CHAPTER 6

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS

Lecture 16 (Bus Admittance and Bus Impedance
Matrix)
Introduction
In the previous chapters we studied the modeling of
different components in Power System.

This chapter deals with the steady state operation

of an inter-connected Power system during normal
operation.

System is assumed to be balanced

Introduction
Three Phase System/Network is represented by
Single line diagram.

The network can contain no. of nodes and branches

with impedances specified in per-unit on a common
MVA base.
Power System representation
Normal a Power system is represented as follows by
a single line diagram

NODE or BUS
(substation)
BRANCHES
(lines or
transformers)
Introduction
Like for any electrical network we apply different
circuit laws e-g Node voltage method on a given
Power network.
In a simple network involving only voltages and
current we get a set of Linear equations which can
be solved simultaneously.
For a Power system the set of circuit equations
become non-linear because Powers are involved.
In-order to solve these equations we have to apply
iterative techniques
 Power Flow Analysis

After We now have the necessary models to start to

develop the power system analysis tools.
The most common power system analysis tool is the power
flow (also known sometimes as the load flow):
power flow determines how the power flows in a network
also used to determine all bus voltages and all currents,
because of constant power models, power flow is a nonlinear
analysis technique,
power flow is a steady-state analysis tool.
 Linear versus Nonlinear Systems
7

A function H is linear if
H(a1m1 + a2m2) = a1H(m1) + a2H(m2)
That is:
1) the output is proportional to the input
2) the principle of superposition holds
Linear Example: y = H(x) = c x
y = c(x1+x2) = cx1 + c x2
Nonlinear Example: y = H(x) = c x2
y = c(x1+x2)2 c(x1)2 + c(x2)2
 Linear Power System Elements
8

Resistors, inductors, capacitors, independent

voltage sources, and current sources are linear
circuit elements:
1
V R I V j L I V I
jC
Such systems may be analyzed by superposition.
 Nonlinear Power System Elements
9

Constant power loads and generator injections are

nonlinear and hence systems with these elements
cannot be analyzed (exactly) by superposition.

Nonlinear problems can be very difficult to solve,

and usually require an iterative approach.
 Nonlinear Systems May Have Multiple
Solutions or No Solution
10

Example 1: x2 - 2 = 0 has solutions x = 1.414

Example 2: x2 + 2 = 0 has no real solution

f(x) = x2 - 2 f(x) = x2 + 2

two solutions where f(x) = 0 no solution to f(x) = 0

 Multiple Solution Example 3
The dc system shown below has two solutions for a value of
load resistance that results in 18 W dissipation in the load:

That is, the 18 watt

load is an unknown
resistive load RLoad
The equation we're solving is:
2
9 volts
I RLoad
2
RLoad 18 watts
1+RLoad
One solution is RLoad 2
Other solution is RLoad 0.5
Power flow analysis

In order to solve large and non-linear power

systems it is essential to use iterative techniques
The iterative techniques that we will use to perform
load flow analysis in this chapter are
Gauss Seidel Load flow Analysis
Newton Raphson load flow analysis

Fast decoupled load flow analysis (An extension of NR

LF)
Recent trends
For power flow analysis we have to model the
power system to carry out numerical analysis for
steady state.
There are always some uncertainties attached with
the model of the power system.
Due to these Uncertainties power flow results can
differ from the practical results.
In order to cater to these limitations, recent research
regarding power systems revolves around Wide
area measurement systems.
Recent trends
In case of Wide area Measurement systems, PMUs
(Phasor Measurement Units) are installed at number of
points in the power systems.
These PMUs give GPS time tagged measurement signals
from various points in Power systems to the central
Control unit.
PMU signals can be used to monitor faults in the power
system and can also enhance controllability of power
systems.
Transient and steady state observability of the system is
enhanced.
BUS ADMITTANCE NETWORK
In order to apply node voltage equations consider
a simple Power system
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Converting the impedances into admittances and
converting voltage sources into current sources our
network becomes
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Applying KCL
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Now if we introduce new terms

We can re-write the Nodal equations as

BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Extending to n-bus power system we can write general
nodal relation as

Ybus here is called the Bus Admittance matrix

BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
The Diagonal element of each row is sum of all
admittances connected to it and it is called Self
Admittance or Driving Point admittance

The off Diagonal elements in each row is negative of

admittance between the nodes it is known as Mutual
admittance
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Solving for Bus-voltages we get

Here inverse of Ybus is called Bus Impedance

matrix
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Diagonal elements Yii are obtained as Algebraic sum of
all elements incident to bus I
Off-diagonal elements (Yij=Cyji) are obtained as
negative of Admittance connected between bus i and
j
On inspection of Ybus matrix it is clear that it is
symmetric across the leading diagonal and we have to
store only an upper triangular or lower triangular
matrix to store Ybus.
This is a big added advantage when power system
contains 100s of buses
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Another property of Ybus matrix is that it is a
sparse matrix (Most of the off diagonal terms,
nearly 90% are zero for practical power systems)

This is due to the fact that most buses in power

system are connected only to few other buses
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Example: Obtain Bus admittance matrix of the
network given below
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Consider the following One line diagram

Z11 = Z22 = j0.25, Z12 = j0.2, Z13 = j0.25,

Z23 = Z34 = j0.4 and Z24 = j0.5
Find the bus Admittance Matrix and Bus Impedance
Matrix
BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX