, I

, , , ,

, , ,

. Q

(, C).

1 =11. (1 = 6.241018 ).

. .. :

Q = It
, I , t - , .

. ,

, .

. 1

, 1

1 , ..

/
= = = =

()

. ,

, .

.
 - .

U (, v).

()

. ,

, 1 .

1

1 ? ?

.
( ).
2
.
.
3 . .
4
. -.
5
. .
6
.
.
7
. .

- ,

t .

I . 1 ,

1 1 .
 - ,

() . P

(., ., .. ).

. ( ) - .

- ,

( ) .

. (., . ..)

, . R

. G

: , . :


, .

= = =

( ) -

: .

- ,

. -

1-.

25
U

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 I 12

1
 - ,

- 2-.

, .

25
U

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 I 12

, -

3-. R1, R2 R3 .

).

U .
 3

, I ,

V1, V2 V3.

) 3-

) U1, U2 U3 U . ..

V =V1 +V2 +V3

:

U1 = IR1, U2 = IR2, U3 = IR3 U = IR

V =V1 +V2 +V3

, IR =IR1+IR2+IR3

I :

R = R1 +R2 +R3
, ,

.
 4- R1, R2 R3

, U .

) I1, I2 I3 I .

I = I1 +I2 +I3
) ( )

: I1 = U/R1, I2 = U/R2, I3 = U/R3 I = U/R

I = I1 +I2 +I3 ,

U/R= U/R1+U/R2+U/R3

U - :

1/R= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3

. , -
 :

1/R = 1/R1 +1/R2 = (R2 + R1)/R1R2

=
+

..

, .

, U

.
 U

5- A B

, S B .

. S A S - B

AB . B

. S

( ) S- B

, ,

, , .

6-, ,

, ,

,
. ,

6- RL

. S

B , ,

. A

(RT = RAS + RL ) :

=
+
 , II
, , ,
,

. .

7-

+Q , -Q .

, .

C .

C=QU

, Q U .

, F ( F = 106F

pF = 1012F ). 1 1

1 .

. ,

.
 . ,

, ,

. ,

, . 8-

Q :

Q = I t ,

I , t .

, .

L .

- ,

M .

, 1/-.

N :

, - , ,

(.. / ).

, - , ,

(.. / ).

,
 ,

() ,

8-.

1. : ,

2. : ,

3. :

, .

4. :

8-

W (), :

I .

, .. I= 0.

I .

9 - a :

I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5

 I1 + I2 I3 I4 I5 = 0

10

10- A B, C D

, ..

A = B + C + D

II .

. II .
 11

11- II

E1 E2 = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

, - ,

. E1
, E2 - .

.
 12

12-

, . 3

1 2 . 1

1.5 2- 0 - .

(4

2 ) . , 12

, , ,

- .

, . ,

13- RT
:

RT = R1R2/(R1 + R2)
 13

U = IRT = IR1R2 / (R1 + R2)

I .

I1 I2 :

I1 = U/R1 = (I/R1) (R1R2 / (R1 + R2)) = IR2 / (R1 + R2)

I2 = U/R2 = (I/R2 ) (R1R2 / (R1 + R2)) = IR1 / (R1 + R2)

, ..

I1 = IR2 / (R1 + R2) I2 = IR1 / (R1 + R2)

: ,

, ,
 -,

- .

14

14- - .

1. , E2
, 15,

2. ,

: R r2 ,
: 41/4+1 = 0.8 . )

: I1 = E1 / (r1 + 0.8) = 4/2.8 = 1.429 . ) : I2 =

1/(4+1) I1 = 1/5 1.429 =0.286 I3 = 4/(4+1) I1 = 4/51.429 =1.143

, .
 ) )

15

3. , E1

, r1 - 16, )

4. ,

: R r1 ,
: 42/4+2 = 1.333 . 16, ) -

: I4 = E2 / (r2 + 1.333) = 2/2.333 = 0.857 . )

: I5 = 2/(2+4) I4 = 2/60.857 = 0.286 I6 = 4/(4+2) I4 = 4/6 0.857

= 0.571 , .

) )

16
5. 15, ) 16, )-, 17, )- .

6. .

: I1 - I6 = 1.429 0.571 = 0.858

(). : I4 - I3 = 0.857
1.143 = - 0.286 (). R : I2 + I5

= 0.286 + +0.286 = 0.572 .

17, ) .

17
 , III
,

. ,

18

18- .

, .

R1 R2 .
 18- :

1. :

.. .

2. :

.. R2 R1 - ,

R2 - .

3. :

.. R2 R1 - ,

R1 - .

1. 19- , AB

E 10 , 2

.
 19

2. 20, ) - , AB

E 6 .

) , ) .

:
6
=( ) 50 = 30
6+4
.. 6 AB 30

50V

) )
20

3. 20, )- U = E Ir, E

, U

r . ) U = E - (- Ir,),

.. U = E + Ir.
 ) )
21

4. 22 )-

, ), ), )

) )

) )

22

.. A B

7 .

5. 11111a 3 20

10 .

- , AB

:
4
=( ) 10 = 4
4+6
6. 23, )

( )

), 20 ,

. , 20

(200/20+0), 0 . )

, )

. ) :
64
= + 3 = 2.4 + 3 = 5.4
6+4

) )

) )

)
23

7. 24- AB

: 20

5 15 ,

AC :
 5
= ( ) 20 = 5
5 + 15

12
= ( ) 20 = 16
12 + 3

24
C +20 , A

= = +20 5 = 15

= = +20 16 = 4
, A B :

= = 15 4 = 11

A - B A

B -.

8. 25, )- A B

) )

.
 ) ) )

25
A B :
5 15 12 3
= + = 3.75 + 2.4 = 6.15
5 + 15 12 + 3
 , IV

. .

. .

+
E =1.5V UR = 1.5V

R =8

r =0

B
(number to be determined)

+
E =1.5V UR = 1.33V

R =8
U = 0.17V

r =1

(number to be determined)
 .

. .

(number to be determined)
 :

. -

, -

,
.
:

1. R ;
2.
;
3. ,

;
4. 1- .
 I

+
E

R

10
2- .

R3 = 5
+
E = 10 V

R2 = 8 R = 10
R1 = 2

1. 10 ,

3 -.

R3 = 5
A
+
E = 10 V
I1
R2 = 8
R1 = 2

B
3
2. 5 , I1

I1 =10/(R1+R2)=10/(2+8) = 1A
R2 :

E =I1R2 =1 8 = 8V

A B 8

, 5

3.

4 - .

