eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) in Abaqus

Zhen-zhongg Du
| www.3ds.com | Dassault
D Systmes |
 Overview

Introduction
Basic XFEM Concepts
Modeling Approaches
Stationary cracks
Contour integral
g calculation
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Propagation cracks
Cohesive segments approach
Linear elastic fracture mechanics approach
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XFEM simultaneously used with other Fracture and Failure Techniques

Bulk material failure and interfacial delamination
Analysis Procedures
Static
Implicit dynamic
Low cycle fatigue
XFEM used with other Analysis Techniques
Global/local modeling approach
Co-Simulation
Elements,
Elements Outputs and others
Demonstration
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Introduction
 Introduction
Strong technology exists in Abaqus:
Interfacial cracks with VCCT and cohesive element techniques
Smeared crack approach to continuum damage initiation and evolution
in the bulk materials
Some difficulties exist:
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Modeling and analysis of stationary 3-D curved surface cracks

Progressive crack growth simulations for arbitrary 3
3-D
D cracks
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eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) becomes

relatively mature to be commercialized since it was
1st introduced by Belyschko and Black in 1999.
 Introduction

Makes modeling of cracks easier and accurate

Allows crack to be modeled independent of the mesh
Allows simulation of initiation and propagation of a
discrete crack along an arbitrary, solution-dependent
solution dependent
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path without the requirement of remeshing

Supports contour integral evaluation for a stationary
crack
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Basic XFEM Concepts

 Basic XFEM Concepts

is an extension of the conventional finite element method based on the concept of partition of unity;
allows the presence of discontinuities in an element by enriching degrees of freedom with special
displacement functions
Nodal displacement vectors
Nodal enriched degree of
Displacement vector J
Jump ffunction
i freedom vector
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Asymptotic crack-tip
Shape functions functions
Nodal enriched degree of
freedom vector
 Basic XFEM Concepts
Applies to nodes whose
Applies to all nodes in shape function support is
the model cut by the crack tip
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Applies to nodes whose

shape function support is
cut by the crack interior
 Basic XFEM Concepts
Level set method
Is a numerical technique for describing a crack and tracking the motion
of the crack
Couples naturally with XFEM and makes possible the modeling of 3D
arbitrary crack growth without remeshing
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Requires two level sets for a crack:

The first describes the crack
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surface, (phi)
The second, (psi), is constructed
so that the intersection of ttwo
o
level sets gives the crack front
Uses signed distance functions to describe the crack geometry
No explicit representation of the crack is needed and the crack is entirely
described by nodal data
 Basic XFEM Concepts

Calculating and
The nodal value of the function is the signed distance of the node from
the crack face
Positive value on one side of the crack face, negative on the other
The nodal value of the function is the signed distance of the node from
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an almost-orthogonal surface passing through the crack front

The function has zero value on this surface and is negative on the
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side towards the crack

=0 =0

N d
Node
1 +0.25 1.5 1 2
2 +0.25
0 25 1.0
10 05
0.5

3 4
3 0.25 1.5
4 0.25
0 25 1.0
10

1.5
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Basic XFEM Concepts

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Modeling approaches
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Modeling stationary cracks

 Stationary Cracks

Full enrichment is used

Different forms of asymptotic crack-tip functions are needed depending on
crack location and the extent of the inelastic material deformation
Currently only asymptotic crack-tip
crack tip fields corresponding to an isotropic
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elastic material are considered

Can be extended
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For isotropic elasticity:

[ F ( x), = 1 - 4] = [ r sin , r cos , r sin sin , r sin cos ]
2 2 2 2
 Stationary Cracks

Support contour integral evaluations for an

arbitrary stationary surface crack without the need
to conform the mesh to the geometry of the
discontinuities.
Support only 1st order brick and 1st and 2nd order
tetrahedron elements with isotropic elastic
materials and small deformation in a stationary
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crack.
Semi-elliptical crack in a plate Contour integral mesh with
Conventional method
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Contour integral mesh with

XFEM
 Contour integral with residual stress field

Functionality
The residual stress field can now be taken into account based on either the
conventional finite element method or XFEM
Use cases/drivers
A residual stress field can be resulted from service loads that p
produce p
plasticity,
y, a metal
forming process in the absence of an anneal treatment, thermal effects, or swelling
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effects.
The standard definition of the contour integral may lead to a path-dependent value
when the residual stresses are significant
significant.
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An additional term due to the residual stress field is now included to ensure the path
independence of contour integral.
Usage
Input File Usage: *CONTOUR INTEGRAL, RESIDUAL STRESS STEP=n, TYPE=J
The user can take into account the final stress from any previous step by using the STEP
parameter.
STEP=0 means initial stresses defined on *initial conditions, type=stress are used.
With XFEM only STEP=0 is currently allowed
Theory
u o
J = ( s )n ( wI - ) qdA + : qdV
A x V x
 Contour integral with residual stress

