algeria, a middle school includes grades 6 through 10, consisting of students from ages 10 or 11 to 15.
Australia
Most regions of Australia do not have middle schools, as students go directly from primary school (for years
K6) to secondary school (years 712, usually referred to as high school).
As an alternative to the middle school model, some secondary schools divided their grades into "junior high
school" (years 8, 9 and 10) and "senior high school" (years 11 and 12.) Some have 3 levels, "junior" (years 7
and 8), "intermediate" (years 9 and 10), and "senior" (years 11 and 12).
In 1996 and 1997, a national conference met to develop what became known as the National Middle Schooling
Project, which aimed to develop a common Australian view of
early adolescent needs

guiding principles for educators
appropriate strategies to foster positive adolescent learning.
The first middle school established in Australia was The Armidale School,[1] in Armidale (approximately
370 km (230 mi) north of Sydney, 360 km (220 mi) SSW of Brisbane and approximately 140 km (87 mi) due
west of Coffs Harbour on the coast). Other schools have since followed this trend.
The Northern Territory has introduced a three tier system featuring Middle Schools for years 79 (approximate
age 1315) and high school year 1012 (approximate age 1618).[2]
Many schools across Queensland have introduced a Middle School tier within their schools. The middle
schools cover years 5 to 8.
Brazil
In Brazil, middle school is a mandatory stage that precedes High School called "Ensino Fundamental II"[note 1]
consisting of grades 6 to 9, ages 11 to 14.
Canada
In Canada, the terms "Middle School" and "Junior High School" are both used, depending on which grades the
school caters to.[3] Junior high schools tend to only include grades 7, 8, and 9 (some older schools with the
name 'carved in concrete' still use "Junior High" as part of their name, although grade nine is now missing),
whereas middle schools are usually grades 68 or only grades 7-8 or 6-7 (i.e. around ages 1114), varying from
area to area and also according to population vs. building capacity. Another common model is grades 58.
Alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island junior high schools (the term "Middle School"
is not commonly used) include only grades 79, with the first year of high school traditionally being grade 10.
In some places students go from elementary school to secondary school. In Ontario, the term "Middle School
and Secondary School are used).
Quebec uses a grade system that is different from those of the other provinces. The Secondary level has five
grades, starting after Elementary Grade 6. These are called Secondary I to Secondary V.
China
In the People's Republic of China, middle school has two stages, junior stage (grades 79, some places are
grades 69) and senior stage (grades 1012). The junior stage education is the last 3 years of 9-year-
compulsory education for all young citizens; while the senior stage education is optional but considered as a
critical preparation for college education. Some middle schools have both stages while some have either of
them.
The admissions for most students to enroll in senior middle schools from junior stage are on the basis of the
scores that they get in "Senior Middle School Entrance Exam",[note 2] which are held by local governments.
Other students may avoid the exam, based on their distinctive talents, like athletics, or excellent daily
performance in junior stage.
Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic after completing the nine-year elementary school (compulsory school attendance) a
student may apply for high school (gymnasium).[4]
Students have the opportunity to enroll in high school from Grade 5 or (less commonly) Grade 7 of elementary
school, spending eight or six years respectively at high school that otherwise takes four years. Thus they can
spend five years in elementary school, followed by eight in high school. The first four years of eight-year study
program at high school are comparable with junior high school. Gymnasium focuses on a more advanced
academic approach to education. All other types of high schools except gymnasiums and conservatories (e.g.
lyceums) accept only students that finished Grade 9.[4]
Egypt
In Egypt, middle school precedes high school. It is called the preparatory stage and consists of three phases:
first preparatory in which students study more subjects than primary with different branches. For instance,
algebra and geometry are taught instead of "mathematics." In the second preparatory phase, students study
science, geography, the history of Egypt starting with pharaonic history, including Coptic history, Islamic
history, and concluding with modern history. The students are taught two languages, Arabic and English.
Middle school (preparatory stage) lasts for three years.
France
In France, the equivalent period to middle school is collge, which lasts four years from the Sixime (sixth, the
equivalent of the Canadian and American Grade 6) to the Troisime (third, the equivalent of the Canadian and
American Grade 9), accommodating pupils aged between 11 and 15. Upon completion of the latter, students are
awarded a Brevet des collges if they obtain a certain amount of points on a series of tests in various subjects
(French, history / geography, mathematics) and oral examinations (e.g., about cross-subjects themes they work
on the latest years, the fourth year of collge). They can then enter high school (called lyce), which lasts three
years from the Seconde to the Terminale until the baccalaurat, and during which they can choose a general or
a professional field of study.[5]
Gibraltar
There are four middle schools in Gibraltar, following the English model of middle-deemed-primary schools
accommodating pupils aged between 8 and 12 (National Curriculum Years 4 to 7). The schools were opened in