:
1 2 28
= 3 + =5+ = 5 + 1.6 = 6.6
1 + 2 2+8
R3 = 5
A

R1 = 2 R2 = 8

B
4

4. 5 - .
:
8 8
= = = = .
+ 10 + 6.6 16.6
I
A
+
E =8V

R = 10
r = 6.6

B
5
 .. 2- 10 0.482
.
:
,
, ,
,

.

:
AB R :

1. AB
2.
I.
3.
(
)
AB .
4. 6- R

:

=( )
+
A

I I

r R

B
6
 :

7, ) - 10
.

1. 10 ,

7, ) -;

5
A
+ +
E = 10 V E = 10 V

I
8 10 8

2 2

B
) )
I
A
+
E = 10 V
I = 5A 5

I r = 1.6

2 10

B
) )
7

2. 7, ) - 7, ) -

:
 10
= = 5A
2
3. 7, )- - , AB

:
28
= = 1.6
2+8
4. 7, )- 10

:
1.6
=( ) 5 = .
1.6 + 5 + 10
.

. AB

r, 8 -

A A

+ I
E

r

B B
) )
8

8, )- AB , E/r.

8, )- AB ,

I. , AB
 ..

I = E/r

9- E r ,

+ I
E

R

B
9

9- :
/
= = =( )
+ ( + )/ +
..

=( )
+
I I

r R

10
 10-

I r R .

8- .

.. 11-, r = R (r - , R - ),

+
E


R
r

11

12- 6 ,

2,5 . R 0- 5 0,5

.
 I
+

E =6 V
RL

r =2.5

12

RL = 0 , :

6
= = = 2.4 A
+ 2.5
:

= 2 = (2.4)2 0 = 0W
RL = 0.5 , :

6
= = =2A
+ 2.5 + 0.5
:

= 2 = 22 0.5 = 2W
RL = 1 , :

6
= = 1.714 A
2.5 + 1
:

= 1.7142 1 = 2.94W

, 1- .
 1

, () = , () = , ()
+
0.00 2.40 0.00
0.50 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.71 2.94
1.50 1.50 3.38
2.00 1.33 3.56
2.50 1.20 3.60
3.00 1.09 3.57
3.50 1.00 3.50
4.00 0.92 3.41
4.50 0.86 3.31
5.00 0.80 3.20

13- .

3.6 ,

4
3.5
3
, W

2.5
2.5, 3.6
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
,

13

, 2.5 ,

(RL = r = 2.5 ),

.
 , V
,

cvladi denis (Zabvis) formebi

Tu raime sidide droSi icvleba da am cvlilebas drois ReZTan

damokidebulebaSi grafikulad gamovsaxavT miviRebT am sididis grafiks,
romelsac aseve SegviZlia vuwodoT form. me-3 naxazze naCvenebia
zogierTi tipiuri formis mqone mrudebi. (a) da (b) formebs uwodeben
erTmimarTulebian formebs, radgan msgavsi tipis mrudebi droSi mimarTulebis

Secvlas ar axdenen (inarCuneben erT mimarTulebas). (c)-da (g)-mde formebs

uwodeben cvlad formebs,
(- ). (g)-is uwodeben
sinusoidur talRas (formas). aseTi forma gaaCnia e.m.Z. s romelic warmoiqmneba
zemoT aRwerili umartivesi generatoris muSaobisas. eleqtromomxmareblebis
mkvebavi Zabvac umetes SemTxvevaSi sinusoiduri formisaa. dros, romlis Semdegac
talRis formis cvlilebis kanonzomiereba meordeba periodi ewodeba. periodi
aRiniSneba T asoTi da misi erTeulia wami. me-3 (g) naxazze periodi aris dro 0-
dan P wertilamde. erT periodSi igulisxmeba cvlilebis erTi sruli cikli. erT
wamSi Sesrulebuli ciklebis raodenobas ki ewodeba sixSire. sixSire aRiniSneba f
asoTi da misi erTeulia herci (SemoklebiT hc). saqarTvelos eleqtro-sistemaSi
cvladi Zabvis sixSire 50 hercis tolia. zemoT moyvanili ganmartebis Tanaxmad
es niSnavs rom qselis Zabva erT wamSi asrulebs 50 sinusoidur cikls. sixSire da
periodi Sebrunebuli sidideebia:

= ; =

 nax.3

magaliTi 1. gansazRvreT periodis dro Semdegi sixSireebisTvis a) 50 hc; b) 10khc.

a) periodis dro = 1/ = 1/50 = 0.02wm an 20 mwm

b) periodis dro = 1/ = 1/10000 = 0.0001wm an 100 mkwm

magaliTi 2. gansazRvreT sixSireebi Semdegi periodis droebisTvis a) 4 mwm; b) 4
mkwm;
1 1 1000
a) sixSire = = = = 250hc
4103 4
1 1 1000000
b) sixSire = = = = 250000hc an 250 khc an 0.25 mghc
4106 4

magaliTi 3. cvladi deni asrulebs 5 cikls 8 mwm-is ganmavlobaSi. gamoTva-leT

cvladi denis sixSire.
erT ciklis dro = 8/5 mwm = 1.6 mwm = periodis dro T
1 1 1000
sixSire = = = = 625 hc
1.6103 1.6

cvladi (denis) sidideebi

myisa sidide ewodeba cvladi denis (Zabvis) mniSvnelobas drois

konkretul, myis momentSi. myisa sidideebs aRniSnavT yovelTvis patara
laTinuri asoebiT i, v, e da a.S. (ix. nax.3 (f) da (g)). naxevar ciklSi (periodSi)
miRweul udides mniSvnelobas vuwodebT amplitudur sidides, an pikur sidides,
an maqsimalur sidides.
saSualo mniSvneloba (x RerZis mimarT simetriuli funqciisTvis,
magaliTad sinusoida) Seesabameba erT ciklSi mrudiT SemosazRvrul saSualo
farTs da gamoiTvleba formuliT:

mrudiT SemosazRvruli farTi

saSualo mniSvneloba =
erTi ciklis sigrZe
sinusoiduri talRisTvis:

saSualo mniSvneloba= 0.637 maqsimaluri mniSvneloba

cvladi Zabvis efeqturi mniSvneloba ricxvobrivad tolia im mudmivi denis

sididisa, romelic winaRobaSi iwvevs igive Tbur efeqts, rasac am efeqturi
mniSvnelobis mqone cvladi deni.

cvladi denis umartivesi generatori

warmovidginoT, rom gvaqvs ori polusisgan Semdgari magnituri sistema,

romelSic mudmivi kuTxuri siCqariT brunavs erTi xviis mqone gamtari konturi
(nax.1).
 nax.1

brunvisas konturSi aRiZvreba cvladi sididisa da mimarTulebis e.m.Z. amis

mizezi SegviZlia avxsnaT me-2 naxazis saSualebiT.

nax.2

(a), (e) da (i) poziciebSi gamtari konturi mdebareobs magnituri velis

gaswvriv da Zalwirebis kveTas adgili ar aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, am poziciebSi
dainduqcirebuli e.m.Z. nulis tolia. (c) poziciaSi xdeba Zalwirebis maqsimaluri
raodenobis kveTa da dainduqcirebuli e.m.Z. Tavis dadebiT maqsimumzea. (g)
poziciaSic kveTa maqsimaluria, magram sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis, amitom e.m.Z.
Tavis uaryofiT maqsimumzea. (b), (d), (f) da (h) poziciebSi xdeba gansazRvruli
raodenobis Zalwirebis kveTa (gansxvavebuli nulisgan da maqsimumisgan) da
konturSic Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebis e.m.Z.-s dainduqcirebas aqvs adgili rogorc
es nax.2-zea naCvenebi.