Half geometry of a single edge notch

under three point bending
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C k
Crack
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Modeling propagation cracks

 Propagation cracks

Assumptions
Near-tip
Near tip asymptotic singularity is not considered
Crack has to propagate across an entire element at a time to avoid the need to model the
stress singularity
Effective engineering approach
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Two distinct types of damage modeling within an XFEM framework

Cohesive segments approach
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Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach

Cohesive segment approach

Uses traction-separation
p laws
Follows the general framework for surface based cohesive behavior
Damage properties are specified as part of the bulk material definition

LEFM-based
LEFM based approach
Uses the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT)
VCCT for XFEM uses the same principles as in VCCT for interfacial debonding
Damage properties are specified via an interaction property assigned to the XFEM crack
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Cohesive segments approach

 Propagation Cracks

Phantom nodes and cohesive segments

Can be used for brittle or ductile fracture
Pressure-overclosure relationship governs the behavior when the crack is
closed
closed
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Cohesive behavior contributes to the contact normal stress when the crack is
open
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 Cohesive segments approach

Cohesive Damage Initiation Criteria

Th
Three stress-based
t b d and
d th
three strain-based
t i b dddamage iinitiation
iti ti criteria
it i are
readily available
Maximum p
principal
p stress ((MAXPS)) and maximum p
principal
p strain
(MAXPE)
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Maximum nominal stress (MAXS) and maximum nominal strain

(MAXE)
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Quadratic nominal stress (QUADS) and quadratic nominal strain

(QUADE)

In addition, a user-defined damage initiation criterion can be specified in

user subroutine UDMGINI

Crack initiation bases on the stress/strain value at the center of enriched

elements
 Cohesive segments approach

Maximum principal stress (MAXPS) and maximum principal strain

(MAXPE) criteria
Initiation occurs when the maximum principal stress or strain reaches a
critical value ( f =1)
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n n
MAXPS f = MAXPE f =
max
0
max
0
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Crack plane is solution-dependent

Perpendicular to the direction of the maximum principal stress (or
strain)
Can handle a changing crack plane and crack propagation direction
 Cohesive segments approach

Maximum principal stress (MAXPS) and maximum principal strain

(MAXPE) criteria (contd)
(cont d)
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* DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION = { MAXPS, MAXPE },

TOLERANCE = {value}
 Cohesive segments approach

Maximum nominal stress (MAXS) and maximum nominal strain (MAXE)

criteria
Initiation occurs when the maximum nominal stress or strain reaches a
critical value
n for n > 0
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MAXS MAX n , t , s = f n =
N max Tmax S max 0 for n < 0
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n t s n for n > 0
MAXE MAX max , max , max = f n =
n t s 0 for n < 0

The damage initiation criterion is satisfied when 1.0 f 1.0 + ftol

where ftol is a user-specified tolerance value (default is 0.05)
Similar to the criterion used in conjunction with element-based cohesive
behavior
User may specify a local material direction as the crack plane normal
 Cohesive segments approach

Maximum nominal stress (MAXS) and maximum nominal strain

(MAXE) criteria (contd)
(cont d)
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*DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION = { MAXS | MAXE },

NORMAL DIRECTION = {1 (default)| 2}, TOLERANCE = {0.05 (default)}
 Cohesive segments approach

Quadratic nominal stress (QUADS) and quadratic nominal strain

(QUADE)
2 2 2 2 2 2
n t s n s t
+ + =1 max + max + max = 1
Nmax Tmax Smax n s t
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Similarities with MAXS and MAXE

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User selects the crack plane normal

User specifies critical values of normal and shear stresses (strains)
User interface
f in Abaqus/CAE
/C similar to that off MAXS/MAXE
S/

*DAMAGE
DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION = { QUADS | QUADE },
NORMAL DIRECTION = {1 (default)| 2},
TOLERANCE = {0.05 (default)}
 Cohesive segments approach

Damage evolution
A
Any off the
th damage
d evolution
l ti models
d l ffor ttraction-separation
ti ti laws
l can b
be
used: based on energy or displacement
However, it is not necessaryy to specify
p y the undamaged
g traction-
separation response
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 Cohesive segments approach

Damage stabilization
Fracture
F t makes
k the
th structural
t t l response nonlinear
li and
d non-smooth
th
Numerical methods have difficulty converging to a solution
Use viscous regularization helps with the convergence of the Newton
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method
The stabilization value must be chosen so that the problem definition
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d
does nott change
h
A small value regularizes the analysis, helping with convergence
while having a minimal effect on the response
Perform a parametric study to choose appropriate value for a class
of problems
 Cohesive segments approach

User defined damage initiation subroutine UDMGINI

9 Can be used to specify a user-defined damage initiation criterion.

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9 Allows the specification of more than one failure mechanisms in an

element, with the most severe one governing the actual failure.
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9 Can be used in combination with several Abaqus built-in damage evolution

models, with each model corresponding to a particular failure mechanism.

