:

ts
cAeronautical
a
nF
Mobile Service shall not handle

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VFR & IFR Communications 1
radio teletype messages
F Phonetic alphabet assumed to be known; Air-Ground Communication is a two-way communication
F = FoxTROTT between an aircraft and a station on the surface

Glossary Phrases Abbreviations

Broadcast = General Call = All Stations... = Transmission of information not Acknowledge = Let me know that you have received and understood this message AFIS = Aerodrome Flight Information Service
addressed to specific aircraft Affirm ative = Yes ATIS = Automatic Terminal Information Service = Provides
=> no response required unless individual station is asked to acknowledge Negative = No // That is not correct // Permission not granted // Unable to comply routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means
Clearance limit: The point to which the aircraft is granted ATC clearance Approved = Permission for proposed action granted of continuous and repetitive broadcast
Conditional clearance: After the landing Learjet line up... Break = Separate portions of one message AIS = Aeronautical Information Service
Long final: 4NM < x < 8NM Break Break = Separate between messages to different aircraft ATC = Air Traffic Control
NOTAM: Is issued when information concerning the establishment, condition or Cancel = Annul the previously transmitted clearance CTR = Control Zone
change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure, or hazard needs to be Check = Examine a system or procedure EAT = Expected Approach Time = Time at which ATC expects
promulgated Cleared = Authorization to proceed under specified conditions that an arriving aircraft, following a delay will arrive at the
Visual Approach: An approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an Recleared = A change has been made to your last clearance and this new clearance holding point to complete its approach
instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed supersedes your previous clearance or part thereof FIR = Flight Information Region = A portion of airspace where
in visual reference to terrain Confirm = Have I correctly received the following flight information and alerting service is provided
Waypoint: Is a geographical location used in relation to RNAV systems Contact = Establish radio contact with... FL = Flight Level = Surface of constant atmospheric pressure
Contact [callsign/frequency] AT [place or time] - IF NO contact ... = Control transfer related to a datum of 1013.2hPa
Correct /(Readback Correct) = Message has been repeated correctly. H24 = Continuous operations
Correction = An error has been made, the correct version is... HJ = Daytime (SR-SS)
#s Disregard = Consider the last message as not sent HX = Opening Hours not specified
3,500 = three thousand five hundred Distress Traffic Ended = Terminate distress communication and silence conditions IMC = Instrument Meteorological Conditions
13,500 = one three thousand five hundred Go ahead = Proceed with your message. VMC = Visual ...
QNH1001 = one zero zero one Go(ing) around = Perform(ing) missed approach INS = Intertial Navigation System
Headings always with three digits How do you read = Asking for readability of a transmission MLS = Microwave Landing System
Frequencies Information Golf = ATIS information Golf received PAPI = Precision approach Path Indicator
ALWAYS with decimal Monitor = Listen out on frequency VASIS = Glideslope indicator with lights at touchdown end of
Always six digits unless the last two are zero Orbit r/l = 360 turns r/l a RW
120.375 = one two zero decimal three seven five Out / Over = NOT USED! RIS = Radar Information Service = Provides bearing, distance
PAN PAN MEDICAL = The following message concerns a protected medical transport and if known the altitude of conflicting traffic
(pursuant to 1949 Geneva Convention) operated by aircraft assigned exclusively to RNAV = ARea NAVigation
Time ALWAYS UTC! medical transportation
Readback ... = Repeat all or the specified par of this message back to me, eactly as
RVR = Runway Visual Range = Reported in m at touchdown,
midpoint and stop-end of a RW
09:20 no confusion about hour possible: two zero received. SAR = Search And Rescue
09:20 confusion about hour possible: zero nine two zero
Ready (for departure) = Prepared for T/O SELCAL = SELective CALling of individual aircraft over radio
04:15pm: one six one five
Report ... = Pass me the following information. channels linkinga ground station with the aircraft
Request ... = I should like to know // I wish to obtain information or approval for an action SSR = Secondary Surveillance Radar
(e.g. backtrack) STAR = Standard Instrument Arrival
Position Reports Roger = I have received all of your last transmission.
Runway vacated = Indication that the aircraft is no longer occupying the active runway
UTC = Universal Time Coordinated
VFR: Callsign; reported position; time of reported position; level or altitude; next
position; ETA of next position
Vacate left = Turn left to leave the RW
Callsign, position and time cannot omitted Say again = Repeat the entire message.
I say again = I am repeating a word or a message for clarity / emphasis
