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PlaneTrigonometry 10047381
PlaneTrigonometry 10047381
PART I STAT I CS
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M EC H A N I CS AN D H YD R O STATI CS FO R BE
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. . Th ird Edi t io n .
Th e t wo part s bo un d in o ne vo lume , 78 6 d . .
TH E ELE M E N TS OF C O O R D I N AT E GE O M ET R Y .
I n p p
re a ra ti o n .
A N EW E D ITI O N O F D R TO D H UN T E R
S
GEBRA F OR B EGI N N ERS .
A R IT H M ETI C FO R S C H O O LS .
A VE M A RI A LA N E .
F . A
. BROCKH AU S .
M f ork : T H E M AC M I L LAN CO .
T EI G O N O M E T R Y
S . L . L O N EY , MA .
LA E ELL W
T F O OF SI D N E Y S SS OLLE E
U EX C G , OAI BRI D GB ,
O E SSO
PR F R AT TH E R Y O AL OLLOWA
H Y OOLLI GI .
PART I .
S T EREOT YPED ED I T I O N .
CAM BRI D GE
T H E U N I V ERS I TY PRES S
1 8 96
[A l l Ri gh ts reserved ]
PREF ACE .
a m o re dif cu lt ch aract e r .
On a rs t re adin
g also t h e art icles m ar ked wit h an
as t eris k sho u ld be o m it t ed .
I am indeb t e d t o M r W . J D o bbs B A
.
, . lat e Sch o lar
S t Jo h n s Co llege fo r h is kindness in re adin
of and
,
g
co rrect in
g t h e p -
roo s f h e et s and fo r man y valuable su
g
st io ns
ge .
S . L . LON EY .
R O L HOLLOWA CO
YA Y LLEG E ,
E A SGHE M, URR Y .
S ep tember 1 2 , 1 893 .
Ap ri l 25 , 1 895 .
viii CONTEN TS .
So lut io n o f t riangles
Given t wo sides and t h e included angle
Am biguo us Cas e
H eigh t s and D ist ances
Pro pert ies of a t riangle
Th e circles co nnect ed wit h a t riangle
PA RT I .
11
[ A ppro ximat io ns are
A Radian = 5 7 1 7 448
'
nearly .
Tw o ht
rig an
gles 1 80
200 11 radians .
x Radi an .
se c
0= l + t an 0 ;
co sec
0= l + co t
0 .
( A rt .
co s 0 = ( A rt .
1 J 3
sm 30 30
; co s
( A rt 34
)
sin
45 = co s ( A rt .
f
(
sin 60 ; co s 60 A rt .
sin 90 = l ; 90 = 0 (
c0 8 . A rt .
J S - l
J 3 + 1
si n 15
2J 2
co s 15
3J2 ( A rt .
$ "
J 1
?
5 1
; co s 36
.
( A m . 1 20,
4
TH E PRI N CI PAL F O M R ULE IN TRI GON OMETRY .
s in
( - sin 0; co s ( ( A rt .
sin ( 90 0) = sin 0
co s
( 90 .
( A rt .
sin 0 .
( A rt .
(
0 ( 0 o
sin 1 8 cos 1 8 co s .
( A rt .
s in - s in 0; co s d (A rt . .
V . I f sin 0 = sin a , t h en 0 = m r ( A rt .
If cos O= co s a, t h en 0 = 2m r d n a
. .
( A rt .
I f t an o = t an a, t h en 0 = m r + a.
- sin 4 sin B .
( A rt .
I
s in
(A - B) = sin A co s B co s A si nB .
co s
(A
c p C D
sin C + sin D = 2 s in
g E .
0 D C D
sin C sin D = 2 cos
; .
C D C D
cos 0 + co s D = 2 cos
; E .
C
C
D D
cm D - co s C = 2 n
E .
( A rt .
2 sin A co s B = si n ( A B) .
B) .
2 sin A sin B = co s
( A )
-B - cos (A ( A rt .
TH E PRI N CI PAL FORM ULE IN TRI GON OMETRY .
t an A + t an B
t an (A + B)
'
l t an A t an B
t an A - t an B
t an (A - B )
m .
( A rt .
sin 2A = 2 sin A co s A .
co s 2A = co s A sin
A= l l .
1
2 t an A l
t an A
8 1 11 24
m , 00 8 2A .
m .
24 m 2 t an A
1
7
sin 3A = 3 sin A
oos sA = 4 eo e A L 3 co a A
t an 3A
J
l co s A A l + o os A
d
; co s du
( A rt . llO .
2 2
Jl + sin A *
Jl sin A .
Jl + sin A -
p Jl si n A .
t an ( ,
A +
lo g, m n lo g, m lo g, n.
m
lo g, lo g, 1 lo g, n.
7;
lo g, m n lo g
(
lo g,, 1 lo g, m
TH E PRI N CI PAL F O M R U LE IN TRI GONOM ETRY .
N + $ f
268
4 .
4
.
A
2
sin A
a = b co s C + c co s B
B- C
b_ c
co t
2 6 -
4 6
a b 8 abc
1x R =
K inB T.S
'
2 sin A 2 ain C
A
_
2
.
( A rt .
sin 0
1, w hen 0 is ver y sm all
"
0
.
A rea o f a circle m .
R
TH E P I N CI PAL F O M R UL A; IN TRI GONOMETRY . xiii
3
( A rt .
co s a + cos to as t e rms
{ }
f
co s a + B sin
( A rt .
2 TRI GONOM ETRY .
Th e sym bo ls
and 1 are use d t o de no t e a Grade ,
1 00 Grades ( 1 00 8
) Righ t an
gle .
9 10
H ence t o , c hange
degre e s int o grades add o n o ne ,
ni nt h; to ch an e
g grades in t o degre es , subt ract o ne t e nt h
- .
( 3 )
36 + x as
)
1
( 64
10
x 64
In pract ice
it is ge nerall fo und m o re co nve nie nt t o y
re duce an n l e t o a fract io n o f a ri h t an le T h
y a
g g g e .
17
We h ave 85
87)
1 4 5 1 _ 1 4 85
I
60
63 1 4
rt . angle
70275 rt 8 11 8 10
.
Reduce 948 28 8 7 to S em gen ma l M eas ure
E x. 3 . .
9 42387 ri gh t angle
943 23 87
60
5 3 3 8 80 se co n ds .
84 48 53 388
943 23 8 7
6 . A n g le s of a ny si z e .
a t ri ht an les in
g g O ,
an d su ppo se
a re vo lving line OP ( t urni ng abo u t
a xed po int at O ) t o st art fro m
wat ch .
F o r any po sit io n o f t h e re
vo lving line bet ween 0 A and 0B ,
1 2
4 TRI GONOM ETRY .
,, ,
A OB + B OA + A OP, , i e
angle t race d o ut is A OP, i , . e . . .
2 rig ht an
gles A OP , so
'
, t h at t h e angle de scribe d is
Fory po s it io n OP
an b e t wee n O B a n d OA t h e angle ,,
,
t im e in t h e po sit io n OP is no t A OP bu t 4 righ t , an
gles
A OP , .
co m p le t e re v o lut io ns is o n ce m o re in t h e p o s it io n OP,
, ,
the an
g le it h as t race d o ut is 8 righ t an
gle s A OP, .
DA it is in t h e fo urt h quadrant
, .
Since
( 2) 36 0
th e re vo lving li ne h as t urned t hro ugh
1 20 mo re th an
o n e co m pl t e e revo l ut io n , an d is t h erefo re in th e second
q u adran t ,
i . e. between OB and OA
, and mak es an angle o f 30 wit h OB
.
CI RCULAR MEAS U E R . 5
( )
3 Since x t h e revo lving line h as turned th ro ugh
60
m o re th an ele ven ri gh t angles , and is th erefo re in th e fo urth
q u adrant , i e bet ween OB and 0 A , and m akes 60 with DE
' '
. . .
X
E AM PLES . I .
6 3 1 7 25
3
1 . 2
. 75 .
4 ,
1 30
5 , 6 . 37O 2U 48
11
,
235 1 2
12 ,
475 1 3
13 ,
12 m .
14 .
45: 15 ,
16 . 25 58 8 9 .
17 . 75 9
M ark th e o sitio n p of th e re vo lvi ng li ne wh en it h as traced o ut th e
fo llo wing angles
18 .
g ri gh t angl e. 19 . 3} righ t
4
angles. 20.
1 8} righ t angles .
21 24 1 508
. 22 ,
31 5
23 . ,
1 1 85 25. .
26 . 4208 27 .
8 758 .
28 . H o w m an ydg e rees , mi nutes and seco nds are res ect ivel p yp assed
C i rcu l ar M e asu re .
9. A t hird y
s st e m of m easurem e nt of angles h as
b e e n de vised, and it is t h is y
s st e m h h
w ic is use d in all
AP wh o se le ngt h is e q u al to the
radiu s of the circle . J o in 0A and
OP .
Th e angle A OP is t h e an
g le
cn lar m eas u re m en t , i . e
. it is t h e
an
g le in t erm s of h h in t h is
w ic
s yst em we m e su a re all o t h ers .
Th is angle is called A R a di an de no t e d
by
10 . I t is clearl y esse nt i
pro per ch o ice Of a al to t he
unit t h at it s h o uld be a cons ta nt u an t it y ; h ence we m ust
q
s h ew t h at t h e Radian is a co ns t an t an le T h is we Sh all
g .
Take an
y t wo circles w h o se co m m o n ce n t re is O .
po lygo n o f n Side s ,
A BCD '
Let OA OB , , meet t h e
sm alle r circle in t h e po int s a, b ,
c, and j o in ab , bc, cd
T h en, by Euc VI 2, . . a bcd . is
a re ular p o l
g gon o f n y S ides in
scribe d in t h e s maller circle .
S ince Oa Ob ,
and 0A OB ,
TH E RAD I AN . 7
ab
H ence we h ave
in t h e po lygo ns .
circle .
Ra di u s o f o ut e r circle
is t h e s am e fo r al l ci rc l e s .
8 TRI GON OMET RY .
quant it y .
Circum fe re nce
D iam et e r
W e have t h ere fo re thefo llo wing t h eo rem ; T h e ci r
c u m fere n c e of a ci rc l e i s al w ay s e q u a l t o or t im e s
it s di am et e r or 2 71 t i m e s it s
ra di u s .
31 41 5 926 5 .
22
Th e fract io n
7 gives t h e value o f rr co rrect l y fo r t h e
2
rst t wo decim al places ; fo r 3
7
35 5
Th e fract io n is a m o re accurat e value o f vr, being
1 13
35 5
co rre ct to 6 places o f decim als ; fo r _
"
112
10 TRI OON OM ET RY .
X
E A M PLES . II .
1 ,
I f th e radius o f th e earth be 4000 mil es , wh at is t h e length of it s
circum ference ?
2 ,
T h e wh eel o f a railwa y carriage is 3 feet in diameter an d m akes
3 revo lut io n s in a seco nd ; h o w fas t is th e train go ing ?
3 ,
A mi ll sail wh o se lengt h is 1 8 feet m ak es 1 0 revo lutio n s per
minute . Wh at distance does it s en d travel in an h o ur ?
pi ece j
o f st rin g wh ich wo ul d us t surro un d it s curved edge ?
5 ,
A ss um in g t h at th e eart h d escribes in o ne y ear a circle , of
ference .
By Ar t 1 2, t h e lengt h . of A B is t he re fo re wh ere r
A A OP arc AP r
H en ce
A A OB arc AB 71
7
2
A A OP
A A OB .
Bu t we dened t h e an
gle A OP t o be a Radian .
TH E RAD I AN . 11
Hence a Radian A A OB
o f a ri
gh t an
gle .
Since a rig ht an
g le is a co nst ant angle, and since we
have Sh e wn ( Art n is a co ns t ant q uan t it y it
. 1 2) t h at ,
16 . M ag nit ud e of a Ra di an .
1 80 x
5 7 1 7 448
ne arl y .
2
17 . S ince a Radian 2
of a ri
gh t an
gle ,
11
t h ere fo re a ri
gh t an
gle radians ,
SO t hat 1 80 gl
es 2 righ t
71 radians an ,
v
n re o lu t io ns, it h as describe d an an le o f
g 2urr radians .
an
gle
12 TRI OON OMETRY .
o nl y .
Th e co nversio n is t h en m e re ly Arit h m e t ic .
1 1 x. ( )
1
( )
2
( )
a 40 1 5
' "
36 = 40
85 2238:
- 40 2 6 x radians .
1
radians
( )
4 4os 1 5 36 x
2007681r radi ans .
nd t h e angle s i n degrees .
80 th at a: 60 .
Th e q
re ui red angles are t h erefo re
(60 an d ( 60
l
(6 sr
0 -
g u eo -
sr.
radians.
(60 y) ( 0 y)
x 6
1 80
TH E RAD I AN .
H ence (60 -
y)
-7
3) r ,
200 60- y 40
T IT
OI f; tr
5 (60
y 40 .
Th e co ro llar y th erefo re st at es th at
+ 4 = 20,
so t h at
2 righ t angles .
90
1 003 radians .
1 608 radians .
1 44
3
X
E A M PLES . III .
1r
41r
_
1 s
3
.
0
2 s 3 4 5
3
. .
41
71
6 7 8
6
0 s
5
.
9 10 1 10 11
, . . 1 75
12 ,
14
13 . 395 . 603 .
15 .
1 1 0 16 .
t riangle is
gr radians ; ex ress p the angles in degrees .
14 TRI GONOM ETRY .
[Em
18 ,
One angle o f a t ri angle is
g o: grades an d ano t h er i s
$ 2: degrees,
19 ,
T h e circular m easure of t wo angles o f a triangle are res ect ivel p y
and wh at is t h e num be r o f degrees in t h e t hird angle 7
20 .
Th e angles o f a t rian gle are in A . r. and t h e n um ber of degrees
in t h e least i s t o th e n umber o f radian s in t h e great e st as 60 t o 1 ; nd
t h e angl es in degrees .
24 ,
Th e num ber o f sides in t wo regular p lyg
o o ns are as 5 z 4, and
26 ,
Th e angl es o f a q uadril at eral are in A . r . and t h e great est i s
do uble t h e l east ; p
ex res s t h e leas t angl e in rad ia n s .
27 ,
Find in radian s, degrees , and
grades t h e angle bet ween t h e
h o ur-h and and th e mi nut e -h an d o f a clock at (1 ) h alf- ast th ree , p
( 2) t went y mi nu t es to six, ( )
3 a q uart er p ast el even .
28 ,
F ind th e t im es ( 1 ) betwee n fo ur and ve o clock
wh en t h e angle
eigh t o clock
wh en t hi s angle is
OP in t h e po int s A and P .
so t h at A A OP a Radian .
H en ce th e angl e
radi an n gh t angl e
t ak ing 11 eq ual to
g .
5
_
33
_ }
-
I 80
it ( Art .
a
720
1 33 1 33 22
1 44
1 feet
1 474
7
x
7
feet nearl y
23
3 feet nearl y .
16 TRI GON OM ETRY .
circl e .
D
t h e n umber o f radi ans I n 32
925 00000
0
8
t h e num ber o f radians in
15
8 ir 2 1r
x
15 1 80 6 75
1 85000000 "
2 m il es
6 75
1 85
x
?
3 miles appro xim ately
6 75 7
2
( ) o f a quart er o f a mi le .
1 2 feet , wh ich subtends an angle o f 5 at it s cent re .
Hn e ce number o f radians in 5
'
1
x
?
3 feet nearl y
1 80 7
1
1 nch es = abo ut inch
3
.
18 TRI GONOMETRY .
[En
11 , I f th e circumf erence o f a circle be divided into 5 parts whi ch are
in A . r if t h e great est art be
.
, an d p 6 tim es th e leas t , nd in radians
th e m agnit udes o f t h e angles t h at th e part s subtend at t h e cent re o f t h e
circle .
12 ,
Th e p erim et er o f a certain sect o r o f a circle is equal to t h e len gth
of th e arc o f a s emicircle h aving t h e same radi us ; ex ress p th e angle o f
13 ,
At wh at dist ance do es a man , wh o se h eigh t is 6 feet , sub ten d an
angl e o f
14 ,
F ind th e length wh ich at a di st ance o f o ne mile will subt end
th e
an angle o f 1 at ey e .
18 ,
F i nd a pp ro xim at el y th e dis tance of a t o wer wh o se h eigh t is
5 1 f eet and wh ich su bt en ds at th e ey e an angl e o f 51 51 2
17 ,
A ch u rch s pire , wh o se h eigh t is kno wn to be 1 00 feet , subt ends
an angl e o f 9
'
at th e ey e ; nd a pp ro ximat el y it s dist ance .
18 ,
Find a pp ro xi m at el yi n min u t es t h e inclinat io n t o th e h o ri z o n of
19 ,
Th e radius o f th e e art h being t ak en t o be 396 0 miles , and th e
dist ance of th e m o o n fro m t h e eart h being 60 tim es th e radi us o f th e
eart h , nd app ro xim at el y th e radius o f t h e m o o n whi ch subt ends at th e
earth an angle o f
20 ,
Wh en th e m o o n i s se t t ing at any
given lace , th e an gle th at is p
subt en ded at it s cent re by th e radius o f th e e arth assing t hro ugh th e given p
pl ace is I f th e eart h s ra dius
b e 3960 mil es, n d a pp ro xim at el y th e
di st ance o f t h e mo o n .
21 ,
Pro ve th at t h e dist ance of th e sun is abo ut 8 1 millio n geo
gra phi cal miles , ass um ing th at th e angl e wh ich th e eart h s radi us
diamete r of th e eart h p
in geo gra h ical m il es .
t he an l e A OP
g .
I n t h e t riangle M OP OP is t h e ,
g}: $35 ,
is called t h e S in e of t he an
gle A OP ;
3g i;
l a
G o si n a
I
,
P
gM T an g e nt
253
8
Go t a n g e nt
1 .
o
f P
-
Go se c ant
l
OP
S e ca nt
OM
A
O
V
20 TRI GON OM ET RY .
e of A OP ; also
,
,
falls sh o rt o f
u nit y is calle d t h e Go v e rne d S in e o f A OP
,
w
are all n u m b e rs .
Th e n am e s of t hese ei
gh t rat io s are writ t en, fo r
bre vi t y ,
s in A OP , co s A OP , t an A OP , co t A OP , co sec A OP ,
sec A OP , vers A OP , an d co ve rs A OP res pect ively .
1
se c A OP
A OP
co s
l
co t A OP
t an A O
. ra tio s
th e sa me f or th e same ang le .
We ha v e to s hew t hat ,
if in
t he re vo lving line OP y an ot h er
po in t P
be t ak en and P M be
drawn perpe ndicular t o 0 A t h e ,
GP M
are the sam e as t ho se derived fro m t h e tria ngle
I n t h e t wo t riangles t h e ,
an
gle at O is co mm o n , and
t he an
g les at M an d M are bo t h ri
gh t angle s and t here
fo re eq ual .
MP MP
'
by Eu c VI 4, we have w t h e sm e o f t h e an
gle
OP
.
.
OP
.
Since by t h e ,
sa m e pro po sit io n ,
we have
OM MP MP
951!
and
01 >
OP
po int an P d
P M be drawn er endicul ar to OP, th e funct io ns as
'
p p
derived fro m th e t riangle OP M will h ave th e same val ues as befo re
"
.
F o r, since in t h e t wo t riangles 0 PM and 0 P M , t h e t wo angles
P OM and OM P are res ectivel e ual t o P OI 1! and OM P t h ese
p y
.
q ,
Let t h e an
g le A OP ( F i
g A rt 23) be de no t e d b
, y 0 . .
I n t he t riangle A OP we ha ve by Eu c I 47, , . .
M P + OM
a
OP 2
22 rareo rro m sv .
He nce dividing by OP
,
, we have
( sin ( co s 1 .
H en ce t his relat io n is
si n Ol c o s O
-
1
(m y
( t an 1 ( s ec
so t hat n e w 1 t an 2
0
Again, dividing e quat io ns ( 1 ) by M P
, we have
OM OP 9
1
MP MP
1 ( co t ( co se c
so t hat c o se c
o 1 0 09 0
MP 0 M
Als o , since sin 0 and co s 0
OP 01
sin 0 MP OM MP
we hav e OP OM
t an 0 .
co s 0 OP
sin 0
He nce t an 0
co s 0
Similarly
TRI GON OM ET RI CAL RATI OS . 23
20 . E x. 1 . Prove t ha t co m : A cat 4 .
We h ave
1 co s A
J 1 co s
2
A
by relatio n
( )
2 of th e last article ,
1
co sec A - co t A
sin A
.
sin A
x. 2 . Prove t ha t
J ace
A+ cosec
A tan A + co t A.
and
tan
A + 2t an A co t A l co t A
- -
( t an A + co t
so th at
I x. 8 . Pro ve t ha t
( cosec A si n A
)( see A cos A) ( ta n A co t A)
Th e given p
ex res sio n
(
1
-
s z
a
si
2 A
1 si n A 1 co s A n A co s
sin A co s A sin A co s A
2 2
co s A sin A 1
sin A co s A sin A co s A
24 TRI GON OM ETRY .
X
E AM PLES . V .
1 ,
co s A sin A co s
z
A .
2 , ( sin A + co s A) (1 s in A co s A) sin A + co s A
= 3 3
.
sin A 1 + co s A
3 1 + co s A
+
sin
_ 2 co sec A .
4 ,
- 3 sin A
co s
2
A .
5 sec A - t an A .
co sec A co se c A _
2 se c A 2
+
co sec A - 1 co s ec A -l-1
co sec A
co s A
co t A + t an A
( see A + co s A ) (
see A co s A) = 2
t an A + sin A .
1
M A OOS A '
co t A + t an A
1
sec A + t an A
sec A t an A
1 - t an A co t A - 1
'
1 + t an A co t A+1
9
1 + t an A sin A
1 + co t A
co s A
se c A t an A
1
sec A + t an A
t an A co t A
see A co sec A +1 .
1 co t A l - t an A
co s A sin A
1 t an A 1 co t A
sin A) (co t A
( A co s t an A ) sec A co sec A .
2 l 2
sec A sec A tan A
tan A .
TRI GON OMET RY .
N ow sin
0 and cos
0, be ing bo t h q
s uares, are bo t h
n ecess aril y posit ive . Hence , since t heir s um is u nit y ,
co s
0, wo uld h ave to be negat ive , whi ch is im o ssible ] p
He nce n eit her the s in e no r the co sine can be nu m eri
1
cosec 0, which e quals sin cann o t be nu me rically le ss
0
.
t han uni t y .
So sec 0, which q
e u als cannot be num ericall y
less t han u ni t y.
MP
S ince M P 18 ne er v g reat er t han OP, t h e rat io 1i8
s
OP
v great er t han unit y
n e er ,
so t hat t he sin e o f an an le 1 8
g
n e ve r gre at er t h an unit y .
OM
Also , since OM is v
n e er g reat er t han OP , the rat io
OP
is ver great er t han unit y
ne ,
i a t he
. . co sine is v
n e er
g re at e r
t han un it y .
31 W e can. p
e x re ss t h e t rigo no m et rical rat io s o f a n
an le in t erm s o f
g any o ne o f t h em .
m ro o no m a mu . au t o s . 27
Le t A OP be an
y gle 0 an .
MP 3
He nce sm 0= 8,
OP 1
i
gg Vl
MP 8 sin e
T
O Vl s Vl - sin
d
OM Vl s Vl - sin a
MP s em 0
OP 1
cosec
MP 8
OP 1 l
-
0 111 41 s Vl sin e
Th e last ve q
e uat io ns
giv e wh at is re quired .
Ex 2
. . To cap rese a ll the trig o nometrical relations in
terms f
o the co tangent .
