SECOND ESSAY ‘Guilt’, ‘Bad Conscience’, and Related Matters ae 1 test number) would = ‘greatest number and the et prepare the riod te elon of the this not the real problem which man not poses but faces also?.. The extent to which this problem has been solved must seem all the more surprising to someone who fully apprecia ing force of forgetfulnes ‘orgetfulness is is inertiae,* as the supericial believe; rather an active—in the strictest sense, positive—inhibit- if capacity, responsible for the fuer that what we absorb ‘manifold process of our physical of so-called ‘physical. a silence, a tabula rasa® of consciousness, making room for the new, ‘making room one may appreciate bbe no happiness, no compared) necessarily forge’ra On the Genealogy of Morale 1 form of robust health—has now bred for himself a counter= faculty, a memory, by means of which forgetfulness is in certain cases suspended—that is, those which involve promis ing, This development i not merely the ret of passive init to oi omen an oes boc ctched on the ‘mind, nor of the incapacity to digest a once-given word wi Which one is never through, but represents rather do’, and the actual of new and strange ay safely intervene, without causing himself as future, in the way that someone mal does! 2 tn egal among equal, rep and conse Foc euaimtebanto hat hove called deepest yf cho je that mans relly made calculable: By ie oneal cata re ane Roe ere Second Essay e {ormous process, a the point where the tree finally bears its fruit, where society and its morality of custom finally reveal the end to which they were merely a means: there we find as the ividual, the individual ce again broken, make promises. And in tense in every muscle, of of what has become in- cial consciousness of power and freedom, nate completion of man, This liberated ‘emttled to rake promises, this master of fice is Sovereign —how should he not be aware of his superi< Promise and vouch for ‘are of how much trust, how ‘much respect he arouses—he ‘deserves all three—and how much mastery over circumstances, over 3s reliable creatures wi sven into his hands along ree” man—the owner of an end possesses also in ed to make promises), a sovercign—seriously, sel- trust, who confers dis- das something which I st GEE of reponsiitity, the consciousness of this rare freedom, this power over oneself and over fate has sunk down into hie innermost depths and has become an dominane instinet—wh. this dominant instinet, assuming2 On the Genealogy of Morals that he necds a name for i About that there can be no doubt: this sovereign man cals it his conscience. 3 His conscience?... It may be surmised in advance that the concept of ‘conscience’ —which we meet here in its highest, almost disconcerting form—is the product of a long history land series of transformations, To be able to vouch for oneself, and to do so with pri neself—that is, as I have said, a ripe fruit, but also How long this fruit had to hang sharp and [And for an even longer time there was no rho one would have had the right to promise fact that this alone was the end towards which preparation and growth of the tree was directed!—‘How does fone give the man-animal @ memory? How does one impress something on this ps c ‘understanding, this incarnated forgetfulness, ‘As wre might imagine, ‘of answer to this ancient problem have been far from tender; there is, perhaps, nothing more fright ‘and more sinister in the whole prehistory of man imbering things. ‘Something is branded ‘memory: only that which Auris incessar is a central proposition of the oldest (and the most enduring) psychology on One may ‘tempted to say that something of this horror —by means of which promises were once made ‘earth, and guarantees and undertakings given—som ill wherever solemnity, seriousness, secrec sombre colours are found in the life of men and nations: the past, the longest, deepest, harshest past, breathes on us and (wells up in us, whenever” we become ‘serious’. Things never proceeded without blood, torture, and vietims, when man thought it necessary to forge a memory for himself. The most fying sacrifices and offerings (including sacrifice of the first-born), the most repulsive ations, for example), the cruellest rituals of all religious cults (and all Second Escay 8 aa mean rae ‘he whole fwctcsm Belongs here a fw hens are ta be