VI
sinusoiduri talRis gantoleba

naxaz 4-ze OA warmoadgens mbrunavs veqtors, romelic brunavs saaTis isris

sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT (rad/wm) kuTxuri sixSiriT. am veqtors xSirad
fazur veqtorsac uwodeben.

nax.4

raRac t drois gasvlis Semdeg veqtori motrialdeba t kuTxiT. Tu B

wertilidan davuSvebT BC marTobs OA ReZze, rogorc es naxazzea naCvenebi, maSin
miviRebT:
BC
sin = an BC=OBsin
OB

Tu movaxdenT aseTi vertikaluri komponentebis (saubaria BC -) t-ze

(radianebSi) damokidebulebis grafikis agebas, miviRebT sinusoidas romlis
amplitudac iqneba OA-s toli. aqedan gamomdinare sinusoidis konkretuli
wertili SegviZlia warmovadginoT mbrunavi veqtoris konkretuli mdebareobiT.
sinusoiduri mrudi SesaZloa yovelTvis ar iwyebodes 00 ze. aseT
SemTxvevaSi funqcia warmodgenilia Semdegi saxiT y = sin(t ), sadac aris faza
(an kuTxe) romliTac daZrulia mocemuli sinusoida y = sint -sTan SedarebiT.
naxaz 5,a -ze y2 =sin (t +) iwyeba radianiT adre y1 = sint sTan SedarebiT. aseT
dros amboben rom y2 win uswrebs y1-s radianiT. y1 is da y2 is veqtoruli
diagramebi t=0 momentSi naCvenebia naxaz 5,b ze.
 nax.5

naxaz 6,a ze y4 =sin (t -) iwyeba radianiT gvian vidre y3 = sint. aseT

SemTxvevaSi iZaxian, rom y4 CamorCeba y3 s radianiT. y3 is da y4 is veqtoruli
diagramebi t=0 momentSi naCvenebia naxaz 6,b ze.

nax.6

vTqvaT mocemuli gvaqvs sinusoiduri Zabva v =Vmsin(t ), maSin:

1) amplituda anu maqsimaluri sidide = Vm , v

2) pikebs Soris sidide = 2Vm , v
3) kuTxuri sixSire = , rad/wm
4) periodi, T = 2/ , wm
5) sixSire, f = /2 , hc
6) faza = (anu fazuri Zvra v =Vmsint sTan SedarebiT)
 magaliTi 4. cvladi Zabva mocemulia Semdegi saxiT: v =282sin314t. ipoveT a)
Zabvis efeqturi mniSvneloba, b) sixSire da g) Zabvis myisa mniSvneloba t = 4mw
momentSi.
a) cvladi Zabvis zogadi gamosaxuleba aris v =Vmsin(t ), SevadaroT
mocemul Zabvas v =282sin314t. maqsimaluri anu amplituduri mniSvneloba udris
282.8-s. efeqturi mniSvneloba = 0.707 maqsimaluri mniSvneloba =
=0.707282.8=200v
b) kuTxuri sixSire = 314 rad/wm, e.i. 2f = 314, aqedan sixSire f = 314/2 = 50
hc.
g) t = 4mw momentSi v = 282sin3144 103 = 282 sin(1.256)=268.9 v.
(1.256 radiani=[1.256 180/]0 = 71.960 amitom 282 sin71.960=268.9v

7- -

D . P Q

i . P Q- ,

. T

.
 nax.7

8- ,

. P

Q- D1 (

). S Q - D2

( ).

nax.8

R .

8- (output). ,
 .

, .

- ()
9- 4

. 4 , .

nax.9

: P Q -

E , D4 F

, , H , D2 , G

.
 : Q P-

, G , D3 ,

F , , H , D1 E

. ..

. ,

()

, .

, .

nax.9

C , -9 .
 ,

10-

nax.10

, X 10-.

(XY 10-),

.
 (YZ 10-),

X Y

. 10-

11-.

nax.11

C1 .

AA 11-. 10-

. .

.
 BB 11-.

. C2 .
 , VII
martivi eleqtruli wredi sufTa aqtiuri datvirTviT

aseT wredSi deni IR da Zabva UR arian erT fazaSi. pirvel naxazze mocemulia
aRniSnuli wredis eleqtruli sqema, veqtoruli diagrama da Zabvisa da denis
mrudebi.

+ UR
R IR
IR
Ir 0 t
UR
Ur
-
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama Zabvisa da denis mrudebi

nax.1

martivi eleqtruli wredi sufTa induqciuri datvirTviT

sufTa induqciur wredSi (nax.2) IL deni CamorCeba UL Zabvas 900-iT (e.i. /2

radianiT). aseT wredSi induqciuri koWis mier Seqmnil winaRobas ewodeba
induqciuri winaRoba da aRiniSneba XL iT da izomeba omebSi.

= = 2

sadac f - mkvebavi Zabvis sixSirea hercebSi, ki - induqciurobaa henrebSi.

+ UL
L IL
UL
IL 0 t
IL
UL
-
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama Zabvisa da denis mrudebi

nax.2
 XL is sidide proporciuladaa damokidebuli f sixSireze. es
damokidebuleba naCvenebia me-3 naxazze.

XL
(omi)

0
f (hc)
nax.3

martivi eleqtruli wredi sufTa tevaduri datvirTviT

sufTa tevadur wredSi (nax.4) IC win uswrebs UC Zabvas 900-iT (e.i. /2

radianiT). tevaduri elementis (kondensatoris) mier Seqmnil winaRobas ewodeba
tevaduri winaRoba da aRiniSneba XC Ti da izomeba omebSi.

1
= =
2

sadac aris tevadoba faradebSi.

