INJURY PREVENTION, SAFETY AND FIRST AID

(INVENTIONAL)

SUBMITTED BY:

Christopher G. Alcala

SUBMITTED TO:

Ms.Deciree Bergado Lucila

TYPES OF INVENTIONAL INJURY

BULLYING

Concept

This review considers the origins of the term bullying and historical changes in the definition of bullying, leading to
contemporary research definitions in the terms of agreed criteria. The proper next considers how we can assess
the actual working definitions or criteria used by pupils, teachers, parents or others concerned with bullying. In the
different countries Developmental changes in the understanding of bullying are reviewed and contrasted with
developmental changes in bullying behavior. In the final section, cultural similarities and differences are reviewed
again. Two aspects are considered the words used for bullying-related phenomena in different countries, their
meaning, and the behavioral manifestations of bullying.

Prevention

A Bullying Prevention Policy should be developed collaboratively with staff, students, parents or care givers and
the wider school community. All schools should develop a Bullying Prevention Policy. The Victorian
Registration and Qualifications Authority (VRQA) requires Victorian schools to have policies which
provide students with a safe learning environment where the risk of harm is minimised and they feel
physically and emotionally secure.

For government Schools, your Bullying Prevention Policy can form part of your Student Engagement Policy. For
more information, see: Student Engagement and Inclusion Guidance.

When writing a Bullying Prevention Policy all schools should:

acknowledge the need to develop a shared understanding across the whole school community that all forms
of bullying are unacceptable

provide clear definitions of what is and what is not bullying, including descriptions of the different subtypes of
bullying

provide clear advice on the roles and responsibilities of students, parents, caregivers and teachers for
preventing and responding to bullying behaviour

include strategies for developing and implementing whole school bullying prevention programs
 support the whole school community to recognise and respond appropriately to bullying, harassment and
victimisation when they see it

include clear procedures for students, teachers, other school staff and parents for reporting incidents of
bullying to the school

recognise the importance of consistently responding to all incidents of bullying that have been reported to the
school and ensure that planned interventions are used to respond to these incidents

ensure that support is provided to any student who has been affected by, engaged in or witnessed bullying
behaviour

provide regular updates, within the bounds of privacy legislation, to parents or caregivers about the
management of incidents

seek to identify patterns of bullying behaviour and respond effectively to these

seek to identify 'hot spots' for bullying in the school environment and find ways to address these hot spots
(e.g. greater adult supervision, changing the physical environment so bullying is less likely to occur)

include procedures for reporting critical incidents involving assaults, threats, intimidation or harassment via
the Student Critical Incident Unit

include information about parent complaints to the Department. For more information, see: Parent
Complaints

include procedures and contact information for the Victoria Police Youth Resource Officer (YRO) where
appropriate

include contact information for appropriate support services such as Kids Helpline

develop a communications plan to promote the Policy and ensure the whole school community understands
the school's bullying prevention practices

ensure the Policy is easily accessible within the school community and published on the school's website

review the Policy with the school community annually

in addition to the annual review, monitor bullying in the school community, and if necessary, review and
modify the Policy accordingly.

monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the Bullying Prevention Policy and make adjustments when needed

review the Policy annually in line with the school's Annual Implementation Plan

convey the view that the Policy is not written and then left to sit on a shelf until the next review. The Policy
needs to be regularly revisited and change with the schools as it moves forward.

report the effectiveness of the Policy and the schools' bullying prevention strategy to the school community
annually. For a great way to do this, see: Data Capture Tool
For this to work, at least one staff member should be allocated to monitoring bullying incidents and prevention
activities relative to the policy with an expectation that they regularly report back to the leadership team (or
whatever group is most appropriate) on how things are tracking. If incidents are high, or other aspects of the policy
do not seem to be implemented, then the Policy will require an interim review before the 12-month period is up.
This staff member also needs to be responsible for ensuring the annual review occurs.

*Sheryl A. Hemphill et al, Longitudinal Predictors of Cyber and Traditional Bullying Perpetration in Australian
Secondary School Students (published 2012)

Prevention and intervention

A school's Student Engagement Policy should include strategies to prevent, and intervene in, bullying and
unacceptable behaviour.

All Victorian government schools must have a Student Engagement Policy that should include strategies to
promote positive student behaviour, a safe and inclusive environment, prevent bullying and anti-social behaviour
and encourage respect, compassion and cooperation.