By Euc . I . 47,
28 TRI GONOM ETRY .
He nce
OM w co t 0
GP /1 + a
a
41 + co t
2
9
_
MP 1 1
T!
O a: co t 0
OP VI +w
+ co t
2
0
OM '
a co t e
co se c 0 + co t
0
MP
.
OM
Th e co t an e nt 18
g and h ence in Ex 2 t h e side M P
MP
.
is t ak en q
e ual to u nit y
.
By E uc . r. 47, MP :
J am .
01 1 9:
s =4t .
Hn e ce cle arl y
4
co se c and sec o
3 ,
3
l
()
2
(30 8 0: 1,
3
1 8
5 ,
w e
0
H ence
30 TRI GON OM ETRY .
m o o xo mi rmcu RA I OS T . 31
X
E AM PLES . VI .
2 ,
Ex pre ss all th e rat ios in te rms of t h e tangent .
3 ,
Ex press all th e rat io s in term s of th e co s ecant .
12
6 I f sin e nd tan 0 and vers in 0
, .
11
nd t an A , co s A, and sec A.
nd sin o and co t 0 .
9 If co s A 2 nd tan A an d co sec A.
41
,
10 , I f t an 0
2, nd th e sine, co sine , versine and co secant o f 0 .
a
0 0
11 ,
I f t an o
15
12 ,
If co t 0 , nd co s 0 and co sec 0 .
If se c A =
g, nd t an A and co sec A.
I f 8 sin 0 = 4 + co s o, nd sin 0 .
n d sin a .
[- 2 . x
If
i
.
co t 0 + co sec I )
I f 3 sec 0 + 8 = 1 0 sec o, nd t h e
values o f t an 0 .
If nd co s 0 .
I f t an 0 + co t 0 = 2, nd sin e .
If se c
0 = 2 + 2 t an 0, nd t an 0 .
a W 2x ( z +1)
nd sin 0 and co s 0.
32 TRI GON OM ETRY .
V al u e s of t h e t ri g o n o m e t ri c al rat i o s in
so m e u s e ful c a se s .
33 . A ngle f
o
Le t t h e an le A OP t race d o ut
g
be
T h en, since t h e t h re e an
gl es o f
a t riangle are t o get h er e qu al t o
t wo ri
gh t angles,
OP M = 1 80 A F OM PM O
A 4
P OM
1 80 45 = 4 .
so t hat OM a~ /2
.
I
81 11 40 {f a d 2 1
OP V2
2a
34 A ng le of
.
MP
e qual t o PM .
Th e t wo t riangles OM P and
Th ere fo re OP
OP and A OP P
OP P
'
, A so
MP J 3a
Hence sin 60
OP 2a
OM l
a
cos 60
OP 2a 2
sin
60
43
an d t an 6 0 '
co s 60
36 . A ngle f
o
M OP is v ery sm all .
P
Th e m agni t ude o f M P is
t h en v ery sm all, and init ially ,
do t h ey co incide .
0 MP 0
Hence em 0 0,
OP OP
0M 1
9 3
cos 0
OP OP
an d t an 0 }
5 O .
OM
A lso co t 0
t he value of wh en M an d P co incide
MP
th e rat io of a nit e quant ity to so m e t hing in nit ely
sm all
co t 0
also .
co se c 0 so
sec O
37 . A ngle of
Let t h e angle A OP be very nearly , b ut
no t quit e a right angle
, .
equ al .
MP OP
H ence sin
90
OP OP
OM 0
9
0 1?
t an 90
OM an inni t ely sm all quant it y
a n u m be r inn it ely large 00
OH 0
co t 90
Qf
se c 90 cc as in t h e case o f t h e t angent ,
OM
gP 913
co sec 90
MP OP
38 . Co m p l em e a A n gl e s . D ef . Two angles
to ri h t an le T h any an le 0 and t h e an le
a g g u s.
g g
0 are co m ple ment ary
90 .
36 m mo no m nr .
39 . To nd b
theetwerelati o ns
en the tri g ono m etri ca l
ra ti os
f
o two co mp lementary angles .
( 0) M PO 9
si n 9 0 sin co s A OP co s ,
0) M PO sin A OP 0
co s ( 9 0 co s si n ,
M0
t an ( 90
o
0) = tan M P O
co t A OP -co t 0
PM
,
o) MP O
g t an A OP t an a,
co t ( 90 co t
PO
0) MP O = sec A OP 0
0
co se c ( 90 co sec
MO
s ec ,
P0
0) MPO A OP 0
0
and sec ( 90 sec co sec co se c
PM
.
TRI GON OMETRI CAL RATI OS .
H ence we o bser e v t h at
t h e Sin e y o f an an
gle t h e Co sine of it s co m plem ent ,
th e Tange nt o f any an
gle t h e Co t an gent of it s co m ple
m e nt ,
an d t h e S e cant o f an angle t h e Co secant of it s co m ple
m ent .
Co s ine
Co secant
S ecant
I f t he st u de nt co m m it s accurat el y to m em o r y the
po rt io n of t he abo ve t able incl uded bet wee n t h e t ic h k
lines h e
,
sho uld be able to eas ily epro duce t h e re st
r .
38 rai ao no nnrnr .
For
( )
1 the sines of 60
and 90
are res pectively the
co sin es o f 30 and ( Art .
( )
2 t he co sine s of 60
and 90
are res pect ively t he
and ( A
sine s o f 30 rt .
( )
3 Th e t angen t o f any angle is t h e resu lt o f dividing
t h e sine by t h e co sine .
( )
5 Since co sec 9
Si ;0 the sixt h ro w is o bt aine d
ro w .
1
( )
6 Since sec 0
co s 9
the se vent h ro w is sim ilarl y
o bt ain ed fro m t h e t h ird ro w.
X
E A MPLES .
1 ,
If A verif y th at
( )
1 co s 2A = co s A - 1,
( )
2 sin 2A = 2 sin A co s A,
( )
3 co s = 3
3A 4 co s A - 3 co s A ,
( )
4 sin 3A = 3 sin A 4 sin A ,
-
2 t an A
[Exs VI I
.
] rmo o no ms rmcu RATI OS . 39
2 . I f A = 45
,
verif y th at
(1 ) si n 2A = 2 sin A co s A ,
( )
2 co s 2A = 1 - 2
2 sin A ,
5
and ( 3) t an 24
l it
g .
sin 30 6o + co s 80 sin
co s
J3 1
co s 45 o
c0 3 60
sm 45 o
s1 n 60
= _ .
2J 2
2 co sec 60
4 co t 45
2
sec
sin 3o = i
.
CH APTER I I I .
R
S I M PLE P OBL EMS I N H EI GHTS AN D T N
DI S A C ES .
41 . ON E of the j
o b ect s o f Trigo no m et ry is t o nd t h e
dist ances be t we en point s ,
or th e h eight s of j
o b ect s,
Le t OM b e a h o riz o nt al line
drawn t hro ugh 0 t o m ee t in M
t h e vert ical lin e drawn t hro ugh
P
Th e le M OP is calle d
an 0
g
t he A n g l e o f E l e vat i o n o f
the po int P as seen fro m 0 .
z o nt al line passin t h ro u h P T h n l N P O i t h e
g g e a
g e s .
48 Tw
. f th in t m t
o o e di p
s ru ti l w k th Th d
en s us e n rac ca or are e eo o
Th Th
e eo do li t e, in it s simpl e fo rm , co nsist s o f a telesco p e att ach ed
to a t pi
a e ce o f wo o d . Thi pi
s ece o f wo o d is su pp o rt ed by th ree legs
and can be arranged so as t o be accuratel yh o riz o ntal.
TRI GONOMETRY .
PM p p
er en dicul ar t o AB ro duced and p
let M P be at .
A M A P = 45
,
and l M B P = 60 0
0
We th en h ave
A co t l
x
1
Oo t 60 O
0
H
5
ence AM z and BM : .
1 00 A M EM
: 1: z
J 3
z _
=
1 00 J
. 3
921
1 1 (J N )
3 E -1
3- 1
feet .
let 0 D be th e t o wer .
L E AD
L et feet be th e h eigh t o f th e t o wer and ro duce
3 p
D C to m eet AE in E , so t h at 0 E = A B z = 200 - s . 0
Sin ce A AD B : 4 D AE = 60
(E uc .
AD B = 200 00 h 60
D B = AB co t
75
zoo - o r: 1
t
HEI GHTS AN D D I S A T N CES .
DB 200
w
200 - 3
T ,
so th at m ace feet .
F ro m t h e seco nd g ure ,
so th at
F ro m th e t h ird gu re ,
so th at
44 TRI GON OM ETRY .
F ro m t h e l as t g ure, we h ave
BM : AM
AB ,
82
g le a m .
8x : 3 x 300 3
.
300 J 3 J
.6
75 x feet .
5
a: co t
60
75 x 4 2
5
75 x -
06 o feet .
2 ,
At a certain p o int th e angle o f ele vat io n o f a t o wer is fo und to be
s uch th at it s co tangent is
2 ; on walking 32 fee t directl to ward th e t o wer y
it s angle o f elevati o n is an angl e wh o se co t angent is 2 O Fin d th e h eigh t
5
of th e t o wer .
3 ,
At a p o int A , th e angle o f elevat io n o f a to wer i s fo und t o be s uch
5
t h at it s t angent is ; on walking 240 feet nearer th e t o wer t h e t angen t
E
3
of th e angl e o f elevat io n is fo un d t o be wh at is t h e h eigh t of th e
4
t o wer
4 ,
F ind t h e h eigh t o f a ch imne y wh en it is fo und th at , on walking
to wards it 1 00 feet in a h o riz o n t al line th ro ugh it s base , th e angul ar
5 ,
An o b server o n th e t o p of a cli , 200 feet abo ve th e sea-level,
o bserves th e angl es o f de p ressio n o f t wo sh i p s at anch o r to be 45
and 30
6 F ro m t h e t o p
, of a cli an o bserver nds t h at t h e an gles of
de p ressio n o f two bu o y i
s n th e sea are 39
an d 26
re s p t i ly ; t h
ec ve e
co t
7 .
Th e u pp p er art o f a tree bro k en by th e wind m ak es an an gle
o ver
th e tree
8 .
Th e h o riz o n t al distance bet ween t wo t o wers is 6 0 feet and th e
an gular de p re s sio n o f
t h e t o p o f t h e rst as seen fro m t h e t o p of th e
se co n d, wh ich is 1 50 feet h igh , is n d t h e h eigh t o f t h e rst .
9 ,
Th e angle o f elevat io n o f th e t o p o f an un n ish ed t o wer at a
pi
o nt dist an t 1 20 feet fro m it s b as e is h o w m u ch h igh er m u st th e
t o wer be raise d s o th at it s angle o f el evat io n at t h e same o in t m ay be p
60
10 ,
T wo pill ars o f e q ual h eigh t st an d o n eit h er Side o f a ro adwa y
whi ch is 1 00 fee t wide ; at a pi
o nt in t h e ro ad way bet wee n t h e pill ars th e
elevat io n s o f the t o ps of th e pill
ars are 60
and nd th eir h eigh t an d
th e p o s it io n o f th e p o in t .
11 ,
Th e an gle o f elevat i o n o f th e t o p of a t o wer is o bs erved t o be
at a p o in t 40 feet abo ve th e rs t p
o in t o f o b s ervatio n th e el evat io n
12 ,
At th e fo o t of a m o unt ain t h e elevat io n o f it s sum m i t is fo un d
t o be aft er ascending o n e m ile up a sl o p e of 30
in cli n at io n th e
elevatio n is fo un d t o be F in d th e h eigh t of th e m o un t ain .
13 ,
Wh at is th e angl e o f e le vat io n o f th e s un wh en t h e l en gt h of th e
sh ado w o f a p o le is .J3 t i m es t h e h eigh t of th e p o le
14 ,
Th e sh ado w o f a to wer st anding o n a level pl ane is fo und t o be
60 feet lo nger wh en t h e
sun s al t it u de is 30 t h an wh en it is
Pro ve
t h at t h e h eigh t of t h e t o wer is 30 (1 + ,J3) fee t .
30
and 60
and, as seen fro m B , th e y are 60
and I f th e length AB
be 30 feet , nd th e h eigh t s of t h e agst a s and th e distance bet ween
th em .
co t PB Q
2
nd t h e h eigh t of th e t o wer .
18 ,
A sq uare t o wer s t ands u pon a h o riz o nt al pl ane. F ro m a p o int
in t his p
lane , fro m wh ich t h ree of it s u pp er co rners are visible , t h eir
angul ar elevatio ns are res ect ivel p y and Sh ow t h at t h e
h eigh t of th e to wer is t o th e breadth o f o ne o f it s sides as J 6 (J 5 + 1 )
to 4 .
19 A l igh
,
th o use, facing n o rth , se n ds o ut a fan-sh a ed beam o f p
ligh t extending fro m n o rth -east t o no rt h -west An o bserver o n a st eam er, .
20 ,
A man stands at a p o in t X on t h e bank XY o f a river wi th
straigh t and parall el bank s and o bserves th at t h e lin e j o ining X to a
21 ,
A man , walking due no rth , o bserves th at th e el evat io n of a
ball o o n , wh ich is due east o f h im and is sailing to ward t h e no rth -west ,
i s t h en 60
af ter h e h as walk ed 400 y ards t h e balloo n is vert icall y o ver
T
APPLI CA I ON OF AL G EBRAI O SI GNS TO TRI GONOMETRY .
e A OB
'
bise ct s t h e an
gl .
o ne ,
t wo co m ple t e re vo lu t io ns in t h e n e gat i v e
,
i
. s . or or or 1 305
I n t he s e co nd cas e , t he an le it h as describ e d is 1 35
g
or 360
or 2 x 36 0
or 3 36 0
x 1 35
is . or or or
acut e angle :
is called t h e S in e of t he an l A OP
g e
OM
OP
MP
T an g e n t
OM
Oo t an g e n t
S e c an t
OP-
co sec ant
17 1 5
sl n
( to -
03 1 ,
si n 0=
t an 0 ,
co s 0
se c : 1 + t an
0 ,
c o se c
a nd 1 co t .
52 . S i gn s of t h e t ri g o n o m e t ric al rat io s .
seco nd q uadrant as OP ,
Here M P is po sit iv e and OM
,. , , ,
is negat ive .
Th e co sin e is ne at ive
g .
Th e co secant is negati v e .
OM , is po sit ive .
Th e sine is t he re fo re negat i e v .
Th e t angent is ne
g v
at i e .
Th e co t ange nt is ne a t i e
g v .
Th e co secant is negati e v .
Th e annexed t able s he ws t he Si ns
g of t h e t rigo no
m et rical rat io s acco rdin
g t o t h e quadrant in which lies
the re vo lving line ,
w ich h bo unds t h e angle co nsidered .
00 86 0
increas es f rom 0 to
Wh en it co incides wit h OA t h e ,
wh en it co incides wit h OB t h e ,
0 to a [i s i
.t dec
.reas es a lgebraica lly fro m 0 t o a ]
.
I n the h
t ird quadrant , dit he
s t an ce OM increases
al e braically
g fro m a to 0 and in t h e fo urt h
, , quadrant ,
M
5
1 Q
creas es fro m 0 t o t he Sine, i s increases fro m
a
.
'
to 9 i a fro m o
,
. . to 1 .
a 0
270 t he sine increases fro m fro m
to
a a
1 to 0 .
0M 9 9
is q
e ual to decreas es fro m t o i s fro m 1 t o 0 . .
a a a
0 a
I n the seco nd quadrant , it decrease s fro m to
a a
fro m 0 t o 1 .
I n t h e t ird h quadrant ,
it increas es fro m
fro m 1 to 0 .
I n
fro m 0 t o l
t h e fo urt h quadrant ,
it increase s fro m
gs to ,
rat io h
beco m e, so t at , by t a ing t h e re o l ing line near k v v
e no ug h t o OB, we can make t h e t ange nt as large as we
please This . is p by saying t hat when t h e
e x re ss e d , an
gle
I n t he Se co nd quadran t
hen t h e revo lving line h as , w
described an angle A OP Sligh t ly great er t han a righ t ,
fro m co to 0 .
fro m 0 t o 00 .
o j u st as in passin h ro u h OB]
fro m o to c
[ g tc
g .
fro m co to O .
I n h
t h e t ird qu adrant it is po sit ive and decreas es fro m
,
h
c an es
g fro m co to co
I n t h e fo urt h quadrant ,
it is negat i e an d v de creas es
fro m 0 t o co
is t h en u nit y .
co nci
i des wit h OB t h e value of t h e s ecant is 2 is . co
0
He nce , in t h e rs t quadrant , t he s ecan t incre as e s fro m
1 to co
I n t h e t hi rd quadrant , OM , is y
alwa s ne at ive and
g
increases fro m a h
t o 0 ; t erefo re t h e secant de creases
fro m l to co I n t h e fo urt hq
uadrant , OM , is al wa s y
posit ive and increas es fro m 0 t o a . He nce, in t his quad
rant , the se cant decreases fro m so to 1 .
58 TRI GON OMETRY .
S imilarly, as the an
g le increases fro m 27r radian s t o
A ls o , t h e Sines o f an
y t wo an
g le s wh ich di er by fo ur
'
co t an ent
g is n
'
rad ians .
M GM
/
4 ,
Si n e -
C u rve .
1
[F o r exam le , if OP be p e q ual to
3
OR, th en OP wo uld p
re resent o ne
[F m p l i
o r exaOR p t igh t g l t h
e , s n ce i f w h i h i, re resen s a r an e, e s ne o c s
1 w ,
t p p di l R B q l t
e erec a i t f l gth ; i
er en cu arOR , , e ua o o n e un o en s nce ,
re p t n gl q l t t w igh t gl th in f whi h i
resen s a an e e ua o o r an es , e s s o c s z ero ,
w t
e erecpe p di l f l gth
a ; i
r en OR p nt th igh t
cu ar o en z ero s nce ,
re rese s ree r
an g l t h in
es, f wh i h
e s i 1 w t p p
s o di l q l tc 1 s , e erec a er en cu ar e ua o ,
1
th e sine of which is
E and so we sh o uld erect a p p
er en di cular P Q eq ual
*6 3 . C o s i n e -C u rve
Th e Co si e Cur e
n - v is o bt ain e d in t h e sam e m anner as
R,B, .
*64 . T a g n t C u rve
n e - .
I n h
t is case , sin ce t h e t ange nt of a ri
gh t angle is
innit e OR, represent s a righ t angle t h e per
and s ince ,
*6 5 . C o t an g e nt -
C u rve . I f t he cur ev to re present
t he co t an
g ent be drawn in a similar manner, it will be
fo und t o m eet 0 Y at an inn it e dist ance abo ve 0 ; it will
pass t hro ugh po int
R, and t o uch t h e v ert ical line
the
t hro ugh R at
, an inn it e dist ance o n t h e negat ive side o f
OX .Ju st beyo nd R, it will st art at an inni t e distance
abo ve R, , and pro ce ed as be fo re .
When t he g l
ane is z e ro , t h e Sine is z e ro , and t he
co se cant is t h ere fo re in nit e .
ch an e s f o m t
g r oco oo .
2 ,
F ind th e num ber o f degrees , mi nut es, and s eco nds in th e angle at
th e centre o f a circle , wh o se radi us is 5 feet , which is subt ended by an arc
o f length 6 feet .
3 ,
T o t urn radians into seco nds , p ro ve th at we must mul ti l p y by
206 265 nearl y , and t o t urn seco nds into radians p
t h e m ulti lier m ust be
0000048 .
4 ,
I f sin e equal 2 2
21 3
-
, nd th e values o f co s 0 and co t 0 .
m + 2mn
sin 0
W
p ro ve th at
/ 6 ,
If co s 0
p ro ve th at co s 0 sin 0: J 2 co s 0 .
7 , Pro ve t h at
co se c a
8 ,
Ex pre ss 2 sec A
sec
A 2 co sec2 A co sec
A
In t erm s of t an A .
10 ,
A m an o n a cli o bserves a bo at at an angle o f de p res sio n o f
11 ,
Pro ve t h at th e eq uat io n sin 0: a: +
5 is im p o ssible if a: be real.
12 , Sh ew th at t h e eq uat i o n sec
0
( f
is o nl yp o ssible wh en
a :
g .
CHAPT ER V .
S I Z E AN D S I GN .
68 . To nd
the trigonometrica l ra ti os
of an an
g le
0) in terms f
o tho se f
o 0
, f o r a ll values o f 9.
66 TRI GON OMETRY .
i
tr go no m e t ric al ra t i o s m ay b e fo u n d , w it h o u t re fer en ce t o t h e g ure ,
from t h e v a lu es o f t h e r
st t wo ra ti o s .
sin
Sin ( - 0) 0
- tan 0,
co (
s 0) co s o
co s ( - 0) co s o
sin ( 0) - s in 0
1 1
- co c
Sin 0) - sin 0
( -
1
co s ( 0) co s o
I n
t an ( - t an 60 :
co s (
( 90 o o , .
an n le A OP de no t e d by 0
y a g .
To o bt ain the an
gle 90
0 let t h e
, re vo lving line
ro t at e to B and t h en ro t at e fro m B in t h e o pposit e
direct io n t hro ugh t h e an
gle 0, and let t h e po sit io n o f t he
v ving line be t hen
re o l OF .
Th e le A OP is t h en 90 0
an
g .
y e qual
call , by co ns t ru ct io n.
He nce in ,
each gure ,
GP M
' '
,
Since ON and MP
are parallel .
and OM
MP nu m ericall y .
Al so , in e ac h gure , OM and M P
'
are of t he sam e
are M P and OM ,
Sign, and so als o
OM an d UM MP
'
is
. + .
68 TRI GONOM ETRY .
H ence
(
0) Sin A OP
si n 9 0
co s (9 0
6) cos A OP
tan ( 90 0) t an A OP
'
0) A OP
(
'
co t 90 co t
o zf
MP
OP OP
0) se e A OP 0,
(
sec 90 co s ec
OP
OP
and 0) co se c A OP
o
(
90
W
co sec
07
0) in terms
( 90 f
o those qf 0, f or a ll values of 6 .
A NGLES o r AN Y SI ZE AN D SI G N . 69
any an
gle 0 an d let OP be t h e po sit io n of the re vo lving
line t he n h at t h e angle A OP is 0
,
so t .
e A OP is ( 90
l
the g an
M OP and P OM is always ri ht an le
'
a
g g .
H ence M P
P OM
0P M
A O 90 A A .
T h e t wo t riangles M OP and MP
'
O are t here fo re equal
in all res pect s .
h
w ils t M P and OM hav e the o pposit e Si n,
g so t hat
MP OM OM MP
' '
,
and .
W e t h ere fo re h ave
99
-
= Sin A OP
5
02
l
i;
( A[ P
a
0)
( A OP
co s 90 co s
OI ,
t an ( 90
0) t an A OF
1
:
55 af l}P
l!
g; 35
1
r ep
( 90 e
0
05
se c ( 90
0) se c A OP
'
:
: 1
co sec 0,
OF OP
and co se c ( 90 0) co sec A OP
MP OM
70 T RI GON OM E I RY
.
sin sin 60
1 50 ( 90
co s
l
(90 sin
co s 1 35
co s 45
(90 F J
t an - co t 3 .
71 . S u p p l e m e nt ary A n g l e s .
sum is e qu al t o t wo ri h t an le s i s t h e supp le me nt o f
g g , .
0
any an le 0 is 1 8 0
g .
E xs . Th e su ppl m e en t o f 1 80
30
Th e ppl m
su e en t o f 1 20
1 80
Th e ppl m
su e ent o f 1 80
275
Th e suppl m e ent o f 1 80
To o b t ain
gle 1 8 0 0, le t the
t h e re v o l
anvin
g line
an
gles ( i s . po sit io n
. int o t h et he n re vo lve back
t hro ugh an angle 0 in t o t h e po sit io n OP so t hat t h e angle
angle A OP .
Th e le A OP is t hen 1 8 0 0
an
g
"
.
perpendicular t o A OA
'
Hence OM and OM
are e u al q in m agnit ude , d
an so
I n e ac h gure OM ,
and OM are drawn in o ppo sit e
direct io ns wh ilst M P, and MP
are drawn in t h e sam e
direct io n , so t hat
OM OM and MP MP
7
: .
,
He nce we have
0)
si n ( 1 8 0 sin A OP
0)
A OP
co s ( 1 8 0 cos
t an A OP
t an ( 1 8 0
0)
A OP 0
co t ( 1 80 0) co t co t ,
0) se c A OP se c 0,
se c ( 1 8 0
0) co se c A OP 0
and co sec ( 1 8 0 co s ec .
72 TRI GONOM ETRY .
sin 1 20 = sin (1 80
( 0
5
co s 1 35 : cos 1 8 co s 45
2
t an 30
5 1
t an
5
th e st u de nt .
0 B we h ve
90 , a
6)
( S in B) B rt 70)
s in 1 8 0 ( 90 co s ( A .
Q 0 7
co s ( 90 47 s in , ( Art 0) .
and co s ( 1 8 0
0) co s ( 90
B) Sin B ( Art 70 ) .
sin ( s) 0 A
90 co s .
( rt .
B
t an ( 1 80 0) B)
t an ( 90 co t
t an 0,
co t ( 90 0)
0,
sec ( 1 8 0 0) se c
0) 0
co se c ( 1 8 0 co sec .
( 36 0 , .
74 TRI GONO METRY .
30 45 60 90 1 20 .
1 35
Co t angent
Cose cant
Je 2
m . x .
Pro ve th at
1 ,
2 . co a 570 sin
51 0
sin 330
co s 390 = 0 .
tan t an 765
9 0
3 .
225 oo t 405 co t .
'
l
4 and 8
5 t
s 0
[ Exs x ] . .
EX A M PLES .
1
9 , s in A
J 2
10 ,
co s A -
2
11 . t an A
2
12 so t A 13 sec A and 14 co sec A 2
J 3
15 . sin 13 , co s 17 ,
t an
18 sin 1 68 20
. 19 , co s . ten
21 .
sin 22 . co s 23 , ten
24 . co s
A
25 , co t 26 ,
sec 1 327
and
27 , co s ec
W h at ai
SI n h as S in A + co s A fo r t h e fo ll o win value s o f A
lg
l4o 2783
( r
28 , 29 , 30 , and 31 ,
1 1 25
Wh at pign /
h as sin A 08
J Afo r t h e fo llo win g values o f A
32 33 34 6 34 an d 35
,
s
38 , F in d th e Sines h co sines o f all angles in th e
an rst fo ur q uadran t s
37 and t an (270 A)
. co s A, co t A .
s in an d co t (
38 ( 270 A) : A) :
,
co s A, 270 te n A .
S in
39 . co s A + sin ( 270 A) + co s
A) t an ( 270
40 A) t an
,
se c ( 270 - A ) sec ( 90
41 , co t A + t an + t an -
M an (360
A) : 0 .
CHAPT ER VI .
B 0 pro duce d ]
T hro ugh N draw N P paralle l t o OA Wit h cent re 0 .
,
and le t it m ee t N P in P .
D raw P M pe rpendicular t o OA so t h at ,
s in A OP
OP OP l
uni t y describe a
, circle and let it m eet
MP in P .
T hen A OP is t h e an
g le re quired . Fo r
OM 6
cos A OP b
OP
.
OM q
e ual to unit y , and e rect a p e r
di MP M easure o MP
'
pe n cular .
e qual t o G.
T h en
t an A OP
that when an
,
an le is given, s o
g a lso is it s S in e T h e .
an
y h
ot e r t rigo no m e t rical fu nct io n o f t h e angle be
g iv en .
21 r radians .
or 2 or ,
t im es 2 radians in e it h e r t h e po s it iv e o r
7: ,
ne at ive dire ct io ns i s e it h e r 0 o r i 2 or i 4 o r 1; 6 n
g , .
,
1 r, 7r,
ra dians .
T his is p
ex re ss ed by saying t h at wh en t h e re vo lv ing
line co incides wit h t h e init ial li ne t h e angle it h as de
scrib ed is a r, wh e re n is so m e po sit ive or v
negat i e
82 . T h e o re m . To nd a general sa rsssi o n
p to i n
clu de all ang les which ha ve the s ame sins .
Let A OP be an
y angle having t h e gi ve n Sine , and
let it be deno t e d by a .
OM M O and draw M P
e qual t o
,
AS in Art 72 t h e angle A OP
.
,
is e qual t o 7r a.
A NGLES H Av T H E SAM E SI NE . 79
, ,
2m n a,
is ( 2 1) n ( )
2
7 a
'
.
u rr +
F o r wh en n 2r since
,
1 t h e expressio n ( 3)
, ,
Als o wh en n 2r + 1 Since
,
: 1 t h e expres , ,
sio n ( 3)
giv es ( 2r + 1 ) 7r a wh ich is t h e sam e as t h e ,
e xpressio n
83. T h e o re m To f ind a
g en era l exp ressi o n to in
clude all ang les which have the s ame cosine.
Let A OP be any an
gle having the giv en co sine, and
let it be deno t ed by a .
80 TRI GONOM ETRY .
All t he se an les
g are include d in t h e p
e x res sio n
-
2 n 7r i a
Cor . Th e p
ex ressio n ( )
1 inclu des all angles having
t he sam e secant as a .
84 T h eo re m . To nd a g enera l es
p ressi o n f o r all
Let A OP be y an an
gle having t h e gi ven t angent ,
and le t it be deno t ed by a .
per
p endicular GM to .
As in Art 73 t h e .
, angles A OP
and A OP
h ave t he same t ange nt ;
A OP
also the angle qr a .
mr
g
( )
2 Th e small est p o s itive angle , wh o se co sine is
is i . s.
2f i
?
'
( )
3 Th e sm allest p o sitive angle, wh o se t angent is
'
l
is i . e .
6
H ence , by Art 84, th e general
. p
ex res si o n fo r all th e angles
1
Si n
4
H w h in 0 ==
ere e ave s : I
T ki g th pp Sign
a n e u er ,
1 -
_
_ r
2 6
0 = 7l t + ( s
ein
( -
g) .
a= mr
I V E ,
wh at is th e same ex ressio n, p
0 na 5 :
EXAM PLES . 83
1 1
equa ti o ns sin e: - and te n d
2 J3
Co nsidering o nl y angles be t ween 0
and th e o nl y values o f 0,
wh en sin 0
are 21 0
and Similarl y , th e o nl y values o f 0, wh en
30 an d
are
3
Th e o nl y value o f 0, bet ween 0
an d sat is fy ing bo t h co ndit io ns
7
is th erefo re i . s.
;
Th e m o s t general value is h ence o bt ain ed by adding any m ult i le p
of fo ur righ t angles t o th i s angle, and h ence is 2m r Z:
wh ere n is any
6
po si tive o r negat ive integer .
1
1 . 2 ,
8 111 0 sin e
5 . co s o
8 ,
t an o 1 .
2
11 co m a-
1
3
. .
00 9 4 sin 0 : 3
13 . 0 14 . t an o 15 .
.
3
16 ,
2 co t o co sec 0. 17 . 80 0 0 7
1
and
7
i
1
20 . If co s (A -B
) , and sin -
i
, n d th e sm allest p o sit ive
1
21
values o f
. I f t an (A
A and B
s) :
and also
1, and s ec (A + 3 )
th eir m o st general
57 5
,
n d th e smallest
val ues .
p o sitive
22 ,
Find t h e angles between 0
and 36 0 whi ch h ave
p
res e ct ivel y (1 )
th eir ines S J3 h i co si nes equal and h i
eq ual to ( )
2 t e r to 3
( ) t e r t an
1
gents equal to
J 3
( )
4 and ( )
5 co t s: - 7?
( )
2 t an y = 3 t an a,
( )
3 co s y co s z , and ( )
4 sec y : co sec z .
fo rmulae .
( ) (
1 2n 1) and ( )
2 2n1r =
l= n bein g any integer .
2 3 6
26 ,
Pro ve th at th e two fo rm ulae
( )
1
( )
3 2113 - i r: a and ( )
2 nn +
27 . If 0 p ro ve t h at 0 = 2mr + a + or else th at
wh ere m
, and n are any integers .
28 ,
If co s p a co s go : 0, p ro ve t h at th e di erent val ues o f 0 fo rm two
27
arith met ical p ro gressio ns in which th e co mm o n di eren ces are and
2+9
21r
P ~
9
So lve th e equatio ns
A
1 . co s
0 sin 0 -
i
3 '
co s
0: sin 0 .
4 , co s 0 + co s 0 :
1 .
I
5 ,
4 co s 0 3 sec 0 :
2 t an 0
tan
. sin
0 2 co s 0 +
i
7 . t an 0
co t
0+
( J +
3
5) 5
co t
-
0 ab tan b
9 co t 0: a .
10
/
. .
- 1 t an 0
11 . l eo 0 ) 12 .
13 . co t 0 + tan 0 = 2 co sec 0 .
14 ,
1
15 8 sin 0 ll 2 sin 0 : l 16 s in 50
7
.
. ,
17 ,
sin 90 : sin 0
.
18 ,
sin 30 : sin 20 .
19 .
co s m0 = oo s no. 20 ,
sin 20 : cos so .
21 . co s 50 co s 40 . 22 ,
co s m0 : sin no.
23 . co t 0 tan 8 0 . 24 ,
co t 0: tan no .
25 . t an 20 : t an
. 26 .
t an 20 t an
,
27 . tan 30 co t a. 28 ,
t an 30 co t 9.
2
29 .
t an 30 : t an a. 30 .
3 t an 0 : 1 .
31 . t an mz + co t nz : 0
.
32 ,
t an ( 1 co t 0) : co t ar ( m s) .
1 1
33 sin (0 and
.
5 ,
34 .
co s ( z + 3y )
2
35 ,
F ind all th e angles between 0
and 90 wh ich
sat isf y th e eq uatio n
3 2 a
2 co sec 0
sec 0 co sec 0 -t 8 .
36 ,
If t an 0
2 , nd versin 0 and ex
1
pl i an t h e do uble result.
37 .
I f th e co verl in o f an m gle be nd it s co sine and co tangent .
CHAPTER VI I .
88 . T h e o re m . To p ro ve that
sin ( A + B) = sin A co s B+ oo s A sin B,
co s ( A + B ) co s A co s B sin A sin B .
the an
g le A OB A ) an d t h e n t ra
,ce o u t t h e furt h e r
an le B 0 0 B)
g .
Th e angle
RPN
== 90
88 Tmo o no mnm r
'
.
MP M R + RP
Hence sm ( A + B) sm A OP
OP OP
QN RP QN 0 N RP N P
+ +
OP OP ON OP N P OP
sin A co s B co s EB N sin B .
sin (A + B ) = s i n A co s B + co s A sl n B .
OH OQ M Q
Agai n co s ( A + B ) co s A OP
OP OP
oo o o ON RN N P
op 01 >
0 N OP N P OP
co s A co s B sin RP N sin B .
co s (A + B ) = c o s A co s B - si n A sin B .
sin co s by Art 70 , .
- sin .1 si n
co s A co s B B = sin A1 co s B + co s A I sin B .
co s
sin A co s B - co s A sin B = co s Al co s B - sin 1l
. sin B .
by . . y
i a th e are t rue if th e co m o nen t angl es lie bet we en 0 an d
p
Similarl y ,
by putting A, = 90
we can p ro ve th e truth of th e
th eo rems wh en ei th er o r bo th of th e p
co m o nent angl es h ave values
between 0
and
91 ,
Th e p ro o fs of th e p revi o us article will be fo und to apply t o
F o r, p ut t ing we h ave ,
B = sin
sin ( ,
A ) ( A B
) (Art.70)
co s A co s B + sin A sin B
sin A, co s B co s A, sin B .
co s A, co s B + sin A, si n B .
H
ence , by p
ro ceedin g in t h is m anner, we may sh ew th at th e th eo rems
t wo an
g
an l s t h e m selv es, are o ft en ca lled t h e A d dit i o n a n d
g e
S u b t rac t i o n T h e o re m s .
sin co s 80 + co s 45 sin 8 0
45
1
+
1 J 3
_ _
_
+ l
J2 2 7 2 2 2 J2
co s co s (45
= co s 45
co s 80
sin 45
sin 30
1 J 3 1 1 J3 1
J s 2 J 2 2 2J 2
AD D I T I O N AND S UBTRACTI ON ro mm u s . 91
BS . 2 . Prove t ha t si n (A + B ) si n (A - si nI B,
= o os
and cos (A + B ) cos (A B) A s in B .
oo s A sin B .
Assumi ng t he ormulas -
E x. 0 .
f f or sin ( z -
l y) and co s x i -y ( ) , deduce
t he f ormul as f or sin ( z -
y) a nd co s ( as y) .
We h ave
sin z
{( = ein z -
y) co s y + co s z - ( y) sin y
an d co s z = co s { ( z - sin z
g) ) sin
oo s y ( y y
py
Mult i l ing ( 1 ) by co s y and ( ) by
2 sin y an d sub tract ing, we h ave
co s z sin =
y)
sin z co s y y sin (
z - y) .
py
M ult i l ing (1 ) by sin y and (2) by co s y and addi ng, we h ave
sin :r si n y + co s z co s y = co s (z
y) = co s (z -
y) .
Th ese two fo rm ulae are t rue fo r all values o f th e angl es, since th e
fo rmulae fro m whi ch th e y are derived are t rue fo r all values .
9
1 , I f sin a an d ec a p 2?
nd th e value o f sin (a .
)
and
3 , I t ain a and co s p g J ind th e values
) ,
tan (
awl- B) .
Pro ve th at
4 , co s (45
A) co s (45
B) sin (45
A ) sin (45
B ) = sin (A B) .
92 TRI GONOM ETRY .
[Exs . XI I I .
]
sin sin 5 B) ( B)
5 (45 B ) + co s
co s (4 co s A .
s in ( A - B
) sin (B - C) s in ( C - A
)
6 .
A B
+
co s co s co s B co s C co s 0 co s A
75
7 sin co s 1 05 = co s 45
0 4
5
8 ,
si n 75
sin 1 5 = co s 1 05
co s
9 , co s c co s (
y
- a
) - sin a sin
(y
10 ,
co s ( a+ ) co s 1 - co s (p + (1 a ) .
11 ,
12 .
A and B,
sin ( A + B) sin
( A B) = 2 co s A sin B
co s ( A
co s ( A B) co s B
Put A + B = C, an d A so t hat
C+ D C D
_
A and B
T
.
2
94 TRI GONOM ETRY .
Hence QT R T 21 33 t e M N
2P S, and 2M L , . . .
l Q NR MQ + N R
He ce s C + sin D
n in il
+
OQ OR OR
0 M L
1i
3
0 }; 2 sin LOP co s P OR
C+ D C_ D
2 sin co s
2 2
119
1
OQ OR OR
SP SP RP
2 2 2 co s SPR s OP
OB BP OE
'
C+ D C D
2 00 8 8m s
2 2
C D
fo r A SPR = A SP O = L OP
E
90 A
ON OM + 0N
A18 0 008 C + COS D
,
OR T
O L
_
2 _
OR O P OR
C+D C
'
D
2 cos L OP co s P OR = 2 co s
2 2
P ROD UCT FO M R ULE . 95
ON OM ON OM
F i nally, co s D co s 0
OR m T
0 96 . Th e st u dent is st ro n
gl g y
ur e d t o m ak e h imself
wit h by t h e h e lp o f lo garit hm s .
60 - 40
sin 6 0 + sin 40 = 2 sin 2 sin 50 co s o .
2 2
ao 7o
cos BO- co s 70 = 2 sin
; 2 sin 5 0 sin 20 .
15 75 - 15
sin
sin 75 sin 1 5
2 2
co s 75 + co s 1 5
2
sin 30 J
2 co s 45
1 3
53 1 1 30 o 5 7735
3 T
[Thi s is an exam pl e of th e sim pli catio n given by t h ese fo rm ul ae ; it
40 co s 6 0)
On pplyi
a ng t h e fo rm ulae of Art 94, th is
. p
ex ressio n
-
0 4 30 30 - 0 8 0 4-20 80 20
2 81 11 81 11 x 2 sm
7 2 2 2
X
E AM PLES XI V
I
.
Pro ve t h at
c
sin 70 - s in 50 co e ds co mi ;
1 t an 0 t an 0
l co s 70 + co s 50 si n 6 0 + sin 40
si n A + sin 3A
M 2
00 8 A + 00 8 3A
sin 7A - sin A
co s 4A sec 5A .
sin 8A - sin 2A
co s 2B + co s 2A
B
co s 2B co s 2A ) .
sin 2A + sin 2B t an (A + B )
co s 2B co s 2A
9
10 .
00 8 (A + B ) sin (A B) 2 sin ( 45
A ) co s ( 45
B) .
co s 3A co s A co s 2A co s 4A s in A
11 +
sin sA - sin A
'
sin i A - sin 2 A co s 2A co s 3A
t an 5 0 + t an 30
m 4 0 0 8 20 00 8 40 .
98 TRI GON OMETRY .
0 97 . Th e fo rm ulae and ( )
4 of Art 94 . are
2 sin 5 0 sin 30 = co s 20 - co s 80
.
E x. 8 . 2 co s 1 1 0 co s 20 = co s 1 30 + co s 90.
Sim lify p
sin 8 0 00 s 0 sin 6 0 co s 80
co s 20 cos 0 sin 30 si n 40
By t h e abo ve fo rmulae, th e p
ex res sio n
s in 70 sin 80
co s sa+ co s 70
2 co s 50 sin 20
by th e fo rm ulas of Art 94,
.
2 co s 5 0 co s 20
tan 20 .
em pl yi
o ng th e co nvers e fo rmulas of Art . 94 . Th i s ar t i i
ce ft s o en
1 ,
2 sin 50 sin 70 .
2 ,
2 co s 70 sin 5 0 .
Z
2 sin 54 sin
3 ,
2 co s 1 1 0 co s 30 .
4 .
[Exs xv . .
] TAN GENT o n TH E S UM o r TWO AN GLES . 99
Pro ve th at
5 . sin
g g ? ti n
a -
+sin sin sin 20 sin 5 0 .
0 5
6 . co s
%20
% co s - co s 30 co s sin 5 0 sin i 2
2
.
2 sin (A C ) co s C sin ( A 2 C)
-
sin A
9
co s 2A co s 3A - co s 2A co s 7A + cos A co s 1 0A
11 co t 6 A co t 5A
sA sin 2A sin 5A + sin 4A sin 7A
.
sin 4A sin
12 . co s ( 36
A) co s A) + co s (54 + A)
cos ( 54
A) =co s 2A .
15 .
versin (A + B ) versin (A - B) . A- co s
16 . ( -
p) oc e (y
w 91 31 51
17 2 + co + co s
c
o
s s
T5 i
.
l3
C
t an A + t an B
98 To p rove th at ( A B)
S
. en +
1 t an A t an B
t an t an B
M M ( A
n ( A B) s in A co s B + o cs A s in B
sin A s in B
co s A co s B
co s A co s B
num erat o r an d de no m inat o r by co s A 00 8 B .
1 00 TRI GON OM ETRY .
sin A sin B
214 2
em 1 em
1 +
i by dividing as be fo re .
co s A co s B
t an A - t an B
'
1 + t an A t an B
u/ 99 .
Th e fo rmulae of th e p receding article m ay be o btained geo metri
call yf ro m th e g ures o f Art s 88. an d 90 .
( )
1 T ki
a ng th e gure o f Art 88, we h ave
.
M P _ QN + RP
95
+ 5 5
t an A +
R
-
P
OQ 0Q OQ
_
EN P
1
RP o o
But , since th e angles RPN and Q ON are equal, th e t riangles EBN and
Q ON are similar, s o th at
RP 00
RP
. PN
and th erefo re t an B
517
.
0Q
t an A + tan B t an A + tan B
Hm mu gl '
( )
2 T ak ing th e g ure o f Art 90, we h ave
.
tan (A B)
QN PR
1 02 TRI GONOM ETRY .
tan (A B) : '
375 .
n
3 .
I i tan A
m and tan B
g
l
4 I f tan a and t an pro ve t h at a+ p
,
I i
,
Pro ve th at
( )
r 81
5 t an + 0 x ts n
.
z
)
l
l
- 0
6 .
1 02 . As furt her
ples o f t h e use o f t h e fo rmulae
e xam
i . e . sin 0 s in a 0
.
This m ay be writt en
0+ u
2 co s
2
AN GLES HAVI NG A GI VEN COSI N E .
0 J a
any o dd m u lt iple of
;
0 : a any o dd m u lt iple of 1r
ne at ive in t e ge r
g .
F o r wh en
,
n is o dd, p h
t is e x ress io n agre es wit h and,
w h en n is e ven , it a re e s wit h
g
1 03
. F ind the genera l va lue o f all ang les
sa me cosine .
Th e e q uat io n we have no w to v
so l e is
co s 0 co s a,
co s a co s 0= 0 ,
0+ u 0 a
2 2
an
y m u lt ip le o f qr,
an
y m u lt iple o f qr,
1 04 TRI GONOMETRY .
0 a an
y m u lt iple of 2r ,
0 a an
y m u lt ip le of 27 .
sin 0 co s a co s 0 sin a= 0,
sin ( 0 a ) 0 .
an
y m u lt ipl e of W
Le t QOP b e t h e an
gle 2A .
Wit h ce nt re 0 a nd radi us OP
describe a circle , and le t QC m ee t
it again in 0 .
and the an
gle N PQ A Q OP A .
H ence
NP 2N P NP NP OP
Sl n 2A 2 2
01? we 50 01 )
oo
2 sin N OP co s P OO since OP Q is
, a ri
gh t angle ,
2 Sin A co s A
M ( 0 0 + CM
( OC CN )
CP 00
ON NO ON OP N Q PQ
oo 07 oo5
P Q oo
co s A sin
2
A
t an 2A
W
ON ON NQ
1
MU LTI PLE A NG LES . 1 07
33 . To nd t he va lues o f sin 15
and co s
Let t h e am A be
le 2 so t h at A i s
ON = OC + CN = a
-
J 3) .
OP ON OQ = a ( 2 + J 3 ) x 4a E
: .
( nc . vi .
0 P = aJ 2
P Q = QN
.
Q o = d ( 2 -
J 3) x 40 ,
P Q = a J 2 (J 3
sin l 5
PQ J 3 - l
OQ 4 e
o
OP
By Art 88 .
, put t ing B equal t o 2A , we h a ve
sin 3A sin ( A 2A ) = sin A co s 2A + cos A sin 2A
sin A (1 2 sin A ) co s A 2 sin A cos A ,
by Art 1 0 5
.
,
sin A (1 2 sin A ) + 2 sin A ( 1
2
sin
2
A) .
sin 3 A = 3 s in A - 4
3A
s in
co s A ( 2 co s A
1) 2 co s A ( l
H ence co s 3A 4 co s A s
3 co s A
1 08 TRI GONOM ETRY .
t an A + t an 2A
1 t an A t an 2A
2 tan
M A
l t an A t an A ( l
1 t an A
1 t an A
Hence t an GA
l a t an a
Th
[ e student may nd it dif cult t o reme mber, and dis t ingui sh
between , t h e fo rmulae ( )
1 and which bear a general resem blance to
o ne ano t h er, but h ave t h eir signs in a dierent o rder I f in do ub t , h e .
As an e xa mple, let p
u s ex ress co s 5 0 in t erm s o f co s 0
.
