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Enzyme Immobilization
Enzyme Immobilization
Enzyme Immobilization
Entrapment
- Matrix Entrapment - Membrane Entrapment
(microencapsulation)
Surface immobilization
Two major types of immobilization of enzyme on the surface of
support materials are adsorption and covalent binding
Adsorption is the attachment of enzymes on the surfaces of support
particles by weak physical forces, such as van der Waals or dispersion
forces. The active sites of the adsorbed enzyme is usually unaffected,
and nearly full activity is retained upon adsorption
Covalent binding is the retention of enzyme on support by covalent
bond formation. Enzyme molecules bind to support material via
certain functional groups such as amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and
sulfhydryl groups. These functional groups must not be in the active
sites.
Cross-linking is to cross link enzyme molecules with each other
using agents such as glutaraldehyde.
Industrial application of enzymes
Enzyme uses
Cleaning (Detergents), Textiles, Starch processing, Brewing, Leather
Baking, Pulp and Paper, Food and Specialities, Animal feeds and Cosmetics
Industrial uses for specialty chemicals
Organic acids
Chiral drugs
Chiral intermediates
Semi-synthetic antibiotics
Therapeutics
Treatment of Gaucher's disease
Industrial uses
1. Starch conversions
Production of glucose syrup
Production of high fructose corn syrup
Production of high maltose conversion syrups
Production of cyclodextrins
Production of ethanol
2. Lignocellulosic Biomass conversions
Cellulose conversion
Hemicellulose conversion
Lignin conversion
Some industrial uses of enzymes
Detergents industry
Bacterial proteinases are still the most important detergent enzymes .
Amylases are used in detergents to remove starch bases strians
Cellulases have been a part of detergents since early 90s: an enzyme
complex capable of degrading crystalline cellulose to glucose
Drink Industry
The use of chymosin in cheese making to coagulate milk protien
Beta-galactosidase (lactase) Splits milk-sugar lactose into glucose and
galactose is also used in milk industry. This process is used for milk
products that are consumed by lactose intolerant consumers
Fruit juice manufacturing
Pectinase , xylanase and cellulase improve the liberation of the juice from the
pulp
pectinase and amylases are used in juice clarification
Textiles
The use of enzymes in textile industry is one of the most rapidly growing field
in industrial enzymology
Starch has for a long time been used as a protective glue of fibers in weaving
of fabrics. This is called sizing
Enzymes are used to remove the starch in a process called desizing: amylases
are used in this process since they donot harm the testile fibers
Laccase a polyphenol oxidase is used to degrade lignin the aromatic polymer
found in all plant materials
Cellulases remove cellulose micorfibrils , which are formed during washing