RAPID-FIRE

FACTS
Most common cause of neural tube defects Folate deficiency
Most common cause of congenital
Alcohol use in pregnancy
malformation in the U.S.
Most common cause of congenital intellectual
Fetal alcohol Syndrome
disability in the U.S.
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic
Marfan syndrome
dissection, lens dislocation
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural
Alport syndrome
hearing loss
Unilateral facial drooping involving the
Bells palsy (CN VII palsy)
forehead
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis Horners syndrome
Worst headache of my life Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Lucid interval following head trauma Epidural hematoma
Bloody CSF on LP Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Most common cause of subdural hematoma Rupture of the bridging veins
Most common cause of epidural hematoma Rupture of the middle meningeal arteries
Treatment for absence seizures Ethosuximide
Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures Phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease)
Drooling farmer Organophosphate poisoning
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma Alpha-antagonist
Selective alpha1-antagonist used to treat
Tamsulosin
BPH
Continuous machinery-like heart murmur PDA
Boot-shaped heart Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH (adult)
Rib notching Coarctation of the aorta
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly VSD
Most common congenital cause of early
Tetralogy of Fallot
cyanosis
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic
Aortic regurgitation
murmur
Bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis Paget disease of bone
Vertebral compression fractures Osteoporosis
Positive anterior drawer sign ACL injury
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints Osteoarthritis
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints Rheumatoid arthritis
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath Osteoarthritis
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe Gout

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Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped
Pseudogout
crystals
Negatively birefringent needle Gout
Bamboo spine on x-ray Ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27 Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies Lupus
Anti-histone antibodies Drug-induced lupus
Anti-centromere antibodies CREST scleroderma
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies Diffuse systemic scleroderma
Anti-Jo-1 antibodies Polymyositis
Anti-Ro antibodies Sjgren syndrome
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a
Lupus
young woman
Arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes Sjgren syndrome
Most common cause of death in SLE Lupus nephropathy/nephritis
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy Squamous cell carcinoma
Most common malignant skin tumor Basal cell carcinoma
More common cancer in men Prostate cancer
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in
BPH
men
Most common treatment for erectile Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
dysfunction (Ex: sildenafil)
Dysplastic cervical cells, with enlarged, dark
Koilocytes (HPV infection)
nuclei
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Most common tumor in women Leiomyoma
Most common gynecologic malignancy in the
Endometrial carcinoma
U.S.
Most common gynecologic malignancy
Cervical cancer
worldwide
Chocolate cyst of the ovary Endometriosis
Most common benign ovarian tumor Serous cystadenoma
Most common malignant ovarian tumor Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic
Call-Exner bodies
fluid
Most common genetic cause of intellectual
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
disability
Second most common genetic cause of
Fragile X syndrome
intellectual disability
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects,
Turner syndrome
streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
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Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands,
microcephaly with prominent occiput and Trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome
small jaw
Most common cancer in women in the US Breast cancer
Most common benign breast tumor Fibroadenoma
Most common malignant breast tumor Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Blue dome cyst in the breast Fibrocystic change
Treatment for ER (+) breast cancer Tamoxifen
Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and
Paget disease
nipple
Branching, filamentous Gram (+) rods with
Actinomyces israelii
sulfur granules
Most common medication used for UTI
TMP-SMX
prophylaxis
Most common bacteria in a patient with
Proteus (then Staph)
struvite kidney stones
Stranded treatment for T. pallidum Penicillin
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite Pasteurella multocida
A non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital
Chancre of primary syphilis
lesion
Moist, smooth, fat, white genital lesion Condylomata lata of secondary syphilis
Large bulls-eye rash Erythema migrans due to Lyme disease
Calcified granuloma in the lung, plus hilar
Ghon complex
lymphadenopathy
Back pain, night sweats, and weight loss Potts disease
Standard treatment regimen for TB Rifampin, INH, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
Eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high
Hyperimmunoglobulin E (Job syndrome)
serum IgE
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes Chdiak-Higashi disease
Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of
Babinski reflex
the foot with a blunt instrument
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and
Upper motor neuron lesion
positive Babinski sign
Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and
Lower motor neuron lesion
muscle atrophy
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra Parkinson disease
Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate
Huntington disease
and putamen
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of
Lewy bodies
neurons
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
and diplopia during lateral gaze
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Degeneration of the dorsal columns Tabes dorsalis
Demyelinating disease in a young woman Multiple sclerosis
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron
ALS
disease
Newborn with arm paralysis following a
Erb-Duchene palsy
difficult labor
Most common cause of dementia Alzheimer disease
Second most common cause of dementia Multi-infarct dementia
Extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter Alzheimer disease
Intracellular deposits of
Alzheimer disease
hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Intracellular spherical aggregate of tau
Pick disease
protein seen on silver stain
Dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
anemia
Hematemesis with retching Mallory-Weiss tear
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus Signet ring cell (gastric cancer, LCIS)
Most common type of stomach cancer Adenocarcinoma
Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer Krukenberg tumor
Gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated
Cushing ulcer
ICP or head trauma
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe
Curling ulcer
burns
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever,
Whipple disease
adenopathy and hyperpigmentation
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-
Celiac disease
endomysial antibodies
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent
Folic acid
neural tube defects
Most common surgical emergency Appendicitis
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness McBurneys sign
Most common cancer of the appendix Carcinoid tumor
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
mouth and hands
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue
Gardner syndrome
tumors
Apple core lesion on barium enema Colon cancer
Most common site of colonic diverticula Sigmoid colon
String sign on contrast x-ray Crohns disease
Lead pipe appearance of colon on contrast
Ulcerative colitis
x-ray
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Painless jaundice Pancreatic cancer
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis Gallstones and alcohol
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis Alcohol abuse
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate Crigler-Najjar syndrome (Type I)
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia Gilbert syndrome
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes Fatty liver disease
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm Mallory bodies
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis HCC
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites Budd-Chiari syndrome
Green/yellow corneal deposits Kayser-Fleischer rings (Wilson disease)
Low serum ceruloplasmin Wilson disease
Cirrhosis, diabetes and hyperpigmentation Hemochromatosis
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs
Kartagener syndrome
inversus
Elevated D-dimers PE, DVT
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage,
Virchows triad
stasis of blood
Blue bloater Hypoxemia, hypercapnia (chronic
bronchitis)
Pink puffer Dyspnea, hyperventilation (emphysema)
Curschmanns spirals Shed epithelium from mucus plugs
(asthma)
Most common cause of pulmonary
COPD
hypertension
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis Sarcoidosis
Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis Goodpastures, Wegeners
Anti-glomerular basement membrane
Goodpastures
antibodies
Honeycomb lung on x-ray Interstitial fibrosis
Tennis-racket shaped cytoplasmic Birbeck granules (eosinophilic
organelles granuloma)
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)
septum
Lung cancer associated with SIADH Small cell lung cancer
Tumor associated with Horner syndrome Pancoast tumor
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and
persistent fever occurring several weeks Dressler syndrome
after an MI
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails Infective endocarditis
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers Rot spits (infective endocarditis)

