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methodsOfIntegration PDF
methodsOfIntegration PDF
methodsOfIntegration PDF
Integration
by Parts
Example: x3 ex dx
u dv = uv v du
1
x3 ex dx = x3 ex 3 x2 ex dx 1 u = x3 dv = ex dx
du = 3x2 dx v = ex
3 x 2 x x
= x e 3 x e 2 xe dx 2 2
u = x2 dv = ex dx
Integration by parts is useful when the integrand is du = 2x dx v = ex
a product of two different kinds of pieces. For in- = x3 ex 3 x2 ex 2 xex ex dx 3
3
stance, an exponential term times a trigonometric term, u=x dv = ex dx
or a logarithmic term times an algebraic term. = x3 ex 3x2 ex + 6xex 6ex +C du = dx v = ex
Inverse trigonometric
Logarithmic
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Exponential expression
u3 2u5 u7
= + +C
3 5 7
cos3 x 2 cos5 x cos7 x
= sin4 x cos+4 x dx +C
3 5 7
tan3 x sec2 x dx = tan x(sec2 x 1) sec2 x dx
If n is even, use the identity
sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = (sec3 x sec x) sec x tan x dx u = sec x
du = sec x tan x dx
to convert all but two of the secants into tangents.
Then substitute u = tan x. If m is odd, convert all but = (u3 u) du
one of the tangents into secant, and substitute u =
sec x. u4 u2
= +C
4 2
Similar strategies work for combinations of powers
sec4 x sec2 x
of cotangent and cosecant. = +C
4 2
multiple angles Use the identities (derived from addition formulas for
sine and cosine):
1
sin(mx) sin(nx) dx sin A sin B = [sin(A B) cos(A + B)]
2
1
cos(mx) cos(nx) dx cos A cos B = [cos(A B) + cos(A + B)]
2
1
sin(mx) cos(nx) dx sin A cos B = [sin(A B) + sin(A + B)]
2
Trigonometric
Substitution
dx
9x2 + 4
Examples:
dx (2/3) sec2 1
= d 1
2 9x2 + 4 2 sec
x2 a 4
x 1 2
= sec d 9x
3 3x
1
a = ln | sec + tan | +C
3 2
1 9x2 + 4 3x x = 23 tan
= ln + +C
3 2dx 2
x
9x2 + 4 = 2 sec
x 2 a2
x2 + 2x + 10
dx = 23 sec2 d
a
dx
dx
=
2
2
x + 2x + 10 (x + 1)2 + 32
u = x+1
du du = dx
a 2
=
u2 + 9
a2 x2
3 sec2 3
= d 3
3 sec
x 9
sec d
= u2
u
= ln | sec + tan | +C
Trigonometric substitution is useful when the inte- 3
u2 + 9 u
grand has a term of the form x2 + a2 , x2 a2 , or
= ln
+ +C
a2 x2 . This term is often (but not always) inside of a 3 3 u = 3 tan
square root or in the denominator of a fraction. There u2 + 9 = 3 sec
are essentially three cases, all involving replacing al- (x + 1)2 + 9 x + 1
du = 3 sec2 d
gebraic expressions with trigonometric expressions. = ln + +C
3 3
2 x2 + ax + b