Mc lc

CHNG I. DAO NG C ..................................................................................................4

1. Dao ng iu ha....................................................................................................... 4
2. Con lc l xo ............................................................................................................... 5
3. Con lc n ................................................................................................................. 6
4. Cc loi dao ng ........................................................................................................ 8
5. Tng hp dao ng iu ha ....................................................................................... 9
6. Bi tp ....................................................................................................................... 10
7. p n ....................................................................................................................... 11
CHNG II. SNG C .........................................................................................................14
1. c trng ca sng hnh sin ...................................................................................... 14
2. Phng trnh truyn sng .......................................................................................... 14
3. Giao thoa sng c ...................................................................................................... 15
4. Phng trnh giao thoa sng ..................................................................................... 16
5. Hin tng sng dng ............................................................................................... 17
6. Sng m ..................................................................................................................... 18
7. c trng vt l ca sng m .................................................................................... 18
8. c trng sinh l ca sng m ................................................................................... 20
9. Bi tp ....................................................................................................................... 20
10. p n ....................................................................................................................... 22
CHNG III. DNG IN XOAY CHIU .........................................................................24
1. T thng va su t i n ng cam ng .............................................................................. 24
2. Dong in xoay chiu, in p xoay chiu...................................................................... 25
3. Ma ch i n chi co R; chi co C; chi co L ........................................................................... 25
4. Cc gi tr hiu dng ....................................................................................................... 26
5. oa n ma ch co R, L, C m c n i ti p, vi t bi u thc i n ap, dong i n .......................... 26
6. Cach tinh dung khang, cam khang, t ng tr cua oa n ma ch R, L, C ghep n i ti p ........ 29
7. Cng su t cua dong i n xoay chi u; cng su t toa nhi t trung bnh ............................. 29
8. H s cng su t, i n nng tiu thu cua ma ch i n. Y nghia cua h s cng su t .......... 30
9. Hi n t ng c ng hng i n, cach nh n di n ................................................................. 30
10. Bai toan truy n tai i n nng. Cach giam cng su t hao phi ........................................ 31
11. Cng du ng, c u ta o, nguyn t c hoa t ng cua may bi n ap ........................................ 31
12. Cng thc cua may bi n ap va ng du ng. Phn loa i may bi n ap................................. 32
13. Cng thc tinh t n s cua dong i n m t pha ............................................................... 32
14. Cc gi tr tc thi trong bi ton in xoay chiu ....................................................... 32
15. Bi tp ........................................................................................................................... 33
16. p n ........................................................................................................................... 35

1
CHNG IV. DAO NG V SNG IN T ................................................................38
1. Ma ch dao ng ................................................................................................................ 38
2. Bi u thc i n tich, i n ap cua m t bn tu i n va cng dong i n trong ma ch ... 38
3. Dao ng i n t t do .................................................................................................... 38
4. T n s goc, chu ki (ring), t n s (ring) cua ma ch dao ng ........................................ 39
5. Nng l ng i n trng, nng l ng t trng, nng l ng i n t .............................. 39
6. in t trng, sng in t ........................................................................................... 39
7. Nhng c i m cua song i n t ................................................................................... 40
8. Phn loa i cac song v tuy n va tinh ch t ........................................................................ 40
9. Cng thc tinh bc song cua song i n t trong chn khng ....................................... 40
10. B n nguyn t c c ban cua vi c thng tin lin la c b ng song v tuy n ........................ 41
11. S kh i cua m t may phat thanh va may thu thanh n gian .................................. 41
12. M t s cng thc c n lu y ........................................................................................... 41
13. S tng t gia dao ng c v dao ng in ........................................................... 42
14. Bi tp ........................................................................................................................... 42
15. p n ........................................................................................................................... 44
CHNG V. SNG NH SNG ..........................................................................................48
1. Tn sc nh sng ............................................................................................................. 48
2. Bc sng ca nh sng .................................................................................................. 49
3. Th nghim giao thoa nh sng vi hai khe Y-ng.......................................................... 49
4. My quang ph lng knh ................................................................................................ 51
5. Cc loi quang ph .......................................................................................................... 51
6. Tia hng ngoi ................................................................................................................. 52
7. Tia t ngoi ..................................................................................................................... 52
8. Tia X (tia rn-ghen) ........................................................................................................ 53
9. Thang sng in t .......................................................................................................... 53
10. Bi tp ........................................................................................................................... 54
11. p n ........................................................................................................................... 56
CHNG VI. LNG T NH SNG ...............................................................................59
1. Hin tng quang in ngoi .......................................................................................... 59
2. Hin tng quang in trong........................................................................................... 60
3. Hin tng quang pht quang ......................................................................................... 60
4. S lc v laze ................................................................................................................ 60
5. Mu nguyn t Bo ........................................................................................................... 60
6. Bi tp ............................................................................................................................. 63
7. p n ............................................................................................................................. 66
CHNG VII. VT L HT NHN .....................................................................................70

2
1. Cu to ht nhn nguyn t ............................................................................................. 70
2. Nng lng lin kt ......................................................................................................... 70
3. Phn ng ht nhn ........................................................................................................... 70
4. Hin tng phng x ....................................................................................................... 72
5. Bi tp ............................................................................................................................. 74
6. p n ............................................................................................................................. 76

3
 CHNG I. DAO NG C

Dao ng c l chuyn ng c gii hn trong khng gian lp i lp li quanh v tr cn

bng. V d nh dao ng ca ngn cy khi c gi, dao ng ca chic thuyn trn mt
bin,.... Trong qu trnh dao ng, nu sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau, vt tr li
trng thi ban u th c gi l dao ng tun hon.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu nhng phn sau:
- Dao ng iu ha.
- Dao ng ca con lc l xo.
- Dao ng ca con lc n.
- Dao ng khi c thm lc ma st.
- Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha.
1. Dao ng iu ha
Dao ng iu ha l dao ng trong li ca vt l mt hm cosin (hay sin) ca thi
gian.
Phng trnh dao ng iu ha
= ( + )
Trong : x c gi l li , l khong cch t vt n v tr cn bng
A c gi l bin , hay li cc i, l khong cch ln nht t vt n v tr
cn bng.
c gi l tn s gc (n v l rad/s)
t + c gi l pha dao ng ti thi im t (n v l rad)
Chu k T (n v l s) l thi gian vt thc hin c mt dao ng ton phn (hoc thi
gian ngn nht trng thi dao ng lp li nh c)

= =

Trong : t: thi gian
N: s dao ng vt thc hin c trong thi gian t
Tn s f (n v l Hz) l s dao ng ton phn vt thc hin c trong mt giy

= = =

Phng trnh vn tc cho bit s ph thuc ca vn tc theo thi gian

= () = ( + ) = ( + + )

4

Trong dao ng iu ho vn tc sm pha hn li mt gc l 2.

Phng trnh gia tc cho bit s ph thuc ca gia tc theo thi gian
= () = () = ( + ) = ( + + )
=

Trong dao ng iu ho gia tc sm pha hn vn tc gc 2 v ngc pha vi li .

Hp lc tc dng ln vt dao ng iu ho lun hng v v tr cn bng v c ln t l

vi li dao ng c gi l lc ko v hay lc hi phc
= =
H thc c lp thi gian

() + () = () + ( ) = hay + () =

( ) + () = ( ) + ( ) = hay () + = ()

V d: Mt vt dao ng vi phng trnh = 5cos (4 + 6 ) cm.

a. Hy xc nh chu k ca dao ng?

b. Ti thi im t = 1 s, hy xc nh li ca dao ng.
c. Xc nh gia tc ca dao ng khi t = 2 s.
Hng dn.
2 2
a. Chu k dao ng l = = 4 = 0,5 s


b.Ti t = 1 s ta c + = 4 + rad
6
3
= 5cos (4 + 6 ) = 5cos ( 6 ) = 5. = 2,5 3 cm
2

c. Ti t = 2 s, ta c + = 8 + rad
6

= 2 cos( + ) = 5. (4)2 . cos (8 + 6 ) = 5. (4)2 . cos ( 6 ) =

4003 (cms2 ) = 43 ms 2

2. Con lc l xo
Con lc l xo c cu to gm mt vt nng c khi lng m gn vi mt l xo c cng
k. Kch thch cho con lc dao ng th con lc s dao ng iu ha.

k m

5
Tn s gc (rad/s)

Trong : k l cng ca l xo (n v N/m)

m l khi lng ca vt (n v kg)
Chu k T (s):

= =

Tn s f (Hz):

= = =

C nng ca con lc l xo l tng ng nng v th nng n hi ca con lc.

= + = + = =

Trong : W l c nng ca con lc l xo (n v J)

1
= 2 l ng nng ca con lc (n v J)
2
1
= 2 l th nng ca con lc (n v J)
2

Trong qu trnh con lc dao ng iu ha,

c s chuyn i qua li gia ng nng v
th nng. ng nng v th nng ca con lc
bin thin iu ha theo thi gian vi chu k
bng mt na chu k ca con lc. Tuy nhin
c nng ca con lc li c bo ton.
V d. Mt con lc l xo t nm ngang gm vt m v l xo c cng k =100 N/m. Kch
thch vt dao ng iu ho vi ng nng cc i 0,5 J. Tnh bin dao ng ca vt l
Hng dn.
1 2 2.0,5
= tmax = 2 2 = = 100 = 0,1 m = 10 cm

3. Con lc n
Con lc n c cu to gm vt nh c khi lng m c treo trn u ca mt si dy nh
khng dn, c chiu di l.

6
 l l o

so
Vn tc ca con lc n ti v tr c gc lch
= 2(cos cos0 )
Lc cng dy T ca con lc n ti v tr c gc lch
= (3cos 2cos0 )
C nng ca con lc n l tng ng nng v th nng ca con lc

= + = + ( ) = = ( )

Trong : W l c nng ca con lc n (n v J)
1
= 2 l ng nng ca con lc (n v J)
2

= (1 cos) l th nng ca con lc (n v J)

Tng t con lc l xo, c nng ca con lc n bo ton.
Nu con lc n dao ng vi gc lch cc i nh hn 100 th dao ng ca con lc c th
xem nh dao ng iu ha. Khi phng trnh dao ng ca con lc l:
= ( + )
Trong : s l li dao ng
s0 l bin
vi s = l v s0 = l0 ta thy gc lch ca con lc cng bin i iu ha theo thi gian
= ( + )
Trong : l li gc (n v rad)
0 l bin gc (n v rad)
Tn s gc:

=

Trong : g l gia tc trng trng (n v m/s2)
l l chiu di dy treo (n v m)

7
Phng trnh vn tc
= = ( + )
Phng trnh gia tc
= = = . ( + ) (/) = .
Chu k

= =

Tn s

= =

V d. Mt con lc n c chiu di l = 1 m, c gn vt m = 0,1 kg. Ko vt ra khi v tr
cn bng mt gc = 100 ri bung tay khng vn tc u cho vt dao ng iu ha. Tnh
chu k dao ng ca con lc n?
Hng dn.
Ta c = 2. /g = 21/2 = 2 (s).

Nu con lc n dao ng iu ha vi gc lch cc i 0 nh hn 10o th ta c cc cng

thc gn ng sau:

= =


= =

4. Cc loi dao ng
Trong cc phn trn, ta gi thit khng c tc dng ca lc ma st, cc vt dao ng vi tn
s ch ph thuc vo c tnh ca h dao ng. Tn s c gi l tn s ring f0 ca h
v dao ng c gi l dao ng t do.
Trong thc t, do c tc dng ca lc ma st vi mi trng nn dao ng c bin gim
dn theo thi gian, ma st cng ln th bin gim cng nhanh. Ta gi l dao ng tt
dn.
cho dao ng ca vt khng tt, ta c th lm mt trong hai cch sau:
- Sau mi chu k dao ng, ta cung cp cho h mt lng nng lng bng vi lng nng
lng b tiu hao do tc dng ca lc ma st m khng lm thay i tn s ring f0 ca h.
Dao ng c duy tr theo cch ny c gi l dao ng duy tr.

8
- Tc ng vo h mt ngoi lc cng bc tun hon (vi tn s f) theo thi gian. Khi ,
dao ng ca h c gi l dao ng cng bc.
Dao ng cng bc c nhng c im sau:
+ Dao ng cng bc c bin khng i v c tn s bng tn s f ca lc cng bc.
+ Bin ca dao ng cng bc t l thun vi bin ca ngoi lc. ng thi cn ph
thuc vo chnh lch ca tn s ca lc cng bc f v tn s ring f0 ca h, khi
chnh lch ny cng nh th bin ca dao ng cng bc cng ln.
+ Khi tn s ca lc cng bc f bng tn s ring f0 ca h, bin ca dao ng cng bc
t gi tr cc i. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng cng hng.
5. Tng hp dao ng iu ha
Gi s mt vt thc hin ng thi 2 dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s c phng
trnh dao ng
= ( + )
= ( + )
th phng trnh dao ng tng hp ca chng c dng
= ( + )

Trong : Bin c xc nh bng biu thc = 12 + 22 + 21 2 cos(2 1 )

A1sin1 A2sin2
Pha ban u c xc nh bng biu thc tan
A1cos1 A2 cos2
Bin ca dao ng tng hp nm trong khong: |1 2 | 1 + 2 .
Cn lu nhng trng hp c bit:
- Hai dao ng cng pha: = 2 1 = k2 max = 1 + 2
- Hai dao ng ngc pha: = 2 1 = (2k + 1) min = |1 2 |

- Hai dao ng vung pha: = 2 1 = k + 2 = 12 + 22

V d. Mt vt thc hin ng thi 2 dao ng iu ha 1 = 3cos(4 + 6 ) cm v 2 =

3cos(4 + 2 ) cm. Hy xc nh dao ng tng hp ca hai dao ng trn?

Hng dn.
Ta c dao ng tng hp c dng = cos( + ) cm
Trong :

= 12 + 22 + 21 2 cos(2 1 ) = 32 + 32 + 2.3.3. cos( 2 6 ) = 33 cm.

9

1 sin1 + 2 sin2 3sin 2 + 3sin 2
tan = = = 3
1 cos1 + 2 cos2 3cos + 3cos
6 2

= rad.
3

Phng trnh dao ng cn tm l = 33cos (4 + 3 ) cm.

6. Bi tp
Cu 1: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi tn s gc = 10 rad/s, khi vt c li l 3 cm th tc
l 40 cm/s. Hy xc nh bin ca dao ng?
A. 4 cm. B. 5 cm. C. 6 cm. D. 3 cm.

Cu 2: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi bin A = 5 cm, trong 10 giy vt thc hin c 20

dao ng. Xc nh phng trnh dao ng ca vt bit rng ti thi im ban u vt ti v
tr cn bng theo chiu dng.

A. = 5cos (4 + 2 ) cm. B. = 5cos (4 2 ) cm.

C. = 5cos (2 + 2 ) cm. D. = 5cos (2 2 ) cm.

Cu 3: Mt con lc l xo c khi lng khng ng k, cng l k, l xo treo thng ng,

bn di treo vt nng c khi lng m. Ta thy v tr cn bng l xo gin ra mt on 16
cm. Kch thch cho vt dao ng iu ha. Xc nh tn s ca con lc l xo. Cho g = 2 (m/s2).
A. 2,50 Hz. B. 5,25 Hz. C. 3,25 Hz. D. 1,25 Hz.

Cu 4: Mt con lc l xo dao ng iu ha vi bin A. Xc v tr ca con lc ng

nng bng 3 ln th nng?
A A A 3
A. . B. . C. A. D. .
2 2 2

Cu 5: Mt con lc n c chiu di l c kch thch dao ng ti ni c gia tc trng

trng l g, v con lc dao ng vi chu k T. Hi nu gim chiu di dy treo i mt na th
chu k ca con lc s thay i nh th no?
A. Khng i. B. Tng 2 ln. C. Gim 2 ln. D. Gim 2 ln.

10
Cu 6: Ti cng mt a im thc hin th nghim, con lc n c chiu di l1 th dao ng
vi chu k T1, con lc n l2 th dao ng vi chu k T2. Hi nu thc hin thc hin th
nghim vi con lc n c chiu di l = l1+l2 th con lc n dao ng vi chu k T l bao
nhiu?
T12 .T22
A. T = T12 . T22. B. T 2 . C. 2 = (12 + 22 ). D. = (12 + 22 ).
T12 T22

Cu 7: Mt con lc n c chiu di l = 1m, u trn treo vo trn nh, u di gn vi vt

c khi lng m = 0,1 kg. Ko vt ra khi v tr cn bng mt gc = 450 v bung tay
khng vn tc u cho vt dao ng. Bit g = 10 m/s2. Hy xc lc cng dy ca dy treo khi
vt i qua v tr c = 300.
A. 2,00 N. B. 1,50 N. C. 1,18 N. D. 3,50 N.

Cu 8: Cho hai dao ng iu ho cng phng 1 = 53cos10 (cm) v

2 = 2 sin10 (cm). Bit bin ca dao ng tng hp l 10 cm. Gi tr ca A2 l
A. 5 cm. B. 4 cm. C. 8 cm. D. 6 cm.