UC
+
C IC
IC 0
IC t
UC UC
-
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama Zabvisa da denis mrudebi

nax.4

XCs sididis f sixSireze damokidebulebis mrudi naCvenebia me-5 naxazze

 XC
(omi)

0
f (hc)
nax.5
 , VIII
mimdevrobiT CarTuli R-L wredi

mimdevrobiT SeerTebul R-L wredze modebuli Zabva (U) tolia

induqciurobaze (UL) da aqtiur winaRobaze (UR) Zabvis vardnebis veqtoruli
jamisa (nax.6). aqedan gamomdinare Zvris kuTxe U Zabvasa da I dens Soris,
moTavsebuli iqneba 00-900 farglebSi (anu deni CamorCeba Zabvas 00-900
farglebSi UL da UR sidideebze damokidebulebiT). nebismier mimdevrobiT
wredSi yvela elementSi gadis erTi da igive deni. amitom veqtoruli
diagramis ganxilvisas bazisur veqtorad aiReba denis veqtori.

R L
UL U
UR UL
I
UR I
U
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama

U=IZ Z
UL=IXL XL

UR=IR R
Zabvebis samkuTxedi winaRobebis samkuTxedi
nax.6

me-6 naxazze Zabvebis veqtoruli diagramidan viRebT samkuTxeds,

romelsac Zabvebis samkuTxedi ewodeba. R-L wredisTvis :

= 2 + 2 (piTagoras TeoremiT)

1

tg =

wredze modebuli Zabva
cvladi Zabvis wredSi sidides: ewodeba sruli
wredSi gamavali deni
winaRoba da aRiniSneba Z asoTi:

(omi)
=

Tu Zabvebis samkuTxedis TiToeul gverds gavyofT denze miviRebT
winaRobebis samkuTxeds. R-L wredisTvis

= ( 2 + 2 )

tg = , sin = , cos =

mimdevrobiT CarTuli R-C wredi

mimdevrobiT SeerTebul R-C wredze modebuli Zabva (U) tolia

tevadobaze (Uc) da aqtiur winaRobaze (UR) Zabvis vardnebis veqtoruli jamisa
(nax.7). aqedan gamomdinare Zvris kuTxe U Zabvasa da I dens Soris, moTavsebuli
iqneba 00-900 farglebSi (anu deni win uswrebs Zabvas 00-900 farglebSi UC da UR
sidideebze damokidebulebiT).

R C UR I

UR UC
I
U UC U
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama

2
 UR=IR R

U=IZ UC=IXC Z XC

Zabvebis samkuTxedi winaRobebis samkuTxedi

nax.7

me-7 naxazze veqtoruli diagramidan kvlav viRebT Zabvebis samuTxeds. R-

C wredisTvis:

= 2 + 2

tg =

aseTi wredis sruli winaRoba iqneba:

= (omi)

aqac, Tu Zabvebis samkuTxedis TiToeul gverds gavyofT denze miviRebT

winaRobebis samkuTxeds. R-C wredisTvis:

= ( 2 + 2 )

tg = , sin = , cos =

mimdevrobiT CarTuli R-L-C wredi

mimdevrobiT SeerTebul R-L-C wredze (nax.8,a) modebuli Zabva (U) tolia

aqtiur winaRobaze (UR) , tevadobaze (Uc) da induqciurobaze (UL) Zabvis vardnebis
veqtoruli jamisa. amasTan, Uc da UL Zabvebi erTmaneTTan sawinaaRmdego fazaSi
arian, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT Soris fazuri Zvra 1800-ia. aqedan gamomdinare

3
maT sidideebze damokidebulebiT veqtoruli diagramas eqneba sami sxvadasxva
saxe.
rodesac > , maSin veqtorul diagramas aqvs me-8,b naxazze naCvenebi
saxe:

= [ 2 + ( )2 ]

tg =

rodesac > , maSin veqtorul diagramas aqvs me-8,g naxazze naCvenebi

saxe:

= [ 2 + ( )2 ] tg =

R L C

UR UL UC
I
U
a) eleqtruli sqema

UL

UL-UC U
Z
XL-XC
UR I
R
veqtoruli
winaRobebis samkuTxedi
diagrama
UC
b)

4
 UL veqtoruli winaRobebis samkuTxedi
diagrama
UR I R

XC-XL
Z
UC-UL U

g) UC

UL

UR=U I

d)
UC
nax.8

rodesac = , maSin wredze modebuli Zabva da wredSi gamavali deni

arian erT fazaSi (nax.8,d). am movlenas ewodeba mimdevrobiTi rezonansi da
ganvixilavT detalurad Semdeg leqciaze.

5
 , IX
mimdevrobiTi rezonansi
rogorc aRvniSneT, mimdevrobiT SeerTebul R-L-C wredSi, rodesac =
, adgili aqvs rezonansis movlenas. am dros = . amasTan Z=R, e.i.
mimdevrobiTi wredis sruli winaRoba yvelaze mcire aris rezonansuli
movlenis dros (nax.14). I=U/R, anu mimdevrobiT wredSi SesaZlo maqsimaluri
deni gadis rezonansis dros. radgan = , SegviZlia davweroT:
1
2 = , aqedan miviRebT:
2
1 1
2 = =
(2)2 2
sadac rezonansuli sixSirea, anu sixSire romelzedac utoldeba s.

Z, I
I
XL
Z

R
0 fr f

XC

nax.14

1
mimdevrobiT wredSi rezonansis dros sruli winaRobisa da denis tipiuri
mrudebi me-14 naxazzea naCvenebi.
rezonansis dros, Tu mimdevrobiTi wredis R mcirea Tan da - Tan
SedarebiT, maSin SesaZlebelia da ramdenimejer aRematebodnen mkvebav
Zabvas (nax.13,d).

Zabva L-ze ( an C-ze)

Zabvis gaZliereba rezonansis dros = wyaros Zabva

aRniSnul sidides xSirad xarisxis koeficientsac uwodeben (vTqvaT Tu

wredi muSaobs rezonatorad). es koeficienti aRiniSneba Q asoTi (Q factor- quality
factor xarisxis koeficienti)
2
= = = =

meores mxriv:
1
= = = =
2
rezonansuli sixSire iqneba:
1 1
= aqedan 2 =
2
sabolood xarisxis koeficienti iqneba:

2 1 1
= = ( ) = ( )

sixSiris gatarebis zoli da SerCeviToba

me-15 naxazze naCvenebia mimdevrobiT SeerTebul R-L-C wredSi gamavali
denis damokidebuleba wredze modebuli Zabvis sixSireze. rezonansul
sixSireze dens aqvs maqsimaluri mniSvneloba. am grafikze agreTve naCvenebia A
da B wertilebi sadac deni I=0.707Ir da am wertilebs sixSiris RerZze Seesabameba
f1 da f2 sixSireebi. wredis mier moTxovnili simZlavre aris I2R-is toli.
I=0.707Ir wertilze simZlavre iqneba (0.707Ir)2R=0.5 I2r R. e.i. f1 da f2 sixSireebze

2
wredi moiTxovs naxevar simZlavres maqsimalur simZlavresTan SedarebiT.
amitom am wertilebs naxevari simZlavris Sesabamisi wertilebi ewodeba. am or
wertils Soris manZils, anu (f2 - f1) sxvaobas ewodeba sixSiris gatarebis zoli.
SesaZloa vaCvenoT, rom: .