9 Currently is only supported within the context of XFEM

XFEM.
 Keyword User interface when using UDMGINI

*ELEMENT TYPE=C3D8,
*ELEMENT, TYPE C3D8 ELSET=ENRICHED
ELSET ENRICHED ...
*SOLID SECTION, MATERIAL=STEEL, ELSET=ENRICHED
*ENRICHMENT
ENRICHMENT, TYPE=PROPAGATION CRACK,
CRACK ELSET=ENRICHED
ELSET=ENRICHED,
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NAME=ENRICHMENT
*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL
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*DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION=USER, PROPERTIES=NCONST,

FAILURE MECHANISMS = NFAIL
*DAMAGE
DAMAGE EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION, FAILURE INDEX = 1

*DAMAGE EVOLUTION, FAILURE INDEX = NFAIL
 User Subroutine Interface for UDMGINI

SUBROUTINE UDMGINI( FINDEX, NFINDEX, FNORMAL, NDI, NSHR,

NTENS,PROPS, NPROPS, STATEV, NSTATEV, STRESS, STRAIN,
STRAINEE LXFEM
STRAINEE, LXFEM, TIME,
TIME DTIME,
DTIME TEMP,
TEMP DTEMP,
DTEMP PREDEF,
PREDEF DPRED,
DPRED
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NFIELD, COORDS, NOEL, NPT, LAYER, KSPT, KSTEP, KINC,

KDIRCYC,KCYCLELCF, TIMECYC, SSE, SPD, SCD, SVD, SMD, JMAC,
JMATYP, MATLAYO, LACCFLA, CELENT, DROT, ORI )
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Variables to be defined
FINDEX(NFINDEX)
The vector defines the indices for all the failure mechanisms.
FNORMAL(NDI NFINDEX)
FNORMAL(NDI,
The array defines the normal direction to the fracture plane (3D) or line
(2D) for each failure mechanism.
 Example of using UDMGINI
Mode II Fracture of Cortical Bone

Objective
Demonstrate how composite fracture criteria could be applied to predict
cortical bone fracture using XFEM and user defined damage initiation
criteria
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FEA model
3D model of a notched bone under asymmetric four point bending
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Assuming fiber runs along the axis of the specimen

XFEM
Two damage initiation criteria analyzed
Built-in maximum principal stress criterion
Composite fracture criterion with two competing failure mechanisms

Fiber direction

33
 Example of using UDMGINI

Mode II Fracture of Cortical Bone

Fiber failure mechanism

The fiber direction is based on the material
orientation

Fiber failure stresses:

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f 133 MPa
f 68 MPa Fiber direction
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Crack surface

Fiber failure criterion

Crack surface is always perpendicular to the

fiber direction

34
 Example of using UDMGINI

Mode II Fracture of Cortical Bone

Matrix failure mechanism

Matrix plane: any plane perpendicular to the fiber
direction

Crack surface
The in-plane maximum principal stress and its
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direction within the matrix plane is used to

determine the crack initiation and propagation
Fiber direction
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direction
Matrix plane

Matrix failure stress:

f 51 MPa

Crack surface is the plane that perpendicular to the

maximum in-plane principal direction and parallel to
the fiber direction

35
 Example of using UDMGINI

Mode II Fracture of Cortical Bone

Built-in maximum principal stress criterion

Crack deflection angle ~ 65
Close to analytical solution

C
Composite
it ffracture
t criterion
it i
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Crack deflection angle ~ 90

Similar results were observed in experimental study
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on human cortical bone fracture1

1 Zimmermann
1. Zimmermann, et al.
al Mixed
Mixed-mode
mode Fracture of Human Cortical Bone
Bone, Biomaterial
Biomaterial,
2009, 30: 5877-5884
Qin, Liu and Du (6th world congress on biomechanics, 2010)

36
 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Approach (LEFM)
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D Systmes |
 Propagation cracks