Cu 9: Mt vt c khi lng m = 0,5 kg thc hin ng thi 2 dao ng

5
1 = 5cos (4 + 6 ) (cm) v 2 = 2cos (4 ) (cm). Xc nh c nng ca vt.
6

A.3,6 mJ. B. 0,720 J. C. 0,036 J. D. 0,360 J.

Cu 10: Chn cu sai khi ni v dao ng cng bc.

A. Tn s dao ng bng tn s ca ngoi lc.
B. Bin dao ng ph thuc vo tn s ca ngoi lc.
C. Dao ng theo quy lut hm sin ca thi gian.
D. Tn s ngoi lc tng th bin dao ng tng.
7. p n
Cu T kha Kin thc cn c Cch gii
1. ... = 10 rad/s, li 2 40 2
2 = 2 + ( ) 2 = 32 + ( ) = 25
(B) 3 cmtc 40 10

cm/s xc nh bin = 5 cm

11
2. ... dao ng iu ha Phng trnh dao ng A = 5 cm
(B) A = 5cm, 10 giy iu ha c dng = f = 20/10 = 2 Hz
20 dao ng. Xc cos( + ) = 4 (rad/s).
nh phng trnh dao Phng trnh vn tc Ti t = 0 s vt ang v tr cn
ng thi im ban = sin( + bng theo chiu dng
u vt ti v tr cn )
= cos() = 0 =
bng theo chiu dng. 2

= m > 0 sin() < 0


= 2f . = rad.
2

= 5 cos (4 ) cm
2
3. con lc l xo Ta c ti v tr cn bng: =
1
=
(D) cng l k khi lng 2 h = k
m v tr cn bng
1 1 1 2
... gin ra mt on 16 = = =
2 2 2 0,16
cm ... Xc nh tn s.
= 1,25 Hz
Cho g = 2(m/s2)
4. Mt con lc l xo = + t Ta c = 3. t t =
(B) bin A. Xc v tr 1 1
=
1
2 =
1
2
t = 2 4 2 8
ca con lc ng 2

nng bng 3 ln th
1 =
= 2 2
2
nng
5. Mt con lc n c
Ban u = 2; =
(C) chiu di l gia tc = 2

trng trng l g ...
2
2
chu k T ... gim chiu
T' 1 T
di dy treo i mt na T'
T 2 2
chu k thay i
Gim so vi chu k ban

u 2 ln.
6. con lc n c Gi T1 l chu k ca con lc

(C) chiu di l1 chu k = 2 c chiu di l1 1 =
T1, con lc n l2 42 1
2 1 12 =
chu k T2con lc

12
 n c chiu di l = Gi T2 l chu k ca con lc
l1+l2 th chu k T... c chiu di l2 2 =
42 2
2 2 22 =

T l chu k ca con lc c
chiu di l = l1 + l2

= 2 =

+
2 1 2

2 = (12 + 22 ).
7. Mt con lc n l = Lc cng dy T ti v tr Ta c. T = 0,1.10( 3.cos 300 -
(C) 1 m, m = 0,1 kg. .. c gc lch 2.cos0) = 1,18 N
= 450 g = 10 m/s2. = (3cos 2cos0 )
Hy xc nh lc cng
dy = 300
8. hai dao ng iu ho Ta c x1 = 53cos10t (cm);
(A) A A12 A22 2 A1 A2 cos 2 1 x2=A2sin10t (cm) = A2
x1 = 53cos10t (cm) cos(10t - /2) cm.
... Ta c. 102 = 3.52 + A22 +
x2=A2sin10t (cm) 2.5.3.A2.cos(/2)
bin ca dao ng 102 = 3.52 + A22
tng hp l 10cm. Gi A22 = 102 - 3.52 = 52
tr ca A2...
A2 = 5 cm.
Mt vt m = 0,5 kg W = 1 m = 0,5kg
9. 2 2
2
(C) 2 dao ng x1 = = 4 rad/s
5cos(4t + /6) cm v A = 5 2 = 3 cm = 0,03 m
1
x2 = 2cos(4t - 5/6) W= 2. 0,5.(4.)2.0,032
cm. Xc nh c nng = 0,036 J

10. Chn cu sai khi ni c im ca dao ng Tn s ca ngoi lc f cng
(D) v dao ng cng cng bc gn tn s ring ca h f0 th
bc. bin dao ng tng.

13
 CHNG II. SNG C

Khi mt phn t vt cht dao ng iu ha, do c lc lin kt, n s ko cc phn t vt cht

k n dao ng theo. Dao ng c lan truyn t phn t ny n phn t khc. Qu trnh
lan truyn dao ng trong mi trng vt cht (rn, lng, kh) ny c gi l sng c.
Sng c c chia lm hai loi:
- Sng ngang l sng c trong cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng vung
gc vi phng truyn sng. Sng ngang truyn trong cht rn v trn b mt cht lng.
- Sng dc l sng c trong cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng trng vi
phng truyn sng. Sng dc truyn c c trong mi trng rn, lng, kh.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu cc phn sau:
- Cc c trng ca sng hnh sin v qu trnh lan truyn sng
- Hin tng giao thoa sng
- Hin tng sng dng
- Sng m v cc c trng ca sng m
1. c trng ca sng hnh sin
Bin A ca sng l bin dao ng ca mt phn t mi trng c sng truyn qua.
Chu k T (hoc tn s f) ca sng l chu k (hoc tn s) dao ng ca mt phn t ca
mi trng c sng truyn qua.
Tc truyn sng v l tc lan truyn dao ng trong mi trng. Vi mi mi trng,
tc truyn sng v c gi tr khng i.
Bc sng l qung ng m sng truyn c trong mt chu k.

= . =

Trn phng truyn sng, hai phn t cch nhau mt khong bng bc sng th dao ng
cng pha.
Nng lng sng l nng lng dao ng (c nng) ca cc phn t ca mi trng c sng
truyn qua.
2. Phng trnh truyn sng
Xt qu trnh truyn sng t ngun O n im M:
Ti ngun O, phng trnh dao ng l: O M

= ( + )

14
Khi sng truyn n im M, dao ng ti im M ging nh dao ng ti O nhng tr hn
mt khong thi gian t. Phng trnh dao ng ti M l:
M = cos(( ) + O )

M = cos [( ) + O ]


M = cos ( + O )

2
M = cos ( + O )


= ( + ) vi t d/v.

2
Dao ng ti im M tr pha hn dao ng ti ngun O mt lng l .

V d. Mt ngun sng c c phng trnh O = 4cos(20) cm. Sng truyn theo phng
ON vi vn tc 20 cm/s.
a. Xc nh tn s ca sng.
b. Xc nh bc sng.
c. Xc nh phng trnh sng ti im N cch ngun O mt on 5 cm.
Hng dn.
a. Ta c = 2f = 20 f = 10 Hz
b. = v/f = 20/10 = 2 cm
c. Phng trnh sng ti N c dng uN = 4cos(20t - 2d/) cm.
Trong v d = 5 cm = 2.5/2 = 5 rad/s
Phng trnh sng ti N:
N = 4cos(20 5) cm.
4cos(20 ) cm.

3. Giao thoa sng c

Nu trn mt nc c ng thi hai ngun sng dao ng cng phng, cng tn s v c
lch pha khng i, khi trn mt nc s xut hin nhng im hai sng truyn ti cng
pha, tng cng ln nhau, to thnh nhng im dao ng vi bin cc i, ng thi xut
hin nhng im hai sng truyn ti ngc pha, trit tiu ln nhau, to thnh nhng im dao
ng vi bin cc tiu. Hai sng tha iu kin trn gi l hai sng kt hp, v hin
tng trn gi l hin tng giao thoa sng.

15
Trn mt nc khi xy ra giao thoa sng, nhng im dao ng cc i to thnh nhng
ng hypebol gi l vn cc i, xen k vi n l nhng ng hypebol dao ng cc tiu
gi l vn cc tiu.
4. Phng trnh giao thoa sng
Xt hai ngun sng c phng trnh: M
1 = 0 cos( + 1 )
d2
2 = 0 cos( + 2 ) d1

S1
Khi , ti im M cch 2 ngun nhng S2

khong ln lt l d1 v d2 s c phng trnh

u1 = Uocos(t + 1) u2 = Uocos(t + 2)
sng truyn n l:
21
1M = 0 cos ( + 1 )

22
2M = 0 cos ( + 2 )

Phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti M l
uM = u1M + u2M = 2.U0cos[(1 2)/2 + (d2 d1)/ ]cos[t + (1 + 2)/2 (d2 + d1)/]
uM = AMcos[t + (1 + 2)/2 (d2 + d1)/]
Vi AM = |2.U0cos[(1 2)/2 + (d2 d1)/]| = |2.U0.cos[ - /2 + (d2 d1)/]|
Lu :
- M l im dao ng cc i khi:
Amaxcos[ - /2 + (d2 d1)/] = 1 [/2 + (d2 d1)/] = k
- M l im dao ng cc tiu khi:
Amin khi cos[ - /2 + (d2 d1)/] = 0 [- /2 + (d2 d1)/] = (k + 1/2).
- Xc nh s cc i - cc tiu gia hai im MN bt k:
+ S im cc i l s gi tr k nguyn tha iu kin:
-/2 + dM/ k - /2 + dN/
S im cc tiu l s gi tr k nguyn tha iu kin:
-/2 + dM/ k + 1/2 - /2 + dN/
V d 1. Thc hin th nghim giao thoa sng c trn mt nc vi hai ngun cng pha c
tn s 10 Hz, vn tc truyn sng trn mt nc l v = 50 cm/s. im M cch ngun 1 mt
on d1 = 17,5 cm v cch ngun 2 mt on d2 = 25,0 cm, thuc vn cc i hay cc tiu v
thuc vn th my k t vn trung tm?

16
Hng dn.
Ta c d2 d1 = 25,0 17,5 = 7,5 cm v = v/f = 50/10 = 5 cm
d = 1,5.
Nm trn vn cc tiu th 2.
V d 2. Trong th nghim giao thoa sng trn mt nc hai ngun kt hp A, B cch nhau
12,5 cm dao ng cng pha vi tn s 10 Hz. Tc truyn sng trn mt nc l 20 cm/s.
Tnh s vn dao ng cc i trn mt nc?
Hng dn.
S vn dao ng cc i l s gi tr k nguyn tha iu kin: l/ < k < l/
Trong l = 12,5 cm; = v/f = 20/10 = 2 cm
- 12,5/2 < k < 12,5/2 - 6,25 < k < 6,25
C 13 vn cc i

5. Hin tng sng dng

Khi sng truyn gp mt vt cn s xy ra hin tng phn x sng. Sng phn x c cng
tn s v cng bc sng vi sng ti.
- Nu gp vt cn c nh th sng phn x ngc pha vi sng ti.
- Nu gp vt cn t do th sng phn x cng pha vi sng ti.
Sau khi sng b phn x, xy ra s giao thoa gia sng ti v sng phn x. Khi xut hin
nhng im sng tng cng ln nhau gi l bng sng, xen k vi nhng im sng trit
tiu ln nhau gi l nt sng. Khong cch gia hai nt sng lin tip gi l b sng.
Lu :
- Cc bng sng lin tip (cc nt lin tip) cch nhau /2. nt sng bng sng

- Khong cch gia mt bng v mt nt lin tip l /4.

- Cc im trong cng mt bng th lun dao ng cng
pha vi nhau.

- Cc im bt k hai bng lin tip lun dao ng ngc /2 b sng /4
4

2
pha vi nhau.
- Bin cc i ca cc bng l 2A, b rng cc
i ca bng l 4A. l
l
Trn si dy c hai u c nh, nu xy ra sng
dng, th trn dy l xut hin mt s nguyn ln
b sng, chiu di si dy phi tha iu kin:
/2

2

17
l = k./2 = 2k./4 vi k = (1, 2, 3)
l
Trn si dy c mt du c nh - mt u t do, l

nu xy ra sng dng, th trn dy l xut hin mt s

nguyn ln b sng, chiu di si dy phi tha iu
kin:
/2

/4
4
l = k./2 + /4 = (2k + 1). /4 vi k = (1, 2, 3) 2

V d: Thc hin th nghim sng dng trn si dy c hai u c nh c chiu di 90 cm.

Tn s ca ngun sng l 10 Hz th thy trn dy c 2 bng sng. Xc nh vn tc truyn
sng trn dy.
Hng dn: /2
iu kin c sng dng trn si dy hai u c nh l
l = k/2 = 2/2 = = 90 cm. (do trn dy c 2 b sng)
v = .f = 90.10 = 900 cm = 9 m/s ll

6. Sng m
Sng m l nhng sng c hc truyn trong mi trng, khi truyn n tai ngi (hoc ng
vt) lm mng nh dao ng, gy ra cm gic m.
Mt vt dao ng pht ra m c gi l ngun m.
Sng m c th truyn trong mi trng n hi (rn, lng, kh). Sng m khng truyn
c trong chn khng.
Tnh n hi ca mi trng cng cao th tc m cng ln, tc truyn m theo th t
tng dn t kh lng rn.
Trong cht rn v trn b mt cht lng, sng m l sng ngang. Trong cht kh, cht lng v
cht rn sng m l sng dc.

7. c trng vt l ca sng m
Nhng m c tn s xc nh c gi l nhc m, nhng m khng c tn s xc nh gi l
tp m. Chng ta ch kho st cc c trng ca nhc m.
Tn s m f (n v Hz) l mt trong nhng c trng vt l quan trng nht ca m.
- Tai ngi ch c th nghe c nhng m c tn s nm trong khong t 16 Hz n 20000
Hz gi l m nghe c (hay cn gi l m thanh).
- Mt s ng vt (voi, b cu, ) nghe c m c tn s nh hn 16 Hz, nhng m ny
c gi l h m.

18
- Mt s ng vt (di, ch, c heo ) nghe c m c tn s ln hn 20000 Hz, nhng m
ny c gi l siu m.
Cng m I (n v W/m2 ) ti mt v tr l i lng o bng lng nng lng m sng
m ti qua mt n v din tch t ti im , vung gc vi phng truyn sng trong mt
n v thi gian.

= =

= hay IA.RA2 = IB.RB2
Trong : P l cng sut ngun m (n v W)
S l din tch sng m truyn qua (n v m2)
R l khong cch n ngun m (n v m)
Mc cng m L (n v Ben (B) hoc xiben (dB))c xc nh bng biu thc

L(B) = lg (n v B)

Hay L(dB) = 10lg (n v dB)

Trong :
I l cng m ti im nghin cu (n v W/m2)
I0= 10-12 W/m2 l cng m chun (cng m nh nht m tai ngi nghe c)
V d 1. Mt ngun m c cng sut 30 W. Hy xc nh cng m ti im cch ngun
m mt khong cch l 5 m.
Hng dn
I = P/(4R2) = 30/(452) = 0,095 W/m2

V d 2. Ti hai im A v B trn phng truyn sng c khong cch n ngun ln lt l

1 m v 100 m. Bit mc cng m ti A l 70 dB. Hi mc cng m ti B l bao
nhiu?
Hng dn.
Ta c IA.RA2 = IB.RB2
LA LB = 10[lg(IA/I0) - lg(IB/I0)] = 10.lg(IA/IB) = 10.lg(RB2/RA2) = 10.lg(1002) = 40
LB = 70 40 = 30 dB.

th m: Mi mt nhc c u c mt b phn c gi l hp cng hng (VD: thng

n, ). Hp cng hng lm cho m do nhc c pht ra to hn. ng thi, khi nhc c pht
ra m c bn (ha m th nht) c tn s f0, hp cng hng lm cho nhc c pht ra cc m

19
c tn s 2f0, 3f0, gi l ha m th hai, ha m th 3, . Bin cc ha m khc nhau
ty thuc vo nhc c. Tng hp th dao ng ca m c bn v cc ha m cho ta th
m.
Lu :
Vi dy n c hai u dy c nh, iu kin c sng dng trn dy l
l = k./2 = k.v/(2f) f = k.v/(2l) = k.f0
Trong f0 = v/(2l) l m c bn
Dy n c th pht ra cc ha m bc 1, 2, 3, 4, (tt c cc ha m)
Vi ng so c mt u kn - mt u h, iu kin c sng dng trong ng so l
l = (k + 1/2) /4 = (k + 1/2) v/(4f) f = (k + 1/2)v/(4l) = (k + 1/2)f0.
Trong f0 = v/(4l)
ng so ch c th pht ra cc ha m bc 1, 3, 5, 7 (ha m bc l)
8. c trng sinh l ca sng m
cao ( trm bng) ca m l mt c trng sinh l ca m gn lin vi tn s m, m
cng cao (cng bng) th tn s cng ln, m cng thp (cng trm) th tn s cng nh.
to ch l mt khi nim ni v c trng sinh l ca m gn lin vi c trng vt l mc
cng m. m c mc cng m cng ln th cng to.
- m nh nht m tai ngi cn cm nhn c c mc cng 0 dB gi l ngng nghe.
- Khi m qu to, s gy ra cm gic au trong tai. Ngng au ca tai ngi l 130 dB.
m sc l mt c trng sinh l ca m gn lin vi th m, gip ta phn bit m do cc
ngun khc nhau pht ra.
9. Bi tp
Cu 1: Mt sng c truyn vi phng trnh u = 5cos(20t - x/2) (cm) (trong x tnh bng
m, t tnh bng giy). Xc nh vn tc truyn sng trong mi trng.
A. 20 m/s. B. 40 cm/s. C. 20 cm/s. D. 40 m/s.
Cu 2: Mt ngun sng c c phng trnh u0 = 4cos(20t) (cm). Sng truyn theo phng
ONM vi vn tc 20 cm/s. Hy xc nh lch pha gia hai im MN, bit MN = 1 cm.
A. 2 rad. B. rad. C. /2 rad. D. /3 rad.
Cu 3: Ti 2 im O1, O2 cch nhau 48 cm trn mt cht lng c 2 ngun pht sng dao ng
theo phng thng ng vi phng trnh u1 = 5cos(100t) (mm); u2 = 5cos(100t + /2) (mm).
Vn tc truyn sng trn mt cht lng l 2 m/s. Coi bin sng khng i trong qu trnh
truyn sng. S im trn on O1O2 dao ng vi bin cc i (khng k O1, O2) l
A. 23. B. 24. C. 25. D. 26.

