Gradient Operator ()

In Cartesian Coordinate
r
= i + j + k

x y z

Find out gradient of the following function

T(x,y) = (cos2x + cos2y)2

T=T(x,y,z)
T(x,y) = (cos2x + cos2y)2

T(x,y) Scalar Field

Vector Field

Vector Field
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient
Scalar Field
 r r
V V
Introduction to Electrodynamics by David. J. Griffiths
 In many cases, the divergence of a vector function at point P
may be predicted by considering a closed surface surrounding
P and analyzing the flow over the boundary, keeping in mind
that at P: r
F = outflow inflow
r
V = xi + yj
r r
V = 2

In 3-D, divergence is a measure of

Change of flux per unit volume

Note: All the figures related of vector field has been taken from a lecture series given by Dr. Chris Tisdell, UNSW
Introduction to Electrodynamics by David. J. Griffiths
Paddle wheel analysis

r
[ F ( x0 , y0 )] k < 0
r r r
F ( x, y ) = yi + xj ( F ) k = 2
 r
F ( x, y ) = yi

r
( F ) k = 1
r r
F ( x, y ) = yi + xj F ( x, y ) = xi + yj

r
F = 0
 Summary
Gradient of a Scalar Field Vector Field

Vector Field
Scalar Field

Divergence of a Vector Field Measure of Change of

flux per unit volume

Measure of degree of
Curl of a Vector Field
rotation of the field