We have
cos
( 4 cos 0
3 c0 8 0) ( 2 co s O
l)
( 3 sin 0
( 8 co s 0 10 co s
'
0 + 3 co s 0)
4 sin 0)
1 0 co s 0 + 3 co s 0)
2 co s 0 ( 1 1)
( 8 co s
'
0
2 co s 0 ( 5 co s 0 4 cos 0 1)
-- 5 0 0 8
l 0 .
1 10 TRI GONOMETRY .
E
[ xs XVI I
.
J
s in 0 + sin 20 1 + sin 0 - co s 0
1 + co s 0 + co s 20
t 1 0 tan-9
1 + sin 0 +
co s 0 2
1 )A
sin ( + )
2n 1 A sin =
A sin ( n + 1 ) A s in a
nA .
in (3A 2c
o s (A + B
2A + sin 2B
.
) .
s in 3A + s in 2A - sin A = 4 sin A co s
J am .
s
co s co s (
co s 0 sin
1 + co sa
( co s
0 + si
p
sec 2A .
co sec A - 2 co t 2A co s A = 2 sin A .
l A
sin a sin
(6
i
0 a ) sin a ) z sin 3a .
( 60
co s a co s
)
a. co s
4
3a .
co t a + co t =
co t ( 60 )
a 8 co t 3a .
co s 20
co s 40
co s 60
co s 1
16
sin 20 sin
40
sin 60
sin 8 0
co s 4a = l - 8 00 8 3 a + 8 co s a .
si n 4A s in A co s A 4 co s A sin3 A .
co s 6 n = a2 co sa . 48 co s
a + 18 co s ?
a 1 .
2 co s 20 + 1
m _ (2 co s 0 - 1
)(2 co s 20 1 ) (2 co s 2
S UBM ULTI PLE A NGLES . 1l1
we subst it u t e
2 , and t herefo re if inst ead of 2A we put
A
2 A .
2
He nce we have the relat io n s
s in A =2 s in co s
co s A co s
2 co s
in terms of cos A .
so t hat 1 co s A,
and t h erefo re si n
co s A 2 cos
so t hat
g 1 co s A,
and t here fo re
Hence,
1 14 TRI GONOMETRY .
H ence sin 1 65 I
3 1
cos 1 65
sin
g and co s Th e ex pl anatio n o f th is am bigui t yi s gi ven i n t h e n ext
and sin
g
-
are f o und f ro m the va lue o
f cos A .
We kno w t h at ,
if n be any int eger,
co s A cos ( 2u rr j; A ) Io ( say) .
A
H ence any fo rmula which gives u s cos -
in t erms o f It ,
2
2727 if A
s ho uld give us als o the co sin e of
2
2nvr i A
2
A
co s nvr co s
_
si n nvr 8 1 11
co s n rr co s
5
acco rding as n is v
e en o r o dd .
RATI OS or 1
; IN TERM S o r SI N A . 115
21m 1 A
s ho uld give us also the sine of
2
Also sin
2m 1 4 " i
2
A
sm nvr co s 1 co s nvr em 1; co s nrr em
5
i SI D
v alue s fo r co s 1
an d sin 4 an d h
t is is t h e nu mber w ic h h
2 2
t h e fo rm ulae of Art 1 1 0 giv e
. .
2
h ave fo ur po sitio ns , t wo in clined t o t h e p o siti ve directio n of t h e init ial
in terms a
f si n A .
1, alwa s y
116 TRI GONOM ETRY .
F irst addin
g t hese equat io ns , an d t h en subt ract in
g
( )
1 fro m we have
sin
+ 2 sin 4 -
l + sin A ,
2 2
A A
l - Sl n A
E
'
,
2
A
( g
sin 1 sin A,
-
co s
( g
sin -
l s in A;
so t hat sin -
+ co s i vl -- s n
l i A
2
A
2
A
Th e ot her rat io s o f
are t hen easily o bt ained
2
.
1 14 . I n eac h of t h e fo rm u lae ( )
5 and ( )
6 t h ere are
t wo am biguo us signs . I n p
t h e fo llo wing exam les it is
hewn h o w t o de te rmine t h e ambi uit y in an p t i ul
s
g y ar c ar
f
Gi ven t ha t si n 80 is nd t he va lue s o
8 3 . 1 . si n 15 and cos
A
and co s 1
2
are f o und f ro m th e va lue o
f si n A .
W e kno w t h at ,
if n be an
y int e ge r,
-
sin
{
nn A} s in A k ( say) .
F irst let
, n be e ven and e qual t o 2m . T h en
I ) A A
)
n vr
2 a
A
sm mn COS
COS m vr S l n COS m m $1 11
'
2
A
s
2
acco rdin as m is e ve n o r o dd
g .
S econdly le t , n be o dd an d e q u al t o 2p 1 .
T hen
1) A A
em
n 7r + ( 2p rr + 7r
2 2
sin p n co s n sin co s n
co s
p p co s
2
-
i_ co s 4
acco rding as p is v
e e n o r o dd .
Hence an
y fo rm ula wh ich
giv e s us sin
g in t e rms of
ia 4
. . values in a lL This is t h e n um ber o f values which
we ge t fro m t h e fo rm ulae o f Art 1 1 3, . by giving all possible
valu es t o t h e am bi uit ie s
g .
call yf or th e case wh en
is an acute angle, it will be fo und th at th ere
at angles
3 g;
and x t o th e init ial line , and t wo in th e th ird quadrant
A 1 A
inclin ed at and t o t h e negative directio n of th e initial line It
5
.
2 2
will be clear fro m t h e g ure th at we sh o ul d t h en p
ex ect fo ur values fo r
A A
Simil arl yf o r any o th er val ue o f 1 -o
5
.
sin an d fo ur fo r co s ]
2 5
116 . I n any
g e ne ral case we can s hew ho w the
am biguit ies in relat io ns ( )
3 and ( )
4 of Art 1 1 3 m ay be
.
fo und .
W e have
Sin 1 4 co s
2
A n n A
ln -
co s
z
+ co e
4 J 2 s1 n
Th e righ h
t and
- m embe r o f t his e quat io n is po sit ive if
lie be t we en -
2n n and 2m l n,
A
li e be t ween 2n7r and 2n7r
2
1 20 TRI GON OMETRY .
Hence sin
g cos
2
1s posit ive if 1
;
lie bet wee n
7: 3n
4 4
; m i f
f
f
;
is if lie bet ween - and 2nvr +
. . in +2
I t is v h erwise
n egat i e o t .
1
t an
2 t an A t an A
/ A 1
A__ l f t - - an
i t
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t an A
0
118 . Th e am bi
g uo us Si n
g quat io n ( 1 ) can o nly
in e
8 3 . Gi ven tan -
J ,
3 nd t an
t an w
- 1 J 8 4J 3 - 1
N o w t an 75 is
p o s iti ve, so t h at we mu st t ak e t h e upp er s ign .
g: 53
(l ) 1
H ence t an
- ,J2 - 1)
J J
3 + 2 - 2 = (J 3 -
J )
2 (us
0
15
Since t an 1 5 = t an
th e eq uat io n whi ch gives us t an
- in t erm s
2
o
1 5
of t an 1 5
m ay be p
ex ect ed t o give us t an
2 in t e rm s of te n I n
1 95 4J 3 - 1
J )
2 1
-
H ence
2 2
l J J
6 + 2 1)
so t h at co t 972
(J 3 + J )
2 2+
We kno w ,
by Art 84 t h at if.
, , n be an
y int ege r ,
t an (nqr A) t an A k ( say ) .
RATI OS OF IN TE RM S OF S I N A .
m A
;
7
m ay be ex pect ed t o giv e us t an
F irst, le t n be v
e e n and e qual t o 2m .
T hen
t an t an
( m vr
as in Art 84 . .
Seco ndly le t ,
n be o dd and e qual t o 2p 1 .
Th e n t an
t an p n
( ( Art 8.4)
1
. 1 ,
( Ar t .
A
s ho uld be e xpect ed t o giv e u s als o the value o f c ot -
2
An il lu st rat io n of h
t is is se en in t h e exam ple of the
last art icle .
X
E AM PLES . XVI I I .
1 ,
I f sin 0 and sin n d th e values o f sin ( 0 4-
43) and
sin (ma-
p as) .
+
cos
a
2
th e angles a. and p bei ng p o sit ive acute angles .
4 ,
If co s a
g and co s
n , nd t h e value o f co s th e angles
0
5 Given sec 0: nd t an and t an 0
2
. .
6 , If co s A 2 8
, nd t h e value o f t an
; and ex pl ain th e result ing
ambiguit y .
7 ,
Find t h e values of ( )
1 s in ( )
2 co s ( 3) t an and
( )
4 t an
Pro ve th at
9 (
00 8 a + co s a sin m s=
4 co s
;
10 ' a+ ilfl ) -4 oo ts
s
11 . ( s
co a - co s - sin
p
3:
sin
A
2 t an
2
12 . sin A ' 13 . co s A
A
1 + t an
2
14 . sec sec
(; - 0
) 2 5 00 20 .
2
17 . co s a co s a ( . co s (a.
%
18 . co s co s co s
1 26 TRI GONOM ETRY .
[Exs XVI I
. I J
30 ,
I n t h e fo rmul a
A
2 co s
=
k
J 1 + sin A =
b
J 1 - si n A.
nd with in wh at lim it s
g mu st lie wh en
( )
1 th e t wo p o si ti ve signs are tak en ,
( )
2 t h e t wo negat ive
and ( )
3
th e rst sign is negative and th e seco nd p
o sitive .
31
angle be tween 2m : an d 271 11 + wh ere n is any int eger
2 2
.
A
32 I f sin be determined fro m th e eq uat io n
,
3
A A
sm A _ 3 s1 n 4 em a
1
3
r A 1 +A
am and si n
3 3
Give al so a geo m etrical ill ust rat io n .
33 .
If co s
g be fo und fro m t h e eq uati o n
A A
2r A 21 + A
co s and co s
3 3
Give also a geo m etrical ill ust rat io n .
so m e imp o rt ant an
gle s .
To nd the tmgo no m etrica l f unctio ns of an angle of 1 8
'
'
Hence 30,
20 90
and t h ere fo re
30) 30
sin 20 sin ( 90 co s .
2 sin 0 = 4 co s 0 4 sin 0
.
4 sin 0 + 2 sin
4
Th e re mainin ri o n o m e t rical rat io s o f m ay be
g t g 18
no w fo und .
Since 72 is t h e
co m plem ent of t he valu es of t he
rat ios fo r 72 m ay be o bt aine d by t h e use o f Art 69
. .
f
o
Since co s 20 1 2 sin 0,
( Art .
05
( 32
6
5 )
co s 36
1 23 m18 g
1 2
3 -
4 5
so t hat
Hence
sin 36
41
co s 36
1 28 ramo xo m ar .
1 22 value o f sin 1 8
. Th e
and 00 8 36
m ay also be
fo un d geo me t rically as fo llo ws .
as in Enc . IV . 1 0, so t hat e ac h of t he
an
g les B and 0 is do u ble of the angle
A . T hen
so t ha t A = 36
.
By Euclid s co nst ru ct io n we
kno w t hat B0 is q
e u al to
A X where X is a po int o n A B, su ch t h at
A B BX AX
.
Le t AB = a, and AX = za
ls 1
l
s t a
BD 1 B0
Hence sin BA D
BA 2 BA
_
_
1 w V ii l
1 30 TRI GONOMETRY .
[Exs .
Also , since 8 1
is t h e co m plem ent of th e valu es o f
t h e functio ns fo r 8 1 m ay be o bt aine d by t h e of
u se
Art 69
. .
Pro ve th at
1 s in3
72
- sin 60 21 .
8
.
48 sin
co s
co s 1 2 + co s 60 + co s
sin
' 2
sin t sin i f
sin
4
1 5
5
5 5 5 16
1 81
5 s m
-
+ sm -
6 am
TO
.
10
,
t an 6 t an 42 t an 6 6 tan 1
7 ,
.
15 15 15 15 15
21 41 81 1 41
9 rs 13
is
10 ,
Two p arallel ch o rds o f a circle, wh ich are o n th e sam e side o f th e
cent re , subt end angles o f 72
and 1 44
res ect ivelp y at th e cen tre . Pro ve
t h at t h e p p er endi cular di stan ce between th e ch ords is h alf th e radius o f
th e circle .
11 .
p
I n any circle ro ve t h at t h e ch o rd whi ch subtends 1 08
at th e
centre is eq ual to th e sum o f th e two ch o rds which subtend angles o f 36
12 ,
Co nst ruct th e angle wh o se cosin e is q
e ual t o it s tangent .
13 , So lve th e eq uatio n
F or e xam ple
sin ( A B ) C
+
sin A co s B co s G + co s A sin B co s C
So
co s ( A co s ( A B ) oca C
C
9 2
1 32 TRI GONOM ETRY .
t an ( A
Also t an
t an A + t an B
1 t an O
1 t an A t an B
t an A + t an B + t an C t an A t an B t an C
1 -q + u u .
w h ere
s, = t an + t ,,
t an A l t an A , + t an A 1 t an A , +
.
Assu m e t h e re lat io n ( )
1 t o h o ld fo r n an
gles,
an o t h er angle AM I .
Th en t an ( A I A, u . AM I )
1 34 TRI GONOM ETRY .
I x . Wri te do wn t he va l ue o f ta n 40 .
131 - 3, 4 t an 0
03 t an
0
H t an 40
4 tan 0 -
4 t an 0
Ex . Pro ve th at t an 50
5m o 3
t 5 a
cos ( A , + A , +
OOS AI OOS A 0 0 0 00 8 A ( 1
1 27 . I d e nt i es h o ldi n g b et we e n th e t ri g o n o
m e t ri c al ra t l c s o f th e an g l e s of a t rian g l e .
Wh en t hree glan
es A B , ,
and C,
are su c h t hat t heir
su m is many iden t ica l l
re at o ns i are fo und t o h o ld
be t ween t heir t rigo no m e t rical rat io s .
i x. 1 . to p ro ve t ha t
- B + 2 sin C co s 0 .
(A )
Since
A + D = I 80 - 0 ,
(Art . 72)
I DE NTI TI ES . 1 35
Hn p
e ce t h e ex ressi o n
p ro ve t ha t co s A + co s -
B co s 0 = - 4
1 + co s -
co s sin
Th e p
ex ressio n co s A (
co s B - cos 0 )
g
2 co s
% -sin
B + 0 = 1 80 -A
,
B+C A
90
2 2
B+0 A
2 T
and 4
.
2
Hn e ce t h e ex p ressio n
g B
=2 co s l + 2 co s
sin
[ co s
4C
= 2 co s
[ sin -sin
= 2 co s 2 em
C - co s - - 1
-
B
5
.
2
A
--co s sin - Z
(
2 2 2
3. If
p ro ve t ha t
so t h at =
2S 2 sin A + 1
9
cos 2B +1 co s 20
2 sin A + 2 - 0)
2 2 co s A + 2
1 36 TRI GONOMETRY .
co s A = co s { 1 80 - co s
S = 2 + co s A 2 co s B . co s C .
2 + 2 co s A cq co s 0 .
I x. 4 . If A
p ro ve t ha t t an A + t an B + t an C = t an A tan B t an C .
t an A + tan B + t an 0 - t an A t an B t an 0
0 = t an A + t an B + t an C - t an A t an B t an C,
t an A + t an B + t an C = tan A t an Bt an a .
t an (A - t an 0 .
t an A + t an B
- t an C' .
l - t an A t an B
t an A + t an B = tan 0 + t an A t an B t an C,
E x. 6 . If z + y + z =1ryz , pro ve th at
t an A + t an E + t an C = t an A tan B t an 0 .
t an A + t an B
so th at t an (A + B) = t an ( 1 ( Art .
H ence
1 - 1 - 33 T
- t anu 1 -
t an B 1 4 3 11 3 0
y
sin i
19 . (B + 0 A) + s n ( 0 + A - B ) + sin - 0)
4 sin A sin B sin 0
p
.
I f A + B + C = 2S ro ve th at
=1 - co s A co s B - co s 0 + 2 co s A co s B co s 0 .
22 , sin (S - C) - si n 8
4 s1n
I
3
sin - sin
E 2
23 . 00 8
S + co s (S (S ( S 0)
2 + 2 co s A co s B co s 0 .
24 . 0
= 1 + 4 co s S co s ( S ) (
- A co s S - B
) co s (S
25 . If a + + 7 + p ro ve th at
( )
1
sin sin -
( )
2 e - sin p+ y
- s in 6 + 4 co s
and ( )
3 t an a+ tan + t an 7 + t an 8
t an a t an p t an
26 , I f th e sum o f fo ur angles be p ro ve th at t h e su m of th e
p ro duct s of th eir co sin e s tak en t wo and t wo t o geth er is eq ual t o th e
sum o f th e p ro duct s o f t h eir s ines tak en sim ilarly .
27 ,
Pro ve th at sin 2a -
+sin 2p + sin 27
.
28 .
Verify th af
-b
sin a si n (b )
- c sin c - a sin a
) ( ) (
I f A , B , C, and D be any angl es pro ve th at
30 . sin (A -
sin (B
+ sin (C
31 . sin ( +B
A - 2 C) co s B - sin (A + C - 2B )
oo s O
sin ( B
32 .
- 0 - C+D)
33 .
If any th eo rem be t rue fo r val ues of A, B , and C such th at
A +B 0:
pro ve th at th e th eo rem i s still true if we substitute fo r A , B , and 0
p
res ect ivel y th e q uan t i t ies
( )
1 90 - , 9
m 9 ,
2
and 1 80
(2) 1 80 2A, 1 80
213, 20 .
Hn e ce deduce E x 1 6 fro m Ex 6 ,
. . and E x 1 7 fro m E x 5
. . .
If z + y + z = z yz p ro ve th at
32 - z '
3y y Sz z
- 31 1
ay -
y
Bz z '
34 '
1 - +
1 - 8? 1 -3
1 3;i
3y y
and 35 ,
z 1 -
( y )(
1 - z
) 11 (
+ 1 - z
) (1 ( 1 ( 1
used to v
so l e so m e kinds o f t rigo no m et rical equat io ns .
1
co s 2v t hen 2w= 2m x
52
.
,
m:
Hence o r nvr j:
73
1 40 TRI GONOMETRY .
a co s 0 + b sin 0 = c.
a b
co s 0+
b
Va 2
+ b
Th e q
e u at io n can t hen be writ t en
co s a cos 0+ sin a sin 0=
o
co s ( 0 a )
a g
b
0
w h o se co sm e 1 8
dw+ a
c
so t hat co s B
Va b
N B Thisy be do ne when 0 is
can o n l Va
[ . .
Th e e quat io n is t h e n co s ( 0 01) co s B .
0 M a 1: B 1 ,
Hne ce co s 0 co s 2 1 48
sin 0 si n 21
48 '
( 68
90
co s 68
co s (0 21 co s 68
Hne ce 0 21 48
211 x 1 80
=
k 68
0 = 2n x 1 80
12 '
2n x 1 80
or 2n x
F o r let t an
5
0
2 t an
2 2t
th at Bill Oz
80
1 t
1
t an
2
0
1 ta n
2 1 t
( Art . 1 09 )
1 t an 0 1 +t
Th e q
e uat io n th en beco m es
1 t
1 + 1 +
so th at - 2bt + c - a = o.
values fo r t an
2
Th us , th e exam pl e of th is art icle gives
-0
70 4t 3 ,
so th at t 1 or 3
t an o r t an 23 1 2
( fro m t h e t abl es) .
Hn e ce
g : n 1 80
or n 1 80
28
0 = n 860
or n
[Exs XXL ] . TRI GON OM ETRI CAL EQ UATI ONS . 1 43
So lve t h e e quatio ns
1 . sin 0 + sin 70= sin 40 .
2 . co s 0 + co s 70 = co s 40 .
3 ,
co s 0+ -co s 30 = 2 co s 20 . 4 . sin 40 - sin 20 = co s 30 .
5 .
co s 0 - sin 30 = co s 20 . 6 .
sin 70 = sin 0 + sin 30 .
7 ,
co s 0 + co s 20 + co s s0 = 0 . 8 . sin 0 + sin 30 + sin
9 .
sin 20 - co s 20
10 .
- a
)+ si n a -( 0)
11 . co s ( 3 0 )
a. co s (30 a
) co s (5 0 a ) co s ( 5 0 a ) co s 2a
..
12 . co s n0 = co s n - ( 2) 0 + sin 0 . 13 . sin 0 .
14 . sin mo + sin n0 = o .
15 . co s m0 + co s n0 = 0 .
16 .
si n n0 - 2
sin n - ( l ) 0 = sin 0 .
17 . si n 30 + co s 20 = 0 .
18 . J 3 co s 0 +-si n 0 = J 2 .
19 . sin
- co s 0 =
20 . J 3 sin 0 J 2 .
21 .
sin z + co s z = J 2 co s A .
22 .
5 sin 0 + 2 co s 0 : 5 (gi ven t an 21
23 . co s z + 8 sin z = 9 (given t an 53
an d co s 25
3 0 = 3 sin
24 . 1 + sin 0 co s 0 ( given t an
25 .
0 0 86 0 9 = oo t 0 + J 3 .
26 . co se c z : 1 co t x.
27 , ( J
2 + 3 ) co s - sin 0 .
28 . t an 0 + sec 0 = J 3 .
29 .
00 8 20 = 00 8 0
.
30 . 4 co s 0 3 sec 0 : t an 0 .
31 .
co s 20 3 co s 32 ,
co s 30 2 co s 0 : 0 .
33 .
co s
( co s 0 34 , co t 0 t an
35 2 =
4 co t 0 co t 0 2
3 t an (0
. t an 0 .
36 .
( 0
37 .
tan 0 + t an 20 t an
38 ,
t an 0 + t an 20 + J 3 t an 0 t an 20 = J 3 .
39 . sin 3a = 4 s in a si n
(
at -H z )
. sin z - a
( ) .
40 ,
Pro ve th at t h e eq uat io n 2x 1 0 is sati s ed by p ut ti ng fo r a:
eit h er o f th e values
J sin
2 2 sin an d 2 sin
1 44 Tmco no unm r
'
.
41 . If sin p ro ve t h at
( I)
'
l 1
00 8 0-
1k
42 ,
If sin
( 1 co t 0) = co s (
f t an p
ro ve th at ei th er 00 80 0 20 o r co t 20
is eq ual t o n+i .
4 [
2 s n co s 45 co s
de creas es fro m 42 t o 0 .
h
c an
g es fro m 42 sin 270 t o
42 si n i . s . it is nega ti e v
and increases fro m 42 t o 0 .
As 0 increases fro m 31 5
to the p
ex ressi o n
W e h av e
0+
O b i 0 4a +b
m
a co s + s n = 3 2 cos
CHAPTER X .
LOGARI T HM S .
1 34 . S U PPOS I N G t h at we k no w t hat
25 3, lO m 407,
m mo m
lo a
10 " - m 1 02971 .
43,
For VW =
( 1 0 -
m
?
o
10mm 10 m 43 .
1 35 L o gari t h m
. D ef I f a be any num ber .
, and a:
I n . Sin ce t h e refo re 2 = lo gm 1 00 .
Since th erefo re 4 = lo g, 1 6
8
Since 83 th erefo re
1 I 1
8 111 06
1
- 2 1 __
2
N B . . Since 1 al ways , th e lo garit hm o f uni t yt o any base is alwa y s
z ero .
i
() 1 0 8 . (M ) 10 8 . m 10 8 . 11 .
ii
( ) lo g. lo g . m lo g. n,
iii
( ) lo g. m 3
n lo g. m .
1 37 . The logari th m o
f the p ro duct f
o two qua nti ties is
1 0 2
l 48 TRI GON OM ETRY .
l o g . (m n ) lo g . m lo g . 11 .