Phantom nodes and Linear elastic fracture mechanics

More appropriate for brittle fracture
Strain energy release rate at the crack tip is calculated based on the
modified Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT)
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 LEFM approach

Linear elastic fracture mechanics in an XFEM framework

A critical
iti l strain
t i energy release
l rate
t criterion
it i b based
d on th
the Vi
Virtual
t lC Crack
k
Closure Technique (VCCT)
Specified
p as an interaction p
property
p y in association with an XFEM
crack
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Three mode-mix formulae available: the BK law, the power law, and
the Reeder law models
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User can specify the crack plane normal direction

The maximum tangential stress (MTS) direction is used as the
default normal direction for the crack plane
Can choose local 1- or 2- directions
 LEFM approach

Linear elastic fracture mechanics in an XFEM framework (contd)

Alth
Although
h VCCT requires
i a crack
k tto calculate
l l t ththe energy release
l rate,
t ththe
LEFM approach can be used when no initial crack is present
Specify
p y damage
g initiation in the material p
property
p y definition
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VCCT becomes active when damage initiation criteria are met

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 LEFM approach

User interface
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*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=LEFM-contact-property

*SURFACE BEHAVIOR
*FRACTURE CRITERION,
, TYPE = VCCT,
, MIXED MODE BEHAVIOR = POWER,
,
NORMAL DIRECTION = MTS, VISCOSITY = 0.0001
4220.,4220.,4220.,1.,1.,1.
 LEFM approach

Plate with a hole example

With pre-existing crack
*SURFACE
SURFACE BEHVIOR
*FRACTURE CRITERION, TYPE=VCCT, NORMAL DIRECTION=(MTS,
1, 2), VISCOSITY=
Without pre-existing crack
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*MATERIAL
*DAMAGE INITIATION
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*SURFACE BEHVIOR
FRACTURE CRITERION, TYPE
*FRACTURE TYPE=VCCT,
VCCT, NORMAL DIRECTION=(MTS,
DIRECTION (MTS,
1, 2), VISCOSITY=
 XFEM simultaneously used with other
Fracture and Failure Techniques
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D Systmes |
 Bulk material failure and interfacial delamination

XFEM for matrix cracking and surface-based cohesive approach or VCCT for interfacial
delamination

*DAMAGE INITIATION, Criterion=(QUADE, QUADS, MAXS, MAXE, MAXPE, MAXPS), NORMAL

DIRECTION=(1,
( , 2))

t n t s t t
Max(( 0 , 0 , 0 ) = 1
t n t s t t
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45/-45/90/0

t
2
t 2
t
2

0
n
+ s0 + 0t = 1
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t n t s tt

(Courtesy: Bristol University)

Can also be used with UMAT to include fiber failure

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Analysis procedures
 Static

Prefilled syringe failure analysis (Abaqus Technology Brief)

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46
 Implicit dynamic

Sports injuries
Applications:
A dynamic impact followed by a
static loading.
S i ffracture
Spine t A dynamic
d i eventt (S
(Sports
t injuries,
i j i
Pressurized thermal shock).
An inertia term to stabilize a quasi-
static analysis.
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Femur Fracture

(Courtesy: Mayo Clinic)

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Pressurized thermal-shock
 Low cycle fatigue

Based on linear elastic fracture mechanics approach

Th
The onsett and
d ffatigue
ti crack
k growth
th are characterized
h t i db by using
i ththe P
Paris
i
law da
= c3 G c4
dN
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 Low cycle fatigue

Defined in the framework of direct cyclic procedure

Assumes
A a pre-existing
i ti crack
k (f
(follows
ll aero-industry
i d t practice)
ti )
If you perform a fatigue analysis in a model without a pre-existing
crack, yyou must p
precede the fatigue
g step p with a static step
p that
nucleates a crack
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The crack can then grow along an arbitrary path under cyclic fatigue
loading
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Usage (not currently supported by Abaqus/CAE)

*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=LCF-contact-property

*SURFACE BEHAVIOR
:
*FRACTURE CRITERION, TYPE = FATIGUE,
MIXED MODE BEHAVIOR = BK | POWER | REEDER
 Plate with a hole
A static loading to nucleate a crack followed by a low cycle fatigue loading
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50
 XFEM used with other Analysis
Techniques
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Global/submodeling approach
 Global/local model approach with XFEM
XFEM for silicon failure in a chip package
XFEM for drop of PCB using Global-local subjected to thermal loading
approach
Cu die bump
silicon die

substrate
solder ball
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Global Model

Local Model

(Courtesy: Auburn University)

53
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Co-Simulation
Co Simulation in Abaqus
 Brief Introduction to Co
Co-Simulation
Simulation