IFR: Callsign, position and time cannot be omitted Speak slower = Reduce your rate of speech
SQUAWK = Select code on the SSR transponder
SQUAWK ident = Operate the IDENT button
SQUAWK standby = Swith transponder to standby position
Callsign [callsign] identified = Radar identification has been achieved
Initial Call Negative transponder = Aircraft not equipped with transponder
Use full callsign or Prefix + Flight # (Rushair 1234) Reset 1234 = Recyle 1234 = Reselect SSR code 1234 Good microphone technique:
Use suffix Heavy when > 136t in initial call to control tower and approach Standby = Wait and I will call you. Normal conversation tone
control unit Standby [frequency] for Tower = Listen on [frequency] on which tower will initiate Speak clearly and distinctly
further communications
Abbreviation
Unable = Received instruction cannot be carried out More effective communication:
Verify = Check and confirm with originator Keep speaking volume at constant level
AC may use abbreviated callsign after ground station used abbreviation Wilco = I understood your message and WILL COmply with it.
XY-ABC = XBC (last 2) / XABC (last 3) Words twice = Communication difficult, send every word or group of words twice Before transmitting:
Fastair2345 cannot be abbreviated Takeoff: Listen out on frequency to avoid interference with
Only used to acknowledge or cancel T/O clearance another station already transmitting
Otherwise use departure or airborn
Readback is mandatory If mic button gets stuck after a transmission:
Stopping = Abandonging the T/O manoeuvre Frequency cannot be used by others
 VFR & IFR Communications 2
Message Priority Radio Failure SQUAWK 7600 Unlawful Interference SQUAWK 7500
When forming part of aerodrome traffic at controlled airport: keep
watch for instructions passed by light signals!
Defined as: Aircraft threatened Message on frequency in use or
Distress by grave and imminent danger. 121.500MHz:
IFR Departure: Maintain level last assigned by ATC for 3 minutes
Immediate assistance Callsign of station addressed when
required! known and circumstances permit (7 in Germany) and then climb in accordance with flight plan
Callsign
MAYDAY (Type of Aircraft) Readback
MAYDAY SQUAWK 7700! Nature of distress
Pilots intention
IFR Departure under Radar Vectors: Return to the route
indicated in the current flight plan in the most direct manner Compulsory
MAYDAY Present (or last known) position
RW in use
Until Distress Traffic Ended Altitude/Level & Heading
In IMC: Altimeter settings (QNH)
Proceed in accordance with the current flight plan to the SSR codes & operating instructions
Defined as: Condition Message on frequency in use or designated navigation aid serving the destination aerodrome Level instructions; Climb/Descend + Altitude
Urgency concerning safety of AC or 121.500MHz: hold over this navigation aid until the expected approach time last
other vehicles or of a person on Callsign of station addressed when received and acknowledged
Heading and speed instructions; Turn + Heading
board. Immediate assistance known and circumstances permit
if no EAT received: commence descent over the designated nav T/O clearance
PANPAN IS NOT required. Callsign
Nature of distress aid at or as close to the ETA resulting from the current flight plan ATC route clearance (unless authorized otherwise by ATS authority concerned)
PANPAN Maintain listening watch to see Pilots intention Any message when requested by ATC
if you can assist / ensure Present (or last known) position you have to land, if possible, within 30 after ETA or the last EAT,
PANPAN assistance if required Altitude/Level & Heading whichever is later.
Terminate readback with own callsign
In VMC:
Heading
Bearing FROM
Follow the radio communication failure procedures for IFR flight in Examples (own callsign = XBC)
TO (no wind) IMC ATC: Contact Munich Tower 118.6
Direction Finding Mag. QDM QDR Class:
A 2 RB: 118.6 XBC
B 5
True QUJ QTE C 10
ATC: Cleared to change level from FL100 to FL80
RB: Leaving FL100 descending FL80
= ATC messages:
(Of immediate concern to an aircraft in flight or preparing to depart)
Blind Transmission
If attempts to establish radio contact with a ground station fail: Pilot shall ATC: Hold short of [RW]
Clearances
T/O: Cleared for immediate T/O transmit messages preceeded by Transmitting Blind... RB: Holding short
Route: [Callsign] after departure cleared to zone boundary via C. - Climb 2000ft -
Flight Safety QNH1010 - SQUAWK 1234 Should be passed prior
Instructions to start when work Two-way communication cannot be established ATC: XBC climb straight ahead until 2500ft before turning right,
loads are low, mistakes
Turn left heading...
are less likely to hapen Called station is believed to receive
taxi to RW05 <- same level as line up RW07 and wait and aircraft Should be made twice on frequency in use wind 270 degrees 6 knots, cleared for T/O
Requests manoeuvering is not
RB: Straight ahead, at 2500ft right turn, cleared for T/O, XBC
Request radar vectors to circumnavigate adverse weather taking place Aircraft station shall advise time of its next intended transmission
Other options: ATC: Listen for ATIS on 123.45
1. Contact station on alternative frequency RB: Monitoring 123.45
Meteorological 2. Contact other AC or aeronautical station