Let a: lo g m , 80 t hat a m,
g lo gn, so t hat a n.
lo g, mn a:
g ( Ar t 1 35 ,.D e f ) .
lo gm lo g, n .
. .
lo g . lo g. m lo g . n .
lo gm , hat D f
a: so t a m , ( Art 1 35 e ).
, .
g lo gn, so t ath a n .
m
n
() Q
n
w
g ( Art 1 3 5 , D e f
.
) .
lo g, m lo g , n .
l o g . (m
) n lo g. m
Let a : lo g, m , so t hat a
m . T h en
m
m u
"
a
lo ga ( )
m we ( Art 1 35
.
, D e f ) .
n lo g , m
I n . lo g 48 : 10 g (
2 x
l o g 2 + l o g 3 : 4 lo g 2 + l o g 3
,
63 7X3 9-
10 8 - 10 8 lo g -
7 i-lo 3 lo g 23-
lo g 1 1 2
g
4371 2
2 x1 1 9
lo g 7 + 2 lo g 3 - 2 lo g 2 - 2 lo g 1 1
lo g 4 1 3
lo g
1 50 m e o no un rav
'
.
i
() Let t h e n u mbe r be great e r t han uni t y.
Since 10
1, t h ere fo re lo g 1 O
since 10
1 0, t here fo re lo g 1 0 1
sin ce 10
1 00, t h ere fo re lo g 1 00 2,
an d so o n .
e qual t o 1 .
S im ilarly t h e lo garit hm o f
, any n u m ber be t wee n 1 00
and 1 000 m ust lie be t we e n 2 an d 3, i . s . it will h av e a
h
c aract eris t ic e qual t o 2 .
S o if t h e n um be r lie be t we en 1 000
, and 1 0000, t h e
ch aract e ris t ic will b e 3 .
ii
( ) Le t t h e num ber be less t han u nit y .
S ince 10
, t herefo re lo g
l
since
'
1 t here fo re lo g '
1
fo
,
since
b -
01 , t h erefo re lo g 0 1
f
:
l
1
t here fo re lo g 00 1 '
3
cn nnncrs ms ri c o r AN Y Lo s narrnn 1 51
'
.
fo re lies be t we en 0 an d 1 , and so is e qu al t o 1 so m e
decim al i s i ts
, . . h
c aract eris t ic is 1 .
S o t h e lo gari t hm o f an
y n u m be r bet ween 1 '
and 01
lies bet we en 1 and - 2, and hence it is e qual to 2+
so me decim al, i s it s . . h
c aract e ris t ic is 2 .
. . .
F or fract io n be t we en 1 an d 1 ( 5 ) h as
any
eg
. . no
eg . .
S u ppo se we are
giv e n t h at
lo g 6 6 8 1 8 4 8 248935 .
1 52 TRI GONOM ETRY .
Th e n
65
233
8
lo g lo g lo g 6 6 8 1 8 lo g 1 00 ( Art 1 38) .
So lo g 0 0066 8 1 8 lo g lo g 6 6 81 8 lo g 1 0 8
48 248935 8
N ow t he nu m bers 6 6 8 1 8, 6 6 8 1 8, 6 6 8 1 8, and 0 006 6 8 1 8
'
e xt rem e lef t an
- h d co lum n u nt il it v
arri es at t h e num be r
5 26 8 . ho rizo nt ally unt il t h e eye sees t h e gure s
Then lo o k
7035 which are v ert ically beneat h t h e n umber 7 at t h e t o p
o f t h e page T h e number co rresp o nding t o 5 26 87 is t h ere
.
Hence lo g 5 26 87 47 21 7035 .
lo g 5 26 8 7
'
1 7 21 7035,
lo g 0 005 26 87 4 721 7035 .
I f,
g a ain , t h e lo garit m h of 5 2725 be re quired ,
the
st udent will n d (o n runnin
g his ey e vert ically do wn t h e e x
t re m e left h
- an d co lu mn as far as 5 272 and t h en h o riz o n t ally
nu m b er 5 2725 is 7 2201 6 6 .
So lo g 0 5 2725 2 72201 66 .
o f calcu lat io n .
1 43 .
n . 1 . F i nd t h e value o f 4 73
2 .
Let z :
4 231 :
(23 4 6 .
so th at lo g a lo g by Art 1 39
. .
ms
EXAM PLES o r Lo cnarrr . 1 55
H ence lo g 1 3 6 921 59 .
lo g z [ 1 436 92 1 5 9] 2 738432 .
lo g 2 738432 .
83 . 2 . F ind th e va lue o f
(9 x
4 89 3
log c : lo g ( 0 0034 9 lo g (9 lo g 4 7
8 93
1
3 lo g _lo 2 lo g lo g
g
.
N o w in th e table of lo garith m s we nd
lo g z = 3 x 8 0955 9? (4 5 31 4789)
2 x 971 7396
i
x
95085 1 5 .
g.
2 '
843826 3 .
3 2725054 4 1 81 1 921
-
1 4 272505 4 4 1 8 1 1 921
1 0 91 31 33 .
1 56 m mo no u nrnv '
.
lo g 1 2340 = 1 0 91 31 5 2
.
z :
1 2340 n earl y .
We h ave
Again, lo g 24 7: 37 l o g 2 37 x 301 03
I x 4. . Gi ven 109 8 :
4771 21 3, lo g 7 and lo g
so lve t he equati o n
3 xM
: 1
lo g 3 + lo g M
3 l
lo g l l m ,
z l
[ go 8 + 2 l o g 7 - lo g 1 1 ] : 5 lo g l l - log 7 .
5 lo g 1 1 - lo g 7
lo g 3 + 2 lo g 7 l o g 1 1
'
8450980
4771 21 3
1 6901 960
'
E
m
1 58 rarco no mn rnr [E XXI I I ]
'
. xs .
6 ,
H aving given lo g 3 :
4771 21 8 ,
nd th e number o f di git s in
7 and
(1 ) ( 2) 3 . (3)
and th e positio n of th e
rst signi cant g ure in
-0
( )
4 t
, ( )
5 3 , and (6)
7 . Given lo g lo g and lo g
th e eq uatio ns
m
( )
1 2 3 7
s : 8
,
gu n-1
3m = a
7 ,
7m 3W x =9
4 -
aw n H u e s
8 ,
F ro m t h e tables nd th e seventh roo t o f
'
000026 75 1 .
9 { ls45 0 . 10
4 4
.
8 2
,
x
st x 111
27 { 2
74 x 76
CHAPTER XI .
TABLES G
OF LO AR I THMS AN D TRI G ONOMETRI CAL RATI OS .
R
P I N CI PLE OF PROPORTI ONAL PARTS .
y e
lo g 7458 4 48 726 45 7
Let t h en lo g lo g 745 8 3 9:
48 726 398 a:
1 60 rarc o no n nm v
'
.
F ro m ( )
1 and we se e t hat fo r an increase 1 in t h e
nu mb er t h e increas e in t h e lo garit m is 0 00005 9 h .
Th e h y p
T e o r o f Pro o rtio nal Part s t en st at es t h hat fo r
an increase of
'
3 in t h e n u m be r t he in cre ase in t h e
lo garit hm is
3 x 000005 9, i e , 0 00001 77
'
. . .
F ro m t h e t ables we o bt ain
lo g 0 38 275 2 5 8 291 5 2
lo g 0 38 276 2 5 8 2926 5 .
7 x 0 0001 1 3
0 000 0791 .
lo g 0 38 275 7 2 58291 5 2
0 0000791
2 5 8 29231 1 .
lo g 11
791 2499 .
lo g 0 1 8374 7 91 2484
di . 000001 5
.
Ex . 2 .
If a: and b : 28347 91 2, ml t he value
'
f
o t h e s quare
roo t of a
a
b
.
If 2 be th e q
re uired quant it y , we h ave
=
2 lo g r l o g ( a
(
a b) + lo g ( a b)
lo g 621 48 1 8 lo g 6291 00 42 .
lo g 621 4 8 87 934272
1
8
lo g 6291 0 47 98 71 97
3
4
2
H ence, by additio n, 2 lo g
lo g r = 4 296 076 3
.
37 .
220,
p p ro o rti onal in crease t x1
, 1 68,
a:
F or e xam ple ,
we m ust no t a pply t h e principle t o
o bt ain the value of lo g 2 5 fro m t h e valu es o f lo g 2 and
lo g 3 .
F o r, if we di d ,
since t h ese lo garit h m s are
'
301 03 and
T ab l es of t rlg o n o m et rl c al rat i o s .
( A rt .
F o r example,
[ sin 76 1 1 sin
(
90 1 3 49 cos 13
cosines, e t c.
1 1 2
1 64 TRI GONOMETRY .
Ex . 1 . Given si n 29
4 886 2 1 2,
'
t i n 29
15
14
'
nd t he va lue o f si n 29
By subtract io n we h ave
dierence in th e sine fo r
dier
en ce in th e sine fo r 32
23 x 0 002538 : 0 001 3536 ,
sin
'
29 1 4 32
0 001 3536
"
1 8850276 .
sin
29 1 4
4 885 028 .
1 t o t h e gure in th e seven t h pl ace, if t h e o mit t d g
e ure be 5 o r a n um ber
gre at er t h an 5 .
Ex . 2 . Gi ven cos 1 6 27
0 5 906 72,
0 000824 in th e co sine .
x 0 000824 in th e co sine .
co s 47
i;
"
s
x 0 000824
95 906 72 0 000645
95906 72
0 000645
0 5 90027 .
1 66 m ao no mnm v
'
.
T ab l e s of l o g a rit h m i c sin e s, c o s in e s , et c .
and
S ince t h e sine o f an an le
g is alwa s y le ss t h an u nit y ,
t h e lo garit m h of it s sine is g y
alwa s n e at ive ( Art .
g e e t we e n 0 an
45 is less t h an
u nit y it s logarit hm is negat ive , wh ilst t h e
1 57 . To v
a o id t h e t ro uble and in co n venience of prin t
ing t h e pro per sign t o t h e lo garit hm s o f t h e t rigo no me t ric
funct io ns t h e lo garit hm s as t abulat e d are no t t h e t ru e
,
Hence lo g sin 30 lo g 1}
lo g 2
'
30 1 03 1 0 9897 .
10 lo g sin i s 90 9897
. . .
V3
t an 6 0 .
TABLES o r L o o s arrnm c s ums , are . 1 67
He nce lo g t an 6 0 l 77
} g
1 o 3 }
1
( 4 1 21 3)
'
238 5 6 06 .
Th us L sin 1 5 25 lo g sin 1 5
10
L se c 48 23 lo g se c 48
'
10
nd L cosec 82
"
21
H e nce fo r an in crease
o f 5 1 in th e angle, th e p
co rres o nding decrease
is
% x 0 001 998 , i . e. 0 001 6 94 .
H ence L co sec 32
21
1 00 71 5 733
0 001 6 94
Let a: be th e q
re uired angle .
1 68 rarc o no m ar .
F ro m th e tables, we h ave
L tan r . 94 41 7250 L tan 1 5 28 = 94 42006 2
L t an 1 5
27 94 41 5 1 45 L tan 1 5 27 = 94 41 5 1 45
21 05 . 491 7
21 05
60
9884
a : 1 5 27 25
27960
245 85
88 750
E x. 0 . Gi ven L si n 1 4 6 '
90 86 7040,
cosec 1 4
nd L
H ere lo g sin 1 4 6 = L sin 1 4 6
'
10
1 4 0 8 67040 .
1
lo g co sec 1 4 6 '
lo g _
n 14 6
lo g sin 1 4 6
1 0 86 7040 0 1 82960
.
Hn e ce L co sec 14
1 0 0 1 32960 .
lo g sin 0 + lo g co sec
L sin 0+L co sec
lo g co sec 1 4 6
lo g sin 1 4
Given lo g -
5 527290
1 ,
lo g 85706 40 52741 2,
nd th e values o f lo g 85 705 7 and lo g
lo g 5 0 743
7689487
and lo g 5 87 4 4 : 2 76895 6 1 ,
nd th e values o f lo g 5 8 7480 7 and lo g 0 0587432 .
1 70 m l eo no mm ar .
[Exs . XXI V ) .
15 . Given L co t 71 27
9 5 25 7779
and L
co t 71 90 25 85 89,
nd th e value o f L co t 71 27
16 , Given L sec
1 8 27 1 00 2291 68
and
L sec 1 8 28
1 00 229590,
nd th e value o f L sec 1 8
27
17 ,
Find al so th e angle wh o se L sec is 1 0 0 229285 .
18 ,
F in d in degrees, m inut es, and seco nds th e angle wh o se sine is 6 , '
given th at
lo g 6 778 1 5 1 3, L sin 86 5 2 97 78 1 1 86,
L sin 86 5 8
9 7 782870 .
g
also b e t we e n 5 7 and
Th e rst co lu m n
gi ve s t h e L sine fo r e ac h m inut e
be t ween 32 and
I n .
h
will also be n o t ed t at t h e gu re s 2021 are rint ed alf p h
way be t we en t h e n um be rs and 97 2441 1 8,
t hus cle arl y sh o wi n
g b et wee n wh at n u m b ers it is t h e
difference .
m u
ig
'
80 9 7m81 80
97
m 87
1 0 27887w
10 m 1 00 7281 01
97 27 0278 1 02 729727 10 m 1 00 7 7 9 9278I CE
1 00 727724
22
21 728
1 0 27 1 W%
9
m1 1 1 81
90 11 8752
97 28825 ) 1 00 71 8740 9 m1 9548 1 01 W 1 0 0 788288
'
1 00 78 443 7
9 3 125 1 88 1 0 1 974867 1 0 0 784888
788 1 00 7
90 10 771 8 1 01 m
1 0 0 787290
1 01 988704
1 0 1 9819 1 5 1 00 783 0 4 9 0 281 098
8
1 00 7405 1 8
1 01 m 1 0 0 741 81 9
1 0 2 891 891 1 00 7421 25 90 257075
1 0 28w91 8 1 01 948981 1 00 70 981
1 0m m 1 01 927508
I OW M 90 775278
1 0 m721 88 1 00 75021 4
'
1 00 75 mm
10 m 1 00 75 1 889
1 01 91 3 1 7
1 00 758485
90 245721
1 00 755098
1 01 90252 )
1 01 W 5
10 mm; 1 00 758858
1 00 7591 78
97 851 845 1 01 m 1 00 759990
1 00 761 3 39
1 00 78 1 827
1 00 782448
1 01 877592 1 0 0 788288
1 01 874828 1 00 78
1 72 T m c o s o marav .
74 0000074,
D i 735 0 00 0735 ,
'
D i
'
. 2021 0 002021 ,
h
w ilst D iff . 1 2348 001 2348
.
be t we en 5 7 S uppo se we want e d L t an 5 7
and
L t an 5 7 20
X
E A M PLES . XXV .
9725 783, di d fo r
00 8 1 8 27
'
.
2 ,
F ind t h e angle wh o s e sine is
2 , given
si n 22
diff fo r
.
CH APTER XI 1 .
1 83 . T h e o re m I n an
y triangle AB C,
sides.
I n t h e t riangle A BD , we have
32
sin B, so t hat AD = c sin B .
I n t h e t riangle A OB , we h av e
1
23 sin C hat A D = b sin 0
, so t .
A sin A CD = sin (1 80
0) = sin a
b
so th a t AD : b sin
sin 0
B sin
b c
If o ne o f the an
gle s , 0, b e a ri
gh t angle , as in t h e t h ird
gure, we have sin (7 = 1 ,
b
sin A and sin B '
si n A si n B ain c
a b c
1 76 TRI GONOM ETRY .
2 0
po int D .
F irs t , let t h e an
gle 0 be ac u t e , as in t h e rst gure .
By Euc I I 1 3, we have
"
. .
AB
BC OA
2BC CD
' '
32
But co s 0, so t hat b 00 8 0 .
c =
a +
s
b
2c h o o s C,
. .
'
C
s
a
s
b
e
c
a
co s 0
2ab
gure .
By Euc I I . . 1 2, we have
AB BC
CA + 2BC CD
' '
A CD
= co s = cos
( 1 8 0
so t hat b co s 0 .
TRI GONOMETRY .
perim et er o f t h e t riangle .
We t hen have
a +b 2o = 2s - 2o = 2 ( s c) ,
and a 2b = 2s 2b = 2( s - b) .
Th e re lat io n ( )
1 t h ere fo re b e co m e s
( 8 a )( s b)
and sin
ab
2bc 2bc
SI D ES AN D AN GLES or A TRI AN GLE . 1 79
so t hat ( 1 ) be co m es
A 2e x 2 ( s a) s ( e a )
260 be
Sim ilarly,
g
(-1
and co s
1 67. To n d the tangents o
f h a lf the ang les term s
of the sides .
A
Q
we have , by ( 2) of Ar t s 1 6 5
. and 1 66,
s ( s a )
T
T
Sim ilarly ,
( 8 c )( 8 0 ) and t an
,
b)
(
s e s ( s c )
A
Since, in a t riangle, A is alwa ys 1 80
2
is alwa sy
12 2
1 80 R
T I GO OM E RY N T .
b = 1 4, and
s = 21 , e s
2
s - c= 6 .
f
o th e sides .
sin A =2
and c = 6 3,
A B 0
m , tw tan -
g
.
1 82 TRI GON OM ETRY .
a = BC = BD CD = c co s B b co s
Sim ilarly ,
b c co s A a co s 0,
c = a co s B + b co s A .
B C b c A
2 b c 2
c S in C
C
'
b c sin B Sin C
b+ c sin B + sin C
t an
( A rt
7
.
Hence
SI DES AN D ANG LES o r A TRI AN GLE . 1 83
a
+ b c c
+ a - b
b oo s 0 + c co s B
2a 2a
2a
=
267
a = b co s C + c co s B .
a = b co s C + c co s B ,
b = c co s A + a co s 0,
and c= a co s B + b co s A.
py
M ul ti l in g th ese in successio n by a, b, and c we h ave, by additio n ,
3 2 9=a
a + b c ( b ocs
2ab co s 0 .
-
a + h c
co s 0:
2ab
Similarl y , b
th e th er fo rmulae of Art 1 6 2 may be fo und
. .
1 73 ,
Th e student will o ft en meet with ident i es, wh ich h e is required
to p wh ich invo lve bo th th e sides and th e angles o f a tri angle
ro ve , .
B
E x . :I .. Prove t hat a co s ; : sin
2
By Art 1 6 3, we h ave
.
D+O B 0
b+ c sin B + sin C T
a sin A
_
B C
{
co s - co s
2 2
sin i co s
2 2
A
( b + c) sm -
2
a co s
2
1 84 TRI GON OMETRY .
( b - c
) co t A + ( c
-
a ) co t B+( a
b
) co t C=0 .
By Art 1 6 8 we h ave
.
si n A sin sm
'
B C
a b T
k (say )
Hn e ce t h e given p
ex res sio n
f:
o
(
(b c ) c a )
9 2 a
1 b a
+ ( a t
c)
b -
[ c - b
I t . 8. I n any triang le p ro ve t ha t
-- + t an 2c co t
2
Th e left -h and m ember
by Art 1 6 7,
.
s-a
( )
since
C
26 00 5
E
.
a + b+ c sin A + s iu B + sin 0
c
A B A B
4 co s co s co s 2 co s co s
c c a
2 sm co s sm
1 86 TRI GONOM ET RY .
B C b c A
I co s -
A
.
a 2
2 , sin A .
/
3 , a (b 0 0 8 C - c .
4 (b )
}
. + c cos co s
5 .
{ JPN
6 , a (co s C - co s B
) = 2 ( b -
)
c co s
2
9 .
a sin
;
( ) i + B = b + c sin
( ) g .
q
b
( +c a
)
(
co t + c t
o -
) 2a co t
g .
a + ( be co s A + ca co s B + a b co s
t an 0 .
( a - c3
)
g
- .
- C + b sin ( 0
a sin (B )
- b ain ( C - A) c sin (A
'
a sin (B C)
T s a c
- a
B 0 B
17 a sm + b sin -- sin + c sin
,
T 2 2
[Exs . m u] SI D ES AND AN GLES or A TRI AN GLE . 1 87
18 . a
2
(
co s B ( co s
0 (co s
A - co s B) = 0 .
2 _ 8 2
b c
A B 0
m
(
a
" -b + c
s
y
w i Z + co t B+ co t 0
21 .
a co s (B co s (A
24 ,
I f in any tria ngle t h e angles be t o o ne ano th er as
25 .
I n any t riangle, if
A 5 B 20
nd t an
2 , and pro ve th at in th is triangle a + c = 2b.
27 ,
Th e p p
er endicular AD t o t h e base of a tri angle AB C divide s it
into segm ent s such t h at BD , CD , and AD are in th e ratio o f 2, 8, and 6;
p ro ve t h at th e vert ical angle o f th e triangle is 45
28 ,
A ring , ten inch es in diam et er, is p
sus ended fro m a p o int o ne
fo o t abo ve its cen tre by 6 eq ual strings att ach ed to it s circumi erence at
eq ual int ervals . Find th e co sine o f th e angle between co n secutive
29 , If
a , b
, and o s
be in A P . .
, p ro ve th at co t A, co t B, and co t C are in
A P. als o.
.
30 . If a, b, and c be in A. r. , p ro ve t h at co s A co t co s B co t
and co c
g
o t --are in Am .
1 88 TRI GONOMETRY .
[Exs xxvn ]
.
31 .
If a, b, and c are in n r . .
, pro ve t h at sin
and sin! 2 are
2
also in
33 ,
Th e sides of a t riangle are in A m and th e greatest
. angle exceeds
W 1 0
34 ,
I f C = 60
,
t h en pro ve t h at
1 a
c+c b+ c a + b+ c
35 .
In any t ri angle AB C if D be any p o int o f t h e b as e B C, such th at
BD DC m n, p ro ve th at
( SH -n) co t AD C = n co t B - m co t C,
and -
min
( - s
) mm ?
36 ,
I f in a t riangle th e bisect o r o f t h e side c be p p er e ndicular to th e
side 6, pro ve th at
2 t an A + tan
b co s =
0 c co (
s A 0) + a co s
38 p p
I f p and g be th e er endiculars fro m th e angular o int s A and B
. p
o n any li ne p
assing th ro ugh th e vert e x C o f th e t riangle AB C, t h en
pro ve th at
i
a p b q 2abp q co s 0 : a b s n C .
39 ,
I n th e t riangle AB C, lines OA , OB , and 00 are drawn so that
th e angl es OAB , CB C, and OCA are each e ual q to w ; pro ve th at
co t w= co t A + co t B + co t C,
co m
1 co se c
A co sec
s
B co sec
C .
1 90 TRI GON OM ETRY .
Th e angle B is given by t he
re lat io n
b
sin B =
c
L S B 1 0 + log b lo g 0
in = .
Th e angle A B) is t h en k no wn
90 .
6
a
th e tria ng le .
Here B is give n by
t an B
a
so t hat
L t an B = l O + lo g b lo g a .
Th e angle A B) is t h en k no wn
90 .
b
q '
0 s in B
lo g e = lo g b lo g sin B
1 0 + lo g b L sin B .
Hence c is o bt ain ed .
SOLUTI ON or EI GHT -ANG LED TRI A NG LES . 1 91
He re A 90
B) is kno wn .
t io n
6
a
9 co s B .
H ere A is kno wn ,
and a and b are
o b t aine d fro m t h e relat io ns
a
= co s B, and 9 ;
c c
1 ,
In a righ t -angled tri angle AB C, wh ere C is th e righ t angle , if
a: 50 an d B = 75
,
nd th e sides .
(t an
2 .
