CHRISTIE J. GEANKOPLIS University of Minnesota Transport Processes and Unit Operations ‘TrurD EDITION . a PRENTICE HALL P TR “ Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 CHAPTER 9 Drying of Process Materials 441 INTRODUCTION AND METHODS OF DRYING 1A. Purpoves of Drying “The discussions of drying inthis chapter are concerned with the removal of water from process materials and other substances. The term drying is also used to celer to removal Of other organie liquid, such as benzene or organic solvents, from solids. Many of the types of equipment and calculation metheds discussed for removal of water cam aso be ‘wed for removal of organic liquids. ‘Drying, in general, usually means removal of relatively small amounts of water from material. Evaporation refers to removal of relatively large amounts of water [rom ‘material In evaporation the water is removed as vapor at its boiling poiat. In drying the ‘water is usually removed as.a vapor by ait. In some cases water may be removed mechanically from solid materials by presses, centrifuging, and other methods. This is cheaper than drying by thermal means for remova} of wate, which will be discussed here. The moisture content of the final died product varies depending upon the type of product. Dried salt contains about 0.5% water, coal ubout 4%, aad many food praducts about 5%. Drying is usually the final ‘processing step before packaging and makes many materials, such as soap powders and ? 8. Humidity chart of alr-water vapor mixtures. & convenient chart of the properties of ‘ir-water vapor mixtures at L0 atm abs pressuce isthe humidity chart in Fig. 9-2. In this figure the humidity Wis plotted versus the actual temperature of the air-water vapor smintuce (dy bulb tempecature). ‘The curve marked 100% running upward tothe right gives the saturation humidity Hg as a function of temperature. in Example 93-1, for 26°C Hy was calculated as (0.02226 kg H,Ojkg ait. Ploting this point of 26.7°C (80°F) and Hl; = 002226 on Fig, 93-2, itfalls on the 100% saturated lin, ‘Any point below the saturation line represents unsaturated air-water vapor mix: ‘ures The curved lines below the 100% saturation line and running upward to the right Fepresent unsuturtted mixtures of definite percentage humidity Hy. Going downward vertically fom the suration line at a given temperature, the line between 100% saturation and zero humidity 4 (the bottom horizontal line) is divided evenly into 10 ‘ncremenes of 10% each All the percentage humidity lines H, mentioned and the saturation bumidity ine Hl, fan be calculated from the data of vapor pressute of water EXAMPLE 93-2. Use of Hudity Chart Air entering a dryer has 3 temperature (dry bulb temperature) of 60°C (140°F) and a dew point of 26.7°C (80°F), Using the humidity char, dece- ‘mine the actual humidity 1, perventage humidity Hp, humid heat cy, and the humid volume vy in Sand English units, Soluian: The dew point of 267°C is the temperature when the given ssisture is at 100% saturation. Stating at 267°C, Fig. 9.2, and drawing a Vvectical line until it intersects the line for 100% humidity, a humidity of H = 00225 kg H,O/kg dry air is read off the plot. This is the actual humidity of the ait 60°C. Stated in another way, ar at 60°C tod havo 8 humidity H ~ 0.6225 is cooled, its dew point will be 267°C. In Engish luits,H = 0.002516 H,O/tb dry ai. Locating this point of H =00225 and ¢= 60°C on the chart, the peteentege humidity His found wo be 14%, by linear dion vert sally between the 10 and 20% lines. The hum heat for H = 0.0225 3, from