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Materials Used in Solid Freeform Fabrication 1
Materials Used in Solid Freeform Fabrication 1
Abstract:This report is a review of materials used in mature than evolving areas such as additive fabrication of
additive manufacturing technique otherwise known as devices that are composed of or include biological matter.
Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF), this approach has
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
resided largely in the prototyping realm, where the
methods of producing complex freeform solid objects
A relatively large number of reviews of no biological
directly from a computer model without part- specific
materials used in additive manufacturing have been published
tooling or knowledge started. But these technologies are
since the 1996 WTEC rapid prototyping report; several of
evolving steadily and are beginning now to encompass
these reviews are listed in Table 1.1 and are also included in
related systems of material addition, assembly, and
the References list. The reviews in Table 1.1 are broadly
insertion of components made by other processes.
categorized in terms of the type of material of primary interest
Furthermore, these various additive processes are starting
(polymer, metal, ceramic, other) and the particular
to evolve into rapid manufacturing techniques for mass -
manufacturing method (stereo lithography, selective laser
customized products, away from narrowly defined rapid
sintering, fused deposition modeling, ink-jet or 3D printing, or
prototyping. Specific examples include: laser sintering of
other). In general, these materials reviews
powders, direct metal deposition(See Fig 1) and laser
fusion of powders, and ink jet printing techniques. Truly Focus on specific materials that are relevant to a variety of
integrated layer- by-layer additive processes under additive manufacturing methods, corresponding to
development are limited. Materials requirements for columns in Table 1.1
SFF include the ability to produce the feedstock in a
form amenable to the specic SFF process, suitable Deal primarily with specific manufacturing methods,
processing of the material by SFF, capability to be along with an overview of various materials used in
acceptably post- processed to enhance geometry and conjunction with these methods, corresponding to rows in
properties, and manifestation of necessary performance Table 1.1.
characteristics in service. As SFF has matured, septic Provide in-depth expositions of specific manufacturing
classes of material have become associated with septic methods using specific types of materials, corresponding
SFF processes and applications. to single entries in Table 1.1, and/or present overviews of
the physical behavior of various types of materials that
Keywords:- Prototyping, Free Form Fabrication, Materials. may be relevant to an array of manufacturing methods,
including additive.
I. INTRODUCTION
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Volume 2, Issue 8 , August 2017 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
Sigmun d 2000
Armster 2002
Duty 2001
Sigmun d 2000
Table No.1. Materials and Materials Processing for Additive Manufacturing, Review Articles, 1996-2003.
III. MAT E R IA L S US ED IN SFF improve the microstructure, reduce porosity and to nish
surfaces, reduce roughness and meet geometric
For any manufacturing process, including SFF tolerance.
technologies, the feedstock must be formed into a state
compatible with the process in question (e.g., powder, The plastics are listed as amorphous polymers, semi
sheet, wire, liquid). For example, in vat polymerization crystalline polymers and thermo- sets. Material
and photopolymer-based material jetting, the feedstock extrusion uses amorphous polymers. The large viscous
must be a liquid thermoses plastic monomer that will softening temperature range is helpful for successfully
crosslink when exposed to the appropriate depositing the bead of plastic. Semi crystalline polymers
electromagnetic radiation. typically soften over a very small temperature range with
a dramatic change in viscosity. While this behavior is
useful for powder bed fusion of plastics, the polymer
Finally, the material must exhibit acceptable service ow characteristics are difficult to control using material
properties to perform successfully in the given extrusion. Chocolate is a special case and may be
application. For the most stringent service applications, considered to be semi crystalline. There are several
SFF parts are usually post-processed in some fashion to chocolate printers based on material extrusion, but the
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Volume 2, Issue 8 , August 2017 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
present quality of multiple-layer parts is generally low, used for powder bed fusion.
often limiting these fabricators to single layer
deposition. Vat polymerization is limited to b). Thermoplastics for Material Extrusion.
photosensitive thermoses.
For the material extrusion process, amorphous
A. Plastics thermoplastics are preferred, due to their melt
characteristics. These polymers, including popular
a). Thermoplastics ABS and PLA, soften over a wide range of temperature
up to the so- called glazing temperature, forming a high-
Material extrusion and powder bed fusion and processes viscosity material ideal for material extrusion through a
use thermoplastic polymers. Both involve thermal layer 0.20.5 mm diameter nozzle. Table 1.2 lists
adhesion but exploit different mechanisms. For material commercially available materials for material extrusion.
extrusion, amorphous thermoplastics perform most
suitably, while semi crystalline polymers are typically
Sigmun d 2000
Armster 2002
Duty 2001
Sigmun d 2000
Table No.2. Current Commercial Materials Direct ly Processed By AM, By AM Process Category.
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ISSN No: - 2456 2165
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Volume 2, Issue 8 , August 2017 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No: - 2456 2165
Biomaterials is a major area driving SFF research and [1]. Agarwala MK, van Weeren R, Yaidyanathan R,
development in SFF of ceramics. Select biomaterial Bandyopadhyay A, Carrasquilo G, Jamalabad V,
scaffolds of ceramic in polymer require no sintering or Langrana N, Safari A, Garofalini S, Danforth SC,
post treatment and are effectively available for use Burlew J, Donald- son R, Whalen P, Ballard C
immediately after fabrication. Much like the biopolymer (1995) Structural Ceramics by Fused Deposition of
composites, the bioceramic composites are particulates Ceramics. Proceedings of SFF Symposium, Austin
blended for homogeneity and then consolidated via TX USA, 18.
selective laser sintering (SLS) or some other SFF process. [2]. Ahn S, Lee CS, Felong W (2004) Development of
Translucent FDM Parts by Post- Processing.
IV. CONCL US IO N Rapid Protot yp in g Journal 10(4 ):2 18 22 4.
[3]. Ahuja B, Karg M, Nagulin K, Schmidt M
Today, RP technologies have been on the market for almost (2014) Laser Beam Melting of High Strength
three decades. They still enjoy growing interest in industry Aluminium Alloys EN AW-6061 and EN AW-
and science. This increasing recognition is rejected in a 6082. in Drstvensek o, (Ed.) Proceedings of 5th
cumulative number of technological developments in the International Conference on Additive
eld of LM and a steadily increasing number of sold RP Technologies, 153 158.
units. [4]. Ainsley C, Reis N, Derby B (2002) Freeform
Fabrication by Controlled Droplet Deposition of
Powder Filled Melts. Journal of Materials
Recent advancements made in other elds of materials Science 37:31553161.
science have stimulated progress of RP materials [5]. Alayavalli K, Bourell DL (2010) Fabrication of
development. Composites and in particular nano Modied Graphite Bipolar Plates by Indirect
composites, though well established in other elds of Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) for Direct
materials science, have entered RP technologies only in Methanol Fuel Cells. Rapid Prototyping Journal
recent years, resulting in materials with substantially 16(4):2 6 8 2 74 .
improved mechanical and thermal properties, and [6]. Al-Bermani SS, Blackmore ML, Zhang W, Todd I
processes with increased dimensional accuracy. Owing to (2010) The Origin of Micro- structural Diversity,
the accomplished progress, LMs scope of application Texture, and Mechanical Properties in Electron
widens steadily from concept modeling to functional Beam Melted Ti6Al 4V. Metallurgical and
prototyping, RT and manufacturing. Materials Transact io ns A 41(13 ):3 42 2 3434 .
[7]. Alcisto J, Enriquez A, Garcia H, Hinkson S,
Beyond the described advancements, a growing interest in Steelman T, Silverman E, Valdovino P,
development of novel materials and processes for medical Gigerenzer H, Foyos J, Ogren J, Dorey J, Karg K,
applications is noticed. Up to now, freeform fabrication of McDonald T, Es-Said OS (2011) Amado Becker
patient-septic osteoconductive implants for bone regret AF (2016) Characterization and Prediction of
represents the most investigated of such applications. SLS Process ab il it y of.
However, it appears likely that research RP developments [8]. Amado A, Schmid M, Levy G, Wegener K
will address further tasks in tissue engineering and organ (2011) Advances in SLS Powder
printing in the near future. Characterization. Solid Freeform Fabrication
Sympos iu m , Austin, TX, 438 4 5 2.
Despite the described sciatic progress and further, often [9]. Amato KN, Gaytan SM, Murr LE, Martinez E,
numerical investigations aiming at a better understanding Shindo PW, Hernandez J, Collins S, Medina F
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ISSN No: - 2456 2165
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