Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TH PP CH3 New
TH PP CH3 New
Types of Boiler
Definition of Boiler
Steam boiler or simply a boiler is basically
a closed vessel into which water is heated
until the water is converted into steam at
required pressure. This is most basic
definition of boiler.
1
Working Principle of Boiler
The basic working principle of boiler is very simple
and easy to understand. The boiler is essentially a
closed vessel inside which water is stored. Fuel
(generally hydrocarbon and coal) is bunt in a furnace
and hot gasses are produced. These hot gasses come in
contact with water vessel where the heat of these hot
gases transfer to the water and consequently steam is
produced in the boiler. Then this steam is piped to the
turbine of thermal power plant. There are many
different types of boiler utilized for different purposes
like running a production unit, sanitizing some area,
sterilizing equipment, to warm up the surroundings
etc. 2
3
Boiler properties:
4
(iv) Efficiency. Should be able to absorb a
maximum amount of heat produced due to burning
of fuel in the furnace.
7
Water tube boilers, vertical striate tubes
8
Types of Water Tube Boiler
There are many types of water tube boilers, such as
Horizontal Straight Tube Boiler.
Bent Tube Boiler.
Cyclone Fired Boiler.
Horizontal Straight Tube Boiler again can be sub -
divided into two different types, Longitudinal Drum
Water Tube Boiler.
Cross Drum Water Tube Boiler.
Bent Tube Boiler also can be sub divided into four
different types, Two Drum Bent Tube Boiler.
Three Drum Bent Tube Boiler.
Low Head Three Drum Bent Tube Boiler.
Four Drum Bent Tube Boiler.
9
Two Drum Bent Tube Boiler
10
Three Drum Bent
Tube Boiler.
11
Four Drum Bent Tube Boiler. 12
Advantages of Water Tube Boiler
There are many advantages of water tube boiler due to
which these types of boiler are essentially used in large
thermal power plant. Larger heating surface can be
achieved by using more numbers of water tubes.
Due to convectional flow, movement of water is much
faster than that of fire tube boiler, hence rate of heat
transfer is high which results into higher efficiency.
Very high pressure in order of 140 kg/cm2 can be
obtained smoothly.
Disadvantages of Water Tube Boiler
The main disadvantage of water tube boiler is that it is
not compact in construction.
Its cost is not cheap.
Size is a difficulty for transportation and construction. 13
Working Principle of Longitudinal Drum Water Tube
Boiler, horizontal or Inclined or inclined Tubes
14
Working Principle of Cross Drum Boiler
The working principle of cross drum boiler is
same as longitudinal drum boiler . The feed
water is fed to the cross drum through feed water
inlet.
Then this water comes down through the down-
comer pipe and enters into inclined water tube
placed in hot chamber.
Here, the water becomes hot and steam is
produced in the water which comes into steam
chamber.
Here in the steam drum steam is separated from
water in natural way. 15
Cross Drum Water Tube Boiler
Construction of Cross Drum Water Tube
Boiler
Cross Drum Boiler is essentially a variant of the
Longitudinal Drum Boiler. In Cross Drum
Boiler the steam drum is placed at cross ways to
the heat source as shown in the figure. Here, the
down-comer is fitted on the bottom of the drum
and riser is fitted on the top of the drum via a
horizontal tube as shown in the figure. 5o to 15 o
inclined water tubes are connected with down-
comer and riser tubes in same manner of
Babcock-Wilcox boiler. 16
17
Water tube boilers are classified as
21
Types of Fire Tube Boiler
There are different types of fire tube boiler
likewise, external furnace and internal furnace
fire tube boiler. External furnace boiler can be
again categorized into three different types-
Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler.
Short Fire Box Boiler.
Compact Boiler.
Again, internal furnace fire tube boiler has also
two main categories such as horizontal tubular
and vertical tubular fire tube boiler.
22
Advantages of Fire Tube Boiler
It is quite compact in construction.
Fluctuation of steam demand can be met easily.
It is also quite cheap.
Disadvantages of Fire Tube Boiler
As the water required for operation of the boiler
is quite large, it requires long time for rising
steam at desired pressure.
As the water and steam are in same vessel the
very high pressure of steam is not possible.
The steam received from fire tube boiler is not
very dry.
23
Comparison of fire tube and water tube
boilers
Particulars Fire-tube boilers Water-tube boilers
Position of water and hot Hot gases inside the tubes Water inside the tubes and
gases and water outside the tubes hot gases outside the tubes
25
Steam Boiler Efficiency
The percentage of total heat exported by outlet
steam in the total heat supplied by the fuel (coal)
is called steam boiler efficiency.
26
27
Boiler terms
Shell: Consists of one or more steel plates bent
into a cylindrical form and riveted or welded
together. The shell ends are closed with end plates
28
Grate: it is a platform in the furnace upon
which fuel is burnt
30
Refractory: insulation material used for
lining combustion chamber
31
Scale: A deposit of medium due to extreme
hardness occurring on the water heating
surfaces of boiler because of an undesirable
condition in the boiler water
33
Injector
Function of injector is to feed water into the
boiler
34
Economizer
Is a device in which the waste heat of the
flue gases is utilized for heating the feed
water
35
Air Pre-heater
The function of the air pre-heater is to
increase the temperature of air before it enters
the furnace.
It is placed after the economizer.
Flue gases pass through the economizer and
then to the air preheater
Degree of preheating depends on
Type of fuel
Type of fuel burning equipment, and
Rating at which the boiler and furnace are
operated
36
Types of air preheaters
I. Tubular type
37
Super heater
The function of a super heater is to increase
the temperature of the steam above its
saturation point
38
Advantages of super heated steam
39
Steam separator
The function of a steam separator is to remove
the entrained water particles from the steam
conveyed to the steam engine or turbine.
40
According to principle of operation the
steam separators are classified as follows
Centrifugal type
41
High pressure and low pressure
The boilers which produce steam at pressures
of 80 bar and above are called high pressure
boilers
Examples: Babcock and Wilcox, Velox,
Lamont, Benson boilers
The boilers which produce steam at pressure
below 80 bar are called low pressure boilers
Examples: Cochran, Cornish, Lancashire
and locomotive boilers
42
43
44