Topic 5 Vector Spaces

Vector Spaces
Math 114
Math 114 Vector Spaces 1 / 17

1 R as a field of scalars
2 Vector Spaces over R
3 Examples of Vector Spaces over R

The field of scalars (R, +, )
R +
(set of real number) (real no. addition) (real no. multiplication)

R +
1 a + b R and a b R
2 a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c and a(bc) = (ab)c
3 a + b = b + a and a b = b a
4 a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a 1 = 1 a = a
5 a + (a) = 0 = (a) + a
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
a
7 a (b + c) = a b + a c

R +
1 a + b R and a b R (Closure of R under + and )
2 a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c and a(bc) = (ab)c
3 a + b = b + a and a b = b a
4 a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a 1 = 1 a = a
5 a + (a) = 0 = (a) + a
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
a
7 a (b + c) = a b + a c

R +
2 a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c and a(bc) = (ab)c (Associativity of +/ over R)
3 a + b = b + a and a b = b a
4 a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a 1 = 1 a = a
5 a + (a) = 0 = (a) + a
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
a
7 a (b + c) = a b + a c

R +
3 a + b = b + a and a b = b a (Commutativity of +/ over R)
4 a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a 1 = 1 a = a
5 a + (a) = 0 = (a) + a
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
a
7 a (b + c) = a b + a c

R +
4 a + 0 = 0 + a = a and a 1 = 1 a = a (Additive/Multiplicative identity)
5 a + (a) = 0 = (a) + a
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
a
7 a (b + c) = a b + a c

R +
5 a + (a) = 0 = (a) + a (Additive Inverse)
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
a
7 a (b + c) = a b + a c

R +
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
a (Mutiplicative Inverse)
7 a (b + c) = a b + a c

R +
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
7 a (b + c) = a b + a c (Distributivity of over +)

R +
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
for any a, b, c R. .

R +
6 if a 6= 0, then a a1 = 1 = 1
a
for any a, b, c R. These properties make (R, +, ) a field. .


Vector Space V over R
V
(nonempty set) (addition on V) (scalar-vector mult. in V)

V
1 u, v V uv V (V is closed under )
2 u, v, w V (u v) w = u (v w) ( is associative)
3 u, v V uv =vu ( is commutative)
4 0V V such that u V u 0V = 0V u = u (identity)
5 u V , u V such that u (u) = 0V (inverse)

V
6 c R, v V cv V (V is closed under scaling by R)
7 c R, u, v V c (u v) = c u c v
8 c, d R, v V (c + d) u = c u d u
9 c, d R, u V (c d) u = c (d u)
10 uV 1u=u

V
6 c R, v V cv V (V is closed under scaling by R)
7 c R, u, v V c (u v) = c u c v
8 c, d R, v V (c + d) u = c u d u
9 c, d R, u V (c d) u = c (d u)
10 uV 1u=u
Then the set V is a vector space over R.

Challenge (Optional Exercise)
Using only the given properties of a vector space V under and , prove the
following:
1 0V is unique.
2 For any u, there is a unique u satisfying u + u = 0V .
3 For any v V , 0 v = 0V .
4 For any c R, c 0V = 0V .
5 For any u V , the additive inverse of u is given by 1 u.


Examples of Vector Spaces
1 V = R is a vector space over itself under the usual +, operations.

2 V = R+ = (0, ) is a vector space over R under the operations
uv =uv and c u = uc

2 V = R+ = (0, ) is a vector space over R under the operations
uv =uv and c u = uc

1 V = Rn


u1 v1 u1 + v 1 u1 c u1
. . .. and c .. = .. .

1 V = Rn with . .
. . = . . .
un vn un + vn un c un


u1 v1 u1 + v 1 u1 c u1
. . .. and c .. = .. .

1 V = Rn with . .
. . = . . .
un vn un + vn un c un
" # " # " # " # " #

2
u1 v1 u1 + v1 + 1 u1 cu1 + (c 1)
2 V = R with = and c =
u2 v2 u2 + v2 u2 cu2


V = C = {a + bi | a, b R}, i = 1


V = C = {a + bi | a, b R}, i = 1
a + bi = c + di a = c and b = d


V = C = {a + bi | a, b R}, i = 1
(a + bi) (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i


V = C = {a + bi | a, b R}, i = 1
(a + bi) (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
c (a + bi) = (ca) + (cb)i


V = C = {a + bi | a, b R}, i = 1
(a + bi) (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
c (a + bi) = (ca) + (cb)i
0V = 0 + 0i

The Space of m n matrices
V = Rmn := set of m n matrices with real number entries


= {A = [aij ]m,n
i=1,j=1 | aij R}


= {A = [aij ]m,n
i=1,j=1 | aij R}
[aij ] = [bij ] aij = bij for all i, j


= {A = [aij ]m,n
i=1,j=1 | aij R}
[aij ] [bij ] = [aij + bij ]


= {A = [aij ]m,n
i=1,j=1 | aij R}
c [aij ] = [c aij ]


= {A = [aij ]m,n
i=1,j=1 | aij R}
c [aij ] = [c aij ]
0V = m n zero matrix

The Space of infinite sequences (Discrete Signals)
V := set of infinite sequences {at }
t=0 with real terms

t=0 with real terms
Example:
1
1
2t t=0

t=0 with real terms
Example:
1
= 1, 12 , 14 ,

1
2t t=0

t=0 with real terms
Example:
1
= 1, 12 , 14 ,

1
2t t=0
n o
2t
2 cos t+1
t=0

t=0 with real terms
Example:
1
= 1, 12 , 14 ,

1
2t t=0
n o
2t 4 6

2 cos t+1 = {cos 0, cos , cos 3 , cos 4 ,}
t=0

t=0 with real terms
Example:
1
= 1, 12 , 14 ,

1
2t t=0
n o
2t 4 6

t=0
{at }
t=0 = {bt }t=0 at = bt for all t

t=0 with real terms
Example:
1
= 1, 12 , 14 ,

1
2t t=0
n o
2t 4 6

t=0
{at }
{at }
t=0 {bt }t=0 = {at + bt }t=0

t=0 with real terms
Example:
1
= 1, 12 , 14 ,

1
2t t=0
n o
2t 4 6

t=0
{at }
{at }
t=0 {bt }t=0 = {at + bt }t=0
c {at }
t=0 = {c at }t=0

t=0 with real terms
Example:
1
= 1, 12 , 14 ,

1
2t t=0
n o
2t 4 6

t=0
{at }
{at }
t=0 {bt }t=0 = {at + bt }t=0
c {at }
t=0 = {c at }t=0
0V = {0}
t=0 = {0, 0, }
Function Space F (D)
V = F (D) := set of functions from D (a subset of R) to R

= {f : D R}


= {f : D R}
Examples:
1 f (x) = ln(x) F ([0, ))
2 g(x) = cos(x) F ([0, 2)) or F (R).


= {f : D R}
Examples:
1 f (x) = ln(x) F ([0, ))
2 g(x) = cos(x) F ([0, 2)) or F (R).
Equality of Two Functions: Given f , g F (D),
f =g if and only if f (x) = g(x) for all x D


= {f : D R}
Examples:
1 f (x) = ln(x) F ([0, ))
2 g(x) = cos(x) F ([0, 2)) or F (R).
Examples:
1 If f (x) = sin(2x) and g(x) = 2 cos(x) sin(x), is f = g?


= {f : D R}
Examples:
1 f (x) = ln(x) F ([0, ))
2 g(x) = cos(x) F ([0, 2)) or F (R).
Examples:
1 If f (x) = sin(2x) and g(x) = 2 cos(x) sin(x), is f = g?
1 x+1
2 If f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 +x , is f = g?


= {f : D R}


= {f : D R}
Let f , g F (D).
(f g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)


= {f : D R}
Let f , g F (D).
(f g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

(c f )(x) = c f (x)


= {f : D R}
Let f , g F (D).
(f g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

(c f )(x) = c f (x)
0V (x) = 0 for all x D


= {f : D R}
Let f , g F (D).
(f g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

(c f )(x) = c f (x)
Examples:
1 If f (x) = 3x + 1 and g(x) = cos(x), and h = f g, what is h(x)?


= {f : D R}
Let f , g F (D).
(f g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

(c f )(x) = c f (x)
Examples:
1 If f (x) = 3x + 1 and g(x) = cos(x), and h = f g, what is h(x)?
2 If g(x) = cos(x), and h = 3 g, what is h(0)?

The Space Pn
V = Pn [t] : = set of polynomials in t with real coefficients
of degree n
n o
2 n
= p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t + + an t a0 , . . . , an R

The Space Pn
of degree n
n o
2 n
= p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t + + an t a0 , . . . , an R
Equality of Polynomials
Given p, q Pn [t], we say that p = q if and only if p(t) = q(t) for all t R

The Space Pn
of degree n
n o
2 n
= p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t + + an t a0 , . . . , an R
Example: If p(t) = 1 + 3t and q(t) = 1 + t2 , is p = q?