1972 when the government introduced comprehensive education in the country.[6]
India
CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) classifies Middle School as a combination of Lower (Class 1
5) and Upper Primary (Class 5 8).[7]
There are other Central Boards / Councils such as CISCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examination).
Each state has its own State Board. Each has its own standards, which might be different from the Central
Boards.[7]
In some institutions, providing education for 5th to 10th are known as secondary school.[7]
Indonesia
In Indonesia, middle school covers ages 12 to 15 or class 7 to class 9.[note 3]
Although compulsory education ends at junior high, most pursue higher education. There are around 22,000
middle schools in Indonesia with a balanced ownership between public and private sector.[8]
Iran
Iran calls Middle School Secondary School, which caters to children between the ages 13 and 16, i.e. 7th, 8th
and 9th grade.[9]
Israel
In most of the cities in Israel, middle school (Hebrew: , Khativat Beynaiym) covers ages 12 to 15.
From the 7th grade to the 9th.[10]
Jamaica
Middle school in Jamaica is called a Junior High School. It is from grade 7- 9 but this idea is becoming rare
now so grades 7- 9 is considered lower secondary.
Japan
Junior high schools ( chgakk) serve ages 12 through 15.
Italy
In Italy the equivalent is the "scuola secondaria di primo grado" formerly and commonly called "middle lower
school" (Scuola Media Inferiore), often shortened to "middle school" (Scuola Media). When the "Scuola
secondaria di secondo grado", the equivalent of high school, was formerly called "middle higher school"
(Scuola Media Superiore), commonly called "Superiori". The Middle School lasts three years from the student
age of 11 to age 14. Since 2009, after "Gelmini reform", the middle school was renamed "Scuola secondaria di
primo grado" ("junior secondary school").
Kuwait
In 'Kuwait, middle school is from grade 6-9 and from age 11-14.
Lebanon
In Lebanon, middle school or intermediate school consists of grades 7, 8, and 9. At the end of 9th grade, the
student is given the National diploma examination.
Malaysia
In Malaysia, the middle school equivalent is called lower secondary school which consists of students from age
13 to 15 (Form 1-3). [note 4] Usually, these lower secondary schools are combined with upper secondary
schools to form a single secondary school which is also known as high school. Students at the end of their
lower secondary studies are required to sit for an examination called PT3 (Form 3. 7 subjects for non-Muslim
students and 8 subjects for Muslim students) in order to determine their field of studies for upper secondary
(Form 4-5).
Mexico
In Mexico, the middle school system is called Secundaria and usually comprises three years, grades 79 (ages:
7: 1213, 8: 1314, 9: 1415). It is completed after Primaria (Elementary School, up to grade 6: ages 612.)
and before Preparatoria/Bachillerato (High School, grades 1012 ages 1518).
New Zealand
In New Zealand middle schools are known as intermediate schools. They generally cover years 7 and 8
(formerly known as Forms 1 to 2). Students are generally aged between 10 and 13. There are full primary
schools which also contain year 7 and 8 with students continuing to high school at year 9 (formerly known as
Form 3).[11] Some high schools also include years 7 and 8.[12]
In the last decade there has been an increased interest in middle schooling (for years 710) with at least seven
schools offering education to this age group opening around the country in Auckland, Cambridge, Hamilton,
Christchurch and Upper Hutt.[13][14]
Pakistan
In Pakistan, the Middle School is a combination of Lower (Class 1 5) and Upper Primary (Class 6 8). Some
institutions provide education from 1st to 10th class are known as secondary schools and from 1st to 12th class
are known as higher secondary schools.[7] The age limit for student in class 1 is (5/6-6/7) class 2 is (6/7-7/8)
class 3 is (7/8-8/9) class 4 is (8/9-9/10) class 5 is (9/10-10/11) class 6 is (10/11-11/12) class 7 is (11/12-12/13)
class 8 is (12/13-13/14) class 9 is (13/14-14/15) class 10 is (14/15-15/16) class 11 is (15/16-16/17) class 12 is
(16/17-17/18).
Philippines
There is no Middle School in the Philippines but middle school in the Philippines is called to be now as junior
high school which starts in the 7th Grade to 10th Grade. It Often Starts at the age of 12 to the age of 16.
Poland
Middle school in Poland, called gimnazjum, was first introduced in 1932. The education was intended for
pupils of at least 12 years of age and lasted four years. Middle schools were part of the educational system until
the reform of 1947, except during World War II.
The middle schools were reinstated in Poland in 1999 now lasting three years after six years of primary school.
Pupils entering gimnazjum are usually 13 years old. Middle school is compulsory for all students, and it is also
the final stage of mandatory education. In the final year students take a standardized test to evaluate their
academic skills. Higher scorers in the test are allowed first pick of school if they want to continue their
education, which is encouraged.
Starting with the school year 2017/18, middle schools are scheduled to be disbanded and primary schools to be
extended to lasting eight years, as it was before 1999.
Portugal
In Portugal, the middle school is known as 2nd and 3rd cycles of basic education (2 e 3 ciclos do ensino
bsico). It comprises the 5th till 9th year of compulsory education, for children between ten and fifteen years
old. After the education reform of 1986, the former preparatory school (escola preparatria) or liceu, became
part of basic education (educao bsica).
Basic education now includes:
1st cycle (1 ciclo) former primary education

