ore eee IN Pere n | BY i FORREST M. MIMS, IL FIRST PRINTING — 1983 SECOND PRINTING — 1984 THIRD PRINTING — 1985 FOURTH PRINTING —1986 FIFTH PRINTING ~1987 SIXTH PRINTING —1987 SEVENTH PRINTING -—1988 EIGHTH PRINTING —1991 NINTH PRINTING — 1991 TENTH PRINTING — 1992, a ELEVENTH PRINTING — 1993 i TWELFTH PRINTING — 1994 COPYRIGHT © 1983..BY FORREST M. MIMS, TL see ALL. R\GHTS RESERVED PRINTED INTHE. UNITED STATES OF AMERICAOF. AND. ANY. Le ING JAC KI A, THIS... OOK CIILDREN. HAPPY. TD. SUGGESTIONS... IS FORTHE. ENTERTAINMENT AMD EDIEICATION _ ITS... READERS... WHILE REASONABLE CARE HAS BEEN. at EXERCISED.w. ITH RESPECT TD.WITS ACCURACY, THE AUTHOR RADIO... SHACK ASSUME NO. RESPONSIBICLTY... FOR... ERRORS, JOKUSSIONS. OR APPLICATION. SUITABILITY _O& _ITS_CONTENTS.....FORANY. NEITHER Do__we_ASSUME_ANY_LIAB/LITY..FOR. DAMAGES RESULTING FROM USE __OF __INFoRHMATION._IN. THIS. BOOK... USE.,....MANUFACTURE.. OR SALE _OF INCORPORATES, PATENTS, CAUTION +. THIS. ELECTRICAL _SAFETY WHICH MUST _BE JESSENTIAC THAT. CAREFUL SUPERVISION WORKING WITH LINE = Powe RED. CIRCUITS... AND... SOLDERING. DYE TO. THE. MANY. CUSTOMER... RADIO SHACK To ANSWER Coustom. ¢iRcuIT DESIGNS, TECHNICAL ADVICE ASSISTANCE, ETC.) 4. NOWLEDGE THANKS IM ADVANCE. IBuT PLease. PERSONAL COPYRIGHTS.....OR.OTHER... RIGHTS. RECEWvE ANY. IT _1$__YOuR RESPONSIBILITY. __TO__ DETERMINE. ANY DEVIC THAT JN. FORMATIONL....N.THIS. BOOK _IM FRINGES ANY. BOOK. IN CLUDES... SEVERAL... REFERENCES.._TO. HEEDED.. ITU: BE GIVEN... ELECTRONIC IRONS. ___ INQUIRIES. RECEIVED By _ ANDTHE AUTHOR, —_IT_1S_IMPOSS1BLE REQUESTS —_£OR ADDITIONAL ._INFORMATION..... TROUBLE SHOOT=..... GuT__THOUGH _WE__cANNoT INQUIRIES, WE wide BE. IMPRESSIONS.OR.__ INDWLDUAL —1D._THOSE of You wo. waite! REMEMBER WE ARE UNAZLE TO Give You. REPLY.—-|GETING__STARTED. IN ELECT. (1. ELECTRICITY. SEE aea eee eseeEEe eee PUTTING... ELECTRICITY TQ_WwORK BACK...1O.. BASICS. |. STATIC. eceerReiTy ae LECTRICAL CURRENT. ——| pire _-MEASURING AC. AND.00.. ELECTRICAL. c1RWITS PULSES, WAVES. SIGNALS...AND_.NOISE.. ——j2 ELECTRONIC... COMPONENTS. _WIRS_AND. CABLE. SWITCHES RELAYS MOVING. COI. METERS MMICROPHONES...AND.SPEAMERS RESISTORS é CAPACITORS. RESISTOR.AND. CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS. Pee TRANS FORMERS |S. SEMICONDUCT. a SLC ON. = JAE .DLeDE —--THE...TRANSISTOR... BIPOLAR. TRANSISTORS. F\ELO-EFECT... TRANSISTORS UNISUNCTION. TRANSISTOR... THYRISTOR... -SILLCON= CONTROLLED... RECTIFIERS. TRIACS. 