mae inextinguisha 4 foetus progedures an the means of eing thse leat rm compen i ihal ae ides in order Co make thn ‘nga’ emory a ightening its in parti- wer forgetfulness and to make t] ete Ot emotion an ese mid sy do ot ropa as a particularly cruel and hard-hearte ‘a uticularly frivolous and inclined i cee penal eos te beeds pop of take the Ba ty the maximum of tre aaa il be found has a claim to rearing every Kind of Europ) In fdr toaster he css and bet asc plan instincts, thexe Germans ine ha ening mean in forking themselvexa mses ened an hn othe a Germ ing, for example (even in m head of the gi i a af the Ger ran genie inthe fld of the take, teiting part o anne leaving him to th i With the help gs and procedures one eventually ox si wl noe, thus ging ones promi arta fehe Nantes offered by society. And dee ith he hep ore“ On the Genealogy of Morals sort of memory, one eventually did come to reason, seriousness, mastery over the emotions murky’ affair which goes by the name of privileges and showpieces of man: what a high price has been ‘mach blood and horror is at the bottom of thing required here—and in spite the business of the history of mo dlitce results whose relationship to the than tenuous. For example, have the previous exponents of the inkling that the form of repayment has develops from any presupposition about free will or the lack of (his is true to such an extent that it was only reaching an advanced stage of humanization that the animal ‘even begin to make the much more pri between ‘deliberate’, ‘neg! ‘arbitrary lind, and theit opposites and apply them to the ishment. ‘The thought which is nowadays so proper h deserves. punishment, becuse he could have ‘wise—is in fact an ‘extremely recent and refined man judgement and logic; whoever displaces it ity of tampering crudely stages. Throughout Second sa eee 45 the longest period of human i the nes man istry, punishment vas Ate he gues wi ed espn for is Wat at exacted on the mpton that on ed but rather, jut mows of anger at harm done, tha any damage be paid of even i. Where has this ancient aby now perhaps incre ie, this en lence between damage and pain, draw Ihave already given it ane tas olde which points back in , selng exchange, possesses", wer—for example, his bod fave asin Bgyp, where even inthe grave the gh fne rape fom te sed ‘gyptians this peace meant a great di es ever, the creditor could subj ipOn the Genealogy of Morals fas much flesh as seemed commensu Gebt. For this purpose, there have times precise and in part horrifically detailed measurements, egal measurements, of the individual limbs and parts of the body. I take it as already a sign of progress, as proof of a freer, ‘more Romian conception of law, one grander in legislation of Rome* deer ‘which creditors excised in such cases a matter of lus minusve secuerunt, ne fraude esto".* Leet us be clear about the logic of this whole form of exchange: it is allen enough. "The equivalence is established by the fact th rect compensation for the damage done froney, land, possessions of whatever sort), a sort of pleasure js conceded to the creditor as a form of repayment and recom ‘pense_the pleasure of being able to vent his power without a Second thought on someone who is posrer ‘de the debtor, the at last, he too has the opportunity to experience feeling of being entitled to despise and mistreat someone as “beneath. him’—or 1 power and execution of punishment has “quthorites’, to see this person despised and mistreated. So this compensation consists in an entitlement and right 10 cruelty. — 6 I is in thie sphere, in legal obligation beginning of everything treat on earth, has long been steeped in blood. And might fone not add that the world has never since shaken off ceertain odour of blood and torture? (not even with old Kant: Second Bay the cxeorcal imperative gives off a whif of heir and by no ps lent of the ideas “guilt and. pai together. To repeat the question: to what exent can sullen ‘compensate for ‘debt the extent that inflicting pain. : sions the greatest pleasure, to the extent Baecpeia eerie ae as I said, is valued all the more high! ae ee ae eee ‘even more the hypocrisy of tame domestic ani ni a of fs pleasures, innocently cnerge, how asa mutter of rested mace’ or to wse *) a nomad chara and in the process pests something rly asent! Berg even tay of thi ealet and in Beyond Good and 3) Tok care fo it meting vr proces hich ran ne hisory of higher cakure Gnd, in signdeet Saees relatively recent times out exeeutions, ture, or prhape even an auto-da-fé.* Similarly, it was imy ssi eae ee ile Roumchold without etre up aoe eld vetsOn the Genealogy of Morals ice and eruel teasing without a second thought (—remem= for example, Don Quixote at the court of the Duchess:* ‘whole Don Quixote with a bitter taste in our 4 with a sense of torture, and so would seem very inscrutable to its author and his contemporaries — they read est of all consciences as the most cheerful of books, they almost laughed themselves to death over it ness suflering does one good, to inflict it even more so harsh proposition, but a fundamental one, an old, powerful, ‘one to which perhaps even the lesson mankind festive 7 the way, these thoughts are not atall intended as xls cunel of disgust cil period of mankind: rather, ‘weeds they are only once already in dyspepsia and furred tongue, of which 'e joy and innocence of the animal have become repugnant to him, b If has that man pinches his nose as he examines hin tvith Pope Innocent IID* disapprovingly draws up an inventory Second Essay iS otis repairs uncean contin, untng fom of touriment nthe mother's aye gai the fate fom wish man develops, apie stench seson ot sa tin, ont), Nevado, when suing as summoned the esmostargunen gut este ort toni we nal nel ene he tne when ‘ac the. pps a, Bocuse kind of fering sing am actual seduction and sideration.) Perhaps the pos: that pleasure in crus actually have died out: ts more nowada tsel*\—that uch a name; another ostalgies de la of sufering wu actus causes outrage But the meaninglessness of stan who has interpreted a asa spectacle, did such a meaningles that hidden, undiscovered, and un50 On the Genealogy of Morals tranished from the world and honestly negated, mankind was 9 ly foroed to invent gods and supernatural beings of which can, resting SP that time demon- thas always s enigma, of life as cpistemologics fed, ‘whose sight uplifts a god’ the. prehistoric logic of whose Seti realy, did this apply 0 prehistory alone! “he {ies envisaged as frends of ere] spectacles oh 0 far this ir human development in Calvin and Luther* on this ratter. In any case, that even the Greeks knew no ning for the happiness of the gods than tl Tah what eyes, then, do you think Homer hhis gods guze down upon the Sng did ‘Trojan Wars and si ‘no doubt abot ‘gods: and in so far as the p the rest of men, probably as festive ire the poets to... And inthe very same way the Ih thea ilosopbers of Grosce thought the eyes of gods vyed down on the moral turmoil, the her the virtuous man: the ‘Hercules of duty’ * something completely ous invention of the phi Tos verte invention of fre wil’ che absolute sponta that Ging good and cvil~should it not have been devi seeder ro assure people that the interest of i ieue, could never be exhaust really unprecedented comp) over to fan absolutely determi ince and so quickly become Sopa reason enough or these ind of tsps te ei pa up wh nthe whole of the ancient worl ion for ‘the ome uted, as we have seen, relationship between men, tor: it is here that one man fit area ship between buyer a = oa a ir very pre lf: designated himself a aaa the psychology which accom- 1¢ beginnings of any socialSecond Essay w every level of moral only of every ight an grace. Punishment fe telbaton of the = crasiy nich ie tule of sein sent spear throughout bison he, the prergative ofthe vitor and Tuthlesnes and lading the wae rh the fo the present oF rem vinity stands in the same impor embers as the creditor does to his e enjoys the advantages swe sometimes under peace cither persists res the comm mental relationshi ators, One lives in a community, Temmunity (oh what advantas ‘hem today), one lives protect tinderstands what yas pledged and com ‘man immediately affected by the sgards this harm am che case and to obviate further or Foker? The coma been Toot, in a ra cay ONG OY CH Tees of concern here wh fe deceived credit eae Dezomes ow much barn be an sea = posse to conceive ofa sat) Whos red ereditor, fiom which he was previously ete ead duran refined luxury statusrenealogy of Morals cy On she Genealogy of Mi there is —that of allowing those who do hed. “OF what peo she aera ee CS