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Heart valve most commonly involved in
Mitral valve
infective endocarditis
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV
Tricuspid valve
drug user with infective endocarditis
Granulomatous nodules in the heart Aschoff bodies (rheumatic heart disease)
Most common primary cardiac tumor in
Left atrial myxoma
adults
Most common primary cardiac tumor in
Rhabdomyoma
children
Most common cause of constrictive
US: lupus; developing countries: TB
pericarditis
Cold, pale painful digits Raynaud phenomenon
c-ANCA Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
p-ANCA Microscopic polyangiitis,
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Treatment for Buerger disease Smoking cessation
Treatment for temporal arteritis High dose steroids
Most common etiology of bacterial
Group B Strep
meningitis in neonates
Most common etiology of bacterial Streptococcus pneumoniae
meningitis in children Neisseria meningitidis
Most common etiology of bacterial
Streptococcus pneumoniae
meningitis in adults
Osteomyelitis in an IV drug user Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas
Osteomyelitis ina sickle cell patient Salmonella
Most common reportable STD Chlamydia
Non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital
Primary syphilis
lesion
Painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion,
Chancroid
which exudate
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells on a wet prep
Bacterial vaginosis (clue cells)
of vaginal discharge
Common treatment for syphilis Penicillin
Common treatment for Trichomonas Metronidazole
Common treatment for Chlamydia Doxycycline or azithromycin
Common treatment for gonorrhea Ceftriaxone
A boy with self-mutilating behavior,
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
intellectual disability and gout
Orotic acid in the urine + elevation in serum
OTC deficiency
ammonia