4, PHOTONIC. ~SEMICONBUCTORS AGHT.. OPTICAL. COMPONENTS KOW._CONVEX... LENSES. | .--SEMICONDUCTOR.._ LIGHT. SouRCES _ GAT... EMITTING plopes.. SEMICONDUCTOR... LIGHT. DETECTORS. PAOTORESISTIVE LIGHT DETECTORS. PN. TUNCTION LIGHT DETECTORS __. PHOTODIODESIS. INTEGRATED. CIRCINTS 6. DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS. MECHANICAL... Swit... GATES. __THE_.BINARY.. CONNECTION DIODE... ATES. RANSIS TOR. GATES. GATE. SYMBoLs DATA _AIGAWAYS How... GATESARE USED COMGINATIONAL LOGIC. CIRCUITS. SEQUENTIAL .LOGIC CIRCUITS. A COMBINATIONAL= SEQUENTIAL. LOGIC._SYSTEM DIGITAL _T¢__ FAMILIES IZLINEAR INTEGRATED. CIRCUITS THE BASIC. LINEAR..CLRCUIT. z OPERATIONAL... AMPLIFIERS. __-TIMERS. FUNCTION. GENERATORS. VOLTAGE... REGULATORS. OTHER. LINEAR T0*s B. CIRCUIT. ASSEMBLY “TIPS. TEMPORARY... C1RCWITS PERMANENT... CIRCUITS HOW... 7. SOLDER. ee POWERING ELECTRONIC...CIREVITS.__ 9.100 ELECTRONIC. CIRGHINS. ——-DIODE.._ciRewiTS__ SMALL SIGHAL DIODES. AND RECTIELERS. ZENER...DIODE... CIRCUITS. |... TRANSISTOR.....CIRCVITS : non B\POLAR.... TRANSISTOR... CARCUITS IDNCTION. FET AND POWER MOSFET. CIRCUITS. __UN\TUNSTION..TRANSISTOR..cIReWITS. TAYRISTOR CIRCUITS. 2 SCR_cuReuITS. TRIAG. CIRCUITS. PROTONIC..ciRCUITS. co GAT. EMITTING. DIGITAL E60. CIROVITS TT CUR CUITS.. — CMDS...cIRQUITS. LINEAR..1.c...c1ReuITs. 7 [oper aTionaL.. AMPLIFIER Cop=Anie) ciRCUITS. COMPARATOR CREDITS... VOLTAGE REGULATOR TIMER _ciReuiT s_ -SIRCUITS, _- SEMACONDUETOR...LIGHT DETECTOR. ciRouiITs 11 “0 1b. {er t17_. 118-121. ai ggseeeees 122-123.— {GETTING STARTED IN ELECTRONICS es WELCOME...TO THE... WORLD...OF ELECTRONICS, ONE..OF THE .FALTEST. -|@ROWING OF TODAY'S" HIGH= TECH" FIELDS AND AN EDUCATIONAL - JAND ENTERTAINING... OBEY. THIS. ROOK wILt TAKE YoU.EROM STATIC. ELECTRICITY. TO. S0cID= STATE ELECTRONICS. ALONG. 3HE WAY. WE'L COVER ELECTRICITY, ELECTRONIC COMPONENITS...AND..INTEGRATED. ——lcineurrs _(re’s). CHAPTERS 3-7 SHOW HOW COMPONENTS.AMD..IC's [ARE USED To _FORM. ELECTRONIC... CIRCUITS.._CHAPTER...9. GIVES PLANS. FOR 100. CIRCUITS... EACH.OF WHICH. TIVE. GUILT._AND...TESTED..."PRGE JARRow Ss” (EBD) THROUGHOUT...TAE B0OK..REFER..YOU..1DRELATED. TOPICS... IN FUTURE CHAPTERS. CLIKE. WORKING...VERSIONS...0F AMY... EXAMPLE. é [CiRCUITS IN CHAPTERS 3-7)..T HOPE You.FiND THIS 200K USEFUL, Hee __|E0UCATIONAL.ANO, EsPeciALey,.FUA! Feet M. Mint, 1D : GOING. ELIRTHER IN ELECTRONICS. —-}L_-HoPE.This_Book.ENCOURAGES...YoU..1D_GO. FURTHER IN. ELECTRONICS. ; BEGIN. .BY. GETTING RADIO..SHACK'S..