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Cell Wall: 1. Gram Positive
Cell Wall: 1. Gram Positive
Cell Wall: 1. Gram Positive
FXNS:
maintains the morphology of the cell; gives rigidity and shape to the cell
protects from osmotic lysis
site of various antigenic determinants of the cell surface
o + Teichoic acid
o - polysaccharides
provides the support necessary for propulsion by flagella
site of synthesis of macromolecules
provides protection from some antibiotics and destructive chemicals
determines differences in grown stain reaction
2 CLASSES:
1. GRAM POSITIVE
peptidoglycan - outermost part
amino acid + sugar
single giant molecules consists of 40 sheets
comprising 90% of cell wall
attacked by the antimicrobial agent
2 Specialized components:
a. Teichoic Acid - H2O soluble polymer containing glycerol residues joined through
phosphodiether linkages
- in Streptococcus pneumonae it is called Forrsman antigen
FXNS:
2. GRAM NEGATIVE
- starts from the outer membrane
- convoluted, wrinkled, undulated membrane
composed of:
composed of:
1.
1. Lipid A - toxic and complex lipid; endotoxin of gram- bacteria
2 types of toxin
1. endotoxin - lipolysaccharide complex; needs lysis to release toxins; not
freely discharged
2. exotoxin - excreted from microorganisms; freely discharged
2. polysaccharides - major surface antigen of the gram- bacterial cell; a.k.a. O antigen
FXN of LIPOPROTEINS:
STAINS
1. Gram's stain - most common
fixation - smear will stick to the slide
dirty
Gram's iodine mordant 1 min dirty bluish brown bluish
brown
counter stain or
Safranine 1 min still violet red
final stain
2. naturally ocurring
mycoplasma - wall-less; protectd by osmolysis by adapting a parasitic existence; intracellular;
absorbs sterol and makes it their own sterol is not part of it
CELL MEMBRANE
FXNS:
A. selective permeability and transport of molecules in and out of the cell
cell membrane is impermeable to hydrophilic substances; hydrophobic layer around the
membrane
1. active transport - uses energy in the form of ATP; specific solutes against a gradient low
to high concentration
2. passive transport - high to low concentration, no energy needed
1. simple diffusion - small molecules passively pass through cell membrane from H
to L (ex CO2, dissolved oxygen)
2. osmosis - diffusion but water ang mu pass
3. facilitated diffusion - no energy is needed; involves protein-membrane carriers (ex
permeases) found on the cell membrane - binds to substance and is actively
pumped inside the cell
3. group translocation - vectorial metabolism; facilitates the net uptake of sugars (ex
glucose, mannose); phosphorylated after passing the cell membrane (ex glucose -
glucose-6-phosphate); facilitates two processes: transport and metabolism
4. endocytosis
1. phagocytosis - solids
2. pinocytosis - liquids
in the case of oil drops, immediately transported inside the cell, do not depend of
being phagocytosed
B. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
cytochromes and other enzymes in the respiratory chain are usually located in the
cytoplasmic membrane
MESOSOME
connective point to the DNA; involved in binary fission
membrane-associated cytoplasmic sacs that contain whorled, lamellar, tubluar or vesicular
structures that are associated with division septa; connected to DNA(nuclear body)
cell wall has invaginations(wot?) under this is a sac that contained whorled structures that are
connected to the DNA which is the nuclear body (comprised only of a single DNA that lies
freely in the cytoplasm)
where division of the nucleus starts; connected to division septa that divides the microorganism
later on into two; both take a part of the DNA
Binary Fission - how microorganism divide
[insert picture]
add ons:
APPENDAGES
1. Flagella - thread like; thinner than cilia
- made of flagellin (protein sub-unit) - for motility
- virulence factor
parts:
1. microscopically:
1. wet mount
2. hanging drop - uses concavity slide; upon focusing under microscope, will be
known if it is moving kay wa man naipit
if not motile, unflagellated - only quivering, Brownian movement due to the
bombardment of molecules found in the suspending medium
2. macroscopically - kadtong ihumol sa semisolid medium nya kung mulapad then motile
3. dark-filled microscopy - makes use of a dark-filled microscope
Types of Antigen
from serological test from serum then add reagent that will react with body, capsule or flagella
plasma - from anticoagulated blood
serum - coagulated blood, clear liquid
other types:
1. adhesin - or bacteriocinogens; adherence factor; colonization antigen
2. evasin - to evade phagocytosis since pili is a virulence factor
3. aggressin - leukocidal (kills WBC)
4. lectins - allow cells to bind to specific sugars on cell surfaces
1. Nuclear body or nucleoids - not called nucleus because it does not have any nuclear
membrane in prokaryotes
DNA fibril that runs parallel to the axis of the cell