The co-simulation technique is a multiphysics capability that provides several functions, available within
Abaqus or as separate add-on
add on analysis capabilities
capabilities, for run
run-time
time coupling of Abaqus and another
analysis program;
Within the context of XFEM, co-simulation technique makes complex fracture analyses feasible by
coupling Abaqus/Standard to Abaqus/Explicit;
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Abaqus/Standard provides XFEM

Abaqus/Explicit is more efficient for solving complex contact interactions
Identify
y an interface region
g using
g either node sets or surfaces when coupling
p g Abaqus/Standard
q to
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Abaqus/Explicit;
Time increments do not have to be the same-allow Abaqus to subcycle;
For Abaqus/Standard to Abaqus/Explicit co-simulation, you do not define the fields exchanged; they are
determined automatically according to the procedures and co-simulation parameters used.
Import Export
Implicit dynamic CF, FV CF, COORD
LUMPEDMASS PRESS
PRESS, U
U, V
PRESS, TEMP, U, V

Explicit dynamic CF, LUMPEDMASS CF, COORD

U, V V
 Example 1 Notch specimen under three point bend
impact loading

Identify the analysis program

*Co-simulation, name=Int-1, controls=Int-1_Ctrls, program=ABAQUS
Identify the interface region in the model
*Co-simulation Region, type=SURFACE
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crackRegion-1.crackRegionTieSurf
Define the time incrementation scheme
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*Co-simulation Controls, name=Int-1_Ctrls, time incrementation=subcycle

IInterface
t f region
i
(between green and Explicit domain (green) Final deformed geometry
yellow)

Initial crack (red) Implicit domain (yellow)

 Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit co
co-simulation
simulation execution

abaqus cosimulation cosimjob=cosim-job-name job=comma-separated

pair of job
p j names [[cpus={number-of-cpus
p { p | comma-separated
p pair
p of
number-of-cpus}]
Dassault Systmes |
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 Example 2
2Cellular
Cellular phone drop

The chip with an initial defect is modeled with Abaqus/Standard

The rest of the body is modeled with Abaqus/Explicithas advantages in
handling complex contacts
Co
Co-simulation
simulation interactions using subcycling are defined on the chip and the
Dassault Systmes |

PCB support surfaces

Chip with initial crack
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Crack ppropagated
p g through
g
the chip at the end
 Customer examples with Co-Simulation and XFEM
Take advantage of XFEM technology in Implicit.
Take advantage of Explicit in handling complex contacts with relatively
short dynamic
y response times and for the analysis
y of extremely
y
discontinuous events or processes.
Co-simulation interactions using subcycling are defined on the interface.
Dassault Systmes |

Crack
Notched Region
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Neck
ec Impingement
p ge e t
Impingement-prone
Kinematics:
Sit-to-stand (STS)
Low STS
Supine roll-over
Seated cross leg
Stooping
Squatting
Shoe tie

An M67 hand grenade drop test

Egress site
(Courtesy of US ARMY, 2011 SCC)

Ceramic Total Hip Bearing Fracture (Courtesy of Iowa University, 2011 SCC)
 Elements, Outputs and Others
Elements supported for propagation cracks
9 First-order 2D and 3D stress/displacement solid continuum elements, and second-order stress/displacement
tetrahedron elements.
Elements supported for stationary cracks
9 First-order 3D stress/displacement solid continuum elements, and second-order stress/displacement
tetrahedron elements.

Support element loop parallel

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Crack propagation simulations can be relatively expensive, especially when small increment sizes are needed.
Parallelization allows faster turnarounds.
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160,000 dofs

Output variables
9 PHILSM----Signed distance function to describe the crack surface.
9 PSILSM --- Signed distance function to describe the initial crack front.
front
9 STATUSXFEM----Status of the enriched element. (The status of an enriched element is 1.0 if the element is
completely cracked and 0.0 if the element contains no crack. If the element is partially cracked, the value of
STATUSXFEM lies between 1.0 and 0.0.)
9 ENRRTXFEM
ENRRTXFEM---All All components
t off strain
t i energy release
l rate
t when
h linear
li elastic
l ti fracture
f t mechanics
h i with
ith the
th
extended finite element method is used.

 Demonstration

The direct link to the Introduction to the Abaqus 6.9 web-based training site
is: http://www.simulia.com/services/training/wbtAbaqus69
http://www simulia com/services/training/wbtAbaqus69
Customers access the site via SIMULIA Answer 4177
click - XFEM fracture modeling
g from the menu to the left to g
go
straight to the ~10 min XFEM demo.
Dassault Systmes |
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