\SEMICONDUCTOR. REFERENCE of ANDBOOK."..ANO..KENGINEERS MINI ~ NOTEBOOK" SERIES. READ ELECTRONICS MAGAZINES LIKE COMPUTERCRAET, RADIO“ ELECTRONICS, BYTE AND. QST. Nov. MAY. ALSO..WISH.7D READ." ELECTROMCS NOTEBOOK," A COLUMA) Z - RITE EACH MONTH FOR COMPUTERCRAET. MANY OF THESE COLUMNS - _.|WAVE BEEN COMPILED. IN A SERIES OF B00KS,. INCLUDING “THE {FORREST MIMS CIRCUIT..SCRAPBOOK” CMCGRAW- HILL, 1983) AND ——MEORREST MIMS! CIRCUIT SCRAPBOOK IL. CHOWARD. W. SAMS, 198.6). {ESE _B00ks..DESCRIGE IN DEIAIL. SEVERAL OF THE. CIRCUITS..IN..THIS |B 00K. AND__MANY..OTHER. CIRCUVITS..QUESTIONS.?. THIS .BOoK..WILL. RAISE —~|MANY.L.IE YOU..CANYT FIND. ANSWERS IAL THE REFERENCES. ABOVE, TRY. — |A.GOOD. LISRARY...FINDING...ANSWERS..MAY TAKE. TIME,.6UT.You'Lt LEARN. IMUCH.IN. TE. PROCESS. PERHAPS YOU'LL EVEN..CONSIDER,... FORMAL HRAINING. FORA. CAREER IN. ELECTRONICS... - —{A-SPECIAL NOTE. TO EDUCATORS BOOK CAN GIVE. YOUR STUDENTS ABASIC. .KNOWLEDGE.OF ELECTRONICS. YoU CAN ASSIGN..THE..B00K FOR OUTSIDE. READING... ——{AND_TEST STUDENTS _AS THEY. PROGRESS...OR__YOU...CAN. DEVELOP. faa COURSE... COMPLETE..WITH. DEMONSTRATIONS... EXPERIMENTS... JAND..LECTURES... THANKS. TD. RADIO SHACK'S . SOLDERLESS... MODULAR mem [SockETS,..YOU_AND..YOUR... STUDENTS SHOULD .8£ ABLE...TO__ ASSEMBLE. i EST. VERSIONS OF VIRTUALLY EVERY. CIRCUIT. IN. CHAPTER... - [(X100_ SLecTRONIC.ciRcuITS"),. INCIDENTALLY, VOLUME. BUYERS .CAN.... : RECEIVE A PRICE. DISCOUNT._FROM RADIO. SHACK...ON THIS. ..B00K..AND. {ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS... SEE THE LATEST RADIO. SHACK..CATALOG {FOR DETAUS.«.... CPRICE..DISCOUNTS_ARE OPTIONAL AT. RAQIO_.SHACK. DEALERS... AND. FRANCHISE. STORES.)I. ELECTRICITY. TAE_ONLY. DIFFERENCE. BETWEEN. A folr oF. : AGATNING ANO THE —|SPARK BETWEEN. YOUR. H-FINGER..AND..A.OOOR - KNOB..ON.....A....ORY...DAY. 1S. QRANTITY,... Be wane TO. THOSE... WHO. FLY... ARE ELEeTRIGITY..... ee BRITE INTHE. RAIN, BEN TAMIN... FRANKLIN... FIRST. You... BETTER...5AY "BYE!" ON EIR MED. TNIS WTA AIS Denuse...iT'S... WOT VERY. SANE. FAMOUS... KITE. EXPERIMENT, (x... NEON, OE hae, TD... METAL, Z z DOORKNOB...OR : : oe WATER....P/PE. HERE'S A NEAT WAY TO"See" ELEarRICITY. WITHOUT. BEING ZAPPED! GRASP._ONE LEAD... FROM. A...NEON LAMP, WALK ALROSS. A... CARPET. WHE WEARING. HARO. SOLED. .SHOES. AND TOUCH. THE... SECond. LEAD.FROM THE LAMP. To. A. .METAL OBIECT. THE. LAMP. wild FLASH. (UNLESS...THE.. RELATIVE. HUMIDITY. 