eee eit endy ay every good hi by {bojpow: This sctzancelation® of sce! the Heal name oes by ‘enough known—grace, necdless to say, it cmnains the prerogative of the most powerful man, even better, n se quarters: this plant now ‘among anarchists and at rays flowered, in hidden places, aK hough is peste i ad rant always proceed from lik, so ¢ it is from these very same circles that ge under the name of spr t's positon of honout 1m 2 ter development: Felon to which the value mortal enmity and preju feelings come under scrutiny, a group of feelings Second Exay a seems to me, are of a much gr value than the reactive feelings ly deserve to be igs, stch as the desire to dominate, to possess, Dithring®, The Value of Life; The Course of \roughout his work) is to be sought 1 interests of truth require a blunt ground occupied by the spirit of that the just man remains just hose who do him, ight of personal ation, and suspicion, then that is @ piece of per highest mastery on earth—something which one id ere, and in which one should not too iewe. There is no doubt that on average just a tiny amount of aggression, malice, and insinuation is sufficient to wost honest people see red and to deprive them eye, The active, attacking, encroaching man is closer to justice tham his reactive counter= sat he has no need to evaluate his object in ed manner as the reactive man does, For ‘man, the stronger, braver, hhad the freer eye, the better side, Conversely, perhaps fon whose conscience the invention of bad ci th56 On the Genealogy of Morals my works and efforts like the red thread of ther the strugle agai ae ee cet subordinate to it (whether groups or indivi oe rcs of peas and onder, par by ma, rage done, to which fh now on nd for saree. But the most dsisiveaction wich the highest power tes snd toa and eo ‘undertakes, as soon as itis somehow strong enough iment of the law, the imperious explanation of he highest power diverts the f ss mediate harm caused includes even the eye of the sof all, as was previously not ight” established (and moment of talk of right and wrong’ as s violation, exploitation, destruc functions—through injury, violation, expl ‘and destruction, and cannot be ‘Second Essay of larger us state of law conceived as sovereign and general, in the strugsle between power-complexes, ‘must recognize every other ould be a principle hestile 1 fife, would repres- the destruction and dissolution of man, an attack on the ture of man, a sign of exhaustion, a secret path towards nothingness, 2 At this point, let me add another word on the origin und aim of ppunishment—two problems which are, or at least ough distinguished, bur are, unfi sd. How, then, do the geneal they have existed until now, proceed in this as they have always proceeded:—they find in punish nge or deterrence, for ex le—then unsuspectingly posit this aim as the origin, as fiendi* of punishment, and then. wf the genesis of the law: there is, rather, iple for all types of history than the following one, which it has taken such effort to ax furthermore really should be acquired by now. thee is a we to existence in the first place and the which it is "tual application and integration into a system of anything which exists, once it has some- how come into being, can be reinterpreted in the service of new intentions, repossessed, ‘modified to a new use by a ower superior to ing which happens in the organic world is Process of overpowering, mastering,the Genealogy of Morals ering and mastering is arent he ruse of wich the previous mening and sin mS neces : Psy fice, No mate Howell on as ened he any phyilogies ogan (or, fr : een believed that in understanding the as 1 a form, an insti why it had come into existence—thus the ¢ as made for seeing, the hand as made for is iad been regarded as havin, and a Sandi rlion to oe ote, Ba vl ice one aot aay and according ccunsanes 5 elopment’ of a thing, a custom, an eae Fe remble popes toward a goal, ad © oe eect eae er ce perenne cee or struction or reduetion ual ngs for example, through the elimination of connecting members) Second Essay can be a sign of increasing st ‘mean that partial fos of mas of true progresus, and as such always. 