1st year (67 years old)
2nd year (78 years old)
3rd year (89 years old)
4th year (910 years old)
2nd cycle (2 ciclo) former preparatory education
3rd cycle (3 ciclo) former preparatory education (continuation)
Romania
Middle school in Romania, or gymnasium, includes grades 5 to 8 and the students usually share the building
with the students of Primary school but in different wings/floors. Primary school lessons are taught by a
handful of teachers: most are covered by one of them, and more specific areas such as foreign languages,
religion or gym may have dedicated teachers. The transition to middle school changes that to a one teacher per
course model where the students usually remain in the same classroom while the teachers rotate between
courses. At the end of the eighth grade (usually corresponding to age 14 or 15), students take a written exam
that counts for 75% (before, it used to be 50%) of the average needed to enroll in high school. Students then go
to high school or vocational school, depending on their final grade.[15] Schooling is compulsory until the tenth
grade (which corresponds with the age of 16 or 17).The education process is done in numbered semesters, the
first semester lasting 19 weeks between September and February and the second semester lasting 16 weeks
between February and June.
Russia
Middle school in Russia covers grades 5 to 9, and is a natural continuation of primary school activities (usually
they share the building but are located in different wings/floors). Primary school lessons are taught by a handful
of teachers: most are covered by one of them, and more specific areas such as English or gym may have
dedicated teachers. The transition to middle school changes that to a one teacher per course model, where
teachers stay in their classrooms and pupils change rooms during breaks. Examples of courses include
mathematics (split from grade 7 into algebra, geometry and physics), visual arts, Russian language, foreign
language, history, literature, geography, biology, computer science, chemistry (from grade 8), social theory (in
grade 9).[16] The education process is done in numbered quarters, with the first quarter covering September and
October, second quarter November and December, third quarter going from mid January to mid March, fourth
quarter covering April and May. There are one week long holidays between quarters 1 and 2 as well as 3 and 4,
somewhat longer holidays between quarters 2 and 3 to allow for New Year festivities, and a three-month break
between the years.[17] At the end of middle school most people stay in school for two more years and get a
certificate allowing them to pursue university, but some switch to vocational-technical schools.
Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia, middle school includes grade 7 through 9, consisting of students from ages 12 to 15.22
Singapore
In Singapore, middle school is usually referred to as secondary school.
Students start secondary school after completing primary school at the
age of 13, and to 16 (four years if they are taking the Special or Express
courses), or 17 (five years if they are taking the Normal (Academic and
Technical) courses). Students from the Special and Express courses take
the GCE 'O' Levels after four years at the end of secondary education,
and students from the Normal (Academic and Technical) courses
additionally take the GCE 'N' Level examinations after four years,
before the 'O' Levels. After completing secondary school, students
move on to pre-tertiary education (i.e. in institutes such as junior
Students of Nan Hua High School, a
colleges, polytechnics). secondary school in Singapore, in the
school hall
Somalia
In Somalia, middle school identified as intermediate school is the four years between secondary school and
primary school. Pupils start middle school from form as referred to in Somalia or year 5 and finish it at year 8.
Students start middle school from the age of 11 and finish it when they are 1415. Subjects, which middle
school pupils take are: Somali, Arabic, English, Religion, Science, Geography, History, Math, Textiles, Art and
Design, Physical Education (PE) (Football) and sometimes Music. In some middle schools, it is obligatory to
study Italian.
South Korea
In South Korea, a middle school is called a jung hakgyo (Hangul: ; Hanja: ) which includes
grades 7 through 9 (referred to as: middle school 1st3rd grades; approx. age 1315).[18]
Taiwan
Junior high schools (Three years from 7th to 9th grade) in Taiwan were originally called "primary middle
school".[note 5] However, in August 1968, they were renamed "nationals' middle school"[note 6] often translated
"junior high") when they became free of charge and compulsory. Private middle school nowadays are still
called "primary middle school". Taiwanese students older than twelve normally attend junior high school.
Accompanied with the switch from junior high to middle school was the cancellation of entrance examination
needed to enter middle school.[19]
Tunisia and Morocco