20
Cu 4: Ti hai im A, B trn mt cht lng cch nhau 15 cm c hai ngun pht sng kt hp
dao ng theo phng trnh u1 = acos(40t) cm v u2 = bcos(40t + ) cm. Tc truyn
sng trn b mt cht lng l 40 cm/s. Gi E, F l 2 im trn on AB sao cho AE = EF =
FB. Tm s cc i trn EF.
A. 5. B. 6. C. 4. D. 7.

Cu 5: Mt si dy n hi 2 u c nh. Sng dng trn dy c bc sng di nht l L.

Chiu di ca dy l
A. L/2. B. 2L. C. L. D. 4L.

Cu 6: Sng dng to ra trn dy n hi hai u c nh khi

A. chiu di ca dy bng mt phn t bc sng.
B. bc sng gp i chiu di dy.
C. bc sng bng bi s l ca chiu di dy.
D. chiu di ca dy bng bi s nguyn ln ca /2.

Cu 7: Hai m c cng cao, chng c c im no chung?

A. Cng tn s. B. Cng bin .
C. Cng truyn trong mt mi trng. D. Hai ngun m cng pha dao ng.

Cu 8: Vi tn s t 1000 Hz n 1500 Hz th gii hn nghe ca tai con ngi

A. t 10-2 dB n 10 dB. B. t 0 n 130 dB.
C. t 0 dB n 13 dB. D. t 13 dB n 130 dB.

Cu 9: Ti v tr A trn phng tryn sng c I = 10-3 W/m2. Hy xc nh mc cng m

ti , bit I0 = 10-12W/m2.
A. 90 B. B. 90 dB. C. 9 dB. D. 80 dB.

Cu 10: Ti mt v tr, nu cng m l I th mc cng m l L, nu tng cng

m ln 1000 ln th mc cng m tng ln bao nhiu?
A. 1000 dB. B. 1000 B. C. 30 B. D. 30 dB.

21
10. p n
Cu T kha Kin thc cn c Cch gii
1. (D) sng c u = = 2x/ Ta c = 2x/ = x/2
5cos(20t - x/2) cm v = .f = 4 m.
vn tc truyn sng v = 4.10 = 40 m/s
2. (B) sng c u0 = = 2d/ d = 1cm v = v/f = 20/10
4cos(20t) cm = 2 cm = 2.1/2 =
phng ONM 20 rad
cm/s. lch pha ...
MN = 1 cm.
3. (B) O1, O2 48 cm Hai ngun vung pha: Vi l = 48 cm; = v/f =
u1 = 5cos(100t) (mm); = /2. 200/50 = 4 cm
u2 = 5cos(100t + /2) S cc i. 1/ - 48/4 1/4 < k < 48/4
(mm) 2 m/s. bin /2 < k < 1/ /2 1/4
sng khng i s - 12,5 < k < 11,75
im trn on O1O2 C 24 im.
dao ng vi bin
cc i (khng k O1,
O2)
4. (B) A, B ... 15 cm c hai Hai ngun ngc pha: Ta c:
ngun pht sng kt = S cc i Ti E (d1 = 5 cm; d2 = 10
hp ...u1 = acos(40t) dD/ /2 k cm) dE = 5 cm
cm v u2 = bcos(40t + dE/ /2 Ti F (d1 = 10 cm, d2 = 5
) cm. Tc truyn = v/f cm) dE = - 5 cm
sng 40 cm/s. Gi E, = 2cm
F AE = EF = FB ... s Hai ngun ngc pha S
cc i trn EF cc i:
- 5/2 1/2 k 5/2 1/2
-3k2
A E F B
(1) (2)

C 6 im dao ng cc
i.

22
5. (A) dy n hi 2 u c =
2
max = 2l khi k
=
nh. Sng dng 2
= 1.
bc sng di nht l
max = 2l = L l = L/2
L... chiu di ca dy
6. (D) Sng dng to ra trn iu kin xy ra sng Trn si dy c hai u c
dy n hi hai u c dng nh, nu xy ra sng dng,
nh khi th trn dy l xut hin mt
s nguyn ln b sng,
chiu di si dy phi tha
iu kin:
l = k./2 = 2k./4 vi k =
(1,2,3)
7. (A) Hai m c cng cao c trng sinh l ca cao l c trng sinh l
c im no chung sng m. gn lin vi tn s m.
8. (B) ... t 1000 Hz n 1500 c trng sinh l ca Ngng nghe ca tai ngi
Hz gii hn nghe ca sng m. l 0 dB
tai con ngi Ngng au ca tai ngi
l 130 dB
9. (B) I = 10-3 W/m2... xc
nh mc cng m L = 10lg (n v dB) 103
L = 10lg1012 = 90 dB
0
... I0 = 10-12 W/m2
10. ... cng m I L = 10lg (n v dB) L = 10lg (dB)

0 0
(D) mc cng m L
Nu I tng 1000 ln L =
tng cng m ln 1000
10lg = 10lg1000 +
1000 ln mc cng 0

m tng ln 10lg = L + 30dB.
0

23
 CHNG III. DNG IN XOAY CHIU

Trong chng trc, ta xt cc dao ng in t t do, dao ng in t tt dn, dao ng

in t duy tr. Trong chng ny, ta xt mt loi dao ng in t cng bc. chnh l
dng in xoay chiu c s dng rng ri. Dng in ny i chiu lin tc hng trm ln
trong mt giy, lm t trng do n sinh ra cng thay i theo. Chnh iu lm cho dng
in xoay chiu c mt s tc dng m dng in mt chiu khng c.
Trong chng ny, ta ln lt xt khi nim dng in xoay chiu v cc i lng c lin
quan, cc tc dng v ng dng c bn ca dng in ny. Cc on mch xoay chiu c
nghin cu ch yu bng phng php gin Fre-nen. Cc my in c xt v mt
nguyn tc cu to v hot ng m khng i su vo cc chi tit cng ngh.
1. T thng va su t in ng cam ng
. Lc ban u (t = 0)
- Khung dy c N vng (din tch mi vng S) t trong t trng u
xuyn qua khung dy, hp vi vect php tuyn ca mt phng khung
cc ng sc t
dy gc . Khung dy quay u vi tc gc th t thng qua khung dy c biu thc:
0 cos t NBS cos t

0 = NBS: t thng cc i qua N vng (Wb: Vbe); : t thng qua N vong thi
i m t (Wb).
vi vect php tuyn ca mt phng khung dy thi i m t = 0
: goc h p bi
( i ra rad).
Lu 1: T thng cc i qua 1 vng dy: 01vong BS .

- Sut in ng tc thi: e ' NBS sin t E0 cos t ;
2

E0 = NBS: su t i n ng cc a i (V); E = E0/ 2 : su t in ng hiu du ng (V).

t : pha dao ng cua su t i n ng (tc thi) e (rad).
2

Lu y 2: Su t i n ng ch m pha hn t thng m t goc 2 .

- Nu cun dy kn co i n tr R () th trong mch c cng dong i n cam ng:

e E0
i sin t vi I 0 E0 / R : cng dong i n cc a i (A).
R R
Lu y 3: Mt khung dy quay u vi vn tc 50 vng/s trong t trng u c B
vung gc vi trc ca khung dy. Sut in ng xut hin trong khung c tn s f = 50 Hz.

24
 Mt dng in c tn s 50 Hz, trong 1 s th i chiu 100 ln, t gi tr cc i 100
ln, a t gi tr cc tiu 100 ln.
2. Dong in xoay chiu, in p xoay chiu
- Dong i n xoay chi u la dng i n co cng bi n thin tu n hoan vi thi gian theo quy
lu t cua ham s sin hay cosin: i I 0 cos t i .

i: cng dong i n ta i thi i m t (A); I0: cng dong i n cc a i (A);

I = I0/ 2 : cng dong in hiu du ng (A); : tn s gc (rad/s) ( = 2f =

2/T);
i: pha ban u cua dong i n (rad); (t + i): pha cua dong i n i (rad).
- i n th tc thi: u U0 cos t u .

u: i n ap ta i thi i m t (i n ap tc thi) (V); U0: i n ap cc a i (V);

U = U0/ 2 : in ap hiu du ng (V); : tn s gc (rad/s) ( = 2f = 2/T);

u: pha ban u cua i n ap u (rad); (t + u): pha cua i n ap u (rad).
- lch pha ca u so vi i (rad): u i .
N u > 0: u nhanh pha so vi i; < 0: u tr pha so vi i; = 0: u cung
pha vi i.
goc ta b m may tinh: SHIFT tan A =. Man hin
tan = A, mu n tim h
RAD.
3. Ma ch in chi co R; chi co C; chi co L
- Cho in p xoay chiu t vao hai u on ma ch co bi u thc u U0 cos t u (V).

oa n ma ch chi c R oa n ma ch chi co C oa n ma ch chi co L

i I 0 cos t u (A) i I 0 cos t u (A)
2 2
i I 0 cos t u (A)

i u : i nhanh pha hn u i u : i ch m pha hn u
2 2
i u : i cung pha u.

. .
2 2
I0 = U0/R; I = U/R I0 = U0/ZC; I = U/ZC I0 = U0/ZL; I = U/ZL

25
 ZC = 1/(C): dung khang (); ZL = L: cam khang (); C: i n dung (F); L: t
cam (H);

I: cng dong i n hi u du ng (A); I0: cng dong i n cc a i (A); I = I0/ 2

U: i n ap hi u du ng (V); U0: i n ap cc a i (V); U = U0/ 2 .

i: cng dong i n (tc thi) (A); u: i n ap tc thi (V).
4. Cc gi tr hiu dng
- Dng in xoay chiu cng c hiu ng ta nhit nh dng in mt chiu. Cho dng in
xoay chiu c cng i = I0cost chy qua on mch ch c in tr thun R.
RI 02 RI 02
+ Cng sut ta nhit tc thi: p Ri 2 RI 02cos2t cos2t.
2 2
RI 02 RI 02
Biu thc trn gm s hng khng i v s hng thay i cos2t. Nu xt
2 2
trong mt khong thi gian rt ln so vi chu k dng in th gi tr trung bnh ca s hng
th hai khng i. Khi :
RI 02
+ Cng sut ta nhit trung bnh: P p RI 02cos 2t
2
RI 02
+ Nhit lng ta ra trong thi gian t: Q t (1)
2
Nu cho dng in khng i cng I chy qua in tr ni trn trong cng thi
gian t sao cho nhit lng ta ra cng bng Q th Q =RI2t (2)
I0
T (1) v (2) I . i lng I xc nh nh trn c gi l gi tr hiu dng
2
ca cng dng in xoay chiu.
- Cng hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu bng cng ca mt dng in khng
i, nu cho hai dng in ln lt i qua cng mt in tr trong nhng khong thi gian
bng nhau di th nhit lng ta ra bng nhau.
E0
Tng t, sut in ng hiu dng ca mt ngun in xoay chiu: E v in p hiu
2
U0
dng hai u on mch xoay chiu: U .
2
5. oa n ma ch co R, L, C m c n i ti p, vi t bi u thc in ap, dong in
- i n ap hai u oa n ma ch AB: u U0 cos t u . A R L C
B

- i n ap hai u cu n cam L: uL U0L cos t uL . uR uL uC

u

26
 - i n ap hai u i n dung C: uC U0C cos t uC .

- i n ap hai u i n tr R: uR U0R cos t uR .

- Dong i n trong ma ch: i I 0 cos t i .

u; uL; uC; uR: i n ap (tc thi) hai u ma ch; hai u cu n cam L; hai u tu i n C; hai
u R (V).
U0; U0L; U0C; U0R: i n ap cc ai hai u ma ch; hai u cu n cam L; 2 u tu i n C; 2
u R (V).
i: cng dong i n tc thi (A); I0: cng dong i n cc a i (A).
u; uL; uC; uR; i: pha ban u cua u; uL; uC; uR; i (rad).
Lu y: Trong ma ch R, L, C n i ti p, dong i n i qua cac oa n ma ch R, L, C, on
ma ch l nh nhau.
- M i lin h gia cc in ap:
u = uR + uL + uC: i n ap (tc thi) hai u on ma ch b ng t ng cac i n ap (tc
thi) cua R, L, C.

U0 U0R U0L U0C (ho c U U R U L U C ): vect i n ap toan ma ch b ng t ng

cac vect in ap ca cac oa n ma ch R, L, C.
U0 U0R + U0L + U0C (ho c U UR + UL + UC): i n ap cc a i (ho c hi u du ng)
toan ma ch khng b ng tng cc i n ap cc a i (ho c hi u du ng) cua cac oa n ma ch R, L, C.

U0 U0R 2 (U0L U0C )2 (1)

U U R 2 (U L UC )2 (2)

U = U0/ 2 : i n ap hi u du ng hai u ma ch (V).

UR = U0R/ 2 : i n ap hi u du ng hai u i n tr R (V).

UL = U0L/ 2 : i n ap hi u du ng hai u cu n cam L (V).

UC = U0C/ 2 : i n ap hi u du ng hai u tu i n C (V).

Lu y: Ta dung cng thc (1) va (2) tinh ln i n ap cc a i (ho c hi u du ng).

27
 - Ve gian vect trong ba trng h p:

U 0L U0
U0L
U 0LC
0
U 0R i
O O
U 0R Truc i 0 Tru
. ci
U 0LC
U 0C
U0

ZL ZC U L U C U 0C ZL ZC U L U C ZL ZC U L U C

Ma ch co tinh cam khang Ma ch co tinh dung khang Ma ch co c ng hng

- Cng thc tinh tan :

U 0L U 0C Z L Z C U L U C
tan
U 0R R UR

ZL = L: cam khang (); ZC = 1/(C): dung khang (); R: i n tr ().

UL; UC; UR: i n ap hi u dung hai u cu n cam L; hai u tu i n C; hai u R (V).
U0L; U0C; U0R: i n ap cc ai hai u cu n cam L; hai u tu i n C; hai u R (V).
u i : l ch pha cua u so vi i.
- l ch pha cua u so vi i:
1
N u > 0 tan > 0 ZL> ZC L > 1/(C) : ma ch co tin h cam khang.
LC
1
N u < 0 tan < 0 ZL< ZC L < 1/(C) : ma ch co tin h dung khang.
LC
1
N u = 0 tan = 0 ZL = ZC L = 1/(C) : ma ch co hi n tng cng
LC
hng.

Lu y: Trong ma ch R, L, C n i ti p gia tri cua l ch pha trong oa n: .

2 2
- lch
pha cua uL; uC; uR so vi i:

L uL i : l ch pha cua uL so vi i (uL lun nhanh pha /2 so vi i).
2

C uC i : l ch pha cua uC so vi i (uC lun ch m pha /2 so vi i).
2
R uR i 0 : l ch pha cua uR so vi i (uR lun cung pha vi i).

28
 - M i lin h gia dong in va cac in ap:
U 0 U 0R U 0L U 0C U UR UL UC
I0 ; I ; R: i n tr ().
Z R ZL ZC Z R ZL ZC

U; UL; UC; UR: i n ap hi u dung hai u ma ch; hai u cu n cam L; hai u tu i n C; 2

u R (V).
U0; U0L; U0C; U0R: i n ap cc ai hai u ma ch; hai u cu n cam L; 2 u tu i n C; 2
u R (V).
I: cng dong i n hi u du ng (A); I0: cng dong i n cc a i (A).

ZL = L: cam khang (); ZC = 1/(C): dung khang (); Z R2 (ZL ZC )2 : t ng tr

().
6. Cach tinh dung khang, cam khang, t ng tr cua oa n ma ch R, L, C ghep n i ti p
ZC = 1/(C): dung khang (); C: i n dung (F); : t n s goc (rad/s).
ZL = L: cam khang (); L: t cam (H);

Z R2 (ZL ZC )2 : t ng tr cua oa n ma ch ().

- M r ng: Tin h t ng tr ma ch i n trong cac trng h p:
Ma ch in chi c T ng tr
R Z=R
ZC Z = ZC = 1/(C)
ZL Z = ZL = L

R, L Z R2 ZL2

R, C Z R2 ZC2

L, C Z Z L ZC

Z R r ( Z L ZC )2
2
R, r, L, C

7. Cng su t cua dong in xoay chi u; cng su t toa nhit trung bnh
- Cng su t trung bnh cua dong i n xoay chi u: P UI cos

- Cng sut ta nhit: P RI 2

P: cng su t (W o c la oat); U: i n ap hi u du ng (V); I: cng dong i n hi u
du ng (A);
R: i n tr (); u i : l ch pha cua u so vi i (rad) (xem cu 7); cos: h s
cng su t.