This supports the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006, which outlines the basic human rights of
all Victorians, including the right to recognition and equality, freedom from discrimination, cultural rights and right
to protection of families and children. Government school councils are also required to consider human rights
when developing policies.

KIDNAPPING
Concept

A kidnapping is when someone is taken against his or her will. It`s up to the player to get this person back. The
person who`s been kidnapped is often obtained by the kidnappers. The character looking for the person who`s
been kidnapped will do anything to get him or her back. Sometimes he must follow a set of clues left by the
kidnapper (Heavy Rain) or he may have to carry out an investigation to find out where his loved one is being
held.One thing is sure is that he won`t stop at anything to get his loved one back even when all seems hopeless.

Prevention

(a)
The appropriate authorities of every State shall enforce according to its terms, and shall not modify except as
provided in subsections (f), (g), and (h) of this section, any custody determination or visitation determination made
consistently with the provisions of this section by a court of another State.
(b)As used in this section, the term
(1)
child means a person under the age of eighteen;
(2)
contestant means a person, including a parent or grandparent, who claims a right to custody or visitation of a
child;
(3)
custody determination means a judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for the custody of a child,
and includes permanent and temporary orders, and initial orders and modifications;
(4)
home State means the State in which, immediately preceding the time involved, the child lived with his parents,
a parent, or a person acting as parent, for at least six consecutive months, and in the case of a child less than six
months old, the State in which the child lived from birth with any of such persons. Periods of temporary absence of
any of such persons are counted as part of the six-month or other period;
(5)
modification and modify refer to a custody or visitation determination which modifies, replaces, supersedes,
or otherwise is made subsequent to, a prior custody or visitation determination concerning the same child,
whether made by the same court or not;
(6)
person acting as a parent means a person, other than a parent, who has physical custody of a child and who has
either been awarded custody by a court or claims a right to custody;
(7)
physical custody means actual possession and control of a child;
(8)
State means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or a
territory or possession of the United States; and
(9)
visitation determination means a judgment, decree, or other order of a court providing for the visitation of a
child and includes permanent and temporary orders and initial orders and modifications.
(c)A child custody or visitation determination made by a court of a State is consistent with the provisions of this
section only if
(1)
such court has jurisdiction under the law of such State; and
(2)one of the following conditions is met:
(A)
such State (i) is the home State of the child on the date of the commencement of the proceeding, or (ii) had been
the childs home State within six months before the date of the commencement of the proceeding and the child is
absent from such State because of his removal or retention by a contestant or for other reasons, and a contestant
continues to live in such State;
(B)
(i)
it appears that no other State would have jurisdiction under subparagraph (A), and (ii) it is in the best interest of
the child that a court of such State assume jurisdiction because (I) the child and his parents, or the child and at
least one contestant, have a significant connection with such State other than mere physical presence in such
State, and (II) there is available in such State substantial evidence concerning the childs present or future care,
protection, training, and personal relationships;
(C)
the child is physically present in such State and (i) the child has been abandoned, or (ii) it is necessary in an
emergency to protect the child because the child, a sibling, or parent of the child has been subjected to or
threatened with mistreatment or abuse;
(D)
(i)
it appears that no other State would have jurisdiction under subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (E), or another State has
declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that the State whose jurisdiction is in issue is the more appropriate
forum to determine the custody or visitation of the child, and (ii) it is in the best interest of the child that such
court assume jurisdiction; or
(E)
the court has continuing jurisdiction pursuant to subsection (d) of this section.
(d)
The jurisdiction of a court of a State which has made a child custody or visitation determination consistently with
the provisions of this section continues as long as the requirement of subsection (c)(1) of this section continues to
be met and such State remains the residence of the child or of any contestant.
(e)
Before a child custody or visitation determination is made, reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard shall be
given to the contestants, any parent whose parental rights have not been previously terminated and any person
who has physical custody of a child.
(f)A court of a State may modify a determination of the custody of the same child made by a court of another
State, if
(1)
it has jurisdiction to make such a child custody determination; and
(2)
the court of the other State no longer has jurisdiction, or it has declined to exercise such jurisdiction to modify
such determination.
(g)
A court of a State shall not exercise jurisdiction in any proceeding for a custody or visitation determination
commenced during the pendency of a proceeding in a court of another State where such court of that other State
is exercising jurisdiction consistently with the provisions of this section to make a custody or visitation
determination.
(h)
A court of a State may not modify a visitation determination made by a court of another State unless the court of
the other State no longer has jurisdiction to modify such determination or has declined to exercise jurisdiction to
modify such determination.
Acts of terror