= an (2 1 ) =
2 1
SerCeviToba aris R-L-C wredis SesaZlebloba an unari, rom igi
efeqturad muSaobdes im sixSireebze romelzedac igi gaTvlilia. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu wredi muSaobs konkretul rezonansul sixSireze, am
sixSiris zemoT da qvemoT wredi unda gamodiodes rezonansidan. anu rac
ufro maRalia xarisxis koeficienti Q da rac ufro viwroa gatarebis
zoli (f2 - f1) , miT ufro SerCeviTia aRniSnuli wredi. e.i. R-L-C wredis maRali
SerCeviToba niSnavs viwro gatarebis zolis da maRali xarisxis koeficientis
kombinacias.

deni
Ir

0.707Ir A B

gatarebis
zoli

f1 fr f2 sixSire

nax.15

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom maRali xarisxis koeficientis mqone wredebi

gamoiyeneba telekomunikaciaSi, magram mZlavr R-L-C wredebSi (magaliTad
gadacemis qselSi) am koeficientis maRali sidide uaryofiTi mxarea, radgan

3
SeiZleba gamoiwvios izolaciaze Zabvis mateba saSiS sididemde da uares
SemTxvevaSi misi garRvevac ki.

4
 simZlavre sinusoiduri cvladi Zabvis wredebSi

simZlavris myisa mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba denisa da Zabvis myisa

mniSvnelobebis namravliT p=ui. me-10, me-11 da me-12 naxazebze wyvetili mrudebiT
naCvenebia myisa simZlavris grafikebi sufTa aqtiur, sufTa induqciur da sufTa
tevadur wredebSi.
sufTa aqtiur datvirTvaze (nax.10) gamoyofili saSualo simZlavre P
gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:
2
= = 2 = vati

sadac U da I cvladi Zabvisa da denis efeqturi mniSvnelobebia Sesabamisad.

p
p
u
saSualo
i simZlavre

0 t
i

u
sufTa aqtiuri wredi saSualo
simZlavre = UI

nax.10

sufTa induqciur wredSi saSualo simZlavre nulis tolia (nax.11)

 p
p
u
i
i
0 t

sufTa induqciuri wredi saSualo

simZlavre = 0
nax.11

sufTa tevadur wredSic saSualo simZlavre nulis tolia (nax.12)

p
p
u u
i
i
0 t

sufTa tevaduri wredi saSualo

simZlavre = 0

nax.12

me-13 naxazze naCvenebia Zabvisa da denis mrudebi R-L wredisTvis. aqvea

naCvenebi wyvetili wiriT aseTi wredis myisa simZlavre. rogorc naxazidan Cans
saSualo simZlavre damokidebulia Zabvasa da dens Soris Zvris kuTxeze.
 p p
u
i saSualo
simZlavre

0 i t

u
aqtiur-induqciuri wredi

nax.13

mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli R-L, R-C an R-L-C wredebisTvis saSualo simZlavre

gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:
= cos, vati an = 2 , vati

simZlavreebis samkuTxedi da simZlavris koeficienti

me-14 naxazze naCvenebia veqtoruli diagrama, sadac deni CamorCeba Zabvas

kuTxiT. U Zabvis horizontaluri komponenti aris cos , xolo vertikaluri
komponenti sin. Tu TiToeul veqtors gavamravlebT I denze miviRebT me-15
naxazze mocemul veqtorul diagramas, romelsac simZlavreebis samkuTxedi
ewodeba. aRniSnul diagramaze :
S sruli simZlavrea, = , voltamperi (va)
P aqtiuri simZlavrea, = cos, vati (vt)
Q reaqtiuli simZlavrea, = sin, voltamperreaqtiuli (var)
 Usin U

I
Ucos
nax.14

S=UI Q=UIsin

P=UIcos
simZlavreebis samkuTxedi

nax.15

aqtiuri simZlavris Sefardebas srul simZlavresTan ewodeba simZlavris

koeficienti.
aqtiuri simZlavre, P
simZlavris koeficienti =
sruli simZlavre, S
sinusoiduri Zabvisa da denisTvis:
P cos
simZlavris koeficienti = =
S
aqedan gamomdinare:

simZlavris koeficienti = cos =

es damokidebuleba aseve marTebulia maSinac, rodesac deni win uswrebs
Zabvas.
 erTfaza paraleluri wredebi
paralelur wredebSi yvela StosTvis Zabva aris saerTo da veqtoruli
diagramis daxazvisas bazisur veqtorad aiReba Zabvis veqtori (nax.1).

IR R IR U

IL L
I
U IL I
nax.1

nebismieri paraleluri wredisTvis:

aqtiuri simZlavre, = cos, vati (vt) an = 2 , vati (vt)
reaqtiuli simZlavre, = sin, voltamperreaqtiuli (var)
sruli simZlavre , = , voltamperi (va)
P
simZlavris koeficienti =
= cos
S
(zemoT CamoTvlili formulebi igivea rac iyo mimdevrobiTi wredebisTvis)

paralelurad CarTuli R-L wredi

aseT wredSi (nax.1) aqtiur winaRobaSi gamavali deni faziT emTxveva
wyaros Zabvas, xolo induqciurobaSi gamavli deni ki CamorCeba mas 900-iT.
wredis mier wyarodan moTxovnili deni aris da denebis veqtoruli jami
da amitom igi CamorCeba Zabvas raRac kuTxiT, romelic mdebareobs 00-900
SualedSi ( da sidideebze damokidebulebiT).
veqtoruli diagramidan:

= 2 + 2 , (piTagoras TeoremiT)

sadac = da =


tg = sin = da cos =

sruli winaRoba =

paralelurad CarTuli R-C wredi

aseT wredSi (nax.2) aqtiur winaRobaSi gamavali deni faziT emTxveva

wyaros Zabvas, xolo tevadobaSi gamavli deni ki win uswrebs mas 900-iT. wredis
mier wyarodan moTxovnili deni aris da denebis veqtoruli jami da amitom
igi win uswrebs Zabvas raRac kuTxiT, romelic mdebareobs 00-900 SualedSi (
da sidideebze damokidebulebiT, nax.2).