3 n of a will and a way to greater power and ys implemented at the expense of countless lesser powers. The extent of an ‘advance’ is even measured aecording to the scale of the sacrifice required; the mass of humanity sacrificed flourishing of a single stronger species of man—now t be progress... [emphasize this central perspective ‘more since itis fundamentally opposed to the incts and tastes of the time, which woul solute arbitrariness, even mechan against everything which dominates and this modern misarchism® (to give ‘name to an ugly d ), has gradually the form of intelligence, the greatest that 1g —as now rate—the most rigorous, and apparently ‘most objective sciences, As far as 1 can see, it has already succeeded in dominating physiology and the study of desi wt saying —by conjuring is basie concepts, that of essential activity. Ine pressure from the aforementioned idiosyncratic ‘concept of ‘adaptation’ iy-—has been pushed to 1 If has been defined as an ever-more expedi adaptation to external circumstances (Herbert Spencer this represents a failure to recognize the essence ‘0 pomer, this overlooks the priority of the spor ing, overcoming, 4 forces, whose ‘ his denies even will manifests itself actively and in its form. Remember what Husley* reproached Spencer tive nihilism’: but what is at issue here isfng_—the custom, the act, the ‘drama’ 9 certa Gf procedures—and, on the other hand, that as “fiuid-—the meaning, the aim, the expect fo the execution of such procedures. Tt is logiam,* in accordance w vd which T have just 'be something older, ‘use as a means of punishment, an been introduced or interpreted into the having been in existence for som ‘meaning and use. Ins s presupposed ngs are not as our naive genealo viously as they all do that the procedure was i Thad another TSwred specifically for the purpose of punishment-—just as it vem formerly thought that the hand was invented in order to rsp. As for that other clement of punishment the uid fs ‘meaning’—in a very late stage of ‘contemporary Europe) the concept ing, but a ment up diverse ends, finally in a sort of unity which is diffca ificult to analyse, and—a point which must be 1 completely beyond definition. (Nowadays impossible to say why people are punished: all concepts in “vhole process is summatized in signs escape definition; ‘ehich i without history can be defined.*) In an however, this synthesis of ‘meanings’ scems less ‘pound together and more easily altered; one can still arceive how in cach individual ease the elements of the Prnthesis change their value and reorganize themselves accord io that now one, ow another element comes tothe fore atthe expense of the rest; even how under the tances one element (say, the aim of deterrence) Second Bsa ond Essay i a tee stg mea ey a eocsigateee yeh iiilsliarn’ oh fotee dhe Ee when he I (, for empl, ment as, ion ofa degenerate el ne mines); punish- sa neem 284 eas of producing amen, on whom the puishme exeetton;puishmen LEA eEereR the exceses wth te sulla then protects the wron, revenge; punishme ain military strategy against. Fie an 2m enemy of peace, av, order who, deemed dangerous tothe community and vs Grea of io. i) and in breach of traitor, and breaker ofthe pease war itself very means offered by 4 ‘This Tis is far from exhaustive; punishment Wit all sorts of use. All the more season to rae outa aOn the Genealogy of Morals i one which is popularly regarded as the most essen- ‘deed this is where the faltering belief im punish sat nowadays, fora variety of reasons, still finds gest Support. Punishment is supposed to have the value of awaken ing the sense of guilt in the eulprit, it s expected to be the actual insiramentum® of the psyehic reaction which conscience’, ‘pangs of conscience’, But this is ‘and psychology of the present: and how m se when it comes to the longest per ts prehistory! Genuine pangs of conscience are espe ‘nd prisoners, prisons and ferred breeding-grounds of this species among all sr such a judgement reluctantly enough and agains Broadly speaking, punishment hardens and deadens rates; sfies the feeling of alienation; resistance. If punishment does hapy and bring about a wretched prost then such a result average effect of pun ness, But if we bear in js dry and soml phase of man- ein judging that itis the practice © a iF which has most powerfully Aindered the sense of guilt—at least with respect ‘vietims on whom the power of punishment is exercised. For tas not underestimate the extent to which the