29
 Lu y: Trong mach i n R, L, C m c n i ti p thi cng su t cua dong i n xoay chi u
ung b ng cng su t toa nhit trn i n tr R. Do i vi bi toan ma ch i n R, L, C thi
P UI cos RI 2 .
+ Trong bai toan v ng c i n, cng su t cua dong i n (goi la cng su t ng c
Pong c UI cos ) b ng t ng cng su t hao phi (hoc goi la cng su t toa nhi t

Phao ph RI 2 ) va cng su t co ich cua ng c. Nghia la: Pong c Phao ph Pcoch

UI cos RI 2 Pcoch .

Hi u su t cua ng c la: H UI cos RI ; hay RI 2 1 H .UI cos .

2

UI cos

Y nghia cua h s cng su t

8. H s cng su t, in nng tiu thu cua ma ch in.
R U R U0R
- H s cng su t: cos .
Z U U0

- i n nng tiu thu cua ma ch i n: W P.t UI cos .t

R: i n tr (); U: i n ap hi u du ng hai u ma ch (V); U0: i n ap cc a i hai u

ma ch (V);
Z: t ng tr (); UR: i n ap hi u du ng hai u R (V); U0R: i n ap cc a i hai u R
(V);
cos: h s cng su t; t: thi gian ( i ra giy); P: cng su t (W); W: i n nng tiu
thu (J).
- Y nghia cua h s cng su t: Khi h s cng su t cang ln thi cng su t hao phi trn
ng dy cang nho. Do o trong thc t , cac c s san xu t khi s du ng i n phai co
cos 0,85.

9. Hin t ng c ng hng in,

cach nh n din
1
- Khi Z L ZC U L UC L = 1/(C) LC 2 1 ; T 2 LC ;
LC
1 U U U2 U2
f ; Z R 2 ( Z L ZC ) 2 R ; I max ; Pmax ;
2 LC Z min R Z min R

cosmax 1 0 ; u cng pha vi uR v i; uL = uC; U U R2 U L U C U R

2

UR max U .

30
 Tom t t: (Xem gian vect hin
h 3 phn 5: ma ch co c ng hng in)
1
Z L ZC
LC
ZR cosmax 1 0.

T 2 LC U u cng pha vi uR v i
U L UC I max
R u vung pha vi uL va uC
1
f U2
LC 1
2
2 LC Pmax UR max U
R

Nhn din:
L hoc C hoc (hay f) thay i Zmin; Imax; Pmax; URmax; cosmax ; u cng

pha uR, i.
U.Z C
L thay i UCmax, khi U Cmax I max Z C .
R
U.Z L
C thay i ULmax, khi U Lmax I max Z L .
R
10. Bai toan truy n tai in nng. Cach giam cng su t hao phi
- i n nng t nha may phat i n co cng su t phat i n P (W), c truy n n ni
tiu thu trn m t ng dy co i n tr t ng c ng R (). i n p hi u du ng hai cc cua
may phat la U (V).
I: cng dong i n hi u du ng trn ng dy (A). Ta c: P = U.I.cos
P2 l
- Cng sut hao phi do toa nhi t trn ng dy: Php R.I 2 R ; vi R .
U cos
2 2
S
R: in tr ng dy (); P: cng sut cn truyn ti (W); U: in p cn truyn ti (V).
: i n tr su t (.m); l: chi u dai ng dy tai i n (m); S: ti t di n cua dy dn (m2).
- gim cng su t hao ph: Tng U ln n ln => P gim n2 ln.

Lu y: cng su t hao phi giam i n l n thi ta phai tng U ln n.

11. Cng du ng, c u ta o, nguyn t c hoa t

ng cua may bi n ap
Nguo
n
- Cng du ng: may bi n ap la nhng thi t bi xoay chieu Ta
i tie
u thu K hie
u

co kha nng bi n i i n ap xoay chi u.

- C u ta o: b ph n chinh cua may bi n ap Cuo
n s ca
p Cuo
n thca
p
la m t khung b ng s t non co pha silic go i la loi bi n ap. Khung co hai cu n dy dn co i n

31
tr nho qu n trn hai ca nh i di n cua no: cu n dy n i vi may phat i n go i la cu n s c p
co N1 vong dy; cu n dy n i vi tai tiu thu i n nng go i la cu n th c p co N2 vong dy.
- Nguyn tc hot ng: da vao hi n t ng cam ng i n t.

12. Cng thc cua may bi n ap va ng du ng. Phn loa i may bi n ap

- Khi may bin p l tng (hiu su t 100%), cng su t hai cu n dy b ng nhau:
U1 I1 U 2 I 2 .
U 2 N 2 I1
Khi o: ; I1, I2: cng dong i n cu n s c p, th c p (A);
U1 N1 I 2

U1, U2: i n ap cua cu n s c p, th c p (V); N1, N2: s vong dy cua cu n s c p,

th c p.
- ng dng: my han i n n u chay kim loa i hoa t ng theo nguyn t c may giam ap. Trong
o, cu n s c p gm nhi u vong dy ti t di n nho, cu n th c p gm it vong dy ti t di n ln
(N1> N2).
- Phn loa i: Khi U2> U1 (N2> N1): my tng ap; khi U2< U1 (N2< N1): may giam ap.

13. Cng thc tinh t n s cua dong in m t pha

n
-Tn s ca dong i n m t pha la: f p; f n '. p
60
n: s vng quay/pht; p: s cp cc ca nam chm; n: s vng quay/giy.

14. Cc gi tr tc thi trong bi ton in xoay chiu

- Biu thc cng dng in i, in p hai u in tr uR, cun
thun cm uL, t in uC ln lt l: uC

i I0cos t i ; uR U 0R cos t u R
U 0R cos t i ; uR
i
vi U0R = I0.R.
uL

uL U 0L cos t uL U 0L cos t i U 0Lsin t i ;
2
vi U0L = I0.ZL = I0.L.


uC U 0C cos t uC U 0C cos t i U 0Csin t i ;
2

vi U0C = I0.ZC =I0/(C) v uC i / 2 .

32
 uR U R U 0R
- H thc: u = uR + uL + uC; i cng pha uR: R ; uL ngc pha uC:
i I I0

uL U U Z
0L L L .
uC U 0C UC ZC

i 2 uL2 i 2 uC2 uR2 uL2

i uL 2 1 ; i uC 2 1 ; uR uL 1 ;
I 02 U 0L I 02 U 0C 2
U 0R 2
U 0L

uR2 uC2
uR uC 2
2
1.
U 0R U 0C
15. Bi tp
Cu 1: Cng dng in chy qua mt t in c biu thc i 10 2 cos100 t (A). Bit
250
t in c in dung F. in p gia hai u ca t in c biu thc l


A. u 200 2 cos(100 t ) (V). B. u 300 2 cos(100 t ) (V) .
2 2

C. u 400 2 cos(100 t ) (V) . D. u 100 2 cos(100 t ) (V) .
2 2

Cu 2: t vo hai u mt mch in xoay chiu mt in p c biu thc

u 200cos100 t (V) th cng dong i n qua mch l i 5cos(100 t ) (A) . Cng
3
sut tiu th ca mch in l
A. 1000,0 W. B. 500,0 W. C. 250,0 W. D. 353,5 W.

Cu 3: t in p xoay chiu c gi tr hiu dng 220 V v tn s 50 Hz vo hai u on

0,8
mch mc ni tip gm in tr c gi tr l 40 , cun cm thun c t cm H v t

2.104
in c in dung F. Cng dng in hiu dng trong on mch bng

A. 2,2 A. B. 4,4 A. C. 3,1 A. D. 6,2 A.

Cu 4: Mt mch in xoay chiu gm R, L, C ni tip nhau. t hiu in th xoay chiu

gia hai u on mch c biu thc u = Uocos(t + /6) th cng dng in trong mch
l i = Iocos(t + /2). Khi
A. R > ZC ZL. B. R = ZC ZL. C. R < ZL ZC. D. R < ZC ZL.

33
Cu 5: Mch in xoay chiu khng phn nhnh gm in tr thun R, cun cm thun c
cm khng ZL v t in c dung khng ZC = 3ZL. Vo thi im t, khi uL = 30 V, u = 90 V
th hiu in th gia hai u in tr l
A. 90 V B. 150 V C. 30 V D. 120 V

Cu 6: t in p xoay chiu c U, vo hai u mch gm cun dy thun cm c t

cm L = 1/(3) H. thi im t1, u1 = 100 V, i1 = 2,5 3 A. thi im t2, u2 = 100 3 V, i2

= 2,5 A. Gi tr ca bng
A. 100 rad/s B. 50 rad/s C. 120 rad/s D. 60 rad/s

Cu 7: on mch in xoay chiu gm in tr thun bng 40

mc ni tip vi cun dy. in p hiu dng hai u cun dy
l 120 V. Dng in trong mch lch pha /6 so vi in p hai u on mch v lch pha
/3 so vi in p hai u cun dy. Cng hiu dng qua mch bng
A. 3 3 A. B. 3 A. C. 4 A. D.3 A.

Cu 8: t hiu in th u = 100 2 sin 100t (V) vo hai u on mch RLC khng phn
nhnh vi C, R c ln khng i v L = 1/ H. Khi hiu in th hiu dng hai u
mi phn t R, L v C c ln nh nhau. Cng sut tiu th ca on mch l
A. 100 W. B. 200 W. C. 250 W. D. 350 W.

Cu 9: t in p u = 200cos100t (V) vo hai u on mch gm mt bin tr R mc ni

1
tip vi mt cun thun cm c t cm H. iu chnh bin tr cng sut ta nhit

trn bin tr t cc i, khi cng dng in hiu dng trong on mch bng

2
A. 1 A. B. 2 A. C. 2 A. D. A.
2

Cu 10: My pht in xoay chiu mt pha c rto l mt nam chm gm 5 cp cc. pht
ra dng xoay chiu c tn s 50 Hz th tc ca rto bng
A. 300 vng/pht. B. 600 vng/pht. C. 3000 vng/pht. D. 10 vng/pht.

34
16. p n
Cu T kha Kin thc cn c Cch gii
1. (C) 1 1
ZC ZC 40 .
i 10 2 cos100 t (A) C 250.106
.100
250 U 0C I 0 Z C
in dung F.
U0C 10 2.40 400 2 V .
uC tr pha hn i mt
in p gia hai u
gc /2. uC i 0
ca t in 2 2

rad
2
Vy:

u 400 2 cos(100 t ) (V)
2
2. (C) P UI cos u i
u 200cos100 t (V)

P 100 2 . 2,5 2 cos 0
3
250 W
i 5cos(100 t ) (A) .
3
Cng sut tiu th
3. (B) ... in p hiu ZL = 2fL 0,8
ZL = 2.50. = 80 ();
dng 220 V v tn s
1
50 Hz in tr 1 ZC = = 50 ();
ZC 2.104
l 40 , cun cm 2 fC 2 .50.

thun c t cm
Z 402 (80 50)2 = 50 ();
0,8
H v in Z R 2 (Z L Z C )2
I
220
= 4,4 (A).
U 50
2.104 I
dung F . Cng Z

dng in hiu
dng
4. (D) ... u = Uocos(t + /6) = u i = u i = /3 u chm
... i = Iocos(t + /2) ZL ZC pha hn i,
tan
... R Z Z
tan L C 3
3 R
ZC Z L R 3 R .

35
5. (B) ZC = 3ZL thi uC Z uC Z
C C 3
im t, khi uL = 30 V, uL ZL uL ZL
uC 3uL 90 V
u = 90 V th hiu in u = uR + uL + uC
uR u uL uC
th gia hai u in
90 30 90 150 V
tr
6. (C) L = 1/(3) H.
thi im t1, u1 = 100
i uL
i 2 uL2
2 1
I 02 U 0L
2,5 3 2


1002
1
I 02 U 02

V, i1 = 2,5 3 A.

U 0L
ZL L
2
2,52 100 3
thi im t2, u2 =
I0 2 1
I 0 U 02
100 3 V, i2 = 2,5 A.
X
I 02
1

2,5 3 2 X 1002 Y 1
1
Gi tr ca bng
Y 2

2
U0 2,52 X 100 3 Y 1

1 1
X I 2 25



0

Y 1 1

2
U 0 40000

I0 5 A

U 0 200 V

U 0 200
ZL 40
I0 5
ZL 40
120 rad/s.
L 1
30
7. (B) in tr thun bng
40 mc ni tip vi V gin vect
cun dy. in p
hiu dng hai u
cun dy l 120 V.
Dng in ... lch pha
/6 so vi in p hai
u on mch v lch
pha /3 so vi in p AMB cn ti M
hai u cun dy. U R U MB 120 V

36
 Cng hiu dng U R 120
I 3A.
R 40

8. (A) ... u = 100 2 sin U R U L U C mch R Z L ZC L

1
100t (V) ... L = 1/ c cng hng in. 100 100

H.... hiu in th hiu
U 2 1002
dng hai u mi RU
. 2 Pmax 100 W
P RI 2 R 100
R Z L ZC
2 2
phn t R, L v C c
ln nh nhau. Cng
sut tiu th ca on
mch l
9. (A) u = 200cos100t Z L L 1
ZL .100 100 .
(V) cun cm thun

1 U2 U2
c t cm H. PR RI 2 PR RI 2 R
R2 ZL2 Z 2
R L
R
iu chnh bin tr
U
cng sut ta nhit I
Z Pmax R Z L 100
trn bin tr t cc
U
i, khi cng I
R Z L2
2

dng in hiu dng

100 2
bng 1 A
1002 1002
10. My pht in xoay np 60 f 60.50
f n 600
(B) chiu mt pha c rto 60 p 5

l mt nam chm gm vng/pht

5 cp cc. tn s
50Hz th tc ca
rto bng

37
 CHNG IV. DAO NG V SNG IN T

Chng ny trnh by cc kin thc v:

- Mch dao ng. Dao ng in t.
- in t trng. Sng in t. Nhng nguyn tc ca vic thng tin lin lc v tuyn.
1. Ma ch dao ng
- Mch dao ng g m co m t cu n cam co t cam L m c n i ti p vi m t tu i n co i n
du ng C thanh mt ma ch i n kin .
- N u ma ch dao ng co in tr r t nho xem nh b ng khng thi go i la ma ch dao ng ly
tng.
2. Bi u thc in tich, in ap cua m t bn tu in va cng dong in trong ma ch
- Bi u thc in tic h cua m t ban tu i n: q Q0cos t .

- Bi u thc cng dong i n trong ma ch:

i q ' .Q0 sin t I 0 cos t .
2
- i n tich q ca mt ban tu i n va cng dong i n i trong ma ch dao ng bin thin
i u hoa theo thi gian; i sm pha /2 so vi q.
Q0 = C.U0: i n tic h cc a i cua tu i n (C); U0: i n ap cc a i hai u tu i n (V);
I0 = .Q0: cng dong i n cc a i qua cu n dy (A); q: i n tic h (tc thi) cua tu
i n (C);
i: cng dong i n (tc thi) trong ma ch (A); 1 C = 106 C; 1 nC = 109 C;
1 pC = 1012 C.
Lu y: Khi q > 0 ban tu i n ma ta xet tich i n dng.
- Bi u thc in ap hai u tu i n: u U0cos t ; u cung pha vi q.

3. Dao ng in t t do
- Dao ng in t t do trong ma ch dao ng l s bi n thin i u hoa theo thi gian cua

i n tic h q ca mt ban tu i n va cng dong i n i (ho c cng i n trng E va

cam ng t B ).
- Chu ki va tn s cua dao ng i n t t do trong ma ch dao ng go i la chu ki va tn s dao
ng ring ca ma ch dao ng.