13. HIGH)s OF COURSE... You... cawnoT.."See". Eceereicity! You. SEE. ITS. EEERCT. UPON. AIR. AND. THE. NEON IN THE LAMP. THE. EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY..WHICH. CAN... 6E__SEEN ARE MANY, HERE ARE. SOME __ MORE + aie| PUTTING. ELECTRICITY. TO WORK ace ——LAkk. MATTER..HAS.. ELECTRICAL. PROPERTIES. THATS WHY SCIENTISTS. OVER THE. PAST. FEW. CENTURIES HAVE —_-| BEEN ABLE. TO.INVENT. HUN OREDS..OF GADGETS _ THAT. | GENERATE... STORE, CONTROL AND. SWITCH. ELECTRICITY. THESE. DEVICES. HAVE. COMBINED TO. CARRY. US INTO eae HN. Je. THE Youre PAGES. = —. ANKLOUS. JTHAT FOLLOW TO..GET Youle FIND STARTED —}OUT..Kow. WORKING WITH THESE. AND. ELECTRONIC... PARTS. OTHER ELECTRONIC _AnLD..CIRCUITS,.SKIP.. : PARTS. WORK, AND. = AMEAD TO CHAPTER. ; You'ee LEARN... How & TWO. WHEN. YOU BAVE TD. USE. THEM. IN TIME, GE SURE TO. ; GO... OVER.THE. REST. = WOE TAS CHAPTER. u —YOUTeG LEARN. SOME, ae —BASIC._FACTS.. ABOUT. i __|WORKING ELECTRONIC. [SIGHT FLASHERS 4 TIMERS, a eiRcviTs. Like, AMPLIFIERS, DIGITAL. L0G. -ELECTRIGITY.THAT...wikt : ICiRCuITS,..PawER... SUPPLIES, SOUND. GENERATORS... AND G1VE.YOU...A.. SOLID. | MANY....OTHERS... AFTER FOUNDATION... FOR. FURTHER. [You CommeTe ms 800k, \e ~~ LEARNING... AND_..YOU'LL. a |Your 66. ABLE..7E FIMD...OUT.. HOW... IDENTIFY. AMO... USE. ALL CREATE... AYO. DETECT THE. COMPONENTS..5 How. ELECTRIC) TY..WITH JON. THIS... PAGE! THEY. -OROLNARY. HOUSEHOLD. ——-[uscLuee..A..TRANS FoR MER, MATERIALS. | DIsPes,. RESISTORS, CAPACITORS ,. ZENER _[Di09es, TRANSISTORS, [VOLTAGE REGULATORS. |ANO.INTEGRATEDBACK TO. BASICS - ELECTRICITY 1S AN ESSENTIAL... INGREDIENT __o: THE BEST. WAY..TO. UNDERSTAND. THE NATURE. OF. ELECTRICITY (S.7D. EXAMINE. THE. SMALLEST. COMPONENT._OF VERY ELEMENT, THE. ATOM. NUCLED S. THS.. (PROTONS AND... ATOM. NEUTRONS) SIMPLEST ATOM HYOROGEN AND HELIUM, _tITHWM ATOMS HAVE EN CIRCLE _OF....3... PROTONS. LITHIUM ATOM, __4_NEVTRONS @ ELectRons HAVE... A NEGATIVE LE