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TG13 Indications and Techniques For Biliary Drainage PDF
TG13 Indications and Techniques For Biliary Drainage PDF
TG13 Indications and Techniques For Biliary Drainage PDF
DOI 10.1007/s00534-012-0569-8
Abstract The Tokyo Guidelines of 2007 (TG07) descri- assisted cannulation, wire-guided cannulation, and treat-
bed the techniques and recommendations of biliary ment of duodenal major papilla using endoscopic papillary
decompression in patients with acute cholangitis. TG07 balloon dilation (EPBD). Furthermore, recently single-
recommended that endoscopic transpapillary biliary or double-balloon enteroscopy-assisted biliary drainage
drainage should be selected as a first-choice therapy for (BE-BD) and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided biliary
acute cholangitis because it is associated with a low mor- drainage (EUS-BD) have been reported as special tech-
tality rate and shorter duration of hospitalization. However, niques for biliary drainage. Nevertheless, the updated
TG07 did not include the whole technique of standard Tokyo Guidelines (TG13) recommends that endoscopic
endoscopic transpapillary biliary drainage, for example, drainage should be first-choice treatment for biliary
biliary cannulation techniques including contrast medium- decompression in patients with non-surgically altered
anatomy and suggests that the choice of cannulation tech-
nique or drainage method (endoscopic naso-biliary drain-
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this age and stenting) depends on the endoscopists preference
article (doi:10.1007/s00534-012-0569-8) contains supplementary
material, which is available to authorized users. but EST should be selected rather than EPBD from the
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72 J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci (2013) 20:7180
aspect of procedure-related complications. In terms of BE- cases of mild acute cholangitis in which antibiotics and
BD and EUS-BD, although there are many reports on the general supportive care are effective.
their usefulness, they should be performed by skilled en-
Q1. What is the most preferable biliary drainage?
doscopists in high-volume institutes, who are good at ent-
endoscopic vs percutaneous vs surgical drainage for
eroscopy or echoendosonography, respectively, because
acute cholangitis?
procedures and devices are not yet established.
Free full-text articles and a mobile application of TG13
are available via http://www.jshbps.jp/en/guideline/tg13. We recommend endoscopic biliary drainage for acute
html. cholangitis (recommendation 1, level B).
We suggest that percutaneous transhepatic biliary
Keywords Cholangitis Percutaneous biliary drainage drainage may be considered as alternative
Endoscopic biliary drainage Endoscopic cholangio- methods when endoscopic biliary drainage is difficult
pancreatography Guidelines (recommendation 2, level C).
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J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci (2013) 20:7180 73
dilation. The PTCD procedure is performed as follows, and The timing of endoscopic biliary drainage is very
as previously described [4]. Briefly, at first, ultrasonogra- important for the clinical outcome. Khashab et al. [14]
phy-guided transhepatic puncture of the intrahepatic bile described that delayed (more than 72 h after administration)
duct is conducted using an 18- to 22-G needle. After and unsuccessful ERCP are associated with worse outcomes
confirming backflow of bile, a guidewire is advanced into in patients with acute cholangitis. Actually, in TG07, two
the bile duct. Finally, a 7- to 10-Fr catheter is placed in the thirds of outstanding pancreatobiliary surgeons and endos-
bile duct under fluoroscopic control over the guidewire. copists supported the use of emergent or early drainage in
Puncture using a small-gauge (22-G) needle is safer in patients with moderate or severe cholangitis [15].
patients without biliary dilation than with biliary dilation.
According to the Quality Improvement Guidelines pro- Techniques
duced by American radiologists, the success rates of
drainage are 86 % in patients with biliary dilation and Biliary cannulation
63 % in those without biliary dilation [12].
Biliary cannulation should be conducted in advance of
biliary drainage. Basically, there are two biliary cannula-
Surgical drainage tion techniques, namely contrast medium-guided cannula-
tion (standard cannulation) and wire-guided cannulation.
Indications
Q2. What technique should be used for biliary
cannulation? Standard cannulation or wire-guided
In benign diseases like bile duct stones, surgical drainage is
cannulation?
extremely rare because of the prevalence of endoscopic
drainage or PTCD for the therapy of acute cholangitis.
We suggest that either standard cannulation or wire-guided
However, in patients with acute cholangitis due to unre-
cannulation can be considered for bile duct access
sectable neoplasms like cancer of the pancreatic head,
(recommendation 2, level B).
hepaticojejunostomy can be performed as bypass surgery
only in limited patients without severe acute cholangitis. In
particular, when periampullary neoplastic lesions like Two meta-analyses of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)
cancer of the pancreatic head or ampullary cancer, show on the comparison between standard cannulation and wire-
both acute cholangitis and duodenal obstruction, double guided cannulation showed that wire-guided cannulation
bypass surgery, hepaticojejunostomy and gastrojejunos- was able to increase the successful biliary cannulation rate
tomy, may be a rare choice. and prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis [16, 17]. Recently,
however, two RCTs have shown that there is no statisti-
Techniques cally significant difference between standard cannulation
and wire-guided cannulation on the success rate of biliary
Open drainage for decompression of the bile duct is per- cannulation or the prevention rate of post-ERCP pancrea-
formed as a surgical intervention. When surgical drainage titis [18, 19]. Therefore, the choice of techniques for biliary
in critically ill patients with bile duct stones is performed, cannulation is still controversial.