So lve t h e t riangle of wh ich t wo side s are e qual to 1 0 and 20 feet
and o f wh ich th e included angl e is give n th at l o g 20 : 1 3 01 03 , and
L t an 26
di fo r .
3 ,
Th e length of th e p p er en dicul ar fro m o n e angle o f a tri angle u p
on
4 ,
F ind th e acut e angles o f a righ t -angled t riangle wh o se h yp o t h enus e
is fo ur tim es as lo ng as th e p p
er en dicular drawn to it fro m th e o ppo site
angle.
1 92 TRI GON OM ETRY .
cases t o be ;
t hem gi ven ;
Case I V . On e Side and t wo an
gle s i ven ;
g
Case V . Th e t hre e an
gles given .
s 0 .
A B C
Th e ha f angles
l - and are t h en fo und fro m t h e
2 2
( 8 b) ( 8 0 ) ( s o )( s - a )
(
s e a ) s e
( b)
( Art s 1 6 5 . and
0 0025 1 2
H ence
60 0 003431
25 1 2
so t h at
343i
x 60 = nearl y 44 .
66 1 8
'
44 = 6 6 1 7 '
and h ence 0 : 1 32 '
34 32 "
1 ,
I f th e sides of a triangle be 5 6, 65 , and 33 feet , nd th e greatest
angle .
2 ,
Th e sides o f a t riangle are 7, 4 3, and my ards res ectivel p y .
3 ,
Th e sides o f a t ri angle are a + a
z
+ 1, 2r + 1 , and a
- 2
1 ; p
ro ve th at
th e great es t angle is
4 ,
Th e sides o f a triangle are a , b, an d feet ; n d th e
great est angle .
5 ,
If a = 2, b = J 6, and c = J3 I , s o lve th e triangle .
6 ,
If a: 2, b = J 6 , and so lve t h e t riangle .
7 ,
If a = 9, b= 1 0, and c = 1 1 , n d B , given
log 2 '
301 03, L tan 29
29
9 7523472,
and L tan 29
9 75 26420 .
9 Find t h e greatest
, angle o f a triangle wh o se sides are 242, 1 88, and
10 ,
Th e sides o f a triangle are 2, 3, and 4 ; nd th e greatest ang le,
h aving given
lo g 2 3 01 03, l o g 3
4771 21 3,
L tan 52
1 01 1 08395 ,
L tan 52
15 '
1 0 1 1 1 1 004 .
GI V EN T wo SI D ES AN D T H E I N CL UD ED AN GLE . 1 95
12 . c = l 7, b = 20 , and c= 27 .
we h ave
B C b c
2 b e
co t ( Art .
B + C
= 90 B
2 .
2
B 0 B+C
and
2 2
a 6
Sin A S in B
an A
t ch
gi ve s
Sin B
and h
t us det e rm ines a .
s m all n u mb ers .
1 3 2
1 96 TRI GON OM ETRY .
1 82 . Ex . 1 . I f b = J 3, and A = 3O ,
s o lve t h e tri a ngle .
We h ave
co t 15
t an 1 5
80 t h at
H e nce
90
By additi o n , B = 1 20
.
C = 30
By subt racti o n , .
-
O t h er wi se . W e h ave
- 2bc co s A = 3 + 1
so th at a =1 = c .
B = 1 80 - A C = 1 20
.
A = 74 nd t h e remaini ng
us . a . I f b = 21 5 , c= 1 05 , and
L co t 37 1 3
1 01 1 94723, dif .
f or
L 3364,
'
9 6 55 3477, di f 1
'
tan 24 20 . or
L sin 74
27
99 83805 2,
L
'
a nd cosec
28 25
1 03 225 025 , (h f .
f or 1 2334 .
1 98 TRI GONOM ET RY .
# 1 83 ,
Th ere are wa y f ding t h
s o n e t h ird side a of t h e t riangle in
p revi o us case with o u t t di g t h
rs n n e angles B and 0 .
b9
+c
2bc
( 2 co s
; ) 1
9
I
A
(b + c) 4bc co s
2
4bc A
[ 1
3_ s 1
4bc A
H ence , I f
0 05 2
(b )
c
we h ave a
(b : c
) [1 sin
(b co s
2
0,
so t h at a= (b )
c co s 0 .
A
b+ c 2
a: (b )
C 00 8 0 .
We h ave
2bc co s - 2bc
(b sin
"
;
so th at
an d h ence 95 is kno wn .
Th en a
(b ) [1
c
t an 8
so th at a= (b
and is t h erefo re easil yf o und .
lo g 2 3 0 1 03, L co t 36
24
'
1 01 323 1 1 1 ,
L tan 9
an d
L t an 9 38 93 297735 .
2 If a = 21 , b= 1 1 , and o = s4 42 an d
'
nd A
'
. B, ven
lo g 2 3 01 08 ,
and L t an 72
38 45 " '
lo g 2 3 01 03, lo g 3 1 771 21 3,
and L tan 1 9
93 394287, di fo r 1 .
4084 .
a= 1 3, b == and C = 60 nd A B , given th at
4 ,
If 7, , an d
lo g 3 -
4 771 21 3,
and L t an 27
9 71 55508 , di for .
a = 2b, an d C = 1 20 nd t h e
5 , If , values o f A , B, and th e ratio o f c
to a, given th at
lo g 3 4 771 21 3,
and L tan 1 0
di fo r 1 = 6 808
.
'
.
6 . If and A = 60
, nd B and 0 , given th at
lo g 2 3 01 03, lo g 3
4771 21 3,
L t an 1 1
9 3 1 74299,
an d L tan 1 1
7 ,
Th e two sides o f a triang le are 540 and 420 y ards lo ng reapectively
lo g 2 3 01 03, L t an 26 3
: 93 891 430,
-
40741 39, and L t an 1 4 -
40
L tan 1 4 7945 3 .
200 TRI GON OMETRY .
[Exs . xxx ) .
8 ,
If e=2 ft .
, and nd th e o th er angles , and
lo g 2
801 03, lo g 3 "
1 771 2 ,
L co t 11 10
'
1 0 70465 , L sin 22 20 '
'
L tan 29 22 L t an 29 22 '
and L sin 49
27 34
" '
9 If a = 2, b= 1 and C = 60 so lve
, , th e triangle .
11 , I f b=1 , - 1 , and A = 60
, nd th e length of th e side a .
1
1
12 .
I f b = 91 , c= 1 25 , and t an
g 0
6
p ro ve th at az 2o4 .
13 ,
If a =5, b = 4, and co s (A -B
) i
g mm e th at th e thi rd side e will
be 6 .
j
ad acent to it are 40 and y ards . F ind th e length of th e third
side and th e num ber of degrees in th e o th er angles .
15 ,
Th e sides o f a t rian gle are 9 and 3, an d th e di erencc of th e
angl e s o pp o sit e t o th em is F ind th e base and th e angl es, h aving
i
g ven
lo g 2 : 3 01 03, l o g 3 : 4 771 21 3,
'
L t an 26 33
L t an 26 34
9 6 990006
'
.
b C
18 .
If
zb +
co t
sin g
2
p ro ve th at (a b)
008
If a = 3, b= 1 , and C = 53
nd c with o ut get ting A an d B,
i
g en
v
lo g 2 3 01 03, lo g 25298 : 44 0308 62,
L t an 26 33 54
93 989700
.
202 TRI GON OMETRY .
Th e rem ainin
g s ide a is t h en fo und fro m t h e relat o n i
(3
a b "
a
4w
sin A sin B
sin A
y \
4m
so
1 85
e
.
cases no
Th e q
e uat io n
value ,
( )
1
I n so m e
of the previo us art icle gives in
cases o ne , and so m e t i m es
t wo values ,
fo r C .
( ) a If 6 s sin B, the gh h
ri d m e mber o f ( l ) is
t an
-
( B) If g h h
b = c sinan d B t he
m e,m b e r Of ri
( )
1 ist -
(7 ) I f 6 s sin B t h e re ar e t w o v a l u,e s o f 0 h a v in
g
B
;
0 81
as it s sin e o ne valu e lyin b
0 d
g , e t w e e n an 9 0
g i v e n co ndit io ns .
t riangles .
t h e t rian gle .
p o int A .
S hall be e qual t o b
.
Th e po int or po int s ,
if y in wh ich t h is
an ,
circle m e et s
BD will de t e rm ine t h e po sit io n Of C .
t o uc h BD F
( gi . or it m ay m e et BB in t wo po int s C,
and C, ( F igs 3 . and
b = AD = o s in B .
i s b is
. . > c sin B and < 0 .
and c .
206 TRI GON OMETRY .
( ) a If b qu an t it y
s sin 0 sin i
B, t h e
s 3
( y)
v If 6 c sin B, t h ere are t wo valu es fo r a . B ut ,
since a m u st b e po sit ive , the value by t aking
o b t ain e d
0 co s B Vb 2 s in2
s B is po sit ive ,
i . s . unless Vb
a sin B 0 co s B,
i . s unle ss
. b
o Sin
f
B 0
co s B
i . s u nle ss
. b
c
.
8
( ) I f B be an o bt u se angle , h en 0 co s B is negat ive t ,
i . s o nl
. y wh e n t /b s
sin2
B 0 co s B,
i . s. o nly wh e n b
s sin B
2
c cos B,
i . s. o nly wh e n b 0 .
1 88 ,
B x. Given b = 1 6 , 0 = 25 , and E =
=33
p ro ve t h a t t he triang le
is ambiguo us and nd t he o t her angles, h avi ng g iven
3 01 03, L s in 33 1 5
'
lo g 2 9 73901 29,
L si n 58 5 6 '
L sin 58
93 328376 .
S OL UTI ON OF TRI AN GLES .
We h ave
10 2
c 25 1 00
_
srn C - srn B un B s1 n 33 1 5 o
z I 3 a 2,
Hn e ce - 6 log 2
93 328329 .
D i fo r 1
'
71 3 . 760 .
71 3
6
angular di .
m x
60
5 6 nearl y . 330
478
456
'
C 58 5 6 56
'
or 1 80
58 56
H ence Fi
( g ,
3 A
.rt 1 8 6 ) we h a
.ve
C, = 1 2 1 3 '
C, 58 5 6
and
'
5 8 56
'
8 7 48
'
L B A 0, 1 80
33 1 5
L BA C, = 1 80
33 1 5
'
1 21 '
3 4
"25
41
'
4 ,
I f 2b = 3a , and t an A
p ro ve th at t h ere are t wo val ues t o t h e
5 ,
I f A = 3O , b = 8 ,
and a = 6 , nd c .
8 ,
Given B = 30
, c: 1 5 0, and b = 50 J 3, prove t h at of t h e t wo
t riangles wh ich satisf y th e data o ne will be iso sceles and th e o th er righ t
7 ,
I n th e ambiguo us case given a, b, and A, p ro ve t h at t h e dierence
8 ,
If a = 5, b = 4, and A = 45
, nd th e o th er angle s , h aving given
lo g 2 : 3 01 03, L sin 83
93 5 20507,
L sin 33 30f
9 . If a = 9, b = 1 2, and A = 30
, nd c, h aving given
lo g 2 : 3 01 03, lo g 3 = 4771 2 ,
lo g lo g
L sin 1 1 48 39
93 1 1 08 , L sin 41 48 39
' "93 2391 ,
are am biguo us .
1 A = 3O , c = 25 0 feet , an d a = 1 25 feet ;
( )
c = 250 an d a = 200 feet
( )
2 A feet , .
L sin 38
93 95 8800 ,
b = 240, A = 72 4 nd th e angles
and and
11 ,
Given a = 25o, B C,
and stat e wh eth er t h e y can h ave m o re t h an o ne value , given
- = - -
4= -
10 3 25 3 979400, lo g 2 38021 1 2,
9 3 783702, L sin 72 3
L sin 72
: 93 7841 1 1 ,
and L sin 35
X
E A MPLES . XXXI I .
g
i
1 If co s A and co s C= , nd t h e rat io o f a z b z c.
iz
,
2 ,
Th e angles o f a triangle are as 1 2 7; p ro ve t h at th e rat io o f
8 I f A = 45
B = 75
an d C = 60
p ro ve th at +o J 2 = 2 b
"
a
"
, , , , .
4 ,
T wo an gles o f a tri angle are 41
1 3 22 d 71
'
an
19 5 d th an e side
g ven
r
lo g 5 5 1 7 403627, l o g 7906 3 43 979775 ,
'
sin 41
L 13 79,
and
sin 71
L 19
5 ,
F ro m each of t wo sh i p s, o ne mile p
a art , th e angl e is o bserved
8 ,
Th e base angl es o f a t riangle are 225
and p ro ve t h at t h e
base is eq ual t o t wice t h e h eigh t .
7 ,
Th e base of a triangle being se ven f eet and th e base angles
1 29 23
and 38
n d t h e length Of it s sh o rter side .
8 ,
I f th e an gles Of a triangle be as 5 10 21 , an d th e si de Opp o si te
1 0 To ge t t h,
e di st an ce o f a o in t A fro m a o in t B , a li n e B C an d p p
th e angles AB C and B CA are measured , and are fo un d t o be 287 ards y
and 55
32 1 0
' " d 51 an
8 20
"
p res ect ivel y . F in d th e distan ce AB .
11 ,
T o n d th e dist ance fro m A t o P a dist ance , AB , o f 1 000 y ard s is
m easured in a co nveni ent direct io n . At A t h e angle PAB is fo und t o be
and at B th e angle PB A is fo un d t o be 1 1 4
Wh at is t h e
required dist ance to th e nearest y ard ?
H EI GHTS AND T NCES
DI S A .
1 92 To nd h i h i naccessible tower b
.
th e e g t of a n y
means of o bservatio ns ma de a t dista nt p oints .
o n t h is o u n d m e asu re t h e an le
gr
g
Of e levat io n a Of t h e t o p Of t h e
t o wer .
T o nd t h e unkno w
n h eigh t a o f t h e t o we r we h av e
,
4
mm th
5
4
e t riangle PB Q, we have
a:
a Sin BP A sin (B a
)
since z BPA = 4
QEF z
QA P =
B a .
F ro m ( )
1 and by m u lt ip licat io n we , h av e
a sin a sin B
a s in (B a
)
Th e height
is t h ere fo re give n in
a; a fo rm su it able fo r
lo garit h m ic calculat io n .
N umerical E xa mp le a = 30 and =
60 t h en
. If a: 1 00 feet , , ,
?
it 86 3 feet .
1 93 . It is Oft e n no t v
co n en ie nt to m easure AB
dire ct ly t o wards Q .
the l
an
g e P A B B) .
At B m e as ure t h e angle P BA
7)
I n t h e t riangle P A B , we have t hen
4 A PB = 1 80 2 PAB 4 PBA
- 1 80
21 4 TRI GONOMETRY .
m e t h o d Of Art .
. 1 81 .
I f t h e fo ur po int s A, B P , ,
and Q be no t in t h e sam e
in t h is cas e P A Q is no t e qu al t o a B I n o t h er respe ct s .
t h e so lut io n wi ll be t h e sam e as ab o ve .
1 95 . B e ari n g s an d P o int s of t h e C o m p as s . Th e
Bearing Of a
gi v e n po int B as se en fro m gai v en p o int
1 7
I
l 1
HEI GHTS AN D T
D I S AN C ES . 21 5
T o facilitat e t h e po int
st at e m ent Of t h e bearing of a
p
re s e ct i e l v y l
cal e d N o rt h N o rt h East
- -
and E as t - N o rt h
Eas t andh er fo ur subdi visio ns Th e ot ,
cent re 0 .
X
E AM PLES . XXXI I I .
th e gro und,
o o sit e t h epp
m iddle Of o n e f ace and di s tant fro m it 1 00 feet ,
j u s t se es t h e ag ; on his receding an o th er 1 00 feet , t h e tangents o f eleva
5
an d F ind th e dimensio ns of t h e t o wer and th e h eigh t of th e agsta ,
5
t h e gro un d being h o rizo ntal .
2 ,
A man, walki ng on a level pl ane to wards a t o wer, o bserves th at
at a certain p
o int th e an gular h eigh t of th e t o wer is and, after go ing
50 yards nearer th e t o wer, th e elevatio n is fo und to be H aving i
g en
v
L sin L co s 9 3 983442,
8 ,
D E is a t o wer st anding o n a h o riz o ntal pl ane and AB CD is a
1
th e l o wer being
g
rd o f th e wh o le . F ro m a p o int in a h o riz o n t l pl
a ane
1
an angle wh o se t angent is
5
F ind t h e h eigh t of th e pl
o e .
8 ,
A t o wer subt ends an angle a at a po int o n th e sam e level as th e
foo t of t h e to wer, and at a seco nd p o in t , h feet abo ve th e rst , th e
depressio n of t h e fo o t of th e to wer i s 8 . F ind th e h eigh t of t h e t o wer .
7 ,
A perso n in a ball o o n, wh ich h as ascended verticall yf ro m at
land at t h e sea l evel , o bserves th e angl e o f de p res si o n o f a s h ip t a anch o r
8 ,
P Q is a t o wer st anding on a h o riz o nt al pl ane, Q being it s foo t
A and B are t wo pi o nt s o n th e pl ane such th at t h e r QA B is and AB
is 40 feet . I t is fo und t h at
3
co t PA Q an d co t PB Q
10
Find t h e h eigh t of th e t o wer .
9 ,
A co lumn is E , S E o f . . an o bserver, and at n o o n th e end o f th e
sh ado w is N o rth -E ast o f hi m . Th e sh ado w i s 80 feet lo ng an d th e
el evatio n o f th e co lumn at the Ob server s st ati o n
is F ind th e h eigh t
of th e co lumn .
p
at righ t angles t o A N , t h e o int s A , B , an d N being in th e same h o riz o nt al
21 ,
A m an in a balloo n o bse rves t h at t h e angle o f de p res si o n o f an
j
o b ect o n th e gro un d bearing due n o rt h is t h e ballo o n drift s 3 miles
due west and th e angle o f de ressio n is no w fo und t o be p
Find t h e
h eigh t of th e ballo o n .
22 ,
F ro m th e ext remi ties o f a h o riz o nt al base-line AB , wh o s e len gth
18 1 000 feet , th e bearin gs of t h e fo o t 0 of a t o wer are o bserved an d it is
and t h at th e elevat io n o f
fo und th at A CAB : 5 6
z CB A = 47
th e t o wer fro m A i s 9
n d th e h eigh t of t h e t o wer .
. Ex . 1 on o a
a and B ,
s ubtended a t a p o int o n the h o r iz o nta l
p la n e by th e
l a
f g
a st a a
ags ta
a sin Bco s ( a + B) a S in a
and
cos ( a co s ( a 23)
Let P and Q b t h t and fo o t of t h e t o wer, and let
e e o p
PR be t h e an d B be t h e p o int s at wh ich
agstaff Le t A .
and R .
HEI GH TS AN D D I S AN CES T . 21 9
circle , we have
A BRP = A BA P = B ,
and A A PB A A RB 0 ( say ) .
Als o A A PB A PA Q 90
3
H ence , since the an
gles of t h e t riangle A PR are
so t h at 0 90
( a 28 )
F ro m t h e t riangles A PR and A BR we t h en have
PR A B Al l a
( Art
s in a sin RPA sin RBA sin 0
[I t will be fo u nd in C h ap XV t h at . . e ac h of t hese
quant it ies is equal t o t h e diam e t er o f t h e circle ]
H ence t h e h eigh t o f t h e agst aff
a S in a a sin a
PR :
by ( 1 )
sin 0
,
cos ( a + 2B)
P
P g co s BP Q co s ( a B)
PB sin PAB s in 3
and o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
a sin A PB S in 0
Hence , fro m ( 2) and by m ult iplicat io n,
sin 0 cos ( a
220 TRI GONOMETRY .
Also , B Q P Q t an BB Q P Q t an ( a B)
= a.
sin B sin ( a B)
co s ( a 2B)
and AQ = G + BQ
b
2
2
Hn 3
20
11 a
e ce t an 20
1 11
1 !
a
b 1;
so th at
1 f
ig ,
Th fjz
a
en y z b =b
a
a
a dista nce 0 along the ro ad, an d f inds that the two o b jects a re
PQ s in a sin B
0 s in Os in ( 0 + a)
sin a sin B
.
a + B B
2
PQ = c sin a sin B s ec
X
E A MPLES . XXXI V .
2 ,
A l adder pl aced at 75 with t h e gro und us t reach es
an angle o f
j
th e sill o f a win do w at a h eigh t o f 2 7 feet abo ve th e gro und o n o ne side
o f a st reet. On t urn ing th e l adder o ver wit h o ut m o vi ng it s fo o t , it i s
fo und t h at wh en it rest s again st a wall on th e o t h er side o f th e s t reet
3 ,
F ro m a h o use o n o ne side o f a st reet o b servat io n s are m ade o f t h e
angle subt ended by th e h ei gh t o f t h e o pp
o sit e h o use ; fro m th e l evel o f
4 ,
A ro d o f given l ength can t urn in a vertical pl ane p assing t h ro ugh
th e s un, o ne end being x d e on t h e gro un d ; nd t h e lo nges t sh ado w it
can cast o n th e gro und .
i s 8} t im es th e length of th e ro d .
5 ,
A p ers o n o n a shi pA o bserves ano th er sh i pBl eaving a h arbo ur,
wh o se bearing is th en N . W . Aft er 1 0 min ut es A , h avi ng sail ed o ne mile
[Exs xxxrvq . HEI GHTS AN D D I S AN CES T . 223
of B .
8 ,
A m an , t ravelling west al o ng a st raigh t ro ad, o bserves th at wh en
h e is due so u th o f a ce rtain win dmill th e st raigh t line drawn t o a distant
t o wer makes an angle o f 80
with th e ro ad . A m ile furth er on th e
bearing s o f th e windmill and t o wer are p
res ectivel yNE . . and N . W . F ind
th e di s t an ces of th e t o wer fro m th e windmill and fro m th e neares t pi o nt
of th e ro ad.
9 ,
An o b server o n a h eadland sees a sh ip h im ; after a
due no rth o f
t h e angl e wh o se tangent is
48
11
12 ,
Two st ati o ns d ue so uth of a t o wer, wh ich lean s t o wards t h e
no rt h , are at distances an d b fro m i t s fo o t ; if and b th
a a p e e
224 TRI GONOMETRY .
[Exs XXXI VJ.
p pl
W
3 ,
F ro m a o int A on a level ane th e angle o f elevatio n o f a
gr o un d .
14 ,
A st at us o n t h e t0 p of apill ar s ubte nds th e same angle a at
1
distances of 9 an d 11 y ards fro m th pill e ar ; i f tan a = , nd t h e h eigh t
10
of th e pill ar an d o f th e statue .
15 ,
A agst a o n th e t o p o f a t o wer is o bserved t o subtend th e same
angle a at t wo p
o ints o n a h o riz o nt al p
lane , wh ich lie o n a line assing p
t h ro ugh th e cent re o f th e base of t h e t o wer and wh o se distance fro m o ne
\/
2 sm B
a sin a
16 ,
An o bserver in th t pl
e rs ace st at i o n s hi mself at a distance a
18 , at su o s ed
m o ving
2 a feet nearer th e co lumn , he n ds th at th e angle subtended is
17 ,
A ch urch t o wer stands on t h e bank o f a river, wh ich is 1 50 feet
wide , an d o n th e t o p o f th e t o wer is a s ire 80 feet h igh p . To an o bserver
18 ,
A perso n, wi shi ng t o ascert ain th e h eigh t of a t o wer, st ati o ns
walking a di st ance
g a at righ t angles t o h is fo rm er directio n h e nd s th e
226 TRI GONOM ETRY .
[Exs . XXXI V .
26 ,
p
A regular yram id o n a sq uare base h as an e dge 1 50 feet lo ng,
and th e lengt h o f th e s ide o f i t s base is 200 fee t F in d t h e inclinat io n o f .
it s face to t h e base .
