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არზიანი მთლიანი PDF
არზიანი მთლიანი PDF
არზიანი მთლიანი PDF
, , , ,
, , ,
. Q
(, C).
1 =11. (1 = 6.241018 ).
. .. :
Q = It
, I , t - , .
. ,
, .
. 1
, 1
1 , ..
/
= = = =
()
. ,
, .
.
- .
U (, v).
()
. ,
, 1 .
1
1 ? ?
.
( ).
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.
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.
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7
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(., ., .. ).
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- ,
( ) .
. (., . ..)
, . R
. G
: , . :
, .
= = =
( ) -
: .
- ,
. -
1-.
25
U
20
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 I 12
1
- ,
- 2-.
, .
25
U
20
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 I 12
, -
3-. R1, R2 R3 .
).
U .
3
, I ,
V1, V2 V3.
) 3-
) U1, U2 U3 U . ..
, IR =IR1+IR2+IR3
I :
R = R1 +R2 +R3
, ,
.
4- R1, R2 R3
, U .
) I1, I2 I3 I .
I = I1 +I2 +I3
) ( )
I = I1 +I2 +I3 ,
U/R= U/R1+U/R2+U/R3
U - :
1/R= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
. , -
:
=
+
..
, .
, U
.
U
5- A B
, S B .
. S A S - B
AB . B
. S
( ) S- B
, ,
, , .
6-, ,
, ,
,
. ,
6- RL
. S
B , ,
. A
(RT = RAS + RL ) :
=
+
, II
, , ,
,
. .
7-
+Q , -Q .
, .
C .
C=QU
, Q U .
, F ( F = 106F
pF = 1012F ). 1 1
1 .
. ,
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
, . 8-
Q :
Q = I t ,
I , t .
, .
L .
- ,
M .
, 1/-.
N :
, - , ,
(.. / ).
, - , ,
(.. / ).
,
,
() ,
8-.
1. : ,
2. : ,
3. :
, .
4. :
8-
W (), :
I .
, .. I= 0.
I .
9 - a :
I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5
I1 + I2 I3 I4 I5 = 0
10
10- A B, C D
, ..
A = B + C + D
II .
. II .
11
11- II
, - ,
. E1
, E2 - .
.
12
12-
, . 3
1 2 . 1
1.5 2- 0 - .
(4
2 ) . , 12
, , ,
- .
, . ,
13- RT
:
RT = R1R2/(R1 + R2)
13
I .
I1 I2 :
, ..
: ,
, ,
-,
- .
14
14- - .
1. , E2
, 15,
2. ,
: R r2 ,
: 41/4+1 = 0.8 . )
15
3. , E1
, r1 - 16, )
4. ,
: R r1 ,
: 42/4+2 = 1.333 . 16, ) -
= 0.571 , .
) )
16
5. 15, ) 16, )-, 17, )- .
6. .
17
, III
,
. ,
18
18- .
, .
R1 R2 .
18- :
1. :
.. .
2. :
.. R2 R1 - ,
R2 - .
3. :
.. R2 R1 - ,
R1 - .
1. 19- , AB
E 10 , 2
.
19
2. 20, ) - , AB
E 6 .
) , ) .
:
6
=( ) 50 = 30
6+4
.. 6 AB 30
50V
) )
20
3. 20, )- U = E Ir, E
, U
r . ) U = E - (- Ir,),
.. U = E + Ir.
) )
21
4. 22 )-
, ), ), )
) )
) )
22
.. A B
7 .
5. 11111a 3 20
10 .
- , AB
:
4
=( ) 10 = 4
4+6
6. 23, )
( )
), 20 ,
. , 20
(200/20+0), 0 . )
, )
. ) :
64
= + 3 = 2.4 + 3 = 5.4
6+4
) )
) )
)
23
7. 24- AB
: 20
5 15 ,
AC :
5
= ( ) 20 = 5
5 + 15
12
= ( ) 20 = 16
12 + 3
24
C +20 , A
= = +20 5 = 15
= = +20 16 = 4
, A B :
= = 15 4 = 11
A - B A
B -.
8. 25, )- A B
) )
.
) ) )
25
A B :
5 15 12 3
= + = 3.75 + 2.4 = 6.15
5 + 15 12 + 3
, IV
. .
. .
+
E =1.5V UR = 1.5V
R =8
r =0
B
(number to be determined)
+
E =1.5V UR = 1.33V
R =8
U = 0.17V
r =1
(number to be determined)
.
. .
(number to be determined)
:
. -
, -
,
.
:
1. R ;
2.
;
3. ,
;
4. 1- .
I
+
E
R
10
2- .
R3 = 5
+
E = 10 V
R2 = 8 R = 10
R1 = 2
1. 10 ,
3 -.
R3 = 5
A
+
E = 10 V
I1
R2 = 8
R1 = 2
B
3
2. 5 , I1
I1 =10/(R1+R2)=10/(2+8) = 1A
R2 :
E =I1R2 =1 8 = 8V
A B 8
, 5
3.
4 - .
:
1 2 28
= 3 + =5+ = 5 + 1.6 = 6.6
1 + 2 2+8
R3 = 5
A
R1 = 2 R2 = 8
B
4
4. 5 - .
:
8 8
= = = = .
+ 10 + 6.6 16.6
I
A
+
E =8V
R = 10
r = 6.6
B
5
.. 2- 10 0.482
.
:
,
, ,
,
.
:
AB R :
1. AB
2.
I.
3.
(
)
AB .
4. 6- R
:
=( )
+
A
I I
r R
B
6
:
7, ) - 10
.
1. 10 ,
7, ) -;
5
A
+ +
E = 10 V E = 10 V
I
8 10 8
2 2
B
) )
I
A
+
E = 10 V
I = 5A 5
I r = 1.6
2 10
B
) )
7
2. 7, ) - 7, ) -
:
10
= = 5A
2
3. 7, )- - , AB
:
28
= = 1.6
2+8
4. 7, )- 10
:
1.6
=( ) 5 = .
1.6 + 5 + 10
.
. AB
r, 8 -
A A
+ I
E
r
B B
) )
8
8, )- AB , E/r.
8, )- AB ,
I. , AB
..
I = E/r
9- E r ,
+ I
E
R
B
9
9- :
/
= = =( )
+ ( + )/ +
..
=( )
+
I I
r R
10
10-
I r R .
8- .
.. 11-, r = R (r - , R - ),
+
E
R
r
11
12- 6 ,
2,5 . R 0- 5 0,5
.
I
+
E =6 V
RL
r =2.5
12
RL = 0 , :
6
= = = 2.4 A
+ 2.5
:
= 2 = (2.4)2 0 = 0W
RL = 0.5 , :
6
= = =2A
+ 2.5 + 0.5
:
= 2 = 22 0.5 = 2W
RL = 1 , :
6
= = 1.714 A
2.5 + 1
:
= 1.7142 1 = 2.94W
, 1- .
1
, () = , () = , ()
+
0.00 2.40 0.00
0.50 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.71 2.94
1.50 1.50 3.38
2.00 1.33 3.56
2.50 1.20 3.60
3.00 1.09 3.57
3.50 1.00 3.50
4.00 0.92 3.41
4.50 0.86 3.31
5.00 0.80 3.20
13- .
3.6 ,
4
3.5
3
, W
2.5
2.5, 3.6
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
,
13
, 2.5 ,
(RL = r = 2.5 ),
.
, V
,
nax.2
nax.4
nax.6
7- -
D . P Q
i . P Q- ,
. T
.
nax.7
8- ,
. P
Q- D1 (
). S Q - D2
( ).
nax.8
R .
8- (output). ,
.
, .
- ()
9- 4
. 4 , .
nax.9
: P Q -
E , D4 F
, , H , D2 , G
.
: Q P-
, G , D3 ,
F , , H , D1 E
. ..
. ,
()
, .
, .
nax.9
C , -9 .
,
10-
nax.10
, X 10-.
(XY 10-),
.
(YZ 10-),
X Y
. 10-
11-.
nax.11
C1 .
AA 11-. 10-
. .
.
BB 11-.
. C2 .
, VII
martivi eleqtruli wredi sufTa aqtiuri datvirTviT
aseT wredSi deni IR da Zabva UR arian erT fazaSi. pirvel naxazze mocemulia
aRniSnuli wredis eleqtruli sqema, veqtoruli diagrama da Zabvisa da denis
mrudebi.
+ UR
R IR
IR
Ir 0 t
UR
Ur
-
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama Zabvisa da denis mrudebi
nax.1
+ UL
L IL
UL
IL 0 t
IL
UL
-
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama Zabvisa da denis mrudebi
nax.2
XL is sidide proporciuladaa damokidebuli f sixSireze. es
damokidebuleba naCvenebia me-3 naxazze.
XL
(omi)
0
f (hc)
nax.3
1
= =
2
nax.4
0
f (hc)
nax.5
, VIII
mimdevrobiT CarTuli R-L wredi
R L
UL U
UR UL
I
UR I
U
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama
U=IZ Z
UL=IXL XL
UR=IR R
Zabvebis samkuTxedi winaRobebis samkuTxedi
nax.6
= 2 + 2 (piTagoras TeoremiT)
1
tg =
wredze modebuli Zabva
cvladi Zabvis wredSi sidides: ewodeba sruli
wredSi gamavali deni
winaRoba da aRiniSneba Z asoTi:
(omi)
=
Tu Zabvebis samkuTxedis TiToeul gverds gavyofT denze miviRebT
winaRobebis samkuTxeds. R-L wredisTvis
= ( 2 + 2 )
tg = , sin = , cos =
R C UR I
UR UC
I
U UC U
eleqtruli sqema veqtoruli diagrama
2
UR=IR R
U=IZ UC=IXC Z XC
nax.7
= 2 + 2
tg =
aseTi wredis sruli winaRoba iqneba:
= (omi)
= ( 2 + 2 )
tg = , sin = , cos =
3
maT sidideebze damokidebulebiT veqtoruli diagramas eqneba sami sxvadasxva
saxe.
rodesac > , maSin veqtorul diagramas aqvs me-8,b naxazze naCvenebi
saxe:
= [ 2 + ( )2 ]
tg =
R L C
UR UL UC
I
U
a) eleqtruli sqema
UL
UL-UC U
Z
XL-XC
UR I
R
veqtoruli
winaRobebis samkuTxedi
diagrama
UC
b)
4
UL veqtoruli winaRobebis samkuTxedi
diagrama
UR I R
XC-XL
Z
UC-UL U
g) UC
UL
UR=U I
d)
UC
nax.8
5
, IX
mimdevrobiTi rezonansi
rogorc aRvniSneT, mimdevrobiT SeerTebul R-L-C wredSi, rodesac =
, adgili aqvs rezonansis movlenas. am dros = . amasTan Z=R, e.i.
mimdevrobiTi wredis sruli winaRoba yvelaze mcire aris rezonansuli
movlenis dros (nax.14). I=U/R, anu mimdevrobiT wredSi SesaZlo maqsimaluri
deni gadis rezonansis dros. radgan = , SegviZlia davweroT:
1
2 = , aqedan miviRebT:
2
1 1
2 = =
(2)2 2
sadac rezonansuli sixSirea, anu sixSire romelzedac utoldeba s.
Z, I
I
XL
Z
R
0 fr f
XC
nax.14
1
mimdevrobiT wredSi rezonansis dros sruli winaRobisa da denis tipiuri
mrudebi me-14 naxazzea naCvenebi.
rezonansis dros, Tu mimdevrobiTi wredis R mcirea Tan da - Tan
SedarebiT, maSin SesaZlebelia da ramdenimejer aRematebodnen mkvebav
Zabvas (nax.13,d).
2 1 1
= = ( ) = ( )
2
wredi moiTxovs naxevar simZlavres maqsimalur simZlavresTan SedarebiT.
amitom am wertilebs naxevari simZlavris Sesabamisi wertilebi ewodeba. am or
wertils Soris manZils, anu (f2 - f1) sxvaobas ewodeba sixSiris gatarebis zoli.
SesaZloa vaCvenoT, rom: .
= an (2 1 ) =
2 1
SerCeviToba aris R-L-C wredis SesaZlebloba an unari, rom igi
efeqturad muSaobdes im sixSireebze romelzedac igi gaTvlilia. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu wredi muSaobs konkretul rezonansul sixSireze, am
sixSiris zemoT da qvemoT wredi unda gamodiodes rezonansidan. anu rac
ufro maRalia xarisxis koeficienti Q da rac ufro viwroa gatarebis
zoli (f2 - f1) , miT ufro SerCeviTia aRniSnuli wredi. e.i. R-L-C wredis maRali
SerCeviToba niSnavs viwro gatarebis zolis da maRali xarisxis koeficientis
kombinacias.
deni
Ir
0.707Ir A B
gatarebis
zoli
f1 fr f2 sixSire
nax.15
3
SeiZleba gamoiwvios izolaciaze Zabvis mateba saSiS sididemde da uares
SemTxvevaSi misi garRvevac ki.
4
simZlavre sinusoiduri cvladi Zabvis wredebSi
p
p
u
saSualo
i simZlavre
0 t
i
u
sufTa aqtiuri wredi saSualo
simZlavre = UI
nax.10
p
p
u u
i
i
0 t
nax.12
0 i t
u
aqtiur-induqciuri wredi
nax.13
I
Ucos
nax.14
S=UI Q=UIsin
P=UIcos
simZlavreebis samkuTxedi
nax.15
IR R IR U
IL L
I
U IL I
nax.1
= 2 + 2 , (piTagoras TeoremiT)
sadac = da =
tg = sin = da cos =
sruli winaRoba =
IR R
IC I
IC C
I
U
IR U
nax.23
veqtoruli diagramidan:
= 2 + 2 , (piTagoras TeoremiT)
sadac = da =
tg = sin = da cos =
sruli winaRoba =
IL L
IC C
I
U
IC
1) U U
IL > IC I=IL-IC
IL
IC
IC > IL I=IC - IL
2) U U
IL
nax.3
ILR R L
IC
UR UL
IC C UL U
I 1
U U
UR ILR
a) b) g)
IC IC
IC
U p I U
1 U
1
1 I
ILR q ILR
ILR
d) e) v)
nax.4
= ( cos1 )2 + ( sin1 ~ )2
sadac niSani ~ niSnavs maT Soris gansxvavebas
wredis sruli winaRoba = /
tg1 = = , sin1 = da cos1 =
sin1 ~ cos1
tg = da cos =
cos1
XIII
paraleluri rezonansi
rezonansuli sixSire
IC
Ir(=ILRcos1) U
1
ILRsin1
ILR
nax.5
= ( )( )
saidanac
2
1
= = (2 ) ( )=
2
aqedan
2
( 2 + 2
) = da 2 + 2 =
1 1 2
(2 )2 = 2 da 2 = 2 da = 2 =
2 2 2 2
= hc
(rodesac umniSvnelo sididisaa, maSin:
1
=
2
anu igivea, rac gvqonda mimdevrobiTi rezonansis dros).
rezonansuli deni
5-e naxazidan rezonansuli deni tolia:
= cos1 = ( ) ( ) = 2
amasTan wina paragrafidan:
2
=
aqedan gamomdinare
= =
aseT wredSi deni minimaluri sididis aris rezonansis dros.
dinamikuri winaRoba
radgan deni da Zabva rezonansis momentSi erT fazaSi arian, wredis sruli
winaRoba iqceva aqtiuri winaRobis msgavsad. rezonansis momentSi wredis srul
winaRobas dinamikuri winaRoba ewodeba da Ti aRiniSneba.