prolonged operations should be avoided and simple pro- When biliary cannulation using standard cannulation or
cedures, such as T-tube placement without choledocholi- wire-guided cannulation techniques fails, precutting, which
thotomy, are recommended [13]. means an incision of the papilla enabling the bile duct
orifice to be opened for biliary cannulation, may be per-
formed if an alternative method, like PTCD or surgical
Endoscopic biliary drainage intervention, is not performed. In the main, two types of
precutting methods are used. Needle knife precutting using
Indications needle-type sphincterotome is well known as a basic pre-
cutting method (Fig. 1a). Alternatively, several endosco-
Endoscopic transpapillary biliary drainage has become the pists prefer pancreatic sphincter precutting using a pull-
gold standard technique for acute cholangitis, regardless of type sphincterotome for biliary access (Fig. 1b). The use of
whether the pathology is benign or malignant, because it is a precutting methods depends on the institution and endos-
minimally invasive drainage method [4]. On the other hand, copist. It is known that precutting is likely to cause serious
endoscopic drainage using a standard duodenoscope in pati- complications, such as acute pancreatitis and perforation,
ents with duodenal obstruction and surgically altered anatomy, and therefore it should be performed only by skilled
like Roux-en-Y anastomosis, seems to be contraindicated. endoscopists [20, 21].
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J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci (2013) 20:7180 75
Table 1 Comparison of results between ENBD and stent placement in acute cholangitis cases
References Method n RCT Technical success (%) Clinical success (%) VAS Adverse events (%) Mortality rate (%)
10-Fr plastic stent is placed in the bile duct as an internal hemorrhage is one of the risk factors of acute cholangitis
drainage over the guidewire. There are two different stent [20]. In particular, the use of EST in patients with severe
shapes, a straight type with a single flap with a sidehole (grade III) disease complicated by coagulopathy should be
(Amsterdam type) (Fig. 2b) or radial flaps without a side- avoided. Nevertheless, EST has some advantages as fol-
hole (Tannenbaum type) on both sides, and a double pig- lows: (1) it provides not only drainage but also clearance of
tail type to prevent inward and outward stent migration. bile duct stones at a single session in patients with cho-
There is no comparative study between straight type and ledocholithiasis (not complicated by severe cholangitis).
pig-tail type stents. Therefore, either stent can be selected (2) Precutting can allow bile duct access, providing biliary
according to the preference of the endoscopist. drainage in patients in whom selective biliary cannulation
is impossible using the standard cannulation technique. In
particular, stone removal in one session can shorten the
Treatment of the major papilla
hospital stay. Therefore, TG13 suggests that addition of
EST should be determined according to the patients con-
Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST)
dition and the operators skill.
Indications
Techniques
EST technique is usually used for stone removal and, at
times, prevention of the occlusion of the pancreatic duct The detail of EST procedures is described in TG07 [4].
orifice by placement of a large-bore biliary stent (more than Briefly, after selective biliary cannulation with or without a
10-Fr or a self-expandable metal stent). guidewire, a pull-type sphincterotomy incision is per-
Q4. Is EST necessary in endoscopic biliary drainage? formed below the transverse fold (Fig. 3). When the
transverse fold is not present, the superior margin of the
papilla bulge is used as a landmark to determine the length
We suggest that addition of EST should be determined
of the sphincterotomy (supplement video 4). An electro-
according to the patients condition and the operators
surgical generator with a controlled cutting system
skill (recommendation 2, level C).
(Endocut mode, ICC200, VIO300, ERBE Elektromedizin
We suggest that EST followed by stone removal without
GmbH, Tubingen, Germany) is used for EST; the push-
biliary drainage can be recommended as an alternative
type is used for EST in patients with Billroth II gastrec-
procedure in patients with choledocholithiasis - induced
tomy or Roux-en-Y anastomosis. Only a limited incision is
acute cholangitis (recommendation 2, level C).
necessary in EST for drainage purposes using a large-bore
stent, unlike that for stone removal [10]. Endoscopists
As TG07 described, an additional EST is not necessary in should remember that EST may cause acute pancreatitis or
acute cholangitis as follows: (1) additional EST causes cholangitis, which may become life-threatening when
complications such as hemorrhage [26, 27]; (2) post-EST severe [20].
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76 J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci (2013) 20:7180
Techniques
Indications
Special techniques of endoscopic biliary drainage
The EPBD procedure is usually used instead of EST for
removal of bile duct stones [28]. Until now, there has been Recently, several new techniques of endoscopic biliary
no comparative study on the use of EPBD during biliary drainage have been developed.