In Tunisia and Morocco, a middle school includes grades 7 through 9, consisting of students from ages 12 to
15.
Countries of former Yugoslavia

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, the
countries of former Yugoslavia, srednja kola (Serbo-Croatian)/srednja ola (Slovene)/
(Macedonian)/shkolla e mesme e ult (Albanian), literally "middle school", refers to educational institutions for
ages between 14 and 18, and lasts 34 years, following elementary school (which lasts 8 or 9 years).
Gymnasiums are the most prestigious type of "middle" school in these countries.
The final four years of elementary school are actually what would be called junior high school in the USA.
Students have up to 1215 different subjects in each school year (most of them only two 45-minute class
periods per week). For example, 8th and 9th grade students do not have one subject called Science but three
separate subjects called Chemistry, Physics and Biology.[20]
United Kingdom
England
In England, local education authorities introduced middle schools in the 1960s and 1970s. The notion of
Middle Schools was mooted by the Plowden Report of 1967 which proposed a change to a three-tier model
including First schools for children aged between 4 and 7, Middle Schools for 711 year-olds, and then upper
or high schools for 1116 year-olds.[21] Some authorities introduced Middle Schools for ideological reasons, in
line with the report, while others did so for more pragmatic reasons relating to the raising of the school leaving
age in compulsory education to 16, or to introduce a comprehensive system.[22][23]
Different authorities introduced different age-range schools, although in the main, three models were used:
46 First schools, followed by 711 middle schools, as suggested by Plowden