= (omi)
denisa da winaRobis sixSireze damokidebulebis mrudebi 6-e naxazzea
naCvenebi. am naxazidan Cans rom mimdevrobiT rezonansTan SedarebiT suraTs aqvs
reversuli xasiaTi.
nax.6
gadamRobi wredi
paraleluri rezonansuli wredi yovelTvis ganixileba rogorc
gadamRobi wredi, radgan rezonansul sixSireze maqvs as maqsimaluri winaRoba da
rezultatSi deni minumalur sididemdea Semcirebuli.
meqanikuri analogia
paraleluri wredis eleqtruli rezonansi SeiZleba davakavSiroT
zambaraze gamobmul tvirTTan. Tu am tvirTs gavqaCavT zambara gaiweleba da
xelis gaSvebis Semdeg daiwyeba rxeviTi procesi, romelic xaxunis gamo
aucileblad miileva raRac drois gasvlis Semdeg. am rxevebis SesanarCuneblad
aucilebelia rom aRniSnul tvirTze yoveli axali rxevis dawyebisas moedos
raRac Zala, romelic aiZulebs mas miaRwios maqsimalur gadaxras. asevea
paralelur rezonansul eleqtrul wredSic. rxevebis SesanarCuneblad wredi
moiTxovs raRac mcire sididis dens romelic moaxdens aqtiur winaRobaSi
danakargis kompensirebas. 7-e naxazze naCvenebia ori SemTxveva.
milevadi rxevebi mdgradi rxevebi
nax.7
xarisxis koeficienti
paralelur rezonansuli wredis paralelur StoebSi denebi SesaZloa
gacilebiT didi iyos wyaros denTan SedarebiT. aRniSnuli wredis xarisxis
koeficienti aris fardoba paralelur StoSi gamavali denisa wyaros denTan.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT aseTi wredis xarisxis koeficienti aris denis
gaZlierebis sidide.
cirkulirebuli deni
xarisxis koeficienti (Q) = denis gaZliereba = = =
wyaros deni
sin1 sin1 sin1
= = = = tan1 =
cos1 cos1
e.i. rezonansis dros paraleluri wredis xarisxis koeficienti:
2
Q=
( )
,
,
.
rogorc wesi qselis sixSireze paraleluri wredebis xarisxis koeficienti
dabalia, Cveulebriv 10-ze naklebi, magram radiosixSireebisTvis xarisxis
koeficienti SeiZleba Zalian maRali iyos.
M U=220V
IM=50A
53.130
nax.8
Cveni amocanaa rogorme gavaumjobesoT, gavakoreqtiroT simZlavris
koeficienti. erTis toli simZlavris koeficienti niSnavs fazuri Zvra Zabvasa da
dens Soris nulis tolia. imisaTvis rom gavanuloT fazuri Zvra aucilebelia
Zravis paralelurad CavrToT kondensatori, rogorc es naCvenebia me-9,a
naxazze.
IC
M
I U=220V
IM=50A IC C 0
53.13
a
I
b
U=220V, 50Hz IM=50A
a) b)
nax.9
samfaza sistemebi
Sesavali
nax.30
samfaza sistemaSi fazebs aRniSnaven ferebiT. saqarTvelos
eleqtrosistemaSi gamoyenebulia sami feri: yviTeli, mwvane da wiTeli.
sazRvargareT SesaZloa agreTve Segvxvdes aranakleb gavrcelebuli aRniSvna:
wiTeli, yviTeli da lurji (R-red, Y-yellow, B-blue).
arsebobs fazaTa SeerTebis ori ZiriTadi varianti: samkuTxa da
varskvlavuri. generatorebis gragnilebi rogorc wesi SeerTebulia
varskvlavad, romlis neitralic ar aris damiwebuli. xolo
transformatorebis gragnilebze SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc varskvlavi aseve
samkuTxedi.
varskvlavuri SeerTeba
nax.31
mtkicdeba, rom VRY =3 VR. ese igi dabalansebul sistemaSi xazuri Zabva 3 jer
metia xazur Zabvaze:
Vx=3 Vf
nax.32
rogorc 31-e naxazidan Cans varskvlavuri SeerTebisas vRebulobT
oTxsadenian sistemas da SesaZlebelia rogorc xazuri aseve fazuri Zabvis
gamoyeneba. varkvlavuri SeerTeba xSirad gamoiyeneba daubalansebeli tvirTis
kvebisTvis (asimetria fazebSi). saqarTvelos sistemaSi mosaxleobis da sxva
dabali Zabvis momxmareblebis kvebisTvis gamoiyeneba 380/220v, 50hc, samfaza
sistema.
