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Topic 1 Quantitative
Topic 1 Quantitative
E.g. How many electrons are needed to produce one mole of Al during
electrolysis?
Al3+ + 3e = Al
Tok: Think for a while about what the Avogadro Number. (How long
would it take you to count to that figure?) The magnitude of this
figure is beyond the scale of our everyday experience. If this is
the case, how do we know that the figure is accurate? What are
the characteristics of the Scientific Method that enables scientists
to make calculations like Avogadro performed, accurate and
precise?
1.2 Formulas
Relative atomic mass (Ar) : Most elements are made up of atoms with
slightly different masses (called isotopes). The
actual mass of the element is therefore an
average of the mass of all the isotopes. (Cl35.5)
Relative molecular mass (Mr) : Add together all the relative atomic
masses.
NOTE: Since all of these terms are a comparision to the mass of C12 then
none of them have any units.
TOK: think for a while about the effect of assigning numbers to the
masses of chemical elements and how this allowed Chemistry to move
forward in its’ development into a Physical Science by being able to use
Mathematics to express relationships between reactants and products. It
seems so simple to us now, but at that time it was a huge step forward!
Molar Mass
• This is a general term that can be used for any of the above.
• It is the mass of 1 mole of the element, molecule or compound.
• Since it is an actual mass rather than a comparison to a mass, molar
mass has units of grams per mole (g/mol, g mol-1).
n = m / Mr
C : H : O
1.99 4 1
Empirical formula = C2 H4 O
Molar mass = 44
Molecular formula = C4 H8 02
Discuss this with your partner Is it always essential to use state symbols?
What about this equation? Are they needed?
Fe + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2
Whenever gases are involved you need to remember that they both have
mass and volume and that the molar volume of an ideal gas under
standard conditions is 2.24 x 10 -2 m3 mol-1 (22.4 dm3 mol-1)
Note that the above calculation assumes a 100% yield. What quantities
would be produced if there was only a 75% yield?
Balanced Eq:
Moles of Ca;
Moles of H2
Volume of H2
Limiting Reactant
• In a chemical reaction it is unusual for there to be exactly the same
amounts of each of the reactants.
• Usually one of the reactants will run out first. This is called the
limiting reactant.
• This is the most important reactant because as soon as it runs out
then the reaction will stop.
• Some of the other reactant will be left over at the end. It is said to
be in excess (more than enough).
Fe + S FeS
a) Fe : S
5/56 5/32
0.089 0.156
E.g.
What volume of sulfur trioxide would be produced by the complete
reaction of 100cm3 sulphur dioxide with oxygen?
2SO + O2 2SO3
Ratios 2 1 2
i.e. 1 ½ 1
What would be the composition of the final product in the above question
if 100cm3 of oxygen was used instead of 50cm3
2N2O 2N2 + O2
15cm3
Behaviour of Gases:
Ideal gases should have no forces between the particles, the particles
volume is zero in comparison to the volume of the gas, and they have
completely elastic collisions between the particles.
When gases behave in this way the
volume halves if the pressure is doubled,
volume doubles if their temperature is doubled,
pressure doubles if their temperature doubles.
This is represented by the following equation
PV/T(start) = PV/T(end)
Where temperature is measured in Kelvin(K).
Eg Calculate the molar volume at STP for carbon dioxide given that
2.50g occupies 0.450 dm3 at 3.00atm and 160c ( Show all your workings
and check the answer = 22.4 dm3 mol-1)
PV = nRT
PV = mRT / Mr
E.g. Calculate the molar mass and therefore identity of a gas when 1.45g
of this gas occupies a volume of 500 cm3 at 250C and 1.01 x 105 N/m2
pressure.
In the space below sketch the graphs you would expect when plotting the
volume of a gas (dm3) against temperature (atm).
• Which Law do this represent?
• At which temperature does the volume of gas fall to zero?
• What is the name given to this value? Has that temperature ever
been reached in a Science lab?
C = n / V (in dm3)
Solution Calculations
1. Calculating concentration:
Concentration = n/V
= 0.1 / 0.4
= 0.3 x 0.215
= 0.0645 moles
What mass of NH4Cl is required to prepare 21.5 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3
solution?
Moles = C x V
= 0.1 x 0.0215
= 0.00215 moles
Mass = n x Mr
= 0.00215 x 53.5
4. Calculating Volumes:
Calculate the volume of 2 mol dm-3 HCl required to make 0.5 dm3 of 0.25
mol dm-3 diluted HCl.
E.g. 1 If 25 cm3of 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl requires 21.50 cm3of NaOH to
reach neutralisation, calculate the concentration of NaOH.
• Calculate the moles of nitric acid which have reacted with the
marble.