38
4. T n s goc, chu ki (ring), t n s (ring) cua ma ch dao ng
1 1
T 2 LC f
LC 2 LC
: t n s goc (rad/s); T: chu ki ring cua ma ch dao ng (s); f: t n s ring (Hz);
L: t cam cua cu n dy (H-Henry); C: i n dung cua tu i n (F-Fara).
Lu y: L c milihenry (1 mH = 10-3 H); C c picfara (1 pF = 10-12 F); f c mgahec (MHz).
1 mH = 103 H; 1 H = 106 H; 1 C = 106 C; 1 nC= 109 C; 1 MHz = 106 Hz; 1 kHz = 103 Hz.
5. Nng l ng in trng, nng l ng t trng, nng l ng in t
1 qu q 2 Q02
- Nng l ng i n trng trong tu i n: W Cu 2 cos 2 t .
2 2 2C 2C
1 2 LI 02
- Nng l ng t trng trong cu n cam: Wt Li sin 2 t .
2 2
Q02 CU 02 LI 02
- Nng l ng in t: W W Wt ha
ng so.
2C 2 2
W: nng l ng i n trng (J); Wt: nng l ng t trng (J); W: nng l ng i n t (J);
C: i n dung cua tu i n (F); L: t cam cua cu n dy (H); q: i n tich cua tu i n (C);
u: i n ap (tc thi) cua tu i n (V); i: cng dong i n (tc thi) (A);
Q0 = C.U0: i n tic h cc a i cua tu i n ( i ra C); U0: i n ap cc a i hai u tu i n (V);
I0 = .Q0: cng dong i n cc a i ( i ra A); 1 C = 106 C; 1 nC = 109 C; 1 pC = 1012 C.
Lu y: Nng l ng i n trng v nng l ng t trng bin thin tun hon vi tn s gc
' 2 , tn s f = 2f, chu ki T = T/2. T ng cua nng l ng i n trng trong tu i n va
nng lng t trng trong cu n cm cua ma ch dao ng la nng l ng i n t c gia tri
khng i.
6. in t trng, sng in t
- M i quan h gia s bi n thin theo thi gian cua t trng va i n trng xoay: N u ta i
m t ni co mt t trng bi n thin theo thi gian th ta i ni o xu t hi n i n trng xoay.
i n trng xoay la in trng c ng sc i n la ng cong kin .
- M i quan h gia s bi n thin theo thi gian cua i n trng va t trng: N u ta i m t ni
c in trng bin thin theo thi gian thi ta i ni o xut hi n t trng. ng sc cua t
trng bao gi cung khep kin .
- i n t trng la trng c hai thanh ph n bin thin theo thi gian, lin quan m t thit vi
nhau la i n trng bin thin va t trng bi n thin.
- Song i n t la i n t trng lan truy n trong khng gian.

39
7. Nhng c i m cua song in t
- Song i n t lan truy n c trong chn khng. T c cua song i n t trong chn khng
co gia tri ln nh t va b ng c = 3.108 m/s. Song i n t lan truy n c
trong cac i n mi (ch t cach i n). T c cua song i n t trong cac
i n mi thi nho hn trong chn khng.

- Song i n t la song ngang: Vect cng i n trng E va vect

cam ng t B lun lun vung goc vi nhau va vung goc vi phng truy n song. Ba vect

E , B , v ta o thanh m t tam di n thu n (gi ng nh ba tru c Ox, Oy, Oz trong h to a

cac).
- Trong song i n t thi dao ng cua i n trng va cua
t trng ta i m t i m lun lun cung pha vi nhau.
- Khi song i n t g p m t phn cach gia hai mi trng
thi no cung bi phan xa va khuc xa nh anh sang.
- Song i n t mang nng l ng. (o c thm: Nh co nng
l ng ma khi song i n t truy n n m t anten, no se
lam cho cac lectron t do trong anten dao ng).
- Nhng song i n t co bc song t vai met n vai kilmet c dung trong thng tin lin
la c v tuyn nn go i la cac song v tuy n.
8. Phn loa i cac song v tuy n va tinh ch t
- Song v tuy n c chia lam bn loa i: song cc ngn, song ng n, song trung va song dai.
- Song cc ng n (con go i la vi song): (bc song t 0,01 m n 10 m): khng bi t ng i n li
hp thu va phn xa , co kha nng truy n xuyn qua t ng i n li (cach mt t t 80 km n
800 km). Dng trong truy n hin h v tinh va vu tru .
- Song ngn: (bc sng t 10 m n 100 m): phan xa ma nh t ng i n li va trn m t t nn
co th truy n i xa trn m t t.
- Sng trung: (bc song t 100 m n 1000 m): phan xa ma nh vo ban m, ban ngay bi
t ng i n li h p thu .
- Song dai: (bc song trn 1000 m): t bi n
c hp thu , dung truy n thng tin trong nc.
9. Cng thc tinh bc song cua song in t trong chn khng
c
cT ; : bc song (m), c = 3.108 m/s, T: chu ki song (s), f: t n s song (Hz).
f

- i vi ma ch dao ng thu, phat song i n t: c.T 2 .c. LC ; L: t cam (H);

Lu y: 1 km = 103 m; 1 kHz = 103 Hz; 1 MHz = 106 Hz (mgahec); C: in dung ca tu in (F)

40
 10. B n nguyn t c c ban cua vic thng tin lin la c b ng song v tuy n
- Phai dung cac song i n t cao t n tai cac thng tin (go i la cac song mang).
- Phai bi n i u cac song mang: dng ma ch bi n i u trn song mang va song m.
- tch sng m ra khoi song cao t n a ra loa ta dung ma ch tach song.
- Khi tin hi u thu co cng nho, ta phai khuch a i chung b ng cac ma ch khu ch i.
11. S kh i cua m t may phat thanh va may thu thanh n gian
- May pht: Micr (1), mch pht sng in t cao tn (2), mch bin iu (3), mch khuch
i (4) v ng ten pht (5).
- May thu: ng ten thu (1), mch khuch i dao ng in t cao tn (2), mch tch sng (3),
mch khuch i dao ng in t m tn (4), loa (5).

3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

My pht My thu

12. M t s cng thc c n lu y

i2 q2 i2 q2 i2 u2 i2 u2
iq 1 2 vi I0 = Q0 ; i u 1 2 vi
I 02 Q02 I 2 Q2 I 02 U 02 I2 U2

1 1
CU 02 LI 02 .
2 2
q Q0 2 2 Q0
ng pha u
q cu C ; I 0 Q0 Q0 T
u U0 T I0

1 1 L C
W max Wt max CU 02 LI 02 CU 02 LI 02 U 0 I 0 I0 U0
2 2 C L

W W Wt CU 02 Cu 2 Li 2 C U 02 u 2 Li 2 i U0 u
1 1 1 C 2 2
2 2 2 L

1 Q02 1 q 2 1 2
Li Q02 q 2 Li 2 i Q02 q 2
1 1
W W Wt
2 C 2C 2 C LC
i Q 2
0 q2

LI 0 Cu Li L I 02 i 2 Cu 2 u I0 i
1 2 1 2 1 2 L 2 2
W W Wt
2 2 2 C

41
 1 2 1 q2 1 2 q2
W W Wt LI 0 Li L I 02 i 2 q LC I 02 i 2
2 2C 2 C
q
1

I 02 i 2
1 1 2 1 I 02 I 02 I
t
W W Li L i 2
i 0
n 1 2 2 n 1 n 1 n 1

1 2 n 1 n n
W nWt Cu . CU 02 u 2 U 02 u .U 0
W n W 2 n 1 2 n 1 n 1
n 1 2
1 q n . 1 Q0 q 2 n Q 2 q n .Q
2



2 C n 1 2 C n 1
0
n 1
0

13. S tng t gia dao ng c v dao ng in

i lng c i lng in Dao ng c Dao ng in
Ta x in tch q x + 2x = 0 q + 2q = 0
k 1
Vn tc v cng dng in i
m LC
Khi lng m t cm L x = Acos(t + ) q = q0cos(t + )
nghch o in dung
v = x = -Asin(t + ) i = q = -q0sin(t + )
cng k 1
v = Acos(t + + /2) i = q0cos(t + + /2 )
C
v i
Lc F hiu in th u A2 x2 ( )2 q02 q 2 ( )2

q
H s ma st intr R F = -kx = -m2x u L 2 q
C
NL t trng (Wt = 1 1 2
ng nng W W = mv2 W = Li
WL) 2 2
NL in trng (W = 1 2 q2
Th nng Wt Wt = kx Wt =
WC) 2 2C

14. Bi tp
Cu 1: Mt mch dao ng in t LC gm cun dy thun cm c t cm L = 2 mH v
t in c in dung C = 0,2 F. Bit dy dn c in tr thun khng ng k v trong mch
c dao ng in t ring. Chu k ring ca mch dao ng ny bng
A. 2.10-4 s. B. 4.10-4 s. C. 2.10-5 s. D. 4.10-5 s.

42
Cu 2: Mt mch dao ng in t l tng gm t in c in dung C = 25 nF v cun
dy thun cm c t cm L = 4 mH. thi im ban u cng dng in t gi tr
cc i v bng 40 mA. Biu thc cng dng in trong mch l
A. i = 4.102cos105t (A). B. i = 4.101cos105t (A).

C. i = 4.102cos(105t ) (A). D. i = 2.102cos105t (A).
2

Cu 3: Mt mch dao ng LC l tng ang c dao ng in t t do. Bit in tch cc

i ca mt bn t in c ln l 10-8 C v cng dng in cc i qua cun cm
thun l 62,8 mA. Ly 3,14. Tn s dao ng in t t do ca mch bng
A. 104 Hz. B. 103 Hz. C. 106 Hz. D. 107 Hz.

Cu 4: Mch dao ng LC l tng c chu k dao ng in t bng T. Thi gian gia hai ln
lin tip nng lng in trng trn t in bng nng lng t trng trong cun dy l
T T T T
A. . B. . C. . D. .
12 4 6 8

Cu 5: Trong thng tin lin lc bng sng v tuyn, ngi ta s dng cch bin iu bin ,
tc l lm cho bin ca sng in t cao tn (sng mang) bin thin theo thi gian vi tn s
bng tn s ca dao ng m tn. Cho tn s sng mang l 800 kHz, tn s ca dao ng m
tn l 1000 Hz. S dao ng ton phn ca dao ng cao tn khi dao ng m tn thc hin
c mt dao ng ton phn l
A. 1000. B. 800. C. 8000. D. 4000.

Cu 6: Xt hai mch dao ng in t l tng. Chu k dao ng ring ca mch th nht l

T1, ca mch th hai l T2= 2T1. Ban u in tch trn mi bn t in c ln cc i Q0.
Sau mi t in phng in qua cun cm ca mch. Khi in tch trn mi bn t ca hai
mch u c ln bng q (0 < q < Q0) th t s ln cng dng in trong mch th
nht v ln cng dng in trong mch th hai l
A. 2,0. B. 4,0. C. 0,5. D. 8,0.

43
Cu 7: Mch dao ng in t l tng gm cun cm thun c t cm L v t in c
in dung C. Trong mch ang c dao ng in t t do. Gi U0 l hiu in th cc i
gia hai bn t v I0 l cng dng in cc i trong mch. H thc ng l

C C 2C C
A. I 0 U 0 . B. I 0 U 0 . C. U 0 I 0 . D. U 0 I 0 .
2L L L L

Cu 8: Khi ni v sng in t, pht biu no sau y l sai?

A. Sng in t tun theo cc quy lut giao thoa, nhiu x.
B. Sng in t mang nng lng.
C. Sng in t khng truyn c trong chn khng.
D. Sng in t l sng ngang.

Cu 9: Ti H Ni, mt my ang pht sng in t. Xt mt phng truyn c phng

thng ng hng ln. Vo thi im t, ti im M trn phng truyn, vect cm ng t
ang c ln cc i v hng v pha Nam. Khi vect cng in trng c
A. ln cc i v hng v pha Ty. B. ln bng khng.
C. ln cc i v hng v pha Bc. D. ln cc i v hng v pha ng.

Cu 10: Mt mch dao ng gm mt cun cm thun c t cm xc nh v mt t in

l t xoay, c in dung thay i c theo quy lut hm s bc nht ca gc xoay ca bn
linh ng. Khi = 0o, tn s dao ng ring ca mch l 3 MHz. Khi = 120o, tn s dao
ng ring ca mch l 1 MHz. mch ny c tn s dao ng ring bng 1,5 MHz th
bng
A. 30o. B. 90o. C. 60o. D. 45o.

15. p n
Cu T kha Kin thc cn c Cch gii
1. (D) ... t cm L = 2 T = 2 LC T = 4.10-5 s.
mH... in dung C =
0,2 F... Chu k ring
...
2. (A) ... in dung C = 25 nF 1 1
= =
... t cm L = 4 mH LC 4.10 .25.109
3

= 105 rad/s;

44
 ... thi im ban u, i = I0cos(t + ); khi t = 0 th i = I0 cos = 1
cng dng in t = 0.
gi tr cc i v bng Vy i = 4.102cos105t (A).
40 mA. Biu thc
cng dng in ...
3. (C) in tch cc i ... l I0 = .q0 62,8.103
=
10-8 C v cng 108
f =
dng in cc i ... l 2 = 62,8.105 rad/s
62,8 mA. Ly 3,14. 62,8.105
f = 106 Hz.
Tn s dao ng 2.3,14
4. (B) ... chu k dao ng ... Q02 W
W W Wt W Wt
bng T. Thi gian gia 2C 2
q2 q 2 1 Q02 Q 2
hai ln lin tip nng W q 0
2C 2C 2 2C 2
lng in trng trn
Vng trn lng gic
t in bng nng Vi hai v tr gi tr ca q:
lng t trng trong 2
q Q0 trn trc Oq,
cun dy ... 2
tng ng vi 4 v tr trn
ng trn, cc v tr ny
cch u nhau bi cc cung
/2. C sau thi gian T/4
nng lng in li bng
nng lng t.

5. (B) ... tn s sng mang l Khi nim tn s: s Trong 1 s, sng m thc hin
800 kHz, tn s ca dao ng ton phn fa = 1000 dao ng, sng
dao ng m tn l trong 1 giy. mang thc hin fm = 800000
1000 Hz. S dao ng Quy tc tam sut. dao ng.
ton phn ca dao ng Khi sng m thc hin mt

45
 cao tn khi dao ng dao ng th sng mang thc
m tn thc hin c hin c:
mt dao ng ton phn f m 800000
N 800 .
l fa 1000

6. (A) ...T2= 2T1... in tch W =W +Wt . Q02 1 2 q 2

Li
trn mi bn t in ... 2C 2 2C

Q0 ... in tch trn mi i2

1
LC
Q02 q 2
bn t ca hai mch u
i Q02 q2
c ln bng q (0 < q
i1 1 T2
< Q0) th t s ln 2.
i2 2 T1
cng dng in ...
th nht v ... th hai ...
7. (B) t cm L v Nng lng ca mch C
I0 = U0 .
in dung C ... U0 l dao ng L
hiu in th cc i LI 02 CU 02
W= =
gia hai bn t v I0 l 2 2
cng dng in
cc i trong mch.
8. (C) sng in t Nhng c im ca Sng in t truyn c
sng in t. trong chn khng.
9. (A) phng truyn E , B cng pha. Bc
thng ng hng ln ng
Ba vect E , B , v ta o
vect cm ng t
thanh m t tam di n
c ln cc i v Ty
thu n. Nam
hng v pha Nam
vect cng in
Quy tc inh c: quay inh c
trng c
theo chiu thun (gc nh) t
E sang B , khi chiu tin
ca inh c l hng truyn

sng in t v .

Do B cng pha nn vect

cng in trng c

46
 ln cc i v hng v pha
Ty.
10. ... in dung thay i 1 1
f f1 =
(D) c theo quy lut hm 2 LC 2 LC1
s bc nht ca gc in dung ca t xoay 1
C1 (1),
xoay Khi = 0 , l hm bc nht ca gc
0 4 L. f12
2

tn s ... l 3 MHz. Khi quay : C = a + b C2

1
(2),
4 L. f 22
2
= 1200, tn s ... l 1
1
MHz ... tn s bng 1,5 C3 (3).
4 L. f32
2

MHz th bng
T (1) v (2):
C2 f12 32
9
C1 f 22 12
C2 9C1.
T (2) v (3):
C3 f12 32
2 2 4
C1 f3 1,5 .
C3 4C1.
in dung ca t xoay l hm
bc nht ca gc quay :
C = a + b
C1 a.00 b

9C1 a.120 b
0

b C1

C1
a 15
C1
C C1 (4).
15
Thay C3 = 4C1 vo (4)
C1
4C1 . C1 450
15

47
 CHNG V. SNG NH SNG

nh sng c bn cht l sng in t c bc sng ngn (ngn hn sng v tuyn).

1. Tn sc nh sng
i vi mi nh sng n sc, chit
sut ca mi trng c mt gi tr
Trng
khc nhau: Chit sut ca mt mi
trng i vi nh sng tm l ln

nht, i vi nh sng l nh
nht: nD nC ... nCh nT .
Mt tia sng phc tp i t mi trng trong sut ny sang mi trng trong sut khc s
tch ra thnh cc thnh phn n sc (c mt mu nht nh. Tia sng n sc khng b tn
sc khi i mi trng truyn). V d: Khi mt chm tia sng trng (nh sng Mt tri, h
quang in, bng n dy tc,) i qua mt lng knh, chm tia l gm by mu chnh: ,
cam, vng, lc, lam, chm, tm (ging cu vng) gi l quang ph ca nh sng trng. Tia
lch t nht v tia tm lch nhiu nht so vi phng tia ti trng. Ngc li, cc nh
sng n sc t n tm tng hp thnh nh sng trng. nh sng n sc khng b tn sc
khi i mi trng truyn.
Khi b phn x ton phn, tia tm b phn x u tin, ri n tia chm, tia lam,
c
Chit sut tuyt i ca mt mi trng: n (vi v c ;
v i nT
n 1).
nKX
n r
Chit sut ti i ca mi trng 1 i vi mi trng 2: n12 1 . nKX nT
n2

nh lut khc x nh sng: nT sin i nKX sin r .

nKX
Tia sng b phn x ton phn nu gc ti i > , vi l gc gii hn: sin .
nT

(Hin tng phn x ton phn ch xy ra khi mi trng ti chit quang hn: nT > nKX).
V d: Xt mt lng knh c gc chit quang A = 45 t trong khng kh.
1/ Mt tia sng n sc mu lc SI n vung gc vi mt bn AB ca lng knh cho tia
l nm st mt AC. Tnh chit sut ca lng knh i vi nh sng lc.
2/ Chiu mt chm tia gm bn nh sng n sc: , vng, lc, v tm n vung gc
vi mt AB. Cc tia l ra khi mt AC gm nhng nh sng n sc no? Gii thch.