2. Plasmids - can be differentiated from nucleoids since they are self replicating circles of DNA;
extrachromosal genetic elements so not connected to the nuclear body
3. Ribosomes - consists of 30% protein and 70% RNA; for protein synthesis scaattered
throughout the cytoplasm of the cell; look like sand; impart granular appearance to the cytoplasm
4. Endospores - highly refractile body formed within the vegetative cell at a certain stage of
growth; formed when there is absence of nitrogen or carbon in the medium; thermoresistant; !no
sporulated na rounded
in fungi for survival and reproduction
5. Inclusions
A. granules - food reserves
o metachromatic granules - stored from of polyphosphates; usually stain red with
blue dyes (methylene blue) ex: Corynebacterium diphtheriae; collectively called
volutin granules or polar granules
o
called Babes Ernst granules in Corynebacterium diptherae
o polysaccharide granules - consists of starch and glycogen; be demonstrated by
the use of plain iodine; glycogen will appear reddish brown and starch will appear
blue
o lipid granules - unique to bacteria; polymer (poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid);
demonstrated by fat soluble dyes (most common: Sudan dye); microbacterium has
lots of lipid granules, that is why very difficult to stain so gamiton ang Acid fast
stain
o sulfur granules - act as energy source of microorganism; possessed by sulfur
bacteria from genus Thiobacillus; deposit sulfur granules into the cytoplasm
o carboxysomes - polyhedral or hexagonal inclusions that contain the enzyme:
Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase; ex nitribacteria, cyanobacteria
B. gas vacuoles - found in the cytoplasm of microorganism; appear as hollow cavities especially
on aquatic prokaryotes ex cyanobacteria ; fxn: maintain buoyancy
MICROBIAL METABOLISM
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Microbial growth requires the polymerization of biochemical building blocks into proteins,
nucleic acids, polysacch, lipids
building blocks must come free form from the growth medium or synthesized from the organism
itself
when it comes from the organism itself, it emanates from a process called metabolism
metabolism - sum of all chemical reactions that usually occur in a living organism, energy
balancing act
metabolite - any molecule that is a nutrient, end product or inermediate
2 rxns:
anabolism - synthesis of macromolecules or complex substances
endergonic bc energy is needed and used
catabolism - degredative, exergonic rxn, energy yielding;
breakdown of complex substances to simpler substances
o glucose
o sulfur
o gas in the form of Hydrogen
o light
Through the process of oxidation, energy (ATP) is produced by the release hydrogen ions or
electrons. Not all energy produced are absorbed by the microorganism, some are released into
the environment in the form of heat while some are carried by electron carriers such as NAD,
NADP or FAD
glucose is the main carbohydrate source
depending on the enzymatic composition and presence or absence of oxygen,
1. Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas Pathway
- mixed acid fermenation
- fermentation bc in the absence of oxygen
- anaerobic glycolytic pathway
- usually used by anaerobic microorganisms
!if bacteria has the ability and enzymes to degrade the acids it will do so, such as:
formic acid to H and CO2
Acetic acid to butyric acid to buryl alcohol
acetaldehyde to ethyl alcohol
GROWTH REQ
o facultative - basically anaerobic but can survive in the presence of small amounts
of oxygen
anaerobic - unable to use oxygen as an electron acceptor
capnophilic or capneic - organisms grow best with higher CO2 concentration only 15%
oxygen
2. Temperature
acidophils pH of 0.1-5.4
neutrophil - pH of 5.5-7
alkaliphils - pH of 8-11.5
4. Radiation
in the form of light
5. Osmotic pressure
plasmolysis - water from inside the cell will go outside the cell; shrinking of cell;
hypertonic
plasmoptysis - in hypotonic, solute conc is higher inside the cell than the outside; cell
will burst
also:
halophilic - organism that require high salt concentration only one of medical
importance: Vivio cholerae
BACTERIAL GROWTH
[1:13:09]
major function of any microbial cell is mainly growth
growth - orderly increase in mass or number of all components of the cell
- via simple binary fission
- logarithmic/exponential ila growth, people kay arithmethic
dile zero magsugod ang Lag Phase kay naa may gamay na microorganisms
growth rate: 0
represents a period during which the cells, depleted of metabolites and enzymes as a
result of unfavorable conditions that was obtained at the end of their previous culture
history, adapt to their new environment
increase in:
o metabolic activity
o bacterial RNA and protein synthesis
o bacterial cell size
o macromolecular components
o susceptibility to physical and chemical agents
when adapted to new environment, they will now increase in activity so Lag phase will start to
go up, slowly not abrupt
B. Exponential Phase