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J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci (2013) 20:7180 77
Balloon enteroscope-assisted bile duct drainage Tokyo, Japan and long-type DBE: EN-450T5, short-type
DBE: EC-450B15/EI-530B, Fujifilm Co., Ltd., Saitama,
Indications Japan), a sliding tube with a balloon and a balloon con-
troller. The DBE has a balloon at the tip of the endoscope
ERCP in patients with surgically altered anatomy can be in addition to the balloon of the overtube. Endoscopes are
challenging. In general, Roux-en-Y anastomosis has been advanced to the papilla or anastomotic site using the
thought to preclude endoscopic access for ERCP because of pushing and pulling techniques (Fig. 4a, b). An injection
the extensive lengths of the efferent and afferent limbs that catheter and a tapered catheter are used for initial cannu-
must be traversed to reach the major papilla or hepaticojej- lation. First, 0.0250.035-inch guidewires are inserted into
unostomy site. Recently, single balloon enteroscopy (SBE) the bile duct. Finally, 58.5-Fr naso-biliary drainage
and double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) have enabled suc- catheters and self-expandable metallic stents are placed
cessful ERCP to be performed in patients with such surgi- into the bile duct for biliary decompression. In cases
cally altered anatomy. Several investigators have reported requiring an endoscopic sphincterotomy, a sphincterotome
various success rates (40 to 95 %) with adverse events rates and needle knife are advanced into the bile duct over or
below 5 % (Tables 2, 3) [3042]. However, since this alongside the guidewire. In cases of EPBD, a conventional
technique may be unsuccessful and time-consuming, its dilation catheter is used for the papilla or
indication should be cautiously decided. Although ideal
operators are those who are skilled in both balloon enteros-
copy and ERCP, in some institutions, GI endoscopists
advance an endoscope to the papilla or anastomotic site and
then pancreaticobiliary endoscopists perform ERCP.
Therefore, if the operators are not good at this technique,
therapy using balloon enteroscopy should be avoided.
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78 J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci (2013) 20:7180
hepaticojejunostomy site. When selective cannulation is Table 4 Outcome of endosonography-guided bile duct drainage
not possible, a needle knife is used for pre-cutting. A Drainage No. of Technical Clinical Complications
basket catheter, retrieval balloon catheter, and/or mechan- cases success (%) success (%) (%)
ical lithotriptor are used for removal of stones.
EUS-guided HES 4 100 100 25
IHBD HGS 50 96 98 16
Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided bile duct drainage drainage
HJS 4 75 100 0
Indications EUS-guided CDS 61 95 100 16
EHBD CGS 6 100 100 17
drainage
Recently, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided bili-
ary drainage has been reported as a salvage therapy when IHBD intrahepatic bile duct, EHBD extrahepatic bile duct, HES he-
paticoesophagostomy, HGS hepaticogastrostomy, HJS hepaticojejun-
standard endoscopic drainage has failed [4354]. Since the ostomy, CDS choledochoduodenostomy, CGS choledochogastrostomy
technique and devices of this procedure are not yet estab-
lished and there is no dedicated device for this procedure, it
should be conducted only in selected patients in whom bile duct drainage (Fig. 5a) by a transesophageal, trans-
standard biliary drainage by means of ERCP or PTCD has gastric or transjejunal approach; (2) EUS-guided extrahe-
failed or is contraindicated for various reasons like con- patic bile duct drainage (Fig. 5b) by a transduodenal or
siderable ascites. There are two methods of approach in transgastric approach. The choice of drainage route
EUS-guided biliary drainage: (1) EUS-guided intrahepatic depends on the presence of a gastric outlet obstruction and
the stricture site of the bile duct. Several published data on
EUS-guided intrahepatic bile duct drainage and extrahe-
patic bile duct drainage show that the success rate is high
(95 %), with 93100 % (intention-to-treat) response rates
(Table 4) [4354]. Most of the reported cases of adverse
events were pneumoperitonitis but there was no serious
adverse event. However, since the procedure is not yet
established, it should be conducted by endoscopists skilled
in both echoendosonography and ERCP.
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J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci (2013) 20:7180 79
Acknowledgments We are indebted to Professor J. Patrick Barron, 17. Cennamo V, Fuccio L, Zagari RM, Eusebi LH, Ceroni L, Laterza
Chairman of the Department of International Medical Communica- L, et al. Can a wire-guided cannulation technique increase bile
tions at Tokyo Medical University, for his editorial review of the duct cannulation rate and prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis?: a
English manuscript. meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroen-
terol. 2009;104:234350.
Conflict of interest None. 18. Manbu T, Ukita T, Shigoka H, Omuta S, Maetani I. Wire-guided
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prospective randomized comparative study with standard method.
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:10915.
19. Kawakami H, Maguchi H, Mukai T, Hayashi T, Sasaki T, Isay-
ama H, et al. A multicenter, prospective, randomized study of
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