Wind Loads

According to Coulson, wind loading only be important on tall columns installed in the open.
Columns and chimney-stacks are usually free standing, mounted on skirt supports, and not
attached to structural steel work. Under these conditions the vessel under wind loading acts as a
cantilever beam as shown in the figure below. For a uniformly loaded cantilever the bending
moment at any plane is given by :

x2
Mx =
2

So the bending moment, and hence the bending stress, will vary parabolically from zero at the
top of the column to a maximum value at the base. For tall columns the bending stress due to
wind loading will often be greater than direct stress due to pressure, and will determine the plate
thickness required. The detailed calculation is shown in Appendix B.

Figure 4.4: Wind loading on a tall column

Shredder

Introduction

Wood chipper are frequently used in industrial lumber applications to reduce wood into chips or
sawdust, which is a part of a manufacturing process. Wood chipper are machines used to cut
down wood, which is especially tree trunks, into smaller particles like sawdust and wood chips.
Wood chipper are also used by those in the agricultural industry during property and land
maintenances. Typically, wood chippers are comprised of several distinct parts, including a
hopper, a collar, a chipper, and a collection bin. An internal power sources, which is combustion
engine, can range from 3 to 1000 horsepower, depending on the size and type of chipper.

Principles of Operation

Regardless of the size, wood chippers all function in the same basic manner. An internal engine,
either an electric motor or a fossil-fuel engine, powers the device. A gearbox uses pulleys and v-
belts to connect the engine to a set of knives. The pulley enables the engine to control the speed
at which these blades rotate, and the v-belt transmits the power from the engine. Internal gears
within the gearbox also help control speed and power. Wood chippers typically have two
separate chutes for processing woods. The first chute, the smaller of the two, shreds branches
into chips. The second, larger chute features blades and additional devices, such as hammers, to
turn excess leaves into mulch.

Based on the kind of blades within the chipper, a user can determine the type and thickness of
wood the chipper is capable of handling. Typically, the larger the wood chipping machine, the
larger the load it can handle. Blades can either function on separate shafts or intermesh. If several
blades are rotating on independent shafts, the wood will be repeatedly cut down the branches as
they are passed through the blades at a fast pace. Intermeshed blades are somewhat slower, but
are self-feeding as they draw the branches into the blades themselves. Additionally, intermeshed
blades produce consistently sized chips.
 Figure 4.6: View of the machine (wood chipper)

Figure 4.5 is a front view of the wood chipping rotor and its associated housing and driving
means having part of the housing broken away to show the upper half of the rotary chipping disc
and the unitary mounting means and chipping knives thereon (Parker & Carter, 1964). Figure 4.6
is a top view of the machine as shown in the figure 4.5, having the housing removed. It shows
the associated wood feed chute and disc drive means (Parker & Carter, 1964).

Type of Wood Chipper

There are several types of wood chipper which are named for the cutting mechanism inside.
There are three types of wood chippers, drum chippers, disk chippers, and screw-type chippers.
Drum and disk chippers are the most common types. Screw-type chippers are very rare and hard
to find in industry.
 Table 4.13: Type of wood chipper (Ebay.com, 2016)

Type Description Advantage Disadvantage

Drum A drum chipper has a large,
Chipper horizontal drum with inset
blades at regular intervals
Disk Chipper A disk chipper has a
vertical disk with inset
blades that slice the wood at
45 degree
Screw-Type The blade of this chipper is
Chipper shaped like a large screw.
The rotating action helps to
pull the wood through the
chipper.
Can handle large Use a lot of energy to
loads and fibrous rotate the drum, and
material the chips are not
uniform in size.
Fast, energy efficient Best for loads with
and produce uniform small diameters.
size chips Excessively fibrous
material will bog the
machine down cause
stress to the engine.
Produces chips that Need to be changed
are uniform in size each time a new size
of chip is desired.

For our plant, disk chipper is choosen as wood chipper. Disk chipper can be as large as 160
inches in diameter, with an engine of up to 5000 horsepower.

Design and Sizing

The disk crusher is another kind of wood chipper. It can process all kinds of wood logs, bamboo,
branches, lumber, round and square blocks, wood pieces and chips. All of these material can be
crush under any moisture and shape (Ali baba.com). The length of the chips are around 20-
50mm, thickness 2-5mm and the width is less than 20mm.

The disk crusher is very easy to operate and have a reasonable design. It also can load a big
capacity and the wood chips length can be adjustable freely. Disk crusher also wear resisting
materials for mat, high quality steels for dead knife and blades.

The disk crusher is another kind of wood chipper. It can process all kinds of wood logs, bamboo,
branches, lumber, round and square blocks, wood pieces and chips. All of these material can be
crush under any moisture and shape (Ali baba.com). The length of the chips are around 20-
50mm, thickness 2-5mm and the width is less than 20mm.
The disk crusher is very easy to operate and have a reasonable design. It also can load a big
capacity and the wood chips length can be adjustable freely. Disk crusher also wear resisting
materials for mat, high quality steels for dead knife and blades.

Table 4.14: Main Data for Wood Chipper

Grinder
Item : Grinder Date : 10th December 2015
Code : By :
No.of Unit :1
General
Function : To grind the EFB Orientation : Vertical

Material of : 304 Stainless Steel

Construction
Design Data
Power 75 kW
Blade Diameter 1.5 m
Main Shaft Rotate Speed 750 r/m
Operating Pressure 1 bar
Operating Temperature 25 oC
Maximum Input Diameter Size Up to 100 mm
Maximum Input Length Size Up to 2.1 m
Minimum Output Size 15-20 mm
Output Capacity 12-15 tan/hr
Electric Motor 50 HP
Total Weight 1000 kg
Works Through Eletric motor
Unit 5
Jay Khodiyar High Level Briquettes
Manufacturer
Machine Manufacturer
Price RM 825,000