?

.
(2009.)

Robert
Hooke
.
1635-1703 Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723
.
Matthias
Schleiden
1804-1881
.
Theodor
Schwann (R. HOOKE)
1810-1882 Rudolf Virchow
1821-1902

1
 Homo sapiens

Charles Darvin
1809-1882

:


30 100

40 m
50 m

3-10 cm

5m - 1,5 m

- -

-
-


-
-
-

-
-

-

!!!
!!!

3
 -

!!!

(7-10 nm)

AT-
-

AT

5
 - -



H2O



H2O

-
*
*

*

Na+ !
Na + Na +

Na + Na +
Na + K + K+
Na + K+ Na +
K+
K+ Na +
Na + K+ K+
K+ K+
K+ K+ K+

K+ !

.
(2009.)

( )

II

II

(10 nm)

- ()

-

,

 (25 nm)

13