ATC: Climb FL280

RB: Climbing flight level two eight zero

Flight Regularity Concerning servicing of aircraft

ATC: Climb 2500ft
Aircraft parts and required materials
Transponder Failure (IFR) RB: Climbing two thousand five hundred feet
Before Flight: Obtain prior ATC permission
Imprecise Message Taxi to RW05 In Flight: Inform competent ATC unit immediately; proceed ATC: Report flight conditions
- - only with ATC permission RB: IMC OR VMC
Unauthorized Message Call me a taxi cab
VFR & IFR Communications 3 Radio Check
In Flight: How do you read?
Wind es
Clouds y i n degre ts On Ground: (<10s)
i t o
veloc nd kn
Wind agnetic a Munich Tower! XY-ABC! Radio check ! 118.800
m [Aeronautical Station] ![Callsign] ! Radio check ! [frequency]
Weather Few Scattered Broken Overcast

METAR 1-2 3-4 5-7 8 Readability

5 =Perfectly!readable
Visibility is in m < 5000m < Visibility is in km 8 4 =! readable
Can be obtained in flight by VOLMET 3 =! readable but with difficulty
2 =! readable now and then
1= UN!readable
CAVOK
Visibility 10km
No Clouds below 5000ft GND or MSA,
whichever greater Callsign Suffix
No CB, thunderstorms, precipitation & Station Name can be omitted when satisfactory communication has Traffic Information
No shallow fog / low drifting snow been established and it will not be confusing!
Surface Movement Control = Ground
ATIS Clearance Delivery = Delivery
Transmitted on discrete VHF frequency and/or Aerodrome Control Service = Tower
VOR freq Approach Control Radar Departures = Departure 1. Relative Bearing in clock term: Traffic, 1 oclock
Area Control Center (no radar) = Control 2. Distance: 10 miles
SIGMET Flight Information Service = Information 3. Direction of flight and level of traffic: Northwestbound, 1,000ft above, climbing
Issued when significant weather phenomena Approach Control Radar Arrivals = Arrival 4. Type and relative speed: Boeing 727
which may affect the safety of the aircraft is Approach Control (no radar service) = Approach 5. Relative movement: closing / prallel / opposite direction
forecast for enroute operations
Radar Service in General = Radar

Consist of an oscillating eletric field (E) and

Wavelength [m] =
Speed of Light 300,000,000m/s
Frequency [Hz]
Electromagnetic Waves magnetic field (H) perpendicular to each other.

ILS LOC
0.003MHz VLF 0.03MHz LF 0.3MHz MF 3MHz HF 30MHz 108.0 111.975 - Odd decimal VHF 300MHz UHF 3,000MHz SHF 30,000MHz EHF 300,000MHz
metric decimetric centimetric
MLS
108.0 VOR 117.95 - Even decimal
ILS Locator High Alt. Radio Altimeter Low Alt. Radio Altimeter

ILS Glide Path 9375 Airborne Weather Radar

0,190 ADF / NDB 1.750 118.000MHz 136.975MHz 962 DME 1213

Aeronautical Mobile Reception

Freedom
from static Service Band Influenced by level of aircraft & terrain elevations (=phenomena)
interference Best reception at high level in vicinity of ground station (straight line)
Attenuation = weakening of the radiated waves with increasing distance from transmitter Super refraction sometimes extends range of VHF communication
Cycle = complete series of values of a periodical process Frequency Separation:
Frequency = number of cycles occurring in one second [Hz] 25kHz - lower airspace FL350
Amplitude = Max deflection in an oscillation 8.22kHz - upper airspace
FL100
Propagation characteristics:
Skip Distance = Range from transmitter to first sky wave practically straight line FL50
Skip Zone of HF transmission will increase with higher frequency and higher position of the reflecting ionospheric layer similar to light waves
Fading is found at night, due to the combination of the sky and ground waves 85nm 120nm 234nm

Q-Codes
Gives vertical position On ground =
Braking... Height
... Action Unreliable: Wet snow & slush QFE 0
(above QFE reference datum)
... Coefficient: 20 = Poor
... Coefficient: 45 = Good QNH Altitude Airfield elevation