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Orotic acid in the urine + no elevation in
Orotic aciduria
serum ammonia
Megaloblastic anemia that does not improve
Orotic aciduria
with folate and B12
Most common medication for ADHD Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Most common medication for Bulimia
SSRIs (Ex: fluoxetine)
nervosa
Medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal Benzodiazepines
Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse Alcoholics anonymous
Atrophy of mammillary bodies Wernicke encephalopathy
Treatment for central DJ Desmopressin
Treatment for nephrogenic DI HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
Treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic
Amiloride
DI
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic
nephropathy)
Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
vasculitis Goodpasture syndrome
Red cell casts Acute glomerulonephritis
Waxy casts Chronic renal failure
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney Chronic pyelonephritis
Most common renal tumor Renal cell carcinoma
Most common type of renal stone Calcium stones
Type of renal stone associated with Proteus
Struvite stones
vulgaris
Bluish-colored lines on the gingivae Lead poisoning (Burtons lines)
Treatment of choice for rickets or
Vitamin D
osteomalacia
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding
Scurvy
mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
Most common vitamin deficiency in the US Folate deficiency
Hypersegmented neutrophils Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and
Wet Beriberi (vitamin B1 deficiency)
polyneuropathy
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold
Sheehan syndrome
intolerance
Infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal
Hypoprolactinemia
hemianopsia
Most common causes of Cushing syndrome Exogenous steroid use
Ectopic ACTH secretion
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
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Most common tumor of the adrenal Benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla
Pheochromocytoma
(in adults)
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla
Neuroblastoma
(in children)
Most common cause of primary
Adrenal adenoma
hyperaldosteronism
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism Spironolactone or eplerenone
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma Nonselective alpha-blocker
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid
MEN 2A
cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid
MEN 2B
cancer, and mucosal neuromas
Adrenal disease associated with skin
Addison disease
hyperpigmentation
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic
Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
alkalosis
Most common thyroid cancer Papillary carcinoma
Cold intolerance Hypothyroidism
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass Orphan Annie eye nuclei in papillary
nuclei carcinoma
Standard treatment for DKA IV fluids, IV insulin, potassium
replacement
Standard treatment for type 1 DM Insulin
Standard treatment for type 2 DM Low-carb diet, weight loss, oral
hypoglycemic drugs, insulin
Most common cause of hypercalcemia Primary hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of primary
Parathyroid adenoma
hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of secondary
Chronic renal failure
hyperparathyroidism
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism Accidental parathyroidectomy
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the
Chvosteks sign
cheek
Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors MEN1
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate
Heparin or LMWH
anticoagulation
Preferred anticoagulant for long-term
Warfarin
anticoagulation
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy Heparin or LMWH
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia Iron deficiency, thalassemia, and lead
poisoning
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Hypersegmented neutrophils Megaloblastic anemia
Skull x-ray shows a hair-on-end appearance Marrow hyperplasia
Basophilic stippling of RBCs Lead poisoning
Painful cyanosis of the fingers nad toes, with
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
hemolytic anemia
Red urine in the morning, and fragile RBCs Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs Howell-Jolly bodies
Autosplenectomy Sickle cell disease
Drug used to treat sickle cell disease Hydroxyurea
Antiplatelet antibodies Immune thrombocytopenia
Bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency Bernard-Soulier disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder von Willebrand disease
Cancer most commonly associated with a
Hodgkin lymphoma
noninfectious fever
Sheets of lymphoid cells, with a starry sky
Burkitt lymphoma
appearance
Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin
prominent owls eye inclusions lymphoma
Smudge cells CLL
Punched out lytic bone lesions Multiple myeloma
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins Rouleaux formation (multiple myeloma)
Monoclonal antibody spike Multiple myeloma, MGUS, Waldenstrm
macroglobinemia
Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of
Auer rods (AML)
leukemic blasts
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV
Kaposi sarcoma
patient
Temporal lobe encephalitis HSV-1
Owls eye inclusions in organ tissue CMV
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets Type A Cowdry bodies (HSV, CMV)
Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient Parvovirus B19
Child with a fever and slapped cheek rash
Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)
on the face that spreads to his body
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and
Measles (rubeola)
diffuse rash
Small irregular blue-gray spots on the buccal
Kopliks spots in measles
mucosa, surrounded by a base of red
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV
Kaposi sarcoma
patient
Large cells with owls eye inclusions CMV
Treatment for CMV Ganciclovir
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Most common opportunistic infection in HIV
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
patients
Drug used to prevent pneumocystic
TMP-SMX
pneumonia
Treatment for oral candidiasis Nystatin, fluconazole
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV
Pneumocystis jirovecii
patients
Prophylaxis for cryptococcus in AIDS
Fluconazole
patients
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients TMP-SMX
Treatment for systemic candidiasis Fluconazole, amphotericin B,
echinocandin
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii Itraconazole, potassium iodide
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in an HIV patient Toxoplasma gondii
Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis Metronidazole
Most common protozoal diarrhea Giardia lamblia
Most common helminth infection in the U.S. Enterobius vermicularis
Second most common helminth infection in
Ascaris lumbricoides
the U.S.

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