spectacle of development good conscience: sp) 1d cunning art of the police and ‘matter of principle and) without mit Stances-—which appear in & pronounced manner in the various forms of punishment—all actions now in no way condemned and dismissed as such by his judges, but only from a certain ‘Second Essay Perspective and in terms of a oe throughout the est period and pun ha ncn tan, but rather ‘with someone se on whom he 3 pie of of someting unexpected. nud pected sen! ing natural phenomenon, of an arin, ty of defence. i the annoyance of hi interpret, Wig ea ae aon NOUS miorsus conscientiae*—he who | the honour of his ‘free? agains ho asserted that God apeeiesien innocence in which it had ln. bet conscience: what had become of the more con ee ‘The opposite of gaudium’,® he said Re Sadness accompanied by the memory of something the pa ok completely unexpected tum” Eile Hf ripe wousands of vears, evil their punishment has caught up wit toon hae ee ae ently from Spinasa as res thing has gone ae have done’64 On the Genealogy of Morals superiority of the Russian over the Western attitude to Tif. If in those days the deed was criticized, it was on grouncls of prudence: we must without question look for the actual effect Of punishment above all ina greater prudence, in a longer ‘a determination to approach things more ously, more furtively in future, as well as in beyond one’s prudent, makes one stupid into the bar [At this point, I can as to the origin of “bad make SY uous reflection and consideration, fhours. T take bad conscience to be the deep ich man_ was obliged to succumb under the pressure of that most fundamental ofall changes—sthen he Found himself definitively locked in the spell of society and ‘peace, These half-animals who were happily adapted to ilderness, war, nomadism, and adventure were affected Similar way to the creatures of the sea when they were forced oke, ‘been supported by water: a i asks made fhinking, drawing conclusions, calculating, combining causes tnd effects, to their ‘consciousness’, their most meagre and Second Exay ff nee organ! 1 blieve rat leon ble that perro car hal here en sich ing of mi suchen dscomlre No i he alfa saen a ing denas On seldom poset dey thems fr the must yh seek new and a the sn tine, subterranean Proportion a he external venting of human ed. Those afl bulwark by means of ec nossa reer he men who poses sch stn deprived man consumed with hc Soi eed a med with homesickness othe hal no chice but tanto Himsle tan adver ph of rte an scan an age iden arming and desperate prone became the ‘bad conscience’. But with iia eeamaee ed eedented, so enigmatic and pregnant with the future came intoOn the Genealogy of Morals altered, Infact, the drama which senselessly unnoticed time, man counts among the most unexpected played by Heraclitus’ or chance—he arouses +s if in him some- were being prepared, as if man rather only a pathway, an incident, a bridge, a great promise 0 ‘This hypothesis as to the origin of bad conscience presupp% change was not gradual and voluntary tyranny, as a crushing and the such a raw material of common peoy finally not only: thores ‘mean by that—some horde or other of blond mals, 2 race of conquerors and masters which, lays its fearful paws on a population which may be hugely superior in numerical terms but remains shapeless and noma- dic. Such is the beginning of the ‘state’ on earth: I think that the sentimental effusion which suggested that it originates in a “contract* has been done away with. He who is capable of siving commands, who is a ‘master’ by nature, who behaves violently in deed and gesture—what are contracts to him! One does not reckon with such beings, they arrive like fate, without Second Bay oti reason, oimsideatin, pre iv ning, fo fear, too sudden’ too cannes even to be hated. ‘Their work tinct e new quickly grows which 2 given a ‘meaning’ wi lace. The meaning saying ‘srown up amis ‘expelled from sity ands a it were, inct of freedom made ide 'pon fence tits origin, that and nothing meee from the the same active force as is more of foree an he inside, on a the reverse dizection, in the 4 Gocthe's words," it crane fate bui ugly and is basically : at work in the68 On the Genealogy of Morals conspicuous phenomenon, the ether man, other men. ‘This sm, @ contradiction, a je and pleasur~ if, a soul for