48
 Hng dn
1/ Tia sng i vung gc vi mt AB, i thng n mt AC m khng b khc x. Gc ti
ti AC: i = 45o, gc khc x ti AC: r = 90. nh lut khc x nh sng cho:

nl sin 45o 1.sin 90o ; nl 2 .

2/ Chit sut ca lng knh i vi tia v tia vng nh hn nl 2 tc l c gc gii

hn ln hn 45 nn l ra ngoi. Tia tm b phn x ton phn.

2. Bc sng ca nh sng
Mu Bc sng
nh sng truyn t mi trng trong sut ny sang mi trng (m)
trong sut khc: tn s khng i, bc sng thay i. 0,64 0,76
Cam 0,59 0,65
Gi v ln lt l bc sng nh sng trong chn khng
Vng 0,57 0,60
0,50 0,58
v bc sng nh sng trong mi trng chit sut n : ' . Lc
n
Lam 0,45 0,51
Mi nh sng n sc c mt bc sng xc nh. Chm 0,43 0,46
Quang ph kh kin (thy c): Tm 0,38 0,44
= 0.38 m (tm) 0.76 m ().
3. Th nghim giao thoa nh sng vi hai
khe Y-ng S1

Ngun sng n sc S chiu sng hai S S2

khe hp, song song S1 v S2 l hai ngun
sng kt hp (hai ngun c cng tn s v
c lch pha khng i bng 0): Trn M
S1 d1
mn c nhng vch sng v vch ti xen k x
S
a
nhau gi l vn giao thoa. Hin tng giao O
d2
thoa cng vi hin tng nhiu x chng t S2
D
nh sng c bn cht sng.
V tr vn giao thoa:

49
Hiu qung ng i (hiu quang trnh - quang l):
ax
d2 d1 .
D
Vn sng:
i vn sng bc 2 (k = 2)

D i vn sng bc 1 (k = 1)
x ki 0; i ; 2i ; 3i ;... i vn sng trung tm
a vn ti bc 1 (k= 0) (k = 0)
Vn ti: vn ti bc 2 (k= 1)

1 i 3i 5i
x ' k ' i ; ; ;...
2 2 2 2
Khi giao thoa trng L i xng qua vn trung tm:
L / 2 L / 2 1
S vn sng: NS 2 1 ; s vn ti: Nt 2 ( : phn nguyn)
i i 2

Vn sng h (1) Vn sng h (2): k1i1 k 2i2 ; k11 k 2 2 k1 , k 2 0; i ; 2i ; 3i ;...

1 1
Vn ti h (1) Vn ti h (2): (k1 1 / 2)i1 (k 2 1 / 2)i2 ; (k1 )1 (k 2 )2
2 2
1 2k 2 1
Hai vn ti ca hai h vn (1) v (2) trng nhau chi khi: .
2 2k1 1

V d
Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, lc u ta s dng nh sng n sc c
bc sng 1. Khong cch hai khe bng 0,4 mm v khong cch t hai khe n mn quan
st bng 1 m. Trn mn, trong khong rng 9 mm i xng qua vn chnh gia, c 7 vn
sng, ngoi cng l hai vn sng.
1/ Tnh bc sng 1.
2/ S dng ng thi hai nh sng n sc c bc sng 1 v bc sng 2 = 0,4 m.
Xc nh v tr trn mn ti c vn sng cng mu vi vn chnh gia. Trong khong gia
hai vn sng lin tip cng mu vi vn chnh gia ny, c bao nhiu vn sng khc?
Hng dn

ai1 0, 4.10 . 9.10 / 6

3 3

1/ V 7 vn sng tng ng vi 6 khong vn nn: 1 0,6 m.

D 1
2/ Vn chnh gia ca hai h vn u l vn sng: Ti y c s ha ln hai mu ca hai
h vn c bc sng 1 v 2 cho mt mu no . V tr ti vn cng mu vi vn
chnh gia th phi c hai vn sng ca hai h vn trng nhau:
D D
k11 k 2 2 ; k11 k 2 2 , k1 , k 2 0; 1; 2; 3;...
a a

50
 k1 0,6 k 2 0, 4 ;

2
k1 k 2 : k2 phi chia ht cho 3, tc l: k 2 3k , k 0; 1; 2; 3;... (v k1 2k ).
3
Vy, v tr hai vn sng ca hai h vn trng nhau l:
1D 0,6.103
x1 x2 k1i1 2k 2k 3k (mm) ; x1 x2 3k (mm) 0; 3 mm; 6 mm; ...
a 0,4.103
T vn chnh gia n vn cng mu gn nht: x1 x2 3 mm , ta c k1 2; k1 3 nn
ta c mt vn sng ca h vn (1) v hai vn sng ca h vn (2) trong khong gia hai vn
cng mu lin tip.

4. My quang ph lng kinh

L2
nh ngha: My quang ph l L1
dng c phn tch mt chm
F F1
sng phc tp thnh nhng thnh P F2

phn n sc, dng nhn bit S

cc thnh phn cu to ca chm sng phc tp pht ra t ngun.
Cu to: Gm ng chun trc, h tn sc v bung nh (bung ti).
Hot ng: Da trn nguyn tc tn sc nh sng: Sau khi ra khi ng chun trc, chm tia
sng phc tp song song i qua lng knh P cho nhiu chm tia n sc song song khc
nhau. Mi chm tia ny s cho mt nh l mt vch sng (vch quang ph) trn knh nh
ca bung nh.
5. Cc loi quang ph
5.1 Quang ph lin tc
a. nh ngha: Quang ph lin tc l di nhiu mu lin tc ni tip nhau, chng cht ln
nhau mt phn. V d: Quang ph ca nh sng trng t Mt Tri.
b. Ngun: Do cc cht kh p sut ln, cht lng, v cht rn pht ra khi b nung nng
(nh Mt Tri).
c. Tnh cht: Ch ph thuc nhit m khng ph thuc bn cht ca vt.
Nhit cng cao, min quang ph lan t bc sng di sang bc sng
ngn.
d. ng dng: o nhit ngun sng.

51
5.2 Quang ph vch pht x
a. nh ngha: Quang ph vch pht
x gm cc vch sng mu ring l,
ngn cch bi nhng khong ti.
b. Ngun: Do cht kh p sut thp
pht ra khi c kch thch bng
nhit, in.
c. Tnh cht: Ph thuc nguyn t Quang ph vch hp th (hnh trn) v
cu to vt (s vch, v tr-bc quang ph vch pht x (hnh di) ca
nguyn t hir.
sng, sng t i).
d. ng dng: Xc nh thnh phn cu to ca cht lm ngun sng.
5.3 Quang ph vch hp th
a. nh ngha: Quang ph vch hp th l quang ph lin tc trn c nhng vch ti (l
cc vch mu b thiu) do b cht kh hay hi kim loi hp th.
b. iu kin: Nhit ca cht kh hay hi phi thp hn nhit ca ngun pht quang ph
lin tc.
c. Tnh cht: c trng cho nguyn t cu to vt.
d. ng dng: Nhn bit s c mt ca mt nguyn t.
Hin tng o vch quang ph: Hin tng cc vch ti ca quang ph hp th tr thnh
sng khi tt ngun pht ra quang ph lin tc.
6. Tia hng ngoi
L bc x khng thy c, c bc sng t 0,76 m n vi mm, c pht bi mi vt
d nhit thp. Ngun thng dng: l than, l in, dy tc n in,... Tc dng ni bt
nht l tc dng nhit.
ng dng: Sy kh, si m, iu khin t xa, mc ch qun s,...
7. Tia t ngoi
L bc x khng thy c, c bc sng t 0,38 m n vi 10-9 m, c pht bi mi vt
c nhit cao trn 2000 C (n hi thu ngn, h quang,). Mang nng lng tng i
ln nn c kh nng kch thch s pht quang (n hunh quang), gy phn ng quang ha,
hu dit t bo da, t bo vng mc,
ng dng: Kh trng nc, thc phm, cha bnh ci xng, tm vt nt trn b mt kim
loi,

52
8. Tia X (tia Rn-ghen)
L bc x c bc sng t 10-8 m (tia X mm) n 10-11 m (tia X cng). Mang nng lng
ln nn c kh nng m xuyn (i qua giy, vi, g, v kim loi c nguyn t lng nh),
lm pht quang nhiu cht, gy hin tng quang in, ion ho cht kh, tc dng sinh hc
mnh (hu dit t bo; cha ung th).
ng dng: Chp in (chp X quang), chiu in, cha bnh ung th, kim tra cht lng
trong cng nghip, kim tra hnh l phi trng,...
Cch sn xut tia X: Trong ng tia catt t di hiu in th ln (vi chc kV), chm tia
lectron c ng nng ln pht ra t catt p vo bn kim loi (i m cc) c nguyn t
lng ln lm bc x tia X c nng lng ln.
9. Thang sng in t

Sng in t Bc sng (m)

Tia gamma () 1011

Tia X 1011 108

T ngoi 109 3,8.107

AS thy c 3,8.107 7,6.107

Hng ngoi 7,6.107 103

V tuyn 104 3.104

nh sng thy c

tia X hng ngoi

tia t ngoi sng v tuyn

Thang sng in t

53
10. Bi tp
1. ng dng quan trng nht ca tia X l
A. si m, sy kh thc phm.
B. kh trng nc, thc phm.
C. chp nh trong y khoa.
D. cha bnh ci xng.
2. Khi t mt bnh cha kh hir trong khong gia ngun sng v khe hp ca ng
chun trc ca my quang ph lng knh (nhit bnh kh thp hn nhit ngun), trn
phim ca bung nh, ta thu c
A. quang ph lin tc mu ging cu vng.
B. bn vch c mu , lam, chm, tm trn nn ti.
C. mt vch mu vng trn nn ti.
D. bn vch ti trn nn quang ph lin tc mu ging cu vng.
3. Tia hng ngoi khng c c tnh sau:
A. ion ha mnh cc cht kh.
B. gy ra tc dng nhit.
C. gy ra hin tng quang in trong i vi mt s bn dn.
D.tc dng ln phim nh.
4. Chiu mt chm tia sng trng hp, song song t khng kh n mt bn mt lng knh,
ta quan st thy c cc tia l c mu t bin thin lin tc n tm ra khi mt bn kia ca
lng knh. Khi gi c nh chm tia ti, quay t t lng knh xung quanh cnh ca n gim
gc ti, ta quan st thy
A. chm tia l vn lun gm cc tia c mu t bin thin lin tc n tm ra khi
mt bn kia ca lng knh.
B. tia l mu bin mt trc tin.
C. tia l mu tm bin mt trc tin.
S
D. cc tia l t n tm bin mt cng lc.
I
5. Chiu mt chm tia sng trng hp, song song A 15 o B
t khng kh n tm I ca tit din thng AJB ca
mt khi bn tr bng thy tinh plexiglass nh hnh
v. Gc hp bi SI v AB bng 15o. Cho chit sut J
ca thy tinh plexiglass i vi nh sng bng
n =1,472 v gc hp bi hai tia l v tm ra khi khi bn tr bng = 0,920o.

54
 Chit sut ca thy tinh plexiglass i vi nh sng tm bng
A. 1,532.
B. 1,400.
C. 1,634.
D. 1,500.
6. Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng vi ngun sng pht ra nh sng trng,
ta o c khong cch gia vn bc mt mu v vn bc mt mu tm cng pha vi
vn chnh gia l 2,4 mm. Khong cch gia vn bc hai mu v vn bc hai mu tm
cng pha vi vn chnh gia bng
A. 2,4 mm.
B. 4,8 mm.
C. 1,2 mm.
D. 3,6 mm.
7. Khi thc hin th nghim giao thoa nh sng vi hai khe Y-ng trong khng kh vi
nh sng n sc c bc sng , ta o c khong vn l i. Thc hin li th nghim trn
trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut tuyt i l n, ta quan st thy
A. c h vn di chuyn, khong vn khng i.
B. vn chnh gia ng yn, khong vn bng ni.
C. c h vn di chuyn, khong vn bng ni.
i
D. vn chnh gia ng yn, khong vn bng .
n
8. Dng ngun sng n sc c bc sng bng 0,6 m trong th nghim Y-ng v giao
thoa nh sng. Khong cch t hai khe n mn l 1,0 m, hai khe sng cch nhau mt khong
bng 1,2 mm. Trong khong hai im A v B trn mn, cng pha vi vn chnh gia, cch
vn chnh gia ln lt bng 0,60 cm v 1,55 cm, khng k cc vn ti A v B nu c, ta c
A. 9 vn sng.
B. 7 vn sng.
C. 10 vn sng.
D. 8 vn sng.
9. Ngun sng s dng trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng l nh sng trng,
c bc sng trong khong t 0,38 m n 0,76 m. Khong cch gia hai khe l 1,6 mm,
khong cch t mt phng cha hai khe n mn quan st l 2 m. Ti im cch vn chnh
gia mt khong bng 3 mm, s bc x cho vn sng bng
A. 4 vn sng.

55
 B. 3 vn sng.
C. 5 vn sng.
D. 2 vn sng.
10. Thc hin th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng vi nh sng trng c bc sng
trong khong 400 nm (mu tm) v 760 nm (mu ). Vn sng mu tm bc ba trng vi vn
ti ca nh sng c bc sng bng
A. 560 nm.
B. 480 nm
C. 600 nm.
D. 550 nm.
11. p n
Cu T kha Kin thc cn c Cch gii
1. (C) ng dng quan trng nht Tnh cht tia X Tia X c tnh m xuyn, s
ca tia X dng trong y khoa chn
on.
2. (D) t mt bnh cha kh Quang ph hp th Kh hir hp th cc vch
hir trong khong gia v tr m n c th bc x.
ngun sng v khe hp ca
ng chun trc ca my
quang ph lng knh (nhit
bnh kh thp hn nhit
ngun), trn phim ca
bung nh
3. (A) Tia hng ngoi khng c Tnh cht tia hng Tia hng ngoi c nng
c tnh ngoi lng thp, kh c th ion
ha cht kh.
4. (C) Chiu mt chm tia sng Tn sc nh sng do Khi gim gc ti, s c hin
trng hp, song song t lng knh tng phn x ton phn
khng kh n mt bn mt mt bn kia ca lng knh.
lng knh, cc tia l c V tia tm lun lch nhiu
mu t bin thin lin nht so vi phng ca tia
tc n tm ra khi mt bn ti nn s b phn x ton
kia ca lng knh gi c phn trc tin.

56
 nh chm tia ti gim
gc ti
5. (D) ... Gc hp bi SI v AB nh lut khc x nh i vi nh sng :
bng 15o. .. chit sut ca sng sin75o
sin rd ; rd 41, 01o .
thy tinh plexiglass i vi nT sin i nKX sin r 1, 472

nh sng bng n =1,472 i vi nh sng tm:

v gc hp bi hai tia l sin75o
nt ;
v tm ra khi khi bn tr sin( 41, 01o 0,92o )
nt 1,500
bng = 0,920o. Chit sut
ca thy tinh plexiglass i
vi nh sng tm
6. (B) th nghim Y-ng v Giao thoa nh sng Khong cch gia vn bc
giao thoa nh sng vi nh sng trng. mt mu v vn bc mt
khong cch gia vn bc B rng quang ph mu tm cng pha vi
mt mu v vn bc mt vn chnh gia:
mu tm cng pha vi 1.id 1.it 2, 4 mm .
vn chnh gia l 2,4 mm. Khong cch gia vn bc
Khong cch gia vn bc hai mu v vn bc hai
hai mu v vn bc hai mu tm cng pha vi
mu tm cng pha vi vn chnh gia:
vn chnh gia 2.id 2.it 4,8 mm .