IR R
IC I
IC C
I
U
IR U
nax.23

veqtoruli diagramidan:

= 2 + 2 , (piTagoras TeoremiT)

sadac = da =


tg = sin = da cos =

sruli winaRoba =

paralelurad CarTuli L-C wredi

 paralelurad CarTul L-C wredSi (nax.3) induqciurobaSi gamavali deni
, 900-iT CamorCeba wyaros Zabvas, xolo tevadobaSi gamavli deni , 900-iT win
uswrebs wyaros Zabvas.
Teoriulad, paralelurad CarTuli L-C wredisTvis SesaZloa gvqondes
veqtoruli diagramis sami varianti:
1) > (am SemTxvevaSi wyaros deni = CamorCeba Zabvas 900-iT)
2) > (am SemTxvevaSi wyaros deni = win uswrebs Zabvas 900-iT)
3) = (am SemTxvevaSi wyaros deni = 0)

IL L

IC C
I
U
IC
1) U U

IL > IC I=IL-IC
IL
IC
IC > IL I=IC - IL
2) U U

IL
nax.3

mesame variantis ganxorcieleba praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia radgan aseT wreds

mainc gaaCnia mcire aqtiuri winaRoba.
paralelurad CarTuli L-C wredisTvis:

= =

wyaros deni aris da denebis veqtoruli sxvaoba. sruli winaRoba:

=

paralelurad CarTuli RL-C wredi

ganvixiloT wredi, romelSic mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli R-L Stos

paralelurad CarTulia C tevadoba (nax.4,a).

ILR R L
IC
UR UL
IC C UL U
I 1
U U
UR ILR
a) b) g)
IC IC
IC
U p I U
1 U
1
1 I

ILR q ILR
ILR
d) e) v)
nax.4

R-L Stos veqtoruli diagrama calkea naCvenebi 4-e, b naxazze, xolo

tevaduri Stos eqtoruli diagrama ki 4-e,g naxazze. am ori veqtoruli diagramis
Sesabamisi SemotrialebiT da zeddebiT miviRebT srul veqtorul diagramas
(nax.4,d).
deni SegviZlia davSaloT vertikalur da horizontalur
komponentebad. horizontaluri komponenti, romelic veqtorul diagramaze
aRniSnulia op - Ti udris cos1 s. vertikaluri komponenti ki, aRniSnulia pq
Ti da udris sin1s. aseTi wredisTvis arsebobs sami SesaZlo varianti:
 1) > sin1 (am SemTxvevaSi wyaros I deni win uswrebs U Zabvas raRac
kuTxiT, nax.4, e).
2) sin1 > (am SemTxvevaSi wyaros I deni CamorCeba U Zabvas raRac
kuTxiT, nax.4, v).
3) = sin1 (am SemTxvevas ewodeba paraleluri rezonansi da
ganvixilavT Semdeg paragrafSi).
4-e naxazze moyvanili veqtoruli diagramebidan vRebulobT:

R-L Stos sruli winaRoba , = 2 + 2

denebi = / da = /
wyaros deni aris da denebis veqtoruli jami

= ( cos1 )2 + ( sin1 ~ )2
sadac niSani ~ niSnavs maT Soris gansxvavebas
wredis sruli winaRoba = /

tg1 = = , sin1 = da cos1 =

sin1 ~ cos1
tg = da cos =
cos1


XIII

paraleluri rezonansi da xarisxis koeficienti

paraleluri rezonansi

paralelurad CarTuli RL-C wredSi rezonansis movlenas maSin aqvs

adgili, rodesac denis vertikaluri komponenti aris s toli. aseT
situaciaSi wyaros deni da Zabva faziT Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs.

rezonansuli sixSire

rodesac denis vertikaluri komponenti s tolia, maSin = sin1

(nax.5)

IC

Ir(=ILRcos1) U
1
ILRsin1

ILR
nax.5

wina paragrafidan (rezonansis dros):

= ( )( )

saidanac

2
1
= = (2 ) ( )=
2
aqedan
 2

( 2 + 2
) = da 2 + 2 =

1 1 2
(2 )2 = 2 da 2 = 2 da = 2 =
2 2 2 2

e.i. paralelur wredSi rezonansuli sixSire gamoiTvleba Semdegi

formuliT:

= hc

(rodesac umniSvnelo sididisaa, maSin:
1
=
2
anu igivea, rac gvqonda mimdevrobiTi rezonansis dros).

rezonansuli deni
5-e naxazidan rezonansuli deni tolia:

= cos1 = ( ) ( ) = 2

amasTan wina paragrafidan:

2

=

aqedan gamomdinare

= =


aseT wredSi deni minimaluri sididis aris rezonansis dros.

dinamikuri winaRoba
radgan deni da Zabva rezonansis momentSi erT fazaSi arian, wredis sruli
winaRoba iqceva aqtiuri winaRobis msgavsad. rezonansis momentSi wredis srul
winaRobas dinamikuri winaRoba ewodeba da Ti aRiniSneba.

= (omi)

 denisa da winaRobis sixSireze damokidebulebis mrudebi 6-e naxazzea
naCvenebi. am naxazidan Cans rom mimdevrobiT rezonansTan SedarebiT suraTs aqvs
reversuli xasiaTi.

nax.6

gadamRobi wredi
paraleluri rezonansuli wredi yovelTvis ganixileba rogorc
gadamRobi wredi, radgan rezonansul sixSireze maqvs as maqsimaluri winaRoba da
rezultatSi deni minumalur sididemdea Semcirebuli.

meqanikuri analogia
paraleluri wredis eleqtruli rezonansi SeiZleba davakavSiroT
zambaraze gamobmul tvirTTan. Tu am tvirTs gavqaCavT zambara gaiweleba da
xelis gaSvebis Semdeg daiwyeba rxeviTi procesi, romelic xaxunis gamo
aucileblad miileva raRac drois gasvlis Semdeg. am rxevebis SesanarCuneblad
aucilebelia rom aRniSnul tvirTze yoveli axali rxevis dawyebisas moedos
raRac Zala, romelic aiZulebs mas miaRwios maqsimalur gadaxras. asevea
paralelur rezonansul eleqtrul wredSic. rxevebis SesanarCuneblad wredi
moiTxovs raRac mcire sididis dens romelic moaxdens aqtiur winaRobaSi
danakargis kompensirebas. 7-e naxazze naCvenebia ori SemTxveva.
 milevadi rxevebi mdgradi rxevebi

nax.7

xarisxis koeficienti
paralelur rezonansuli wredis paralelur StoebSi denebi SesaZloa
gacilebiT didi iyos wyaros denTan SedarebiT. aRniSnuli wredis xarisxis
koeficienti aris fardoba paralelur StoSi gamavali denisa wyaros denTan.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT aseTi wredis xarisxis koeficienti aris denis
gaZlierebis sidide.
cirkulirebuli deni
xarisxis koeficienti (Q) = denis gaZliereba = = =
wyaros deni
sin1 sin1 sin1
= = = = tan1 =
cos1 cos1
e.i. rezonansis dros paraleluri wredis xarisxis koeficienti:
2
Q=