the pleasure hole active ‘bad sual maternal womb of ideal and imagit ‘crents, has ultimately —as will be clear by now—brou Tight much that is new and disturbing in the wa affirmation, and perhaps even first brought 1 “beat rot first suid to itself: Tam ugly” enigma of how contradictory denial, self sacrifice can suggest an ideal, a bea crigmatic. One thing is certain from now on, I have no the kind of pleasure the selfless, the self-deny~ Sng, the self- sacrificing man feels from the outset: this pleasure belongs to eruelty—So much provision the origin of the ‘unegoistic! as a moral va ‘concealment of the ground on which this ‘nly bad conscience, onfy the will to mistreat the self supplies the condition for the calue of the uncgoistic-—~ 9 ess, there is no doubt about it, but an ay that pregnancy is an illness. Let us seek ‘conditions under which this illness has attaine fearful and most sublime peak—then we will see what that earlier poi debtor and creditor which ina manner which jen and disturbit ip where we modern men perhaps have the greatest in grasping its relevance: that is, into the relationship Second Fsay Of the present generation to its forefathers eto ad the es sentinel th go. merely an enn: he my cen be pout existence of such a tie as regards the - Otte sry of mani). Her the toms pea rae only ens by vide ofthe wesc and see obliged to repay. them ade is recognize fact is aa ie ee s suspicion persis and grows hom te to te ae fet ft forether an ae the arbivary miei all signs of degeneration, of 3p the founder and give ris Bi sive rise to an ever-weaker impression of his ly sinis ther is: necessarilyfee es. ee = fy i er nee eee aa So oe ing and refining of the gods (whi another loka the ennobling and reining ofthe goe c and the desire to have them redeemed. (The spread save and ser pop egcy then erin in all re sreands the divinity has continued to grow for ae aad eleaye toe propor wa. and risen into th as the concept and sense of god has grown and ome several t of a people tangled genealogies of ‘struggles, victories, and reconciliations; the sl empires is aap the progress towards jes, the triumph of despotism over the in« Second Essay e pendent nobility always prepares the way for some monotheism, or other.) The ‘of the Christian God, as the uttermost ample of godliness so far realized on earth, has brought with the phenomenon of the uttermost sense of in God that by now the human It should have weakened considerably. Indeed, the Drospect that the complete and defini redeem mankind entirely from gins, its causa prima,® earmot be dismissed. ism and a kind of second innocence belong together. — a ns and the concepts of T have deliberately left aside the on of these concepts ts are pushed back into the conscie velopment just described, or he goal now is the pessimistic fone of closing off once and for ail the prospect of a define in the goal no the gaze ricochet, iconsolably fi the goal now is those concepts ‘guilt? and “duty” back—s then? There can be no doubt: frst against th whom from now on bad conscience takes fn, spreading down and out the inredeemal inredeemability of penance, the thought of the impossibility of repayment (of ‘eternalp On the Genealogy of Morals punishment) is conceived. But ultimately these concepts are ‘back even against the ‘creditor’, whether one fas in ‘the causu prima of man, the beginning of the human race, forefather, who is from now on tainted by a curse (Adam, sack of free will’), oF nature, from whose womb from now on the principle of rnunciation of existence, the des! ‘different way of being, Buddhism and related I at once we find ourseh in front which tortured ‘humanity has found 2 temporary rel ‘on the part of Christianity: God suerifici ‘of man, God paying himself off, God as the sole figure who fchalf that which has become itredeemable for man himself—the cr Jing himself for his debtor, owt af fove (are we supposed to believe this?—), out ‘of love for his debtor! 