CTRI. © PROTONS... HAVE... POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARS, © NEUTRONS. HAVE...NO.. ELECTRICAL... CHARGE. CL IONS — Nog macey..AM. ATOM. HAS...AN EQUAL. NUMBER OF ELECTRONS. AND... PROTONS. THE CHARGES. CANCEL... : GIVE THE. ATOM. ..NQ.. NET. ELECTRICAL... CHARGE. IT'S OSSIBLE......TO. DISLODGE. ONE. RR MoRE. ELECTRONS. FROM. [MOST ATOMS. THIS... CAUSES. |e ATOM ..TO_HAVE..A_ NET. | POSITIVE... CHARGE... IT'S THEN. ALLED. A. POSITIVE JQM... ME ja. STRAY. ELECTRON....COMEINES. WITH. A. NORMAL. ATOM, THE. ATOM. HAS A NET...NESATIVE ae CHARGE...ANO..1S, CALLED. A POSITIVE. EON oa NESATIVE. JON. CD ELECTRONS — FREE ELECTRONS. CAN. MOvEAT "HIGH... SPEED. THROUGH... METALS, GASES. AND A VACUUM... OR. THEY. CAN REST. ON...A. SURFACE. 8I] MORE ABOUT FREE ELECTRONS — MANY. TRILLIONS lof ELectRonS can RESTON A... SURFACE... OR. TRAVEC ITHROUGH SPACE OR MATTER AT. NEAR. THE... SPEED lor. tigur (1c, 000 miLes. PER Second)! nen POOOOAE fotcictelcicteloyaal ELECTRONS — A_.GROUP...OF.. NEGATIVE... ELECTRONS. eel A_-SURFACE CAUSES THE... SUREACE...T0..... BE.NEGATIVELY. __[ CHARGED. SINCE _.THE ELECTRONS. ARE_NOT.... MOVING y.... THE —_[sureace CAN _BE__SAID.TD_HAVE.A. NEGATIVE STATIC | ELECTRICAL CHARGE. |] MOVING ELECTRONS —. A... STREAM OF... MOVING... ELECTRONS. [is CALLED... AN. ELECTRICAL CURRENT... RESTING... ELECTRONS loan Quickly FORM. AN ECECTRICALCURREWT....IF_... PLACED NCAR. A CLUSTER....OF_Pos/TIVE JON S,.... THE... POSITIVELY. CHARGED JONS WILL. AT-TRACT.....THE ELECTRONS... WHICH ee RUS INTO THE MOLES OR. VOIDS _BY_._THE __ MISSING ELECTRONS. “<> ELECTRON MECHANICAL. FRICTION,.... LIGHT, HEAT OR A CHEMICAL. May. REMOVE... ELECTRONS... FROM “A_SURFACE.,..THIS...._CAUSES...THE.... SURFACE... TO. BE Posi~ [TIVELY CHARGED... SINCE THE. POSITIVELY... CHARGED... ATOMS __| ARe.AT. REST, THE SURFACE ..CAW..6E....SAID...TO.. HAVE. ___|A_. posite serie ELECTRICAL... CHARGE. POSITIVE. TONS Wid. PoSLTIVE STATIC ELEC* TRICAG CHARGE. qSTATIC... ELECTRICITY. YOU GENERATE. STATIC ELECTRICITY. EVERY... TIME You... WALK ACROSS A CARPET, PULC__TAPE _FROM..A.. ROLL... REMovE YouR CLOTHING. OR....DRY. LOTHES.IN. A DRIER, MUCH OF THE TIME..YOU._DOM'T. EVEN... REALIZE IT_UNLESS THE AIRS. ORY. AND THE STATIC. CHARGE SUDDENLY ICRACKLES.,....POPS__ AND. FLASHES ITS... WAY..TD__A__NEW HOME. THESE STATIC CHARGES ARE CAUSED... BY. MECHANICAG FRICTION. BACK IW G00...B.0..4... THALES... OF GREECE... EXPE IMENTED. WITH THE ___STATIC. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED... WHEA). AMGER. IS RUBBED __WITH...WooL., DCAMSER— once UPON A mime BAP. FLOWING FROM. TREES MARDENED. INTO. CLEAR_GOLDEN. INODULES...WHICH_WERE._EVENTUALLY. BURIEO._IN_THE EARTH... SOMETIMES, BEFORE..ITRARDENED. INTO. AMSER, THE... STICKY... SAP. ENTOMBED. SITS OF... PLANT. MATTER, INSECTS IAND...EVEN. DROMETS oF waTER! JA. KINO. OF NATURAL... CASTING. PLASTIC, AMSER..IS_EASILY ELECTRIFIED..BY FRICTION, IT THEN... ATTRACTS....BITSOF PAPER. FAMous FACT: THE EveeTRon| IS NAMED. AFTER THE GREEK| WORO FOR AMBER | O ELECTRIFIED. PLASTIC... AND GLASS.— RUN. A. PLASTIC_comg — THROUGH..YOUR.HAIR._ON._A.DRY...DAY....AND. YOU'LL TRANSFER ELECTRONS FROM YOUR. HAIR. TO... THE... COMB. RUB A.GLASS. soe ROD. WITH SILK...OR_ THE... SYNTHETIC... FIBERS OF A PAINT. BRUSH. = ANO.YOU'LL REMOVE ELECTRONS... FROM. THE 6245S. GOTH... THE. : NEGATIVELY... CHARGED... COMB....AND..THE..... POSITIVELY... CHARGED. GLASS..ROD. WIkk.4 LIKE. AMBER, ATTRACT. ....BITS..OF.. PAPER. You. Can ELEOTRIFY...OR. CHARGE. MANY... MATERIALS. 6Y._RUBBING ~|THEM... WITH FUR... WO0b,..ETC,.. METAL? .NO, THE CHARGE LEAKS. AWAY. COMB (AFTER. STROKMG HAIR) GLASS ROD (auseed Wim Sik). SA Positive 2 ___CHARGE, e_|THE....COMB.. AND. GLASS. AND. prvcikE CHARGES. | 70... DETECT. AND. MEASURE... STATIC... ELECTRICITY. 1 OPPOSITE. AND LIKE CHARGES. =-HOW Do WE KsoWw ROD. HAVE OPPOSITE CHARGES? ELECTRICITY iS LIKE. FUNDAMENTAL... RULE_OF IThaT.PRovES.. THE. RULE. NO. CHARGE USE FOAM..PLAST.IC. PACKING. MATERIAL. [REMEMBER : UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT — LIKE... CHARGES REPEL — “|G THe ececTRoscoPe — THE FIRST__INSTRUMENT. DESIGNED WAS THE ELECTROSCOPE... YOU. CAN. EASILY... MAKE. ONE. “Pies, BOT TUE. ALUMINUM, FM. BE SURE THE FOLDED... Fol... STRIP.1S. CLEAN. AND ORY... You...TOUCH... A... CHARGED. OBJECT TO_.THE....UIRE» HALVES.OF. THE OW STRIP Wie. BE GVEA... AND. Wile. THEREFORE FLY APART...DC CONDUCTORS AND INSULATOR You. CAN USE. lyour... ELECTROSCOPE..TD. PROVE THAT ELECTRONS TRAVEL _ ITHROVGA.... SOME MATERIALS BUT __NoT OTHERS. HINT i_TRY THIS..ON...A.QRY DAY! ELECTRONS CAN TRAVEL THROUGH _ MOIST... AIR__SD__THE CHARGE ON _YouR ELECT ROSCOPE. WIL QUICKLY. LEAK AWAY. ON HUMID DAYS. SHARGED. PLASTIC... ROD TOUCH. THE CHARGED. --ROD__TO_THE WIRE -ANO._THE _ELECTROW SCOPE WILE. RESPOND. _ CHARGED. _-PLASTIG..ROP.. ie -BLECTROSCOPE. oo WILL... OT.. RESPOND —-Rop._TRucHES THE NYLON CORD, THIS. DEMONSTRATION sHows —-_|THROUGA_.._ SOME _mATERIALS TAROUGH. WHICH ELECTRONS... MATERIACS._ THROUGH.