59 First schools, followed by 913 middle schools
510 First schools followed by 1013 middle schools, or intermediate schools
In many areas primary school rather than first school was used to denote the first tier.
In addition, some schools were provided as combined schools catering for pupils in the 512 age range as a
combined first and middle school.[22]
Around 2000 middle and combined schools were in place in the early 1980s. However, that number began to
fall in the later 1980s with the introduction of the National Curriculum. The new curriculum's splits in Key
Stages at age 11 encouraged the majority of local education authorities to return to a two-tier system of Primary
(sometimes split into Infant schools and Junior schools) and Secondary schools.[24] There are now fewer than
150 middle schools still operational in the United Kingdom, meaning that approximately 90% of middle
schools have closed or reverted to primary school status since 1980. The system of 8-12 middle schools has
fallen into complete disuse.[25]
Under current legislation, all middle schools must be deemed either primary or secondary. Thus, schools which
have more primary year groups than KS3 or KS4 are termed deemed primaries or middles-deemed-
primaries, while those with more secondary-aged pupils, or with pupils in Y11 are termed deemed
secondaries or middles-deemed-secondaries. For statistical purposes, such schools are often included under
primary and secondary categories "as deemed".[26] Notably, most schools also follow teaching patterns in line
with their deemed status, with most deemed-primary schools offering a primary-style curriculum taught by one
class teacher, and most deemed-secondary schools adopting a more specialist-centred approach. Legally all-
through schools are also considered middle schools (deemed secondary), although they are rarely referred to as
such.
Some middle schools still exist in various areas of England. They are supported by the National Middle
Schools' Forum. See List of middle schools in England.
Scotland
In Scotland, a similar system to the English one was trialled in Grangemouth middle schools, Falkirk between
1975 and 1987.[27] The label of junior high school is used for some through schools in Orkney and Shetland
which cater for pupils from 5 up to the age of 14, at which point they transfer to a nearby secondary school.
Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, in the Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council area in County Armagh, the
Dickson Plan operates, whereby pupils attend a primary school from ages 410, a junior high school from 11
14, and a senior high school or grammar school from 1419. This is not dissimilar to the middle school system.
United States
Historically, in the United States, local public control (and private alternatives) have allowed for some variation
in the organization of schools. Elementary school includes kindergarten through to sixth grade, i.e. up to age
12, but some elementary schools have 4 or 8 grades, i.e. up to ages 10 or 14.[28] Basic subjects are taught in
elementary school, and students often remain in one classroom throughout the school day, except for physical
education, library, music, and art classes. In 2001, there were about 3.6 million children in each grade in the
United States.[29] "Middle schools" and "junior high schools" are schools that span grades 5 to 8 and 7 to 9,
respectively,[28] but junior high schools spanning grades 7 to 8 were common until the 1980s. The range
defined by either is often based on demographic factors, such as an increase or decrease in the relative numbers
of younger or older students, with the aim of maintaining stable school populations.[30] At this time, students
are given more independence, moving to different classrooms for different subjects, which includes math,
social studies, science, and language arts. Also, students are able to choose some of their class subjects
(electives). Usually, starting in ninth grade, grades become part of a student's official transcript. In the U.S.,
children within this grade-range are sometimes referred to as junior highers.[31]
The middle school format has now replaced the junior high format by a ratio of about ten to one in the United
States, but at least two school districts had incorporated both systems in 2010.[32][33]
The junior high school concept was introduced in 1909, in Columbus, Ohio.[34] In the late 19th century and
early 20th century most American elementary schools had grades 1 through 8. As time passed, the junior high
school concept increased quickly as systems modernized buildings and curriculum. This expansion continued
through the 1960s. Jon Wiles, author of Developing Successful K8 Schools: A Principal's Guide, said that [a]
major problem for the original model was the inclusion of the ninth grade, because of the lack of
instructional flexibility, due to the requirement of having to earn high school credits in the ninth gradeand
that the fully adolescent ninth grader in junior high school did not seem to belong with the students
experiencing the onset of puberty.[35] The new middle school model began to appear in the mid-1960s. Wiles
said, At first, it was difficult to determine the difference between a junior high school and a middle school, but
as the middle school became established, the differences became more pronounced [].[35]
Junior high schools were created for bridging the gap between the elementary and the high school, an
emphasis credited to Charles W. Eliot.[36] The faculty is organised into academic departments that operate more
or less independently of one another.
Uruguay
In Uruguay, the public middle school consists of two stages, one mandatory called "Basic Cycle" or "First
Cycle". This consists of three years, ages 1213, 1314 and 1415, and one optional called "Second Cycle",
ages 1516, 1617 and 1718. The Second Cycle is divided into 4 options in the 5th grade: "Human Sciences",
"Biological", "Scientific" and "Arts", and 7 options in the 6th and last grade: "Law" or "Economy" (if Human
Sciences course taken in 5th), "Medicine" or "Agronomy" (if Biological course taken in 5th), "Architecture" or
"Engineering" (if Scientific course taken in 5th) and "Arts" (if Arts course taken in 5th).
Both of this stages are commonly known as "Liceo" (Spanish for "high school"). Middle school starts at grade
6 and ends at grade 8.
Venezuela
In Venezuela, public middle schools have a different Spanish name than private schools.[note 7] The school
system includes a preparatory year before first grade, so nominal grade levels are offset when compared to
other countries (except those countries who have mandatory pre-school). Middle schools are from 7th grade
(equivalent to 8th grade US) to 11th grade, which is equivalent to 12th grade.
In some institutions called "Technical Schools" there is an extra grade, for those who want to graduate as
"Middle technician" in a certain area. This education would allow them to be hired at a higher level, or get
introduced more easily into a college career.