7. (D) th nghim giao thoa nh S ph thuc ca i' ' D / a / n 1

sng vi hai khe Y-ng bc sng nh sng i D / a n
trong khng kh vi nh vo chit sut ca
sng n sc c bc sng mi trng
khong vn l i. Thc
hin li th nghim trn
trong mi trng trong sut
c chit sut tuyt i l n,
ta quan st thy
8. (A) ngun sng n sc c S vn sng trong xM 6i : Ti A l vn sng
bc sng 0,6 m trong mt khong ca giao
th 6. xN 15 i : Ti
1
th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa trng 2

57
 thoa nh sng. Khong cch B l vn ti th 16, trong
t hai khe n mn l 1,0 m, khong t B n vn chnh
hai khe sng cch nhau mt gia, c 15 vn sng. Vy,
khong 1,2 mmA v B trong khong AB c 9 vn
trn mn, cng pha vi vn sng.
chnh gia, cch vn chnh
gia ln lt bng 0,60 cm
v 1,55 cm
9. (B) th nghim Y-ng v S bc x cho vn .2
x 3.103 k ;
giao thoa nh sng nh sng ti mt im 1,6.103
sng trng, c bc sng trn mn 2, 4
0,38 0,76 ;
trong khong t 0,38 m k

n 0,76 m. Khong cch 2, 4 2, 4

k ;
0,76 0,38
gia hai khe l 1,6 mm,
k = 4, 5, 6.
khong cch t mt phng
cha hai khe n mn quan
st l 2 m. Ti im cch
vn chnh gia mt khong
bng 3 mm, s bc x cho
vn sng
10. th nghim Y-ng v Hai vn sng ca hai t D 1 D
xt 3 3it 3 k
(B) giao thoa nh sng vi nh h vn trng nhau. a 2 a
1
sng trng c bc sng 3t k ;
2
trong khong 400 nm (mu
3t
tm) v 760 nm (mu ). t d ;
1
k
Vn sng mu tm bc ba 2

trng vi vn ti ca nh 3t 1
k 3;
sng c bc sng d 2

3.400 1
k 3;
760 2
1,08 k 2,5 ; k =2;
3.400
480 nm .
1
2
2

58
 CHNG VI. LNG T NH SNG

1. Hin tng quang in ngoi

Hin tng quang in ngoi l hin tng cc lectron bt ra khi mt ngoi kim
loi. khi c nh sng thch hp chiu vo. Cc lectron ri khi kim loi: quang lectron
(lectron quang in) gi l hin tng quang in (ngoi).
nh lut quang in : i vi mi kim loi, hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi
bc sng nh sng kch thch nh hn hay bng mt gi tr 0 gi l gii hn quang
in: 0 .
Gi A l cng thot (cng bt lectron khi b mt kim loi) i vi mt kim loi,
hc
bc sng gii hn: 0 .
A

i vi mt s kim loi kim: 0 thuc vng nh sng thy c, cc kim loi khc:
0 thuc vng t ngoi.
Gi thuyt lng t nng lng ca Plng: Nng lng m nguyn t hay phn t
bc x hay hp th c gi tr xc nh:
hc h: hng s Plng ( h = 6,625 10-34 J.s)
hf

f : tn s nh sng

Thuyt lng t nh sng (Anh-xtanh): Chm nh sng l chm cc phtn (ht

nh sng) bay dc theo tia sng vi vn tc c = 3.108 m/s trong chn khng, mi phtn
mang nng lng = hf . Khi nguyn t hay phn t bc x hay hp th nh sng tc l pht
ra hay thu nhn phtn.
Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng
nh sng va c bn cht sng (sng in t : giao thoa, nhiu x), va c bn cht
ht (phtn: hin tng quang in).
Bc sng cng ln: tnh sng cng r, tnh ht lu m (d gy ra giao thoa, nhiu
x). Bc sng cng b (nng lng photon cng ln): tnh ht cng r, tnh sng lu m
(cng kh gy ra giao thoa, nhiu x,...).

59
2. Hin tng quang in trong
Hin tng quang in trong l hin tng nh sng c bc sng thch hp chiu vo
mt khi cht bn dn lm cho cc lectron lin kt tr thnh cc lectron dn v cc l
trng mang in tch dng chuyn ng bn trong khi cht.
Hin tng quang dn: Hin tng in tr sut gim (tng dn in) ca cht bn
dn khi b nh sng c bc sng thch hp chiu vo. Cng nh sng cng ln, in tr
sut cng gim. ng dng: Quang in tr l tm bn dn c in tr thay i theo cng
nh sng chiu vo.
Pin quang in (pin Mt Tri): Ngun in hot ng da trn nguyn tc hin tng
quang in trong, nh nng lng nh sng (bin quang nng thnh in nng).
3. Hin tng quang pht quang
Hin tng quang pht quang l hin tng mt s cht hp th nh sng c bc sng
ny v bc x nh sng c bc sng khc.
Ln quang: nh sng pht quang ko di mt khong thi gian (> 10-8 s) sau khi tt nh
sng kch thch (i vi mt s rn).
Hunh quang: nh sng pht quang b tt nhanh (< 10-8 s) sau khi tt nh sng kch thch
(i vi mt s cht lng, kh). nh sng hunh quang lun c bc sng di hn bc
sng nh sng kch thch .
4. S lc v laze
Laze l ngun pht nh sng cng mnh da trn s pht x cm ng. Chm tia laser
c tnh n sc, tnh nh hng cao, tnh kt hp cao (cc sng cng tn s v cng pha), v
cng ln.
ng dng: Laze c s dng trong thng tin lin lc v tuyn nh cp quang, y hc
(phu thut), cng nghip (khoan, ct, u c a,),...
5. Mu nguyn t Bo
Cc tin Bo
a. Tin v trng thi dng: Nguyn t ch
tn ti mt s trng thi c nng lng xc nh
En (trng thi dng). trng thi dng, nguyn t
r0 r1
khng bc x nng lng.
K r2
Mi gi tr ca nng lng c biu din L

bi mt vch ngang gi l mc nng lng.

60
 Qu o chuyn ng tng ng vi trng thi dng gi l qu o dng. Nguyn t
hir c bn knh:
rn r0 n2 n= 1, 2, 3,
o
r0 0,53 1010 m 0,53A l bn knh Bo.

n = 1 (qu o K), n = 2 (qu o L), n = 3 (qu o M),

n = 4 (qu o N), n = 5 (qu o O),...
Trng thi c nng lng thp nht: Trng thi c bn.
Cc trng thi khc c nng lng ln hn: Trng thi kch thch. Nguyn t trng thi
kch thch trong thi gian rt ngn ( 108 s ) v s chuyn v tt c cc mc nng lng thp
hn.
b. Tin v bc x v v hp th nng lng En En
Khi nguyn t chuyn t trng thi c nng
lng En v trng thi c nng lng Em (< En )
th s bc x mt phtn c nng lng:
Em Em
En Em .
Ngc li, nu nguyn t ang trng thi c nng lng Em m hp th mt phtn c
nng lng En Em th s chuyn ln mc nng lng En.
Ghi ch: En phi l mt trong cc nng lng ca trng thi dng c th ca nguyn t.
Quang ph vch ca nguyn t hidro
Quang ph ca nguyn t hidro gm nhiu dy, mi dy gm nhiu vch. Tn s v bc
sng ca mi vch ph khi nguyn t chuyn t mc En v mc Em c tnh theo h thc:
hc
hf nm En Em .
nm

1 1 1
H thc t hp: f nm f nk f km ; .
nm nk km
n(n 1)
S vch ph pht x khi nguyn t c kch thch ln mc En: N .
2
V d
Cho bit cc mc nng lng ca nguyn t hir c tnh theo h thc:
13,61
En eV ; n = 1, 2 ,3 .
n2

61
 1/ Hy kim chng l cc mc nng lng khng cch u nhau v v s cc mc
nng lng.
2/ Cung cp nng lng nguyn t hir chuyn di ln mc kch thch th hai. Hy
tnh bc sng ca cc vch ph m nguyn t ny bc x. Cc vch ph ny trong vng

no ca thang sng in t? Cho bit hng s Plng h 6,625.1034 J.s, tc nh sng trong

chn khng c 3.108 m/s v in tch ca lectron e 1,6.1019 C.

Hng dn
13,61eV
1/ Gi tr ca mt s mc nng lng: E1 13,61eV ;
12
13,61eV 13,61eV 13,6 eV
E2 2
3,40 eV ; E3 2
1,51eV ; E4 0,85 eV ;
2 3 42
Khong cch gia cc mc lin tip: E2 E1 10, 21 eV , E3 E2 1,89 eV ,

E4 E3 0,66 eV .

Ta thy cc hiu s ny khng bng nhau; vng nng lng cng cao, cc mc cng xt
li gn nhau hn.
S cc mc nng lng ca nguyn t hir c v trn hnh.

P E
O E6
E5
N E4
0,66 eV
M E3
32 1,89 eV
L E2
31
21 10,21 eV

K E1

2/ Nguyn t mc kch thch th hai (E3) trong mt thi gian rt ngn, khong 10-8
s, v s chuyn v tt c cc mc nng lng thp hn: E2, E1. T mc E2, nguyn t cng s
chuyn v mc E3. Vy, ta s c 3 vch ph, c bc sng c tnh:
hc
E3 E1 1,51 eV ( 13, 61 eV ) 12,1 eV; 31 1,03.10 7 m ,
31

62
 hc
E3 E2 1,89 eV; 32 6,58.107 m ,
32

hc
E2 E1 10, 21 eV; 21 1, 22.107 m .
21

Trn thang sng in t, cc vch 31 v 21 trong vng t ngoi v vch 32 trong

vng nh sng thy c (mu cam, cn gi l vch H).

6. Bi tp
1. Hin tng quang in ngoi v hin tng quang in trong cng c c im no sau
y?
A. Cng lm sinh ra mt loi ht ti in.
B. Cng s dng mt loi vt liu chiu nh sng kch thch.
C. Gii hn quang in cng nm trong mt vng ca thang sng in t.
D. Khng xy ra vi mi bc sng ca nh sng kch thch.

2. Pht biu no sau y sai khi ni v hin tng quang pht quang?
A. Bc x pht quang c th vn tn ti thm mt thi gian sau khi tt bc x kch
thch.
B. Bc x kch thch c bc sng nh hn bc sng ca bc x pht quang.
C. Hin tng ln quang c th xy ra cho cc cht lng v cht kh.
D. Khi chiu tia t ngoi vo mt vt liu pht quang, bc x pht quang c th c
mu xanh lc.

3. Trong hin tng quang in, khi ta tng tn s ca nh sng chiu vo kim loi:
A. Gii hn quang in ca kim loi tng.
B. Cng thot ca kim loi tng.
C. ng nng ca cc quang lectron tng.
D. S quang lectron ri kim loi tng.

4. Cho bit khi nguyn t hir c kch thch, mt trong nhng bc x nguyn t ny

pht ra c nng lng bng 1,51 eV. Cho bit hng s Plng h 6,625.1034 J.s , tc nh

sng trong chn khng: c 3.108 m/s v in tch ca lectron: e 1,6.1019 C.

Bc x ny nm trong vng no ca thang sng in t?

63
 A. T ngoi.
B. Sng v tuyn.
C. Hng ngoi.
D. Tia X.

5. Cho bit nu c t nht 120 phtn c bc sng bng 600,0 nm n p vo vng mc

(mng li) ca mt ngi th mt s pht hin ra nh sng. Cho hng s Plng

h 6,625.1034 J.s, tc nh sng trong chn khng c 3.108 m/s. Nng lng ti thiu
vng mc ca mt ngi c th nhn bit nh sng bng
A. 4,0.1018 J.
B. 1, 2.10 17 J.
C. 1,6.1019 J.
D. 4,0.1017 J.

6. Cho bit khi chiu mt bc x c bc sng bng 0,50 m vi cng sut 0,16 W n
mt b mt kim loi, c 10 phtn th lm bt ra 8 s quang lectron khi b mt ny. Gi s
tt c s quang lectron sau khi ri khi kim loi s chuyn ng theo cng hng to ra

dng in. Cho bit hng s Plng: h 6,63.1034 J.s , tc nh sng trong chn khng

c 3.108 m/s v in tch ca lectron: e 1,6.1019 C. Cng dng in sinh ra do s

quang lectron ny bng
A. 5,15 A .
B. 5,15 mA .
C. 8,24 mA .
D. 8,24 A .

7. Mt ngun sng im c cng sut bng 100 W pht nh sng n sc c bc sng

bng 589 nm trong mi trng ng hng. Cho bit hng s Plng h 6,63.1034 J.s, tc

nh sng trong chn khng c 3.108 m/s. Ti v tr cch ngun sng ny mt khong bng 2,00
m, s phtn p vo mt n v din tch trong mt giy bng
A. 2,96.10 20 phtn/(m2.s).
B. 5,89.1018 phtn/(m2.s).

64
 C. 9,30.10 20 phtn/(m2.s).
D. 2,96.1018 phtn/(m2.s).

8. Khi lectron ca mt nguyn t hidro chuyn t qu o P v qu o L th nguyn t

ny
A. c bn knh gim i 9 ln.
B. c bn knh tng ln 9 ln.
C.c bn knh gim i 3 ln.
D. c bn knh tng ln 3 ln.

9. Cho bit cc mc nng lng ca nguyn t hir c tnh theo h thc:

13,61
En eV; n = 1, 2, 3, ...
n2

Cho hng s Plng h 6,625.1034 J.s , tc nh sng trong chn khng c 3.108 m/s 2 v

in tch ca lectron e 1,6.1019 C.

Khi cung cp nng lng nguyn t hir c kch thch ln tt c cc mc nng
lng, cc vch ph pht ra khi nguyn t ny chuyn v mc nng lng tng ng vi qu
o K nm trong vng
A. hng ngoi.
B. hng ngoi v nh sng kh kin.
C. t ngoi v nh sng kh kin.
D. t ngoi.

10. Cho bit nng lng ti thiu cn thit ion ha nguyn t hir trng thi c bn
l 13,6 eV v hai bc sng di nht khi nguyn t ny di chuyn v qu o K v qu o

L ln lt l 126,1 nm v 656,3 nm. Cho bit hng s Plng: h 6,625.1034 J.s , tc nh

sng trong chn khng: c 3.108 m/s 2 v in tch ca lectron: e 1,6.1019 C.

Bc sng ngn nht khi nguyn t ny di chuyn v qu o M bng
A. 832,1 nm.
B. 486,2 nm.
C. 97,3 nm.
D. 656,3 nm.

65
 7. p n
Cu T kha Kin thc cn c Cch gii
1 (D) Hin tng quang Kin thc hin tng quang Lun c gii hn quang
in ngoi v hin in ngoi v hin tng quang in cho mi hin
tng quang in in trong tng.
trong cng c c
im
2 (C) .....sai khi ni v hin Kin thc hin tng quang Hin tng ln quang
tng quang pht pht quang ch xy ra i vi cht
quang rn.
3. (C) ...hin tng quang Kin thc. H thc: hf Nng lng phtn tng
in... tng tn s ca khi tn s ca bc x
nh sng ... tng, quang lectron
nhn nhiu nng lng
hn nn c ng nng
ln hn. Gii hn quang
in v cng thot ch
ph thuc kim loi.
4. (C) ...nguyn t hir hc hc 6,625.1034.3.108
H thc: .
c kch thch, mt 1,51.1,6.1019
Kin thc v thang sng in 8, 2.107 m
trong nhng bc x t
nn bc x thuc vng
nguyn t ny pht ra hng ngoi
c nng lng bng
1,51 eV...hng s

Plng: h 6,625.1034
J.s, tc nh sng
trong chn khng:
c 3.108 m/s v in
tch ca lectron:

e 1,6.1019 C.
Bc x ny nm
trong vng

66
5. (D) ...t nht 120 phtn hc hc
H thc: . E 120.
c bc sng bng 600,0.109
4,0.1017 J
600,0 nm n p vo
vng mc (mng li)
ca mt ngi th mt
s pht hin ra nh

sng... h 6,625.1034
J.s, tc nh sng
trong chn khng:
c 3.108 m/s. Nng
lng ti thiu
vng mc...
6. (B) ...chiu mt bc x c hc S phtn n trong 1s:
Cc h thc: v I = eNe.
bc sng bng 0,50 NP
0,16
, s quang
hc /
m vi cng sut 0,16 lectron ri kim loi
trong 1 s:
W n mt b mt
0,16
Ne 0,8. .
kim loi, c 10 phtn hc /
0,16.0,50.106
th lm bt ra 8 s I 0,8. .1,6.1019
6,63.1034.3.108
quang lectron khi b
5,15.103 A
mt ny... tt c s
quang lectron sau khi
ri khi kim loi s
chuyn ng theo
cng hng to ra
dng in...

h 6,63.1034 J.s...
c 3.108 m/s ...

e 1,6.1019 C.
Cng dng in
sinh ra do s quang
lectron...

67
7. (B) cng sut bng 100 hc S phtn pht ra trong
Cc h thc; v
W pht nh sng n P
1s: R .
sc c bc sng bng P = Np. hc /

589 nm trong mi S phtn p vo 1 m2

trng ng hng... ca mt cu c bn knh

bng 2,00 m trong 1 s:
h 6,63.1034 J.s ...
R P 1
c 3.108 m/s. Ti v tr .
4 r 2
hc 4 r 2
cch ngun sng ny 589.109.100 1
.
mt khong bng 2,00 6,63.1034.3.108 4 (2,00) 2

m, s phtn p vo 5,89.1018
phtn/(m2.s).
mt n v din tch
trong mt giy
8. (A) Khi lectron ca mt H thc rn r0 n2 . rP 62 r0
9
nguyn t hidro rL 22 r0

chuyn t qu o P
v qu o L th
nguyn t ny
9. (D) ...cc mc nng lng H thc tnh bc sng ca Bc sng di nht:
hc hc
ca nguyn t hir... bc x: En Em E2 E1
nm 21
13,61
En eV ; n = 13, 61 eV
n2 13,61
22
1, 2 ,3 .
10, 21 eV
... h 6,625.1034 J.s... hc
21
10, 21.1,6.1019
c 3.108 m/s ...
0,12 m
e 1,6.1019 C. Vng t ngoi.
...cung cp nng lng
nguyn t hir
c kch thch ln tt
c cc mc nng
lng, cc vch ph
pht ra khi nguyn t
ny chuyn v mc

68
 nng lng tng ng
vi qu o K nm
trong vng
10.(A) nng lng ti thiu Nng lng ion ha. H thc 1 1 1

cn thit ion ha 1

1

1 3 1 31
t hp:
nm nk mk E E1 1 1
nguyn t hir

trng thi c bn l hc 32 21
1 13,6.1,6.1019
13,6 eV v hai bc
3 6,63.1034.3.108
sng di nht khi
1 1
9
9
nguyn t ny di 656,3.10 126,1.10
chuyn v qu o K
3 832,1 nm .
v qu o L ln lt
l 126,1 nm v 656,3

nm... h 6,625.1034

J.s... c 3.108 m/s ...

e 1,6.1019 C.
Bc sng ngn nht
khi nguyn t ny di
chuyn v qu o M
bng

69
 CHNG VII. VT L HT NHN

1. Cu to ht nhn nguyn t
Nguyn t gm mt hay nhiu lectron chuyn ng quanh mt ht nhn mang in tch
dng, nng hn rt nhiu. Ht nhn c tt c A nucln trong gm
Z prtn (k hiu p, khi lng mp 1,67262 1027 kg = 1838 me, in tch

e 1,6 1019 C )

v N A Z ntron (k hiu n, khi lng mn 1,67493 1027 kg , khng mang in

tch).
K hiu ht nhn: ZA X , Z: nguyn t s ; A: s khi.