{ELECT RICAL. CURRENT A REGION OF HIGH. OR POTENTIAL To ———[ewares_Flows_ [THROUGH _A__coA [AS AN ELECTRICAL > ENT.IT THEN RESUMES. S its STATIC. STATE ON THE. {O)__TH AGNETAC | FLOWING... THROUGH. _-AROUND.THE WIRE. THE..FIELD,—-BUT_Yo. OBSERVE ITS. EEE CT. ORIENT..A__ COMPASS. So. _[irs__NEEWE PoNTs TO. TRE NORTH CN). MARK, PLACE..A cope R WIRE OVER. AND. PARALLEL. = TO. THE NEEDLE. THE OonNE CT. A FLASHLIGHT... CELL. ACROSS. THE _WiRe - : TRE NEEDLE. WILL MOVE AWAY FROM.....ITS...NORTH= Sour __ ORIENTATION... (LEAVE THE _WiRE. CONNECTED... FOR..ONLY._ AN ISSTANT...TO_ PREVENT... THE..CELL. FROM. OVERHEATING!) THE PHYSICAL (OR MECHANICAL) = z MAGNETIC _ a __|comeass._NEEOLE_IN.A__MAGNETL [oF __curRENT __FLowin 6. iz JS._.THE._BASIS..OF | WiR. THIS. THE MOVING..COle CURRENT METER USED.IN..THE. ANALOG MUCTIMETER.. {TO PROVIDE. HIGH... SENSITIVITY, THE. IWIRE_IS..WRAPPED.AS..A COIL,DIRECT. CURRENT ELECTRICITY a NT a OF TWO PLONS. THROUGH 16 IT. FLOW NL ———_PNLY__ONE DIRECTION, WHETHER STEADILY OR IN PULSES, ——_}IT'S_cAUED_DIRECT CURRENT (oc). IT's IMPORTANT ro ——_—_}8£__-ABLE.__ID SPECIFY THE QUANTITY AND. POWER OF A ——___{DIRECT._CURRENT, WERE. ARE THE KEY TERMS + —_|O current (nr) = “current is THE QuaNTITY oF ELecTRONS PASSING. A GIVEN POINT. THE _UsNT. OF CURRENT is orHE ——_—AMPERE. __ONE _AMPERE 1S 6,280,000, 000,000, 000, 000 (o28-%10'%) SiecTRONS PASSING A’ POINT IN ONE SECOND. Ce VOLTAGE CV og E) == VOLTAGE 1S EcecTRicaL PRESSURE oR JFORCE. VOLTAGE. 1S SOMETIMES REFERRED To AS. POTENT I Ab. [THE TWO ENDS Of A CONDUCTOR. THROUGH WHICH CURRENT 1S FLOWING, -1SCALLED POWER. THE UNIT of PowEeR IS THE WATE. THE PoweR OF A DIRECT CURRENT ISIS VOLTAGE PrIMES ITS CURRENT, eee ESIST.TO. SOME DEGREE THE FLOW_OF. JNIT..OF RESISTANCE 1S THE OHM (2). DIEFERENCE OF ONE VOLT WILL FoRce. A CURRENT. OF ONE. AMPERETNAOUGH A RESISTANCE OF ONE OHM. THE RESIS=_ ANCE OF A. CONDUCTOR IS ITS. VOLTAGE DROP. DIVIDED BY AIK. CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH THE CONDUCTOR. N_PIsumminG.up—= THis 1s TAE_"WATER ANALOGY" + LATER