27 ,
A py ramid h a s fo r base a square o f si de a it s vert ex lies on a
m a
a /ea
2 2
is 5 0J 6 feet .
29 ,
Th e ext remi t y of th e s h ado w o f a fl agst a , whi ch is 6 feet h igh
and st ands o n th e t o p of a py ram i d o n j
a s q uare base , us t reach e s t h e
30 ,
Th e e xtremi t y of th e sh ado w o f a agst a , wh ich is 6 feet hi gh
an d st ands o n th e t o p of a py rami d o n a sq uare base, j t us reach e s th e
s ide o f t h e b ase and i s dis t ant 3 feet and y fee t re s p
ect ive ly f ro m th e ends
o f t h at si de ; p ro ve t h at t h e h eigh t of th e py ram id is
/
a a
z
t an a G,
N
wh ere a is th e elevat io n of th e sun .
t h at it s h e
'
ro ve h t is h
lo g 2 '
301 03, L t an 6 3 26 '
di fo r. 7
[Exs XXXI V
.
J HEI GHTS AN D D I S AN CES T . 227
33 ,
An iso sceles triangle of wo o d is pl aced in a verti cal plane , vert ex
2a h .J3
at th e p
a ex o f t h e sh ado w is
3h
a
34 A ,
re ct ang ular t arget faces due so uth , being vert ical and standi ng
of
distant pill ars , th e l oth and 1 7th of whi ch subt end th e s am e angle t h at
th e y wo ul d do if th e y were in th e p o s itio n of th e rst and were
p
res ect vely i and
% of th eir h eigh t . Pro ve th at , neglect in g th e h eigh t
of th e man
s ey e , th e line of pill ars i s in clin ed t o t h e line drawn fro m his
ey e to t h e rst at an angle wh o s e se can t i s n earl y26 .
_38 ,
AB is a li ne 1 000 y ards lo ng ; B is due n o rth o f A and fro m B
a dist ant pi o nt P bears 70
east o f no rt h ; at A it bears 41
22
east o f
articular ro ck fro m A i s 74 1 9
its bearing fro m B is
eas t o f no rth , and
26 5 1 wes t
o f n o rt h . H o w far is it n o rt h o f t h e line AB
40 ,
Th e summi t o f a s pi re is verticall y o ver th e m iddle po in t o f a
spi j t
re us reach a co rner o f th e sq uare wh e n t h e sun h as an altit ude 0,
p th t
ro ve a
h J 2 = a t an 0 .
15 2
CHAPT ER XV .
R
P OPE RTI ES OF A TRI ANGLE .
1 98 . A re a of a g iv e n t ri a n g l e . Let AB C be an
y
t riangle , and AD t he pe rp e n
p e n dicu lar t o it By E u
. c I 41 , . .
t h e area o f t h e t riangle A BC
i le BF i B C CF AD
re ct an
g i d .
Hence A = ca s in B = a h zi n c = b c si n A
2
By Art 1 69, we have sin A Vs ( s a )( s b) ( s c )
56
.
,
17 ,
T h e lengt h s of t wo side s o f a t riangle are o ne fo o t and fee t
p
res ecti vel y , an d th e angle Opp i t os e th e sh o rt er side is pro ve th at
t h ere are t wo triangles sati fyi g th
s n ese co n dit i o n s, nd th eir angl es , and
- 1 .
18 ,
F ind by t h e aid o f t h e t ables t h e area o f t h e larger of t h e t wo
t riangl es given by th e dat a
a = 5 in s . , an d b = 7 in s .
1 99 . On th e circl e s c o n n e ct e d wit h a g i v e n
t ri an g l e .
y
alwa s called R .
will b e deno t ed by r .
Jo in OB and 0 0 .
asin F ig 3 . .
A B OD A COD ,
A B OD }
1 A B OC A BA C ( Euc . III .
A .
BD B O sin B OD .
a
R 81 11 A
2
.
I f A be a ri
gh t an l
g ,
e as in F ig 3, we . have
R 0A 00
2
a
S i nce I n t hi s case sm A = 1
2 sin A
.
232 TRI GON OMETRY .
Q ui n A 2 s in B Q ui n t!
201 . I n Art 1 69 we
. h ave sh e wn t hat
c;
H
48
f
o th e tri ang le A BC .
Bise ct t h e t wo an
gle s B an d C by t h e t wo lines BI
and CI m ee t ing in I .
By Euc . III . 4, I is t h e
ce nt re o f t h e incircle . J o in
I A, and draw I D , I E ,
an d
Th e n I D = I E = I F = r .
W e have
are a o f A I BO l I D BC = -
.
}
i r a,
.
area o f A
area o f A i n c .
234 T RI Go N o M E E T Y .
r = I E = CE t an I CE = ( s c ) t an
an d also r = I F = F A t an I A F =
( s a ) t an
A
Hence
B
r Sin co s + co s
r sin
90 r cos
Esin
2
r a _ -
Z
o
00 8
5
A B
we h ave
D raw I , D , , LE , and L E,
perpendi cular t o t he t hree s ides
re spe ct ive ly .
T h e t wo t riangles I I D l B and
so t hat
Similarly I ,E, = I ,D , .
Th e t hree perpendiculars
I 1 D , I ,E , ,
, and I being e qual t h e po int ,
I 1 is t h e ce nt re
of t he re quired circle .
t h e t riangles I 1 BA and I l CA .
H ence
A A B O + A I ,BC = A I , CA + A I ,A B .
S+} , 1
I D B
1 C = .
}
1 I , E , CA . A B,
+ c + d
r, ( s a ) .
8
s a
as in Art 203 A E1
.
,
= AF l o
S imilarly ,
BF , BD , , and CE , CD , .
2A E, = A E, AF , AB BF , + A C CE ,
CA 23 .
A E, = s= AF , .
LE, A E, t e n I ,A E ,,
A
. t an --o
F o r, since I , C bisect s t h e an
gl e B CE , ,
we have
LCD , C)
4 90
B
g
O
AI I D 1
= 9O e
I ,D , co t I ,BD , I ,D , co t I , CD ,
I-} 2
r,
(t an
2
t an
2 )
B
238 TRI GONOM ETRY .
[Exs XXX
. VL ]
1 1 1 1
11
a
- r co t
) c
4R sin A sin B si n C : a co s A + b co s B + c co s C .
A B C
S : 4c os - co s -co s
1 1 1 1
17 , 18 . f1 r r -
+ s+ f
S
19 .
1 1 1 1 1 1
fl fa
a
2 o wn as raw
21
B
+
ec
+
ab 23
'
t ri an gl e .
an le I t can be easily sh e wn as
g .
,
t ri an gl e o f AB C .
We have P K KB t an P BK = KB C)
t an ( 90
c
A B co s B co t C oo s B oo s C
sin C
2R co s B co s C ( Art .
Again AP AL se c KA C
c co s A co sec C
c
sin C
2R co s A ( Art .
So BP 2R co s B , and CP 21 2co s 0 .
an d 2B cos A co s B.
A
90 .
Hence A M KL 2A
1 80
t he su pplem ent of 2A .
A KLM : 1 80
2B,
LM K
A 1 80 2C .
240 TRI GONOM ETRY .
c oos A c oo s A
co s PA L s in C
6
sm A co s A
sin C
a co s A .
( Art .
So
b co s B , an d c co s 0 also it s g l
anes are t h e supp le men t s
of t wi ce t h e an les of the t riangle
g .
I , C bisect s t h e an le B OM
g .
A A CB + A M CB
A M OE]
1 80
a ri
gh t an
gle .
H ence 2A D
t hat 20 2
a
.
Hence also AD i / b h
c
2bc cos A .
( Art .
So also
V =
b and CF =
h/ 2a + 2b
BE : 1, 2c + 2a
,
=
}
1
2
c
.
I f t h e A BA D B , an d A CA D 7 we, have
sin y DC a
sin C AD 240
a sin 0 a sin C
a s1 n B
S imilarly, B
Again, if t h e A AD C be 0, w e have
sin 0 AC b
S in C AD v
.
b sin 0 2b sin C
a:
fo und .
Le t 0 an d P
be t h e circu m cent re o rt h o cent re
pe ct ive ly
res . D raw CD and
P K pe rpe ndicular t o BC .
Le t A D OP m e et in G
an d .
CD R co s A
and, by Art 209, .
AP 21 2co s A .
He nce by Eu c , . VI . 4,
AG AP
GD 6 75
Th e po int C is t h ere fo re t h e ce nt ro id o f t h e t riangle .
AP 2
1 2.
s t rai ht lin e
g .
centre .
1 6 2
244 TRI GON OM ETRY .
I f OF be perpendicular t o A B we , h ave
0AF A OF C
A = 90 A = 90 .
A PA L C
90 .
A 0A P = A A OA F - A PA L
A C) A+ 2C
= 1 80
A + 2C B
( A .
PA 2B . co s A .
: 20 A P A
OP OA 2
PA a
co s OA P
4R
oo s A co s ( C B)
R
AR co s A [ A ( C B) ]
2
co s co s
R
4R
oo s A B )]
( Art .
R
8R
co s A co s B co s C .
OP = R /1 S co s A co s B co s C .
a nd the incentre .
let OF be perpendicular t o AB .
Let I be t h e ince nt re , an d IE
be perpendicular t o A C .
OA F C
A 90 .
A OA I = A I AF A OAF
1 C
B
246 TRI GONOM ETRY .
By E uc . I II . 35 , we h ave
SI . I T = (R + 0 1 ) (R 01 ) = m 01
t H I C = 2 1 0 4 + 4 1 4 C = 4 1 0 3 + A H AB
4 1 0 3 + 4 H OB
A H CI .
HI : H 0: 21 3 em
I E
E2
Substituting in we h ave
a
R OI 2Rr,
21 8 . B i se ct o rs of th e a n g le s .
I f A D bis ect t h e an
g l e A and
y, we h ave ,
b y Eu c . VI . 3,
a: AB 0
2
5
'
y AC
a: y _
w + 31 0.
=
c b b+ b+ c
ivin w and y
g g .
0 8 sin + 1 b8 8 in l bc sin A ,
[Exs xxxvn ]
. R
P O PE RTI ES o r TRI ANGLES . 247
be sin A _ 2bc
_
b+ c A b+ c
2
0 = A D AB + B +B
If I ,
I I I , and I 8 be p
res ect ivel y th e cent res o f incircle
th ree escrib ed circle s o f a t riangle AB C, p ro ve th at
1 . AI z r co sec
A B
2 IA I B I C t an - tan - -t an
Q
. .
. .
A
3 .
AI l = r1 co sec I I l
= a seo O
5 . 1 21 8 -
1 0 . 0 0 880 s .
B+C
7 . 8 . A 0
2
9
9 , I 1 1 + I zl ,
10 .
Area of co s
; g
1 co s co s
11
s in C
If I , O, and P be p
res ecti vel y th e in centre, circum cent re , orth o
12 .
1 0 =R 9 9
3-
( 2 co s A - 2 co s B 2 co s C ) .
13 . IP = 2r - 4R
co s A co s B co s C .
14 , 00 = R 9
B - C
15 Area o f AI OP ==2R 2
sin
2
.
248 TRI GONOM ETRY .
[Exs . m 1
4 B C
16 Area o f _ R am
0
, A I P G .
8 2 2 2
17 ,
Pro ve t h at th e di st ance of t h e centre o f th e nine- p o int circle fro m
_
i
f
th e angl e A i s + 8 co s A si n B sin q .
18 .
D E F is t h e p dlt i
e a r angle o f AB C ; p ro ve t h at
( )
1 it s i s 25 '
are a co s A co s B co s C,
of th e triangle AB C ; p ro ve th at
( )
1 it s si des are 412co s 4 4B co s
l
A ir B
( 2) i t s angles are
2 2 2 5
and ( )
3 i ts area is 2Rs .
'
l A r B r C
( )
2 i n augua ti n
r -
g 2 5 5 .
28 ' I f
M d ( 3) l t s area l s - s
E
. .
abos
I n any triangle AB C, p ro ve th at
22 ,
Th e p erpendicular fro m A di vides B C int o p o rtio ns whi ch are
p p
ro o rti o nal t o th e co t angent s o f th e j
ad acent angles, and th at it di vides
th e angl e A int o po rt io n s wh o se co sines are inversel yp ro po rti o nal to th e
j
ad acent sides .
23 Th e
,
m edian th ro ugh A di vid es i t int o angles wh o se co t angent s
are 2 co t A + co t C and 2 co t A + co t B , and m akes wi t h t h e b ase an angle
wh ose co t angent is
i; (co t C co t B) .
250 TRI GON OM ETRY .
[ s
Ex . m m ]
33 . Th ro ugh th e angular p o int s o f a tri angle are drawn st raigh t
lines which make th e same angle a wit h t h e o o sit e sides o f t h e tri angle ; pp
p ro ve th at t h e area o f t h e t riangle fo rmed by t h em is to t h e area o f t h e
o riginal t riangle as 4 co s a
1 .
Pro ve th at th e length of th e co mm o n ch o rd is
2a b sin 0
co s 0
)
a bc t
a+ b+ c
37 ,
I n t h e s ides B C, CA, AB are taken t h ree p o ints A ,B
' '
, C
such th at
A = AC
' ' '
CB z m
' ' '
DA A C r- CB
2B n ;
p ro ve th at if AA
'
, BB '
, and C C be
j o ined th e y will f o rm by th eir inter
sectio n s a tria ngle wh o se area i s to t h at of th e t riangle AB C as
( m n)
a
38 ,
Th e circle inscribed in t h e t riangle AB C t o uch es t h e sides B C ,
CA , and AB in p
th e o in t s A, , B , , and C, re s ectivel ; similarl t h e p y y
circle inscribed in t h e triangle A,B , C, t o uch es th e sides in A, , B , , C,
res pect ivel y , an d so o n ; if be th e nth tri angle so fo rmed, p ro ve
th at it s angl es are
7 -n I I I
7
I
39 .
A,B ,C, is th e triangle fo rmed by j i ing th
o n e feet o f th e perpen
dicul ars drawn fro m AB C u o n t h e p Opp it id os e s es ; in like manner
21 9 . To nd the area o
f a qua dri la t eral which is
inscribable in a circle .
and d as m ark e d in t h e gu re .
area o f A A B C + area o f A A D C
A(
a b cd sin
) B ,
since , by Eu c I I I 22 . .
AB
1 80
an d t h erefo re
sin B sin D .
We h a v e to ex ress sin p B in
t erm s of t he sides .
We h ave
+b 2ab co s B = A C = c9 + d 2cd co s D
z 3 2
a .
B ut D ( 0 B)
co s co s 1 8 co s B .
25 2 TRI GONOM ETRY .
Hence
a + b
2ab 2cd co s B,
+ b d
3 ,
a c
co s B
2 ( ab cd )
( M + & - d &y
sm
B l co s B l
{ 2
4 ( ab ed )
2
4 ( ab cd )
2
2a b b)
(
c 2cd + 2cd d
) b 2ah) }
4 ( ab cd )
4 ( ab cd )
2
4 ( a b cd )
so t h at
a + b+ c 2d = 2 (e d) ,
a + b
) c ,
b
a ) ,
a
) .
Hence
2 (s d) x 2 s c x 2 (s b) x 2( s a )
srn
B
4 ( a h + cd )
so t hat
a
)( s b) ( s - o )( s d) .
F o r let t h e su m o f t h e t wo an
gle s B D be de no t e d
by 2a , and deno t e t h e area o f the
quadrilat eral by A .
T h en
A are a o f A BC are a o f A CD
l a b sin B 5 0d sin D,
so t hat
4A 2a b sin B 2cd sin D .
Also a
b
2a h co s B c
2
d
2cd co s D ,
so t ha t
+ b c d = 2ab B 2cd co s D
a co s
S q uaring ( 1 ) an d ( )
2 and addin
g w
, e h ave
b 4a b 4c d
I G A (
2 2 2 2
a c
4 (ab cd ) 1 6 a bcd
co s a,
so t hat
4 (a b cd b
I GA ) ( d) 1 6 a bcd
2 z a 2
a c co s at
( )
3
Bu t , as in Art 21 9, we . have
4 ( ab ed)
6
( ) d
2
a + 0
2 ( s c
) 2 ( s d) .
16 ( s a )( s b) ( s c) ( s d) .
H ence ( 3) be co m es
a
)( s
b) ( s c )( c -d
) abcd co s a,
is z ero and t h en a
, I n t his cas e t h e sum o f t wo
o ppo sit e angle s o f t h e q u adrilat eral is 1 80 and t h e gure
inscribable in a circle .
( Eu c . I II .
i ns cri bed i n i t .
AH + CD = B C + D A ,
+ b+ c+ d
H ence
a
2
s-a = c, s b = d, s - c = c , and c d=b .
X
E AM PLES . XXXVI I I .
1 ,
Fin d th e area o f a quadrilat eral , whi ch can be in scribed in a circle,
wh o se sides are
( )
1 3, 5 , 7, 9 feet ;
an d
an d ( 2) 7, 1 0, 5 , an d 2 feet .
2 ,
Th e sides of a q uadrilateral are res p ectivel y3 ,
4, 5 , and 6 feet, and
th e sum o f a pi ar of o pp
o site angles i s p ro ve t h at t h e area o f th e
q uadrilat eral is 3 J 30 square feet .
25 6 TRI GON OM ETRY .
[Exs XXXVI I I J
.
4 ,
Pro ve th at t h e area o f any q uadril at eral is o ne -h alf th e p ro duct o f
5 ,
If a q uadrilateral can be in scribed in o ne circle and circum scribed
t h e latt er circle is
6 ,
A quadrilateral AB CD is described abo ut a circle ; p ro ve that
A B C D
A B s rn CD sm - srn -
2 z g
.
7 ,
a, b, c, and d are th e sides of a q uadrilat eral t ak en in o rder, and a .
of th e q uadrilat eral is
i( a
b +
c
d
) t an a .
8 ,
If a, b, c, and d be th e s i des an d a: and y th e diag als
o n of a
quadrilateral , p ro ve th at it s area is
i
l
lw y
i -
(ba r - ai
m .
9 ,
If a q uadrilat eral can be in scribed in a circle, p ro ve th at t h e angle
between its diago nals is
th at th is angle is t h en
ac bd
ac bd
10 .
Th e si des o f a quadrilat eral are divided in o rder in th e rat io
Th e angle B OC is
ith of t he s um o f all t he
4 righ t angles 21 r
AB C O radi ans .
n n
Hence AB O L i A B OO Z
If a be a side o f t he po lygo n , we have
a = B C = 2B L = 2R sin B OL 2R sin
a a If
co se c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rr 2 n
a 2BL 2OL t an B OL 2r t an
225 . A re a of a R e g u l a r P o ly g o n .
t riangle B OC .
Z! a
giving t h e area in t erm s o f t h e side .
Also t h e area
OL OL t an BOL
.
= nr t an
R EGULAR POLYGON S . 25 9
Agai n, t h e area
n . OL BL = . n . OB co s L OB OB sin L OB .
-
27'
nR co s E
sin Z r
-= R sin
n n 2 n
Th e fo rmulae ( 2) ( )g
3 iv e t and
h e area in t erms of t he
radius o f t he inscribed and circumscribed circles .
860
12
Hn e ce we h ave 1 0 = r tan I 5 = R sin
r: 1 0 co t 1 5
10
(Art 1 01
.
)
2 43
1 0 (2 37 feet .
1
lox
2 2
(Art 1 06.
)
sin 15 - r
y s
10 .
J 2
1 0 (2 4495 . 1 38 6 37 . feet .
2 ,
F ind t o 3 pl decimals th e length o f th e side of a regul ar
aces o f
p lyg
o on of 1 2 sides which is circumscribed to a circle o f uni t radi us .
3 .
Find th e area o f ( 1 ) a pent ago n , ( )
2 a h exago n, ( )
3 an o ct ago n,
1 foo t .
p
regular h exago n if th e erim et er o f each be 24 feet .
1 7 2
260 TRI GON OM ETB Y .
[Exs .
7 ,
Pro ve t h at t h e radius of th e circl e describe d abo ut a regul ar
8 ,
If an equilat eral t riangle and a regular h exago n h ave th e sam e
9 ,
If a regular p en t ago n and a regular decago n h ave th e sam e
a. r
2 2n
11 Of t wo re gul ar p lyg
o o n s o f n sides , o ne circum scribes an d th e
o t h er 1 8 ins cribed in a gi ven circle . Pro ve th at th e th ree perim eters are in
th e rati o
an d th at th e areas of th e p lyg
o o ns are in th e rati o co s "
; l
1 .
12 ,
Given th at t h e area o f a p lyg
o o n o f n sides circum scribed ab o ut
circle 1 8 a m ean p p ti
ro o r o nal between th e area s o f th e regular in scribed
and circum s cr ib d p lyg
e o o ns o f n sides.
14 ,
Th e area o f a regular p lyg
o o n o f n sides inscribed in a circle is t o
t h at of th e same n umber o f si des circums cribing th e same circl e as 8 is t o
4 . F ind th e value o f n.
15 ,
Th e int erio r angl es o f a p lyg
o o n are in A . r th e l east angle
i s 1 20
and th e co mmo n di erence is nd t h e number o f sides.
CHAPTER XVI I .
in
Le t TOP be an
y an
gle wh ich is less t h an a
an
gle.
in A .
D raw PN perpendicular to OA ,
and pro duce it t o m ee t t h e arc o f the
in P
circle
D raw t h e t angent P T at P to
m e et OA in T, and j o in TP
.
Th e t riangles P ON and P ON
are
AP
arc P A arc .
t hat N P is arc PA .
P
g
arc
Th ere fo re are in ascendin
g
o
o rder o f m agnit ude .
But
g; sin A OP sin 0,
2$
1 )
an d
t an P OT = t an A OP t an 0 .
0 1
l
sin 0 co s 6
0
H ence always lie s b e t we en 1 and
em 0
9
He nce, wh en 0 is very small t h e quantit y lie s
s in 0
,
0
quanti t y and t h ere fo re is ult imate ly eq u al t o
sin 6
u nit y t e t h e sm aller an an le beco m es t h e m o re nearl
, . .
g y
is it s sine e qual t o t h e nu mb er o f radians in it .
S o also t an 9 0 wh en 0 is ve ry sm all , .
Cor . Pu t t ing 0
5 ,
it fo llo ws t h at wh en 0 is inde
,
nit el y small ,
n is indenit ely great .
n
Hence is u nit y ,
w h en n is indenit ely great .
Similarly ,
n t an
; a, w h en n is indenit ely great .
co nsidered .
Th e valu e o f sin a
, w hen a is small, m ay be fo u n d .
F o r, since 7r
we have
)
0
' r
we h ave si n sin
1 80 x 6 1 80 x 6
1 41 59265
1 80 x 6
.
0029089 nearl y .
cos l sin
[1
app ro xi y
matel by th e Bino mial Th eo rem ,
1 '
W 234
'
9999958 .
s in 0 52
'
.
1
Sin ce sin 0 rs ver yn earl y eq ual to
2
9 0 mus t be nearl y q
e ual to
Let th en 0
% + z , wh ere a: is small .
5 2 = s1n sin z co s z --
i co s z si n z
6 6
00 5 3 + i
Since 4: is y
ver sm all , we h ave
co s an d sin x = x nearl y .
J
.S 75
H ence a: 31
1 9 nearl '
y.
X
E A M PLES .
T kia ng r q
e ual to 31 41 5 926 5 , nd of decimals
value o f
1 ,
sin
4 ,
co s
[Exs XL .
] E XAM PLES . 26 7
So lve a pp ro ximat el y th qu e e at io ns
7 . Sin o= 01 .
0 8 .
Bin o = 48 '
9
(g --
i O
) 10 0 = 999
.
co a . co s .