samkuTxa SeerTeba
nax.33
kirxhofis pirveli kanonis gamoyenebiT : IR = IRY - IBR = IRY+(- IBR). 34-e naxazze moyvanili
veqtoruli diagramidan trigonometriulad gamodis,
Ix=3 If
nax.34
simZlavre samfaza sistemebSi
= 3x x voltamperi
eleqtruli wredebis Teoria
XV
1- , , , da varskvlavad
SeerTebuli , , winaRobebi. eleqtruli wredebis analizisas xSirad saWiro
xdeba ori aseTi SeerTebis urTierTgardaqmna.
imisaTvis, rom samkuTxedad SeerTebuli winaRobebi gardavqmnaT
varskvlavad unda visargebloT Semdegi logikiT: ,
+ . ,
+ .
.1
:
:
1, 2 3 ,
:
5,6 7
.
:
5, 6 7 -
. :
+ + =
2 + 2 + 2
= =
+ + 2
+ +
= 2
=
+ + + +
- 5, 6 7 , :
8, 9 10
.
-16
R ,
.
, L
R ,
. S
= + (1)
C R
uC uR
i
S
+
U
12.1
. :
=
q - . :
=
i .
:
= + (2)
S ( ) ,
, ..
0 = 0
(2) :
= 0 + 0
..
0 =
, R
. :
0 = =
, , t 1
1 . -
1 :
1
1 =
1 1 . R
1 = 1
(2) :
1
= + 1
, 2
2 ,
:
2
2 =
, R
i2R . ..
, 12.1 S (
, .. )
, Q
= = 0
(1 ) :
=
..
uC
uC = U
( )
() t
1 2 .2
, .
uR
uR= IR
( )
() t
1 2 .3
i
I= U/R
( )
() t
1 2 .4
-17
R-C
, R-C
12.2 - . t1
. ,
12.5 -
t1 A AB .
uC
uC = U B
( )
0 t1 t2
() t
1 2 .5
t2
. , (t2 - t1)
. ( ) .
. .. R-C :
, = RC ()
, t = 0 , ..
-16
. :
= ( / ) = ( / ) (3)
= / = / (4)
= / = / (5)
( 12.9 - A )
B ,
C R
uC uR
i
A U
+
S B
1 2 .9
, A B
u C
u R = iR . u C = u R = U,
i = I = U/R. .12.9 -
u C = u R.
i
( )
() t
1 2 .1 0
, .. u C = u R = 0.
12.10 12.11
, .
u C u R
( )
() t
1 2 .11
R-C :
= = / = / (6)
= / = / (7)
. ,
. ,
-18
R-L
) 12.12 R-L , S
L R
uL uR
i
U
S
+
1 2.12
S :
= + (8)
) .
, ..
= =
R iR, .. :
= + (9)
) ,
= + 0
..
=
= U, (8) , = 0 = 0
) , 1 , 1 ,
1 .
+ , (9) :
1
= + 1
1
) , , 2
2 2 .
, .
) , S ,
R .
, U = iR. ,
I - .
u
u = U
( )
() t
12.13
, :
= , = , = 0
) , i 12.13, 12.14
12.15 .
u
u =U
( )
() t
12.1 4
i
I=U/R
( )
() t
12.1 5
( )
, i
. U - i
I = U/R .
R-L
R-L
, R-C , ..
, ,
R-L :
, = L / R ()
= / = / (10)
= ( / ) = ( / ) (11)
= ( / ) = ( / ) (12)
-19
L-R
L-R
( 12.17, S A )
I = U/R, .
L R
uL uR
i
A U
+
S B
12.17
S B , ,
L(di/dt). ,
R .
= +
0 = +
=
..
, .
, - . R-L
R-C .
= = / = /
:
= / = /
- ,
, ..
, .
-
R , 12.18- .
R ,
L R
R.
2 1
12.18