The Space Pn
of degree n
n o
2 n
= p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t + + an t a0 , . . . , an R

Example: Is p(t) = (1 t)(1 + t) + t3 equal to q(t) = (t2 1)(t 1) + t?

The Space Pn
of degree n
n o
2 n
= p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t + + an t a0 , . . . , an R

Theorem
a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + + an tn = b0 + b1 t + b2 t2 + + bn tn
if and only if
a0 = b0 , a1 = b1 , ... , an = bn

The Space Pn
of degree n
n o
2 n
= p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t + + an t a0 , . . . , an R

Theorem
if and only if
a0 = b0 , a1 = b1 , ... , an = bn
Example: If p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 (t2 1) + a3 (t3 3t) = 2 10t t2 + 4t3 ,

find a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 ?
The Space Pn
of degree n
n o
2 n
= p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t + + an t a0 , . . . , an R

Theorem
if and only if
a0 = b0 , a1 = b1 , ... , an = bn
Example: If p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 (t2 1) + a3 (t3 3t) = 2 10t t2 + 4t3 ,

find a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 ? Answer: a0 = 1, a1 = 2, a2 = 1 and a3 = 4
The Space Pn
Given p, q Pn [t] and c R with
p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + + an tn , q(t) = b0 + b1 t + b2 t2 + + bn tn
we define p q and c p as follows:

The Space Pn
(p q)(t) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )t + + (an + bn )tn
and
(c p)(t) = (ca0 ) + (ca1 )t + (ca2 )t2 + + (can )tn

The Space Pn
(p q)(t) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )t + + (an + bn )tn
and
0V (t) = 0 + 0t + 0t2 + + 0tn

The Space Pn
(p q)(t) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )t + + (an + bn )tn
and
0V (t) = 0 + 0t + 0t2 + + 0tn
Example: Given p(t) = 2 10t t3 + 5t4 , q(t) = 1 + 11t + 2t2 4t3 P4 [t],
1 What is p q?
2 What is 3 q?
Summary of Most Common Vector Spaces over R
1 Rn
2 C
3 set of infinite sequences (sort of like R )
4 Mmn (R)
5 F (D)
6 Pn [t] or just Pn

Topic 5 Vector Spaces

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Vector Spaces

Math 114 Vector Spaces 1 / 17

2 Vector Spaces over R

3 Examples of Vector Spaces over R

Math 114 Vector Spaces 2 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

for any a, b, c R. These properties make (R, +, ) a field. .

Math 114 Vector Spaces 3 / 17

2 Vector Spaces over R

3 Examples of Vector Spaces over R

Math 114 Vector Spaces 4 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 5 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 5 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 5 / 17

Then the set V is a vector space over R.

Math 114 Vector Spaces 6 / 17

2 Vector Spaces over R

3 Examples of Vector Spaces over R

Math 114 Vector Spaces 7 / 17

1 V = R is a vector space over itself under the usual +, operations.

Math 114 Vector Spaces 8 / 17

1 V = R is a vector space over itself under the usual +, operations.

2 V = R+ = (0, ) is a vector space over R under the operations

Math 114 Vector Spaces 8 / 17

1 V = R is a vector space over itself under the usual +, operations.

2 V = R+ = (0, ) is a vector space over R under the operations

Math 114 Vector Spaces 8 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 9 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 9 / 17

" # " # " # " # " #

Math 114 Vector Spaces 9 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 10 / 17

Math 114 Vector Spaces 10 / 17

(a + bi) (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

Math 114 Vector Spaces 10 / 17

(a + bi) (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

c (a + bi) = (ca) + (cb)i

Math 114 Vector Spaces 10 / 17

(a + bi) (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

c (a + bi) = (ca) + (cb)i

Math 114 Vector Spaces 10 / 17

V = Rmn := set of m n matrices with real number entries

Math 114 Vector Spaces 11 / 17

V = Rmn := set of m n matrices with real number entries

Math 114 Vector Spaces 11 / 17

V = Rmn := set of m n matrices with real number entries

[aij ] = [bij ] aij = bij for all i, j

Math 114 Vector Spaces 11 / 17

V = Rmn := set of m n matrices with real number entries

[aij ] = [bij ] aij = bij for all i, j

[aij ] [bij ] = [aij + bij ]

Math 114 Vector Spaces 11 / 17

V = Rmn := set of m n matrices with real number entries

[aij ] = [bij ] aij = bij for all i, j