K hiu prtn: 11 p 11 H ; ntron: 01 n ; lectron: 0

1 e.
ng v: Cc ht nhn c cng s Z, khc s N.
1 12
n v khi lng nguyn t: 1u m ( 6 C) 1,6611027 kg .
12
Khi lng ca prtn: mp 1,0073 u , ca ntron: mn 1,0087 u .

Mt ht nhn c s khi A c khi lng m Au .

T h thc Anh-xtanh: m E / c 2 , ta c: 1u 931,5 MeV/c2 .

2. Nng lng lin kt
ht khi: m Zmp ( A Z )mn m .

Cc nucln trong ht nhn lin kt vi nhau bi lc ht (lc ht nhn). Nng lng cn

tch cc nucln ra xa nhau gi l nng lng lin kt Wlk :
Wlk c 2 m c 2 Zmp ( A Z )mn m .

Nng lng lin kt ring : Nng lng lin kt tnh trung bnh cho mt nucln:
Wlk
.
A
Nng lng lin kt cng ln, ht nhn cng bn vng.
Cc ht nhn c s khi A trung bnh ( A 50 70 ; 8,8 MeV/nucln) bn vng
hn cc ht nhn c s khi nh hn hoc ln hn (ht nhn 62
28 Ni bn vng nht).
3. Phn ng ht nhn
Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn:
nh lut bo ton s khi A: Tng s nucln trc v sau phn ng bng nhau.

70
 nh lut bo ton in tch: Tng i s nguyn t s Z trc v sau phn ng
bng nhau.
nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn: Tng nng lng ton phn (nng
lng ngh + ng nng) trc v sau phn ng bng nhau.
nh lut bo ton ng lng: Tng ng lng p mv trc v sau phn

ng bng nhau.
Ghi ch: Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn Xt phn ng ht nhn: A B C D .
Gi mtr mA mB v msau mC mD l tng khi lng ca cc ht nhn trc v sau phn
ng.
Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn : W c2 m c2 (mtr msau ) .

W 0 : Phn ng ta nng lng

W 0 : Phn ng thu nng lng (Phn ng khng th t xy ra; nng lng ti
thiu phi cung cp di dng ng nng ca mt trong hai ht A hoc B (hoc ca c hai
ht)
Phn ng phn hch: Mt ht nhn nng v lm hai ht nhn c s khi trung bnh v k
ntron (k: h s nhn ntron). Nng lng to ra khong 200 MeV. k ntron ny c th gy
ra cc phn ng khc to thnh phn ng dy chuyn.
k < 1 : khng c phn ng dy chuyn.
k = 1 : phn ng dy chuyn iu khin c (l phn ng).
k > 1 : phn ng dy chuyn khng iu khin c (bom ht nhn).
Phn ng nhit hch: Phn ng tng hp hai ht nhn nh cho ra ht nhn nng hn, ch
xy ra nhit cao, gi l phn ng nhit hch.
Phn ng nhit hch l ngun nng lng trong Mt Tri v trong cc sao.
Phn ng nhit hch khng iu khin c: bom khinh kh.
Con ngi cha thc hin c phn ng nhit hch c iu khin.
Ghi ch : Trong phn ng ht nhn A B C D :
Tng nng lng ton phn (nng lng ngh + ng nng) trc v sau phn ng
bng nhau:
mAc2 KA mBc2 KB mCc2 KC mDc2 KD .

nh lut bo ton ng lng: mA vA mB vB mC vC mD vD .

H thc gia ng nng v ng lng: p 2 2mK .

71
 Khi ht nhn B ng yn, gc hp bi vC v vD c tnh theo h thc:

mA K A mC K C mD K D 2 mC mD K C K D cos .

4. Hin tng phng x

Hin tng phng x l hin tng mt ht nhn khng bn vng (ht nhn m) t pht bin
i thnh ht nhn khc (ht nhn con) khi pht ra cc tia phng x: A B C .
Cc tia phng x
a. Tia
Bn cht: Ht nhn heli 42 He c in tch dng 2e , b lch trong in v t

trng. Khi lng: m 4u.

Tc : 2107 m/s.
C tnh ion ho mnh, i c qung ng vi cm trong khng kh, khng xuyn
qua t ba dy 1 mm.
b. Tia (gm cc tia l lectron 10 e , mang in tch m v tia l pzitron 0
1 e

phn ht ca lectron, cng khi lng vi lectron, mang in tch dng).

Tc : c.
B lch trong in v t trng.
i c qung ng vi mt trong khng kh, xuyn qua l nhm dy c mm.
c. Tia
Bn cht: Bc x in t c bc sng 1011 m , l phtn mang nng lng
cao.
Khng lch trong in v t trng.
Tnh xuyn thu ln.
i km theo cc phn r hoc : ht nhn con trng thi kch thch v bc x tia .
nh lut phng x
Gi N0 v m0 l s ht nhn v khi lng cht phng x lc t = 0.
Gi N(t) v m(t) l s ht nhn v khi lng cht phng x vo thi im t.
N (t ) N0et N0 2t /T , m(t ) m0et m0 2t /T

: hng s phng x(n v: 1/s)

ln 2
T: chu k bn r (thi gian phn na s ht nhn b phn r): .
T
Ghi ch : 1. Trong phn ng A B C (hin tng phng x):

72
 KB KC W c2 (mA mB mC ) .
(tng ng nng cc ht sinh ra bng nng lng ca phn ng)
mB K B mC K C .

(ng nng mi ht ti l nghch vi khi lng ca n)

2. Trong phn ng phng x:

AX
X AY
Y ( ) , nu gi NX, NY v mX, mY ln lt l
s ht nhn cha b phn r, s ht nhn l sn phm phng x v khi lng ht nhn cha
b phn r, khi lng ht nhn l sn phm phng x, ta c:
N Y N X
NX

NX
2t /T 1 ;
mY
mX
A
Y 2t /T 1 .
AX

V d
1/ Chng t rng ht nhn 226
88 Ra khng bn v l ht nhn phng x sinh ra ht nhn

con 222
86 Rn. Tnh ng nng ca ht pht ra sau phn ng cho bit lc u, ht nhn m
ng yn.
2/ Cho khi lng ban u ca 226
88 Ra l 200,00 g. Hy tnh khi lng 222
86 Rn sinh ra sau
thi gian bng 3 chu k bn r.
Cho khi lng ca cc ht nhn: mRa 226,0254 u; mRn 222,0176 u; m 4,0026 u v

1u 931,5 MeV/c2 .
Hng dn
1/ Phn ng ht nhn c th xy ra l: 226
88 Ra 24 222
86 Rn .

Nng lng ca phn ng:

W c2 mRa m mRn c 2 226,0254 u 222,0176 u 4,0026 u 4,84 MeV > 0.

Do nng lng phn ng c gi tr dng nn ht nhn m 226

88 Ra c th t phn r m
khng cn cung cp nng lng, tc l ht nhn ny khng bn.
Gi K Rn v K ln lt l ng nng ca cc ht 226
88 Ra v 24 , nh lut bo ton nng
lng ton phn cho:
mRa c2 mRn c2 KRn m c2 K ;
KRn K c 2 mRa mRn m W 4,84 MeV . (1)

Mt khc, t nh lut bo ton ng lng:

mRn vRn m v 0 , ta c: mRn K Rn m K . T (1):

73
 m
K K 4,84 MeV; K 4,76 MeV .
mRn

2/ t m0 = 200,0 g. S mol 226

88 Ra phng x sau thi gian bng ba ln chu k bn r:
m0 t /T 200,00 3T /T
2 2 110,61.103 mol.
ARa 226,0254

V cng c 110,61.103 mol 222

86 Rn sinh ra nn khi lng 222
86 Rn sinh ra l

110,61.103 .222,0176 24,56 g .

5. Bi tp
1. Sau mt phn ng phn hch ht nhn do s hp th mt ntron, c k ntron sinh ra.
Chn pht biu ng.
A. Nu k = 1, phn ng khng c duy tr.
B. Nu k < 1, s c phn ng dy chuyn t duy tr.
C. Nu k > 1, s c phn ng dy chuyn t duy tr.
D. Phn ng dy chuyn t duy tr khng ph thuc k.

2. Gi N0 l s ht nhn phng x ban u (t = 0) v N l s ht nhn phng x sau

thi gian t. th no sau y biu th s bin thin ca N theo thi gian?

74
 3. Trong l phn ng ht nhn, khi hp th mt ntron ht nhn 235
92 U b phn hch v sinh

ra cc ht nhn 142
58 Ce , ht nhn 4091 Zr , ba ntron v k ht . Ta c
A. k = 7.
B. k = 8.
C. k = 6.
D. k = 5.

4. Cho bit khi lng ca cc ht , ntron v prtn ln lt bng: m = 4,0015 u;

mn = 1,0087 u; mp = 1,0073 u v 1u = 931,5 MeV/c2, hng s A-v-ga-r:
N A 6, 02.1023 mol-1 . Nng lng ta ra khi to thnh mt gam heli bng

A. 68,39 J.
B. 68,39.1010 J .
C. 42,74 J.
D. 42,74.1010 J .

5. Cho bit ht nhn 60

27 Co phn r phng x sinh ra ht nhn 60
28 Ni . Sau khong thi

gian bng 10,54 nm th 75% s ht nhn 60

27 Co b phn r. Chu k bn r ca 60
27 Co bng

A. 3,51 nm.
B. 2,64 nm.
C. 10,54 nm.
D. 5,27 nm.
6. Cho bit 1u 931,5 MeV/c2 , tc nh sng trong chn khng c 3.108 m/s, v in tch

ca lectron e 1,6.1019 C. Khi lng v in tch ca ht nhn 235

92 U ln lt bng

A. 235,0 g v 1,6.1019 C.

B. 235,0 g v 1,5.1019 C.

C. 3,9.1025 kg v 1,5.1017 C.

D. 3,9.1025 kg v 3,8.1017 C.
7. Xp theo th t bn vng tng dn ca cc ht nhn sau:
238
A. 92 U ; 56 7
26 Fe ; 3 Li .

56
B. 26 Fe ; 238 12
92 U ; 6 C .

75
 C. 73 Li ; 238 56
92 U ; 26 Fe .

D. 126 C ; 56
26 Fe ; 73 Li .

8. Ntron mang ng nng 1,1 MeV c bn vo ht nhn liti 63 Li bn vng, ng yn

sinh ra ht v ht nhn 31T . Cho bit ht bay ra theo phng vung gc vi ht 31T v

nng lng ca phn ng l 0,8 MeV. ng nng ca ht bng

A. 0,9 MeV.
B. 0,2 MeV.
C. 0,3 MeV.
D. 1,1 MeV.
9. Bit rng ng v 146 C l cht phng x c chu k bn r bng 5600 nm trong khi 126 C

bn vng. Trong c th sng, t s gia cc s ht nhn 14

6 C v 12
6 C l hng s, bng
1,00.1012. Trong mt mu xng ng vt cht cch y 11200 nm, t s trn o c bng

A. 0, 25.1012 .
B. 0,50.1012 .
C. 0,75.1012 .
D. 0,15.10 12 .

10. Sau mt lot phng x v , ht nhn urani 238

92 U phn r thnh ch 206
82 Pb vi chu k

bn r bng 4,6.109 nm. Gi s c mt khi ban u ch cha 238

92 U m khng cha 206
82 Pb

nhng hin nay li cha 3,8 mg 206

82 Pb v 140,6 mg 238
92 U . Tui ca khi hin nay bng
A. 141,4 triu nm.
B. 294,4 triu nm.
C. 10,9 triu nm.
D. 204,1 triu nm.
6. p n
Cu T kha Kin thc cn c Cch gii
1 (C) Sau mt phn ng Phn ng phn hch ht Cn c s ntron sinh ra ln
phn hch ht nhn nhn hn s ntron hp th trong mt
do s hp th mt phn ng phn hch c phn
ntron, c k ntron ng dy chuyn.
sinh ra...

76
2 (B) N0 l s ht nhn H thc: N N 0 2t / T S ht nhn phng x: Hm
phng x ban u (t = s N N 0 1 2t / T tng t 0
0) v N l s ht
theo t v c tim cn ngang i
nhn phng x sau
qua N0.
thi gian t. th...
3 (C) ...khi hp th mt nh lut bo ton in S in tch c bo ton:
ntron ht nhn 235
92 U tch 92 + 0 = 40 + 58 + 0 + x(-1); x

b phn hch v sinh =6

142
ra cc ht nhn 58 Ce ,

ht nhn 4091 Zr , ba

ntron v k ht
4. (B) ...khi lng ca cc H thc: W c 2 m v Nng lng ta ra khi to thnh
ht , ntron v h thc tnh s ht mt ht nhn heli:
prtn ln lt bng: m.N A W c 2 2m p 2mn m .
nhn: N
m = 4,0015 u; mn = m
1.N A
V trong mt gam heli c:
1,0087 u; mp = m
1,0073 u v 1u = ht nhn heli nn nng lng
2
931,5 MeV/c , hng phi tnh bng:
s Avgar:
. 2mp 2mn m .931,5.1,6.1013
1.N A
N A 6, 02.10 mol . 23 -1
m .
Nng lng ta ra khi 68,39.1010 J
to thnh mt gam
heli
5 (D) ht nhn 60
27 Co phn H thc: N N 0 2t / T S ht nhn 60
27 Co cn li: 25%.

r phng x sinh ra Vy:

60
ht nhn Ni . Sau N 1 10,54
28 0, 25 210 ,54 / T ; T 5, 27
N0 4 2
khong thi gian
nm.
bng 10,54 nm th
75% s ht nhn
60
27 Co b phn r. Chu
60
k bn r ca 27 Co

77
 bng
6. (C ) 1u 931,5 MeV/c2 ... Kin thc cu to ht 931,5.1,6.1013
1u
c 3.108 m/s,...
nhn 3.10
8 2

19
165,6.1029 kg
e 1,6.10 C.
m 235.165,6.1029 kg
Khi lng v in
3,9.1025 kg
235
tch ca ht nhn U
92
q 92.1,6.1019 1,5.1017 C
ln lt bng
7 (A) th t bn vng Kin thc cu to ht 56
26 Fe l ht nhn c s khi
tng dn ca cc ht nhn trong khong t 50 n 70 nn
nhn bn vng nht.
8 (B) Ntron ...ng nng nh lut bo tan nng K K T 0,8 1,10 0,3 MeV
1,1 MeV c bn lng ton phn v (1)
vo ht nhn liti 63 Li nh lut bo ton ng pn p pT ;

bn vng, ng yn lng trong phn ng

pn p pT ;
2 2 2

sinh ra ht v ht ht nhn
2mn K n 2m K 2mT K T ;
nhn T ...ht bay
3
1.1,10 4 K 3K T
1 (2)
ra theo phng vung (1) v (2)
gc vi ht 31T v K 0, 2 MeV; KT 0,1 MeV .
nng lng ca phn
ng l 0,8 MeV.
ng nng ca ht
bng:
9 (A) ...ng v 146 C l cht nh lut phng x: N0
1,00.1012 ;
phng x ...chu k bn N (t ) N0 2t /T . N12

r ... 5600 nm... 126 C N N0 211200/5600

N12 N12
bn vng...c th
sng, t s gia cc 1,00.1012.22
14 0,25.1012
s ht nhn C v 6

12
6 C l hng s, bng
1,00.1012 ...mt mu

78
 xng ng vt cht
cch y 11200 nm,
t s trn o c
10 (D) Sau ... phng x v nh lut phng x. H 3,8
2 1 ;
206 t /T
140, 6 238
, ht nhn urani 238
92 U thc:

phn r thnh ch
mY
Y 2t / T 1 .
A t 0, 2041.109 nm.
mX AX
206
82 Pb ...chu k bn r
... 4,6.109 nm. Gi s
c mt khi ban
u ch cha 238
92 U m
206
khng cha 82 Pb
nhng hin nay li
206
cha 3,8 mg 82 Pb v

140,6 mg 238
92 U . Tui

ca khi hin nay

79