( )
,
,
.
rogorc wesi qselis sixSireze paraleluri wredebis xarisxis koeficienti
dabalia, Cveulebriv 10-ze naklebi, magram radiosixSireebisTvis xarisxis
koeficienti SeiZleba Zalian maRali iyos.

simZlavris koeficientis gaumjobeseba

 raime wredis simZlavris koeficient cos Si, kuTxe aris fazuri Zvra
wyaros Zabvasa da dens Soris. samrewvelo datvirTvebi ZiriTadad arian
induqciuri xasiaTis (Zravebi), da SesaZloa hqondeT Zalian dabali simZlavris
koeficienti.
ganvixiloT Zravi, romelic 220v, 50 hc qselidan moiTxovs 50 a dens da
cos = 0.6 (nax.8,a) es niSnavs rom fazuri Zvra Zabvasa da dens Soris aris =
cos1 0.6 = 53.13. am SemTxvevis veqtoruli diagrama nax.8,b-zea naCvenebi.

M U=220V
IM=50A
53.130

U=220V, 50Hz IM=50A

a) b)

nax.8
Cveni amocanaa rogorme gavaumjobesoT, gavakoreqtiroT simZlavris
koeficienti. erTis toli simZlavris koeficienti niSnavs fazuri Zvra Zabvasa da
dens Soris nulis tolia. imisaTvis rom gavanuloT fazuri Zvra aucilebelia
Zravis paralelurad CavrToT kondensatori, rogorc es naCvenebia me-9,a
naxazze.

IC
M
I U=220V
IM=50A IC C 0
53.13
a
I
b
U=220V, 50Hz IM=50A
a) b)
nax.9

kondensatorSi gamavali deni 90-iT win uswrebs wyaros Zabvas.

wyaros deni axla ukve aris da denebis veqtoruli jami. me-9,b naxazidan Cans
rom wyaros deni da faziT emTxvevian erTmaneTs, anu simZlavris koeficienti
gaxda 1-is toli. veqtorul diagramaze ab monakveTi Seesabameba Zravis mier
moTxovnili denis reaqtiul Semdgens. e.i. simZlavris koeficientis gazrda 1-
mde, gamoiwvia Zravis paralelurad iseTi kondensatoris CarTvam, romlis denic
moduliT tolia ab monakveTisa. veqtoruli diagramis marTkuTxa samkuTxedidan
SegviZlia davweroT:

cos53.13 = =
50
saidanac, wyaros deni iqneba:
= 50cos53.13 = 30A
e.i. wyaros deni kondensatoris mierTebamde iyo 50 amperi da mierTebis Semdeg
Semcirda 30 amperamde. swored amaSi mdgomareobs simZlavris koeficientis
gaumjobesebis upiratesoba mcirdeba wyarodan moTxovnili deni. aseve mcideba
danakargebi (I2R) da Sesabamisad saeqspluatacio xarjebi.
 eleqtruli wredebis Teoria
XIV

samfaza sistemebi
Sesavali

yvela qveyanaSi eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba, gadacema da ganawileba

xdeba samfaza cvladi Zabvis gamoyenebiT. rogor zemoT aRvniSneT erTfaza
cvladi Zabvis miReba xdeba mudmiv magnitur velSi Sekruli konturis brunviT.
eleqtroenergiis momxmareblebis umetesoba aris erTfaza. aseTi momxmareblis
kvebisTvis aucilebelia ori sadeni faza (rogorc wesi yavisferi, iSviaTad
wiTeli) da neitrali (rogorc wesi cisferi, iSviaTad Savi). erfaza
datvirTvebisTvis standartuli Zabva umetes SemTxvevaSi aris 220 volti.
erTfaza wyaroebis umetesoba aris miRebuli samfaza sistemebidan.
samfaza wyaro

Tu mudmiv magniturvelSi mbrunav RerZze davamagrebT erTmaneTisgan 1200-

iT daZrul sam gragnils, maSin gragnilebSi dainduqcirdeba samfaza emZ, rogorc
es naCvenebia 31-e naxazze. miRebuli emZ-ebi aseve 1200-iT iqnebian daZrulni
erTmaneTisgan.

nax.30
 samfaza sistemaSi fazebs aRniSnaven ferebiT. saqarTvelos
eleqtrosistemaSi gamoyenebulia sami feri: yviTeli, mwvane da wiTeli.
sazRvargareT SesaZloa agreTve Segvxvdes aranakleb gavrcelebuli aRniSvna:
wiTeli, yviTeli da lurji (R-red, Y-yellow, B-blue).
arsebobs fazaTa SeerTebis ori ZiriTadi varianti: samkuTxa da
varskvlavuri. generatorebis gragnilebi rogorc wesi SeerTebulia
varskvlavad, romlis neitralic ar aris damiwebuli. xolo
transformatorebis gragnilebze SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc varskvlavi aseve
samkuTxedi.

varskvlavuri SeerTeba

varskvlavuri SeerTeba naCvenebia 31-e naxazze. TiToeuli faza miyvanilia

datvirTvis gamomyvanebze. meore gamomyvanebi ki SeerTebulia erTmaneTTan da am
SeerTebis wertils neitrals uwodeben.

nax.31

VR, VY da VB Zabvebs uwodeben fazur Zabvebs (Zabva fazasa da neitrals Soris) da

rogorc wesi aRiniSneba rogorc Vf. (an Uf. saerTaSoriso literaturaSi
aRniSnaven Vp Ti (phase voltage). VRY, VYB da VBR Zabvebs uwodeben xazur Zabvebs (Zabva
fazasa da fazas Soris).
31-e naxazidan Cans, rom aseT dros fazaSi gamavali denebi tolia Sesabamis
xazebSi gamavali denebisa. e.i. fazuri da xazuri denebi erTmaneTis tolia: If= Ix.
dabalansebul sistemaSi: IR = IY = IB; VR = VY = VB; VRY = VYB = VBR; ZR = ZY = ZB;
da deni neitralSi 0-is tolia IN=0. dabalansebuli sistemis dros neitraluri
sadeni ar aris aucilebeli.
31-e naxazze xazuri Zabva miiReba ori fazis Zabvebis sxvaobiT VRY= VR -VY. 32-e
naxazze mocemulia veqtoruli diagrama sadac naCvenebia fazuri Zabvebis
veqtorebis sxvaobiT xazuri Zabvis miReba. trigonometriis gamoyenebiT advilad

mtkicdeba, rom VRY =3 VR. ese igi dabalansebul sistemaSi xazuri Zabva 3 jer
metia xazur Zabvaze:

Vx=3 Vf

nax.32
rogorc 31-e naxazidan Cans varskvlavuri SeerTebisas vRebulobT
oTxsadenian sistemas da SesaZlebelia rogorc xazuri aseve fazuri Zabvis
gamoyeneba. varkvlavuri SeerTeba xSirad gamoiyeneba daubalansebeli tvirTis
kvebisTvis (asimetria fazebSi). saqarTvelos sistemaSi mosaxleobis da sxva
dabali Zabvis momxmareblebis kvebisTvis gamoiyeneba 380/220v, 50hc, samfaza
sistema.

samkuTxa SeerTeba

samkuTxa SeerTeba naCvenebia 33-e naxazze, sadac sami erTfaza datvirTvidan

TiToeuli datvirTvis bolo mierTebuli Semdegi datvirTvis Tavze. am naxazidan
advili SesamCnevia rom fazuri Zabvebi da xazuri Zabvebi erTmaneTis tolia: Vx=
Vf

nax.33

kirxhofis pirveli kanonis gamoyenebiT : IR = IRY - IBR = IRY+(- IBR). 34-e naxazze moyvanili
veqtoruli diagramidan trigonometriulad gamodis,

rom IR = 3 IRY , e.i. samkuTxa SeerTebisas

Ix=3 If
 nax.34
simZlavre samfaza sistemebSi

simetriuli sqemis dros samfaza datvirTvis mier moxmarebuli simZlavre

udris samjer TiTo fazis mier moxmarebul simZlavres. Tu datvirTva
arasimetriulia, maSin jamuri simZlavre udris TiTo fazis mier moxmarebuli
simZlavreebis jams. erTi fazis mier moxmarebuli simZlavre gamoiTvleba
formuliT:
Pf= f2 f an Pf= f f cos (sadac densa da Zabvas Soris fazuri Zvris
kuTxea).

varskvlavuri SeerTebisas : f = x /3 da f = x . aqedan gamomdinare

SegviZlia davweroT:
x
= 3 ( ) x cos = 3x x cos
3
samkuTxa SeerTebis dros: f = x da f = x /3 aqedan:
x
= 3x ( ) cos = 3x x cos
3
aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom varskvlavuri da samkuTxa
SeerTebebisas samfaza simZlavris gamosaTvleli formula aris erTi da igive.
samfaza aqtiuri simZlavrisTvis gvaqvs:

= 3x x cos vati, an = 3f2 f vati

sruli simZlavre ki gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:

= 3x x voltamperi
 eleqtruli wredebis Teoria
XV

1- , , , da varskvlavad
SeerTebuli , , winaRobebi. eleqtruli wredebis analizisas xSirad saWiro
xdeba ori aseTi SeerTebis urTierTgardaqmna.
imisaTvis, rom samkuTxedad SeerTebuli winaRobebi gardavqmnaT
varskvlavad unda visargebloT Semdegi logikiT: ,

+ . ,

+ .

.1

:
 :

1, 2 3 ,
:
 5,6 7
.

:
5, 6 7 -
. :

(V) (VI) + (VI) (VII) + (VII) (V)

:

+ + =
2 + 2 + 2
= =
+ + 2
+ +
= 2
=
+ + + +
 - 5, 6 7 , :

8, 9 10
.


-16

R ,
.

, L

R ,

. S

= + (1)
 C R

uC uR
i

S
+

U
12.1

. :

=

q - . :

=
i .

:

= + (2)

S ( ) ,

, ..

0 = 0
(2) :

= 0 + 0
..

0 =
, R

. :

0 = =

, , t 1
 1 . -

1 :
1
1 =

1 1 . R

1 = 1
(2) :
1
= + 1

, 2

2 ,

:
2
2 =

, R

i2R . ..

, 12.1 S (

, .. )

, Q

= = 0
(1 ) :

=
..

12.2, 12.3 12.4

uC
uC = U
( )

() t

1 2 .2

, .

uR
uR= IR

( )

() t

1 2 .3

i
I= U/R
( )

() t

1 2 .4

-17

R-C
, R-C

12.2 - . t1

. ,

12.5 -

t1 A AB .

uC
uC = U B
( )

0 t1 t2

() t

1 2 .5

t2

. , (t2 - t1)

. ( ) .

. .. R-C :
 , = RC ()

, t = 0 , ..

-16

. :

= ( / ) = ( / ) (3)

= / = / (4)

= / = / (5)

( 12.9 - A )

B ,

C R

uC uR
i
A U
+

S B
1 2 .9

, A B

u C

u R = iR . u C = u R = U,

i = I = U/R. .12.9 -

u C = u R.

i
( )

() t

1 2 .1 0
 , .. u C = u R = 0.

12.10 12.11

, .

u C u R
( )

() t

1 2 .11

R-C :

= = / = / (6)

= / = / (7)

. ,

. ,


-18

R-L

) 12.12 R-L , S

L R

uL uR
i

U
S
+

1 2.12

S :

= + (8)

) .

, ..

= =

R iR, .. :

= + (9)

) ,

= + 0
..

=
= U, (8) , = 0 = 0

) , 1 , 1 ,

1 .

+ , (9) :
1
= + 1
1

) , , 2

2 2 .

, .

) , S ,

R .

, U = iR. ,

I - .

u
u = U
( )

() t
12.13
, :

= , = , = 0

) , i 12.13, 12.14

12.15 .

u
u =U
( )

() t
12.1 4

i
I=U/R
( )

() t

12.1 5

( )

, i
 . U - i

I = U/R .

R-L

R-L

, R-C , ..

, ,

R-L :

, = L / R ()

12.13, 12.14 12.5

= / = / (10)

= ( / ) = ( / ) (11)

= ( / ) = ( / ) (12)


-19

L-R

L-R

( 12.17, S A )

I = U/R, .

L R

uL uR
i

A U
+

S B
12.17

S B , ,

L(di/dt). ,

R .

= +

0 = +

=
..

, .

, - . R-L

R-C .

= = / = /
:

= / = /

- ,

, ..

, .

-
 R , 12.18- .

R ,

L R

R.
2 1

12.18