NCN

www.nanohub.org

ECE606:SolidStateDevices
ECE606: Solid State Devices
Lecture13:RecombinationGeneration
MuhammadAshrafulAlam
alam@purdue.edu

AlamECE606S09 1
Outline

1) Nonequilibriumsystems
N ilib i t
2) Recombinationgenerationevents
3) Steadystateandtransientresponse
4) DerivationofRGformula
5) Conclusion

Ref.Chapter5,pp.134146

AlamECE606S09 2
 CurrentFlowThroughSemiconductors

I
I = G V
= qn v A
V
Carrier
C i velocity
Density
Dependsonchemicalcomposition,
y , p , p g,
crystalstructure,temperature,doping,etc.

QuantumMechanics+EquilibriumStatisticalMechanics
Encapsulatedintoconceptsofeffectivemasses
andoccupationfactors(Ch.14)

Transportwithscattering,nonequilibriumStatisticalMechanics
Encapsulatedintodriftdiffusionequationwith
l d d f d ff h
recombinationgeneration(Ch.5&6)
AlamECE606S09 3
NonequilibriumSystems

Chapter 6
Chapter6 Chapter 5
Chapter5

I
vs.

AlamECE606S09 4
Direct BandtobandRecombination

Inrealspace Inenergyspace

Photon

Photon

GaAs,InP,InSb(3D)
Lasers LEDs etc
Lasers,LEDs,etc.
AlamECE606S09 5
DirectExcitonicRecombination
Inenergyspace

Photon(wavelength?)

Inrealspace

CNT,InP,IDsystems

Transistors,Lasers,Solarcells,etc.

AlamECE606S09 6
Indirect Recombination(Trapassisted)

Phonon

Ge,Si,.

Transistors,Solarcells,etc.

AlamECE606S09 7
AugerRecombination
3

Phonon(heat)
( )
2 1

3 InP,GaAs,
1 2

4 Lasers,etc.

AlamECE606S09 8
ImpactIonization AGenerationMechanism

3
4

Si,Ge,InP

Lasers,Transistors,etc.

AlamECE606S09 9
Indirectvs.DirectBandgap

The top & bottom of bands do not align at

same wavevector k for indirect bandgap material
AlamECE606S09 10
 PhotonEnergyandWavevector

2 EV + E photon = EC
=kV + =k photon = =kC
a
E photon
k photon

2 2 2 2
k photon = = << =
in m 1.21 / E photon in eV a 5 104 m

Photon has large energy for excitation through bandgap,

b t its
but it wavevector
t iis negligible
li ibl comparedd tto size
i off BZ

AlamECE606S09 11
Phonon EnergyandWavevector

EV + E phonon = EC
=kV + =k phonon = =kC

2 2 2 2
k phonon = = =
= sound / E phonon a 5 104 m
Phonon has large wavevector comparable to BZ,
but negligible energy compared to bandgap

AlamECE606S09 12
LocalizedTrapsandWavevector

2 2
ktrap ~
a 5 104 m
Trap provides the wavevector
necessary for indirect transition

AlamECE606S09 13
Outline

1) Nonequilibriumsystems
N ilib i t
2) Recombinationgenerationevents
3) Steadystateandtransientresponse
4) DerivationofRGformula
5) Conclusion

Ref.Chapter5,pp.134146

AlamECE606S09 14
Equilibrium,Steadystate,Transient

Steady state
Steadystate
Equilibrium

n,p)
(n
Device time

Transient

Environment
(n,p)

time

AlamECE606S09 15
 DetailedBalance:SimpleExplanation
Theratesofexchangeofpeople(particles)between
everypairofcountries(energylevels)isbalanced.
2 Hence the name Detailed
Hencethename DetailedBalance
Balance.
Mexico
2 USA Detailedbalanceisthepropertyofequilibrium

3 3 Thepopulationofeachofthecountries(energylevels)
remainsconstantunderdetailedbalance.
4
China 4 Theconceptofdetailedbalanceispowerful,becauseit
The concept of detailed balance is powerful because it
canbeusedformanythings(e.g.reducethenumber
ofunknownrateconstantsbyhalf,andderiveparticle
India distributionslikeFermiDirac,BoseEinstein
d
distributions,etc.)
b )

9in&9out
9 in & 9 out
Allnumbersarepeople/unittime.
AlamECE606S09 16
SteadystateResponse
Disturbingthedetailedbalancerequirescreate
Disturbing the detailed balance requires create
nonequilibriumconditions(needsenergy).
Unidirectionalforces(redlines)cancreatesuch
Nonequilibriumconditions.
3
Theratesofexchangeofpeople(particles) Mexico
betweeneverypairofcountries(energy 2 USA
levels) is NOT balanced but the sum of all arrival
levels)isNOTbalanced,butthesumofallarrival
anddeparturestoallcountriesiszero. 1 4 6
Thefluxatsteadystateisbalancedoverall,but
5
thefluxisNOTthesameasindetailedbalance China 4
(e.g.12inand12outinSSvs.9inand9outfor
DetailedBalance,forexample).
India
Thepopulationofacountry(energylevel)remains
1
constantwithtimeaftersteadystateisreached.

Onecanusetherequirementthatnetfluxat
O th i t th t t fl t 12 in and 12 out from USA
12inand12outfromUSA
steadystatebezerotocalculatesteadystate
populationofacountry(Eq.5.21) 17
 DetailedBalance,Transient,Steadystate

2 3
2 Mexico
Mexico Mexico 2 USA
2 USA 3 USA

1 3 5 1 4 6
3 3
4 5 5
4 4 China 4
China China

India India I di
India
1 1

Forcedunidirectionalconnections
Forced unidirectional connections
(redlines)disturbsequilibrium
9in9out (e.g.9in/12outattimet1 12in12out
Populationconserved localpopulationsnotconserved, Populationstabilized
but global population is
butglobalpopulationis.

AlamECE606S09 18
Outline

1) Nonequilibriumsystems
N ilib i t
2) Recombinationgenerationevents
3) Steadystateandtransientresponse
4) DerivationofRGformula
5) Conclusion

Ref.Chapter5,pp.134146

AlamECE606S09 19
Indirect Recombination(Trapassisted)

Phonon

Ge,Si,.

Transistors,Solarcells,etc.

AlamECE606S09 20
PhysicalviewofCarrierCapture/Recombination

(1)Beforeacapture

NT = nT + pT

(3)Afterholecapture (2)Afterelectroncapture

AlamECE606S09 21
CarrierCaptureCoefficients

tht

dn A th t pT n
= n
dt A t
1 * 2 3
m th = kT cn pT n cn nth
2 2

AlamECE606S09 22
CaptureCrosssection

n = r0 2 Zncapturemodel

e1 2 1016 cm -2

5 1018 6 1015
e2 h1

e3 7 1014
h1

Cascademodelforcapture
AlamECE606S09 23
Conclusions

1) Therearewidevarietyofgenerationrecombinationevents
thatallowrestorationofequilibriumoncethestimulusis
removed.
2) Directrecombinationisphotonassisted,indirect
recombination phonon assisted
recombinationphononassisted.
3) Conceptsofequilibrium,steadystate,andtransient
d
dynamicsshouldbeclearlyunderstood.
i h ld b l l d d

AlamECE606S09 24