2 nderneath allthis will already wat downtrodden cruelty of has been chased back into himself, of the man locked up in the ‘state? in order t0 be ‘ented bad conscience in order to inflict yought becomes for ‘of torture. In “God? he apprehends the ‘opposing principle to his actual and ieredeemable ‘he himself reinterprets these animal instinets ‘rebellion, revolt against the original founding father and begin- ning o 1e stretches himself on the rack of the ‘contradiction between ‘God’ and ‘Devil’, he expels from him- Second Foay tre it tet eae ap ah taeda a eniney fein om he sn nw na Seater ere B suffice once and for all on the subject of th : ct of the origin of —That the conception of gods need not in itself SS eer ere olla lgad ne tcntes toa egies eas Sere epee errata So crenihes Sunsinpaeae eye enaaeOn the Genealogy of Morals of European history have displayed their fortunately, is revealed dance at gods for no other purpose ‘bad conscience’ at bay, to be allowed to enjoy the freedom of their soul: sense diametrically opposed to that in which Ch ay far i this i the courage of sf the Homeric Zeus ‘understand that they are making foo easy for themselves. ‘Tt is a wonder!" he says on one ‘occasion—at issue is the case of Aegisthos,* a tery serious ‘wonder how much mortals complain about the tgods! They allege that evil eomes only from us; but they are the authors of their own misery, even contrary to fat of reason. Yet it is immediately clear how far ev pian spectator and judge is from bearing a grudge and posed to them as a result: “How silly they a thinks of the misdeeds of mortals—and ‘foolishnes igeme “tush of blood to the head’—the Grecks of ‘strongest, boldest period have themselves admitted as much as the reason for a great deal of what is bad and disastrous— foolishness, not sin! do you follow?... But even this rush of blood to the head posed a problem—‘Yes, how is it possible? ‘what might actually cause it in the case of heads such 28, ‘men of noble origin, of good fortune, we men of good ; of vir gods at that time served to j in wicked actions, they served they ‘ment, but rather, as is nobler, the guilt Second Essay 4 <1 conclude wi clear. "ean ideal T may be asd. cough how much the sting sou np of every single elon earth has cont? How much reaiy had to be defamed and denied muh ncn dsrel, r eto that end? In onder shrine to be set up, another shrine must ‘that the law—show me the case where Smee trem, we ae the he ence an animal rests experen ry people who would pos he comfortable, the econ efiniv, the exhausted mon ‘What is more deeply insulting 5 Us more completely from them than to Such a goal would re it kinds of spirit than are likely in thi ‘ll periods: prt, who, strengthened through wars and toric, sth, tenghoned hgh vas td on, Winter expedtons, to ice and mounts on eves se, would even require a kind of sublime wickedness, last ele,(On the Genealogy of Morals ce which belongs 10 great heal ul require, im shore—and which i bad enough—nothing Tes than ths ver eal, i this sl possible even ut a some time, in «period stronger than this Je sttdoubeng present, he must yet come 0 Us, the Gea spit whore any remote ree which he may redemption of this reality: its redemption from the curse which the previous ideal has laid upon it, This man of the fucure, who will redeem us as much from the previous ideal as fom mhai this toll of great de which once aguin gives the earth its goal and man his hope, this, Ancichristion® and An‘ ‘conqueror of God and of nothingness—he must come one day. 2 —But what am I saying here? Enough! Enough! At this point ‘only one thing is fitting, to keep silent: otherwise I would interfere with what only a younger man is at liberty to do, someone ‘more pregnant with the fu than [am— something do, Zarathustra the godless. THIRD ESSAY What is the Meaning of Ascetic Ideals? Unconcerned, contemptuous, volent—this is how wis- te 1s be: she is 2 woman, she only ever ‘Thus Spate Zaratbucra® ‘What is the meaning of ascetic ideals?—In the case of artists, ings; in the case of philosophers and like’an instinctive sense for the pre- 3s favourable to higher spirituality; in the cast of yet anovher seductive charm, a little morbidessa” in flesh, the angelic character of a plump and in the case of the deform in the struggle agai ests, the distinctive priestly ‘ment of power, also the ‘very highest licence for pow case of saints fi sloriae cupido,® Do you follow?. Have you been following?... ‘Certainly not! Sir?—Then let us start from the beginning, 2 What is the meaning of ascetic ideals?—Or, to take an indi- vidual case on which I am frequently consuited, what does it ‘mean, for example, when an artist like Richard Wagner® pays,