Concept

Terrorism is in its broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror or
fear in the order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim. It is classified as fourth-generation warfare and
as a violent crime. In modern times, terrorism is considered a major threat to society amd therefore illegal under
anti-terrorism laws in most jurisdictions. It is also considered a war crime under the laws of war when used to
target non-combatants, such as civilians, neutralmilitary personnel, or enemy prisoners of war.

Prevention

The Prevention of Terrorism Acts were a series of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1974 to
1989 that conferred emergency powers upon police forces where they suspected terrorism.[citation needed]
The direct ancestor of the bill was the Prevention of Violence Act 1939 (Temporary Provisions) which was brought
into law in response to an Irish Republican Army (IRA) campaign of violence under the S-Plan. The Prevention of
Violence Act was allowed to expire in 1953 and was repealed in 1973 to be reintroduced under the Prevention of
Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1973.
In 2000, the Acts were replaced with the more permanent Terrorism Act 2000, which contained many of their
powers, and then the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. See also Terrorism (Northern Ireland) Act 2006.
Section 8[1] of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974 provided for temporary
powers to examine of persons travelling between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, both within the
UK and the Common Travel Area.[2] Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 provides for similar
powers that remains in force.[3]
The Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1989 had seven parts:
Proscribed Organisations
Allowed for organisations to be made illegal, making membership an arrestable offence. It was also an offence to
soliciting financial support for any listed group, display signs of public support, or attend a meeting supporting a
listed group or addressed by a group member. The maximum penalty was ten years' imprisonment and an
unlimited fine. The initial groups outlawed were the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish National
Liberation Army (INLA) and numerous loyalist groups.
Exclusion Orders
Exclusion orders could be issued "as expedient" to prevent movement within the United Kingdom. Orders were
issued against individuals to either prevent them entering or being in Great Britain, to exclude them from Northern
Ireland, or to exclude them from the United Kingdom. It was an offence to breach an order or to aid another in
effecting entry, the maximum sentence was five years' imprisonment and an unlimited fine.
Financial Assistance for Terrorism
As well as the provision under the first part of the Act, contributing, receiving or soliciting financial support for
proscribed groups was an offence under this part also. Additionally, it was an offence to contribute any other
resources; to assist in the retention or control of funds for proscribed groups or terrorist acts; or to fail to disclose
to the police any suspicions notwithstanding any other restriction. The maximum penalty was fourteen years'
imprisonment and an unlimited fine.
Arrest, Detention and Control of Entry
This part allowed for the arrest of individuals without a warrant and on reasonable suspicion that they were guilty
of an offence under the Act or otherwise "concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of
terrorism". The period of initial detention was up to 48 hours, this could be extended by a maximum of five
additional days by the Home Secretary. The detainee was exempted from certain provisions of other Acts relating
to the arrest procedure and the legal protection of those arrested. This part also allowed for streamlined search
procedures of persons or property and checks under the Act on persons at port or other border controls.
The remaining parts of the Act (Information, Proceedings and Interpretation, Further Provisions for Northern
Ireland, and Supplementary) are largely technical, although the Northern Ireland provisions extend the right to
search property, restricts remission for those convicted of statutory offences, and tightens control over the
granting of licenses under the Explosives Act 1875 (new explosives factories and magazines).
Illegal Fraternity

Concept

Hazing is seen in many different types of social groups, inlucding gangs, sports teams, schools, military units, and
fraternities and sorsorities. The initation rites can range from relatives benign pranks, to protracted patterns of
behavior that rise to the level of abuse or criminal misconduct. Hazing is often prohibited by law or prohibited by
institutions such as colleges and universities because they may comprise either physical or psychologist abuse. It
may also include nudity or sexual assault.