There is a "college test" from main universities of the country. Their score on this test might allow them to
more quickly obtain a spot within an institution. Students with high qualifications during the high school, have
more chances to have the spot.
Vietnam
Secondary school, or Junior High school, includes grade 6 to 9. After finishing grade 9, students have to take
the graduating test nationally, which includes Mathematics and Literature. The maximum score for each test is
10, which is 20 when 2 time each test scores.
Some public schools use the graduating exam's score and student's transcripts to make their decision. Many
other public and private schools require students who apply for those schools to take their entrance exams. The
administration team would review the student's transcripts and his or her exam to decide whether that student is
qualified for their requirement or not.
See also
QuickSmart
Notes
1. "Ensino Mdio"
2. Commonly referred as "Zhong Kao" (Simplified Chinese:)
3. Sekolah Menengah Pertama
4. Pelajar Menengah Rendah
5. chuzhong (,
6. guozhong (,
7. "Liceo"; private schools are called "Colegio"
References
Specific citations
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rt_History_of_TAS.pdf) (PDF). The Armidale School. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
2. "About Middle Years" (http://www.middleyears.nt.gov.au/about/). Middle Years Northern Territory of
Australia. Northern Territory Government. 200. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
3. "Definition of junior high school" (http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861692773/junior_high.html).
Retrieved June 12, 2007. Archived (http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257023669116635) 2009-10-
31.
4. Czech Act No. 561/2004 Collection of Law, on Pre-school, Basic, Secondary, Tertiary Professional and
Other Education (http://www.msmt.cz/dokumenty/act-no-561-of-24th-september-2004) (the Education
Act)
5. "Les niveaux et les tablissements d'enseignement Ministre de l'ducation nationale" (http://www.educ
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2014-01-16.
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2009-01-09.
7. Amaidi. "Indian Education System" (http://www.amaidi.org/pdf/Indian_Education_System_Dirkje.pdf)
(PDF). Retrieved 5 May 2012.
8. Middle school statistics between 20042005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-
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ww.iranchamber.com/education/articles/educational_system.php). Retrieved 2014-10-17.
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2015-11490588). Education (No english version).
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17. " " (http://arhangelo2011.edusite.ru/p31aa1.html).
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ive.is/2012.07.31-065336/http://www.gio.gov.tw/info/taiwan-story/education/edown/3-1.htm). Archived
from the original (http://www.gio.gov.tw/info/taiwan-story/education/edown/3-1.htm) on 31 July 2012.
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20. "ACHIEVEMENT OF SERBIAN EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS IN SCIENCE" (http://www.doiserbia.
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4OjfCOqjVqyzc8ZcObCmAB41))/img/doi/0579-6431/2006/0579-64310602333A.pdf) (PDF). doiSerbia.
Retrieved 2014-01-16.
21. Central Advisory Council for Education (England) (1967). "Volume 1 Chapter 10 The Ages and Stages
of Primary Education" (http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/plowden/plowden1-10.html).
Children and their Primary Schools. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
22. "Middle schools decline due to haphazard development". Times Educational Supplement. 1981-11-13.
p. 9.
23. Andrew, Herbert; Department of Education and Science (1965-07-12). "Main forms of comprehensive
organisation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092823/http://www.oldmonovians.com/comprehens
ive/circular1065.htm). Circular 10/65: The Organisation of Secondary Education. HMSO. Archived
from the original (http://www.oldmonovians.com/comprehensive/circular1065.htm) on 2007-09-28.
24. "Education: End of the Middle Way?" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/121169.stm). BBC News.
1998-06-28. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
25. "UK Middle Schools" (http://sites.google.com/site/middleschools). Sites.google.com. Retrieved
2016-01-11.
26. "The Education (Middle School) (England) Regulations 2002" (https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/200
2/1983/contents/made). Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 1983. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 2002.
27. Meldrum, James (1976). Three-tier Education in Grangemouth.
28. [1] (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002130.pdf), p.7, fig.1
29. "Digest of Education Statistics, 2001" (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002130.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved
2010-04-14.
30. The major difference between a middle school and a junior high lies in the philosophy. The middle school
philosophy focuses on the student where the junior high focus is more on the content. Definition of junior
high school (http://www.webcitation.org/5kwbboMep?url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_186169277
3/junior_high.html). encarta.msn.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved
July 24, 2007., 2009-10-31.
31. Gillham, Isabel. "Self-concept and Reading." The Reading Teacher 21.3 (1967): 270-273.
32. USD, Concordia, Kansas (http://www.usd333.com) retrieved 2010-10-28
33. http://www.agawampublicschools.org/ retrieved 2011-06-17
34. "First Junior High School in the United States" (http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2690).
OhioHistoryCentral.org. Ohio Historical Society. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
35. Wiles, John, ed. (June 10, 2009). Developing Successful K8 Schools: A Principal's Guide (https://books.
google.com/books?id=ovDM0whNv3cC&pg=PA3&dq=%22The+structure+of+the+American+elementa
ry+school+in+the+late+19th+century%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wM1jUeekB47O0QH2uoGwBg&ved=0C
DEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20structure%20of%20the%20American%20elementary%20sc
hool%20in%20the%20late%2019th%20century%22&f=false). Corwin Press. p. 3. ISBN 1412966175.
36. "Junior high plan outlined", The Dallas Morning News, September 22, 1929, section 1, page 9.
Further reading
Arnold, J. "Needed: A Realistic Perspective of the Early Adolescent Learner." CLEARINGHOUSE 54:4
(1980).
Atwell, Nancie. "In the Middle: New Understanding About Writing, Reading, and Learning."
Boynton/Cook Pub Backes
Beane, J. "Dance to the Music of Time: The Future of Middle Level Education." THE EARLY
ADOLESCENT MAGAZINE 2 (September 1987):1826.
Beane, J. A MIDDLE SCHOOL CURRICULUM: FROM RHETORIC TO REALITY. Columbus, Ohio:
National Middle School Association, 1990a.
Beane, J. AFFECT IN THE CURRICULUM: TOWARD DEMOCRACY, DIGNITY, AND DIVERSITY.

New York: Teachers College Press, 1990b.
Cross Keys Middle School. A PLACE OF OUR OWN. Florissant, Missouri: Florissant Public Schools,
1990.
Jennings, W., and Nathan, J. "Startling/Disturbing Research on School Program Effectiveness." PHI
DELTA KAPPAN 59 (1977): 568572.
Fenwick, J. (Primary Author) Taking Center Stage: A Commitment to Standards-Based Education for
California's Middle Grades Students. Sacramento: California Department of Education, 2001
"Why Middle Level Schools Are KEY to Young Adolescent Success" (http://www.nmsa.org/Publication
s/TheFamilyConnection/Vol8No2/tabid/214/Default.aspx) Westerville, OH: NMSA, 2003.
External links
Canada: Provincial Systems of Education (https://web.archive.org/web/20070403020118/http://www.un
b.ca/education/bezeau/eact/eact07.html)
Association for Middle Level Education (http://www.amle.org/) formerly National Middle School
Associationl.
National Middle Schools' Forum (UK) (http://www.middleschools.org.uk/)
Australian Middle School Program (http://www.theritejourney.com.au)
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early adolescent needs

Basic education now includes:

1st cycle (1 ciclo) former primary education

Tunisia and Morocco

Countries of former Yugoslavia

46 First schools, followed by 711 middle schools, as suggested by Plowden

1. "A SHORT HISTORY of THE ARMIDALE SCHOOL" (http://www.as.edu.au//community/archives/Sho

Beane, J. AFFECT IN THE CURRICULUM: TOWARD DEMOCRACY, DIGNITY, AND DIVERSITY.

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This page was last edited on 16 August 2017, at 20:16.

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