Prevention

Fraternities/Sororities are values based organizations and do not tolerate any form of hazing. Hazing is a violation
of the Fraternitys/Sorority's policy, college/university policy and is illegal in 44 states. Hazing takes various forms,
but typically involves physical risks or mental distress (i.e., humiliation, intimidation, demeaning treatment, etc.).
Hazing can cause significant harm to individuals, families, groups and the Fraternity/Sorority. Hazing individuals,
regardless of their membership status, is unacceptable and will not be tolerated.
Suicide

Concept

Suicide is the act of intentionally taking one`s life and distinguished from natural death. There may be many
reasons why it is done; such as to end one`s suffering, to avert financial ruins and to escape unbearable pain.
Where there is no intention to end one`s life, there is no suicide. Thus those who risk their life in order to save
others or those who refuse to renounce their faith knowing that this will mean their death do not commit suicide
when they die as a result of this action because they do not explicity intend their own deaths.

Prevention

If you think someone might be suicidal, ask them directly "Are you thinking about suicide?" Dont be afraid to do
this, it shows you care and will actually decrease their risk because it shows someone is willing to talk about it.
Make sure you ask directly and unambiguously. 2) Listen and stay with them If they say 'yes', they are suicidal,
listen to them and allow them to express how they are feeling. Dont leave them alone. Stay with them or get
someone else reliable to stay with them. 3) Get help Get them appropriate help. Call a crisis line like Lifeline 13 11
14 or 000 if life is in danger. If you can get in straight away visit a GP or psychologist. Even if the danger is not
immediate they may need longer term support for the issues that led to them feeling this way.
Extortion

Concept

Under the Common law, extortion is a misdemeanor consisting of an unlaw ful taking of money by a government
officer. It is an oppressive misuse of the power with which the law clothes a public officer. Most jurisdictions have
statutes gov erningextortion that broaden the common-law definition. Under such statutes, any person who takes
money or property from another by means illegal compulsion may be guilty of the offence. When used in this
sense, extortion is synonymous with blackmail, which is extortion by a private person, in addiction, under some
statutes a corporation may be liable for extortion

Prevention

Proposing to take money for abstaining from bidding, misdemeanour 50. Every person who shall directly or
indirectly offer or propose to accept or receive money or other valuable consideration as an inducement to abstain
from bidding or competing as a purchaser or intending purchaser of land belonging to the Crown, or of any lease
or license of such land, advertised for sale by public auction, and whether or not the land shall actually be put up
for sale, shall be deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanour, and be liable on conviction thereof to be imprisoned for
any period not exceeding twelve calendar months, with or without hard labour, or to be fined any sum not
exceeding two hundred pounds sterling. Actual receipt of money therefor, misdemeanour. * Every person who
shall actually receive money or other valuable consideration for abstaining to bid for or compete for the purchase
of any Crown lands which shall have been advertised for sale by public auction, and whether or not the same land
shall be put up for sale by public auction, shall be deemed to have been guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall on
conviction thereof be liable to be imprisoned with or without hard labour for any period not exceeding two years,
or fined any sum not exceeding five hundred pounds. Extorted money recoverable. * Every person from whom
money or other valuable consideration shall have been extorted by the means aforesaid, may recover the amount
or value of the consideration so extorted in an action for money had and received.
Stalking

Concept

Stalking is unwanted or obsessive attention by an individual or group towards another person. Stalking behaviors
are related to harassment and intimidation and may include following victims in person or monitoring them. The
term stalking is used, with some differing definitions in psychiatry and psychology, and also in some legal
jurisdiction as a term for a criminal offense.

Prevention

If possible, have a phone nearby at all times, preferably one to which the stalker has never had
access. Memorize emergency numbers, and make sure that 911 and helpful family or friends are on
speed dial.
Treat all threats, direct and indirect, as legitimate and inform law enforcement immediately.
Vary routines, including changing routes to work, school, the grocery store, and other places regularly
frequented. Limit time spent alone and try to shop at different stores and visit different bank branches.
When out of the house or work environment, try not to travel alone and try to stay in public areas.
Get a new, unlisted phone number. Leave the old number active and connected to an answering
machine or voicemail. Have a friend, advocate, or law enforcement screen the calls, and save any
messages from the stalker. These messages, particularly those that are explicitly abusive or
threatening, can be critical evidence for law enforcement to build a stalking case against the offender.
Do not interact with the person stalking or harassing you. Responding to stalker's actions may
reinforce their behavior.[1]
Consider obtaining a protective order against the stalker. Some states offer stalking protective orders
and other victims may be eligible for protective orders under their state's domestic violence statutes.
Trust your instincts. If you're somewhere that doesn't feel safe, either find ways to make it safer, or
leave.