11 ,
Find a ppro ximatel y th
which a h alf enn , wh ich is
e di st ance at p y
an i nch in diameter, m ust be placed so as t o just h ide th e m oo n , th e
12 ,
A p walks in a straigh t li n e to ward a ver distant o b ect , and
erso n y j
o bserves t h at at t h ree p
o ints A , B , an d C th e angle s o f el evati o n o f t h e
j
t o p o f t h e o b ect are a , 2d , and 8a res ect ivel ; ro ve t h at p y p
AB 33 0 near ly .
13 ,
I f 0 be t h e n umber o f radians in an angle which is les s t h an
a righ t angl e , p ro ve t h at
0 0
00 8 0 18 < 1
14 ,
Pro ve t h e th eo rem of E ul er, viz. t h at
0 0 0
sin 0 -
23
0 0
Sin e 2 em - cos
2 9
2,
co s
0
Q" co s 22
co s 2
-
2 2
"
2 i s n
g
2 2
.
0
"
-
2 2
0
98
2
0
2 81 1) " ; 00
2
0
H ence sin 0: 0 c co s -
Q co s 22 co s o o o o o o
2 2
15 ,
Pro ve th at
( 1 t
t au -
g) ( 1 tu na
( 1 ta n
g) ad inf
.
=0 e 0 t 0
0
26 8 TRI GO NOM ETRY .
233 A re a o f a c irc l e
. . . .
2
3R sin
:
t hat o f t h e po lygo n .
"
21 r
21 r n
Now R
sin
n
sin 0 27
nR
. wh e re 0 .
0
,
n
s quare o f it s radiu s .
a ci rcle
234 . A rea f
o the secto r o f .
area o f se ct o r A OB arc AB
270 T I R GON OM ETRY .
[Exs . m ] .
10 . Six q
e ual circles , each of radius a, are pl aced so t h at each
(3 JS
?
2a t ) .
11 ,
F ro m th e vertex A of a t ri angle a straigh t line AD is drawn
making an angle 0 wi th t h e base an d meeti ng it at D . Pro ve t h at th e
area co mm o n to th e ci rcumscribing circles of t h e triangles ABD and
A CD is
1
( w
-
b -
i c bc sin A) co se c o,
4
wh ere p and 7 are th e number o f radians in t h e angles B and 0 respec
235 . D ip of th e H o ri z o n.
calle d t h e O n g o r V i s ib l e H o ri z o n .
0T = OA OB = h ( 2r + h ) ,
so t h at O T 4/h ( 21 h )
.
H ence
very small co m pared wit h hr
it is .
OT a/W .
Th e clip 4 TOQ
= 90 A COT = OCT
.
OT 1
4 277
Al so t an OCT
,
OT r
27; 1 80
7?
1
H ere r ==
4000 miles, and b = 264 1ee t
-
20
mil e .
J;
2h I
Al so th e dip radrans = - radian
200
1 8x 60 5
5 "
) ( ) ly
'
'
17 11 near .
l
l
1 ,
F ind in degrees, minutes , and seco nds, th e dip o f th e h o riz o n fro m
t o p o f a m o unt ain 4400 feet h ig h , th e earth s radius being 21 x 1 0
th e
feet .
2 ,
Th e M p of a ligh th o us e is 1 96 feet h igh ; h o w far o can i t be
seen
272 TRI GONOM ETRY .
[Exs n u ) . .
3 ,
I f th e radius o f th e eart h be 4000 miles, nd t h e h eigh t of a
ball oo n wh en th e dip is
F ind als o th e dip wh en th e ballo o n is 2 miles h igh .
4 ,
F ro m th e t o p o f th e m ast o f a shi , wh ich is 66 feet abo ve th e p
se a, t h e ligh t o f a ligh t h o use wh ich is kn o wn t o be 1 32 feet high can
j ust be seen ; pro ve t h at it s dist ance i s 24 miles nearl y.
5 F ro m t h e t o p
,
of a mast 6 6 fe et
, abo ve th e th e t o p o f t h e
sea,
6 F ro m th e t o p
,
of . th e m ast o f a sh i p whi h c i s 44 feet abo ve th e
sea-le vel , th e ligh t o f a ligh th o use can j ust be seen ; aft e r saili ng fo r
1 5 mi nut es t h e ligh t can j ust be seen fro m th e deck whi ch is 1 1 feet
abo ve t h e sea- level ; pro ve th at th e rate o f saili ng o f t h e shi pi s nearl y
1 6 3 3 miles per h o ur .
7 ,
Pro ve th at , if th e h eigh t of th e pl ace o f o bservatio n be n feet , th e
8 ,
Th ere are 1 0 millio n m etres in q uadran t o f th e earth s circum
a
9 ,
Th ree vertical p o st s are pl aced at intervals o f a mil e alo ng a straig h t
at a pi
o nt 8 inch es belo w it s t o p . Find th e radius o f th e eart h to th e
nearest mil e .
274 TRI GONOM ETRY .
Th e s ymbo l sin
a is o ft en, p
es eciall y in fo re ign
m at hemat ical bo o ks, writ t en as arc sin a similarl y
co s
a is writ t e n arc co s a, and so fo r t h e ot her inverse
rat ios .
0
0
1
E x. sin 60
When a is l s, o ne lying
po sit ive t here are t wo an
g e ,
exam ple bo t h 30
and 30
have t heir co sine e ual q to
43 I t his we t ak e t h e an le
n case smallest os itive g
2 p .
Hence co s a, when a is po sit ive lies bet ween 0 ,
and
90
wh e n a is negat ive lies be t ween and
So cos a, , 90
1
75
m
. t an tan (
g i;
-l
240 l x. 1 . Prove tha t si n
%=G, 80 t h at Gi n a :
'
R
I N VE S E CI RC ~
ULAR F UN C I O T NS .
12 12
= 5, so th at co s p =
a T ,
1 44 5
and th erefo re
16 16
L et sin t h at m y z
.
so
We h ave t h en t o p ro ve th at
G- =
7.
sin a (
sin a ( -
)= si n a cos p - cos a sin
p
3 12 4 5 36 - 20 16
3 1
=
T 63
8m
H ence t h e relati o n is p ro ved.
1 1
-1 _
I x . 3 . Prove t ha t 2 t an + t an .
3 7 4
1
a, so th at t an a
13
1
and let -
5,
so th at t an B
7
We h ave th en to ch ew th at
t an 2a + tan p
ml z
- t an 2a t an
p
4 7
- l tan
1 8 1 28 - 3 25
2a +
1 8 2
276 TRI GONOMETRY .
E x. 3 . Prove t ha t
4 ta n
a , so t h at t an a
!a -
t an ?
2 tan a
_ 5 5
__
l - t an
a T 12
I -
25
10
12 1 20
t an 4a : -
7 g
1
1 44
so y
th at t an 4a is nearl unit
. y , and 4a th ere fo re nearl y4
f -1
t an 3 .
(i f t an 3
) (Art .
1
H ence 4 t an
1
3
tan
l lx 4
. . Pro ve t ha t
a b
tan a+ t an : l '
b t an
'
l
1 ab
t an a = a , so th at t an a =a .
-l
tan bz ,
so th at t an =b .
+b
(
a+ b a
Also , let - 7 , so th at t an 7 - .
l ab 1 _ ab
We h ave th en t o p ro ve t h at
a +=7 .
t aD a--
i tan +b
m1
a
(H - t an a t an 1 - ab
so th at t h e relatio n is p ro ved.
278 TRI GON OI I ETRY .
Th us t an [tan "
it 2 tan
1 ] = t an [t an
-1
a tan
ii i -
f, 1 92 4-31 5
" '
7 5 6 - so
tan
+ 2 t an
= tan i .
I x . O. S o lve t he e ua ti
f l
x--
l l
z - l
T ki
a ng th e tw gent s o de s o f th e
T
'
j
AM I Er :
z - l
+ t an
[ t an
[:
- tan "1
l tan tan
a:
t an { WW W7B -
3 +1 4: 1
+
:r l a:
80 th at
X
E AM PLES . XLI I I .
Pro ve th at
3 8
l m -l
+ Sin
-l "
k
.
3 17
5 7
2 sin + s1 n
3 25
3 co s 1 --
l tan 1
8-
Jan 4
8
3
.
5 5
5 co s
2
O
8 6
-l 1
-l
6 2 co s + oo t 4
w8 '
l
B8
'
J 1 3
;
1 1
7 tan Ir an
-1
7
.
t an
5 9 t an
E
.
7 9
,
1
tan
-
-
H an ? 1 00 8 1
8
Z 3 c a
.
9 2 J
2 t an 1
1 -1-tan 1
3
t an L
I-m l _
8 t
5 19 4
1 l
m
Z
-1 + t an 1 -l
+ t5 n
7
.
8 4
1
M an + tan t au
l L .
4 1 985
-L 1m
4 tan
5 99 4
ta r
-1
1 39
l7 t au
1
k
e
119
3t 4
'
tan t + t an
l t 1 - 3t
if t > and
CHAPT ER XI X .
o n so m r
. SI M PLE Taro o no u m mcu . s eams .
the an
g les being in ar ith metical
p rogressio n .
Le t t h e angles be
{a + (n
Let
1 ) B}
By A rt 97 we . have
2 sin a sin
g (
- cos a co s
( a
2 sin ( a + B) ein
g ( cos a co s
( a
g
g
( co s a
i ) co s
( a
2 sin {a + ( n 2) B}sin
p
i
2
-
{
co s a + ( n -
g) B} co s a + n
{ (
and
zein {a + <n m om e m
s) e}
By addin t
g go e t her t hese n lines, we have
co s
{a + ( n
S I M PLE T RI GON OM ETB I CAL SE I ES R .
t he ot h er t erm s on t he rig h h t an
- d
ano t h er .
By p ut ting p = 2a , we h ave
sm a
242 . To nd the s um o
f the cosines f
o a series of
ang les , th e a ng les being in ari thm etical ro ressio n.
p g
Let t h e an le s be
g
a, a + B , a + 2B, - 1) B .
Let
SE co s a co s ( a+ B) (
cos a + 2 B) cos a { ( n 1 ) B} .
2 co s sin
(a - sm
(a +
B
2 cos ( a + 2B) sin
(a s m
( a
) .
284 rmo o no u m r.
and
2 c s a+ n
o
{ ( 1 ) B }sin {
sin a + n (
By addin t
g go et her t hese 1 1 line s, we have
as x sin
; sin { a + ( n sin
t h e ot her t erms on th e ri
gh t -h and sides cancellin
g o ne
ano t her .
C OS
243 . Bo t h t h e p
ex ressio ns fo r S in Art s 241 . and 242
i . e
. w h en
w h ere p is any int eger ,
27r
i e wh e n B=
p
;b
. . .
of an any
g
?
of !
n
:l a. co s a + co s
(a + to n terms = 0,
286 rmco no u m
'
r .
Cor . Since
2 sin 3
a =1 co s 2a , an d 2 co s
a = 1 + co s
B x. 3 . S um to n terms t h e series
Th en
- sin (3a
sin a
( -2
) }
{ sin (su + sp) sin ( 5 a m} 4
3
{ sin
i -
sp) + a (5a 3) +
{ sin (a - n
by Art 241 , .
SI M PLE TRI GON OMETRI CAL SE I ES R . 28 7
p o i nts o f t h e p o lygon .
2l '
PAI = 2r sin
P04 1
= 2r sin -
l
P OA, 0 1!
_ +
P OA, _ 0 2:
0 2n
[ g (
0 ir
2r sin + sin -
2
0 n I
m
0
__+
r
sin g f
5
'
2 2 2 n
1r
(Art 241.
)
2n
1 0 1
= 2r cosec s1 n
2f ocese
( L 1
) .
Sum t h e seri es
1 . cos o + co s 30 + co s 5 0 + to n terms .
2 . co s
; + co s 2A +co s to n t ermB .
Pro ve th at
sin a + sin 2a + sin
3
288 rmco no mnrnv .
[h a m v]
.
sin a to n term s
6 . co s + co s
n-4 n-6
8 .
9 .
- 1)a .
10 . to n te rms.
12 .
13 .
14 ,
t o n t erms .
15 .
16 .
sin a + sin
3
t o n terms .
17 . to n te rms .
18 . to n t erm s .
19 . to a tom s.
21 .
F ro m th e sum o f th e series
22 ,
F ro m th e resul t o f th e exam pl e of Art 241 deduce th e sum
. of
to n t erms .
2
23 .
If 9
ELI M I NATI ON .
aa + b = 0 and
F ro m t h e rst e quat io n ,
we have
6
w
a
and h
t is sat is es the s eco nd, if
c
a
+d
( a
i if 60 abd O
2
. e
. a e .
Th is lat t er q
e uat io n is t h e re s ult o f e liminat in
g a:
be t ween t h e abo ve t wo e qu at io ns ,
and is o ft e n calle d t he ir
e lim inant .
EL I M I NATI ON . 291
sin 0 = b, an d co s 0 = c,
'
so t h at sin 0 bi and co s 0 6
9
,
sin
8
0 co s
0 1,
247 . Be t we e n an
y t wo equat io ns invo lving o ne
un k no wn quant ity we can in , t h e o ry always e lim inat e
,
o f t h e unkn o wn quant it i es .
a co s 0 + b sin 0 = c,
we h ave
co s 0 si n 0 l
=
bf cc cd - a j ba- cc
so t h at (f
b ( cd of )
(bd cc )
292 TRI GONOM ETRY .
ax by
we 0 si n 0
as: s in 0 by we 0
co s
0
sin 0
F ro m h ave as sin 8
0 by co s8
0 .
co s 0 J sin o t co s
- -
o
H om e
and
co s 0
so t h at ( 1 ) beco me s
1
a
b =
( az ) *
Jan/2+ ( Mos h ch i }
{
(a x
( sh
ca (
a
s
m i .
,
si n 0 = cos so
b
an 0 co s s in 20
b
294 TRI GONOM ETRY .
[Exs
. XLV.
]
a cos o y sin o
6 . +
a b
and
7 ,
sin -
0 co s 0 =p , and co sec o sin 0= q .
8 ,
z : a co s O+ b co s 20, and g = a sin 0 + b sin 20 .
p
ro ve th at m n} : m
( )
a i .
10 ,
Pro ve th at t h e re sult o f elimi nat ing 0 fro m th e q
e uatio ns
a co s
y oo s ( 0 + a )
(z oo s
(z sin a - y co s
11 . s in 0 + sin =
,G and 0
12 . and
13 .
and a t an 0 = b t an .
14 . co s 0 + co s az a, and
15 .
a sin 0 = b sin , and
16 .
0 0 45
a sm
2 2
81 n + b co s ec s 0 .
2 2 2
CH APT ER XXI .
R T NS
P OJ EC I O .
LET P Q be an
y s t rai
gh t lin e , and fro m it s e nds ,
P and Q ,
letperpendiculars be drawn t o a xe d st raigh t
line OA . The n M N is called t h e proj ect io n o f P Q
on 0A .
296 TRI GONOM ETRY .
is e qual t o 0 .
Also MN PR P Q co s LP Q P Q co s 0,
by t h e de nit io ns of Ar t 5 0 . .
T h e p roje ct i o n s o f a ny li n e PQ on a l in e t o
w h i c h P 0 i s i n cli n e d at a ny a n gl e 0, an d on a
p e rp e n di cu l ar l i n e , are t h e re f o re PQ co s 0 an d
P O si n 0 .
H e nce t h e project io n o f OP On OA
co s A OB x proj ect io n o f OP o n OB
dicular t o OB , [ i
s nce t h e dire ct io n N P is incline d t o GA
at an angle A OB]
90 .
t o OB,
R
P OJ ECT I O NS .
299
i s OP S in A OP
. .
s in A OB x OP co s B OO co s A OB x OP sin B OC ,
i . e . sin (A B) s in A co s B co s A sin B .
Th e j
pro ectio ns o f OP o n OB and a pe rpe ndicu lar
t o OB are t he re fo re OP co s B) and OP S in B) ,
i . s . OP co s B and OP S in B .
S ince OB pe
rp e ndicular m ak e an le s A OB and
an d it s g
A OB) wit h OA we t h u s h ave
( 90 ,
300 TRI GONOM ET RY .
p ro ee t io n Of
j OP on OA
sum o f proj ectio ns o n DA o f
the the p roj ect io ns of OP
on OB and a perpe ndicu lar
OP B A OB + ( OP Sin B) ( A OB
cos x cos x cos 90 + )
OP cOS B cOS A OP sin B s in A ,
co s ( A
Sim ilarly, p roj e ct ing t h e sam e lines on a perpendicular
t o DA , we have
OP s in (A B ) = OP co s B x S in A OB
OP Sin B) sin ( 90 A OB)
OP co s B s in A OP sin B co s A ,
is
. . sin ( A B) sin A co s B cOS A S in B .
jo ined gure .
ii TRI GON OM ETRY .
233 33 33 3 2000
7 .
3 8 .
3
.
703 355 7
11
7 20 1 3500
371 '
1 1 03
14 . .
10 2000
17 81 18 .
1 32 l 5 l 2 6
'
19 .
20 .
1 1r 21r 1
21 radi an s .
3
22 .
( )
1 -
( )
2
( )
3 1 35 ( )
4
23 . S an d 4 . 24 10 an d 8 . 25 . 6 md 8 .
g gg i
28 . . 27 .
( )
1 75 = 83y ;
if
9
( )
2 ( )
3
;
28 .
( )
1 A t 7 1
1 1 an d 36 m in ut es past 4 ; ( )
2 at 281 91 an d
48 minu t es pas t 7 .
IV .
(Pages 1 7,
[ Tak e and
= 31 831
g 34 22 38 9
n earl dian
y . ra
57
'
in ch es nearly . 6 . 1 25 nearly .
5 4 . 10 . 31 41 6 .
41 r 91 r 1 4m 1 97 24m
an d radians .
35 35 35 35 35
6 5 24 206 26 5 ft
13 n early
. . .
ft . n ea rly . 15 . 26 26 ft . n early .
32l 42 9 ft
. n ea rly . 17 . 38 1 972 f t . nearly .
A N SWE S R . iii
18 . 19 . 1 1 05 8 mile s .
20
. miles 21 . 2 1 6 00 ; nea rly .
22
. 478 x 1 0 11
miles .
VI .
( Pag e
J
,1 5 1
6
12 8
7
11 60 6 1
5 13
40 41 5
. . 11 .
9 40 3
15 .
17
17 8
3 5 5 12
OP -
B fg
. . .
13 13
1 1
2a: + 1
VI I I .
(Pages 44
ft ; 20 ft
. . 2 . 1 6 0 ft . 3
. 225 ft .
ft . 5 . ft .
ards d 7 ft
y ; y a r s . . .
ft . 9 . ft .
ft . 75 f t f ro m . o ne o f t h e pillars .
ft ;. ft . 12 . miles .
30 15 . m il es pe r h o ur .
ft ; ft .
ft . 19 . 1 0 m iles per h o ur .
ards 21 d
y . .
y ar s .
IX .
(Page
81
an d 1 r ra dl an s
77 .
331
20 2
iv TRI GON OME TRY .
23
29031
23
2x2
y
"
8 . t an A
. 9 . 0
10 . I n 1 1} min ute s .
36 6
5 .
0; 2 . 7 .
2 an d
- 9 . 45 1 35
and
1 20 11 1 35 an d
l 50 and d
13 1 50
. an
21 0 an d
330 15 . co s 25
sin 17 . t an 18 . sin
sin 20 . co t 21 . co s 33 .
co s s30
24
23 . co t 25 . co .
co t 26 . co sec 27 .
o o seo 36
z e ro . 32 . 33 .
po s it i ve .
and
2 - 1
n d J 2
7 7
3 3
XI .
( Pag e s 83,
l ( 2 l)
n
. n1 r + . nT o
2
3 . n ar +
( E
- .
;
5 . 21 m =l= 6 . 2n1 r 7 . ou r
8 . mar 9 . mar
11 . mr+ ( 12 . mr -
k
vi TRI GON OM ETRY .
s f .
( 2n + 1 ) 1r
5
1 77
11
- or 2n1 r
21 27215 or
5
.
2
1 1
( (
'
17
71
22
or 22
2 713 4-15 2 m n
2 u + 1
m r 1 11
4
l 7?
2 3 3
mr 1
( 2)
'
17
a. 11
il 3l 30 r+
3 3 m n
t an 0 2 .
(
n er 1:
W -
2 ii
21 7
- -
( eu
5 3 5
1 5
60 36
o
. .
uh
--
J ;
5 a h
1 33 1 5 96 3444
.
2 .
3445
'
205 3445
220 1 71 .
220
221 22 1 21
XI V .
(Pages 96,
3st
2 sin ( 0 mt ) sin . 31 . 2 sin (0 co s
A NSWERS . vii
XV .
(Pages 98 ,
co s 20 co s 1 20 . 2 .
co s 1 40 co s 80 . 4 .
XVI .
(Pag e
8 . 1 .
XVI I .
(Pages 1 09 ,
24 1 20 201 6
( )
1
5
2 ( )
2 a
n ( )
3
4225
1 61 7 119
( )
l
28 9 ( )
2 .
23
-
( )
3
1 69
0 3. a.
XVI I I .
(Pages 1 23
6 2 J2 -
1- 3
J .
6 18
13 .
J 1 3 J 1 3 .
1 69
12
T
3 1 20
16 49
4 5
305 305
4
4+ 2+ 6
4 a b
23 . and 24
. and
a
+ b
an d - o
an d 2m + ( )
2 2n 1r + an d 2m r +
1T
an d 4
( ) 27l 1 r+ and 2mr +
Z
viii TRI GON OM ETRY .
'
18
and 2m r
4
xxx .
(Page
Th e sin e of the angle is equ al t o 2 sin 1 8
1
2
( -
)
3
or 270 1 Z : '
3 8
XXI .
(Pages 1 43,
1 1
( ) (
M 17
'
17 1r
-
227 m u 2 or 242
T g
. .
or 27m i n
1
3: or
(
n 6
) 1r. 9 . 2M 01 '
n1 r + ( l) " 7?
o r n 1r +
( 1) "
1 r
o r ou r
6 10
1
( (
1r
- 01
n
13
Q 2
.
8
1
mar or 13 . 2mm or
15 .
( 2r + 1 )
m n
1
( )
r
16 ma or or m + -- z
2
.
17 . 2m x
TRI GONOM ETRY .
9 . 8 6 41 5 . 10 . 9 6 1 92 .
12 . 13 .
41 431 .
XXI V .
( Pages 1 68
4 5 5 27375 ; 1 5 5 27394 .
4 7 6 8 95 29 ; 37 6 8 95 02 .
( )
1 47 2048 1 5 ; ( )
2 2 7 22046 2 ; ( )
3 47 240079;
-3
( )
4 5 273 6 ; ( )
5 0 5 296 726 ; ( )
6 5 26 06 4 .
6 87041 7 . 7.
8 455 1 04 ; 8 45 45 09 . 9.
-
4 1 20306 0 4 1 2 1 8748 .
4 399326 3 ; 4 3 9768 23 . 12 .
99 1 47334 . 14 .
95 25 4497 ; 16 . 1 00 22941 4 .
18 .
XXV .
(Pages 1 72 ,
1 3 27 3 l 2
'
. 22
65
1 0 l 5 34 6 .
( )
1 97 27 9043 ; ( )
2 99 27085 7 ( )
3
( )
4 907 ( )
5 1 02 001 337
( )
6 25 027 ( 7 245 1 6 2 .
( ) ( )
( )
1 24 2 3 32
( )
5 7 6 39
4
5 3736 02 .
( )
1 (
cos x
( )
2
( )
3 (
co s a: y) co sec a: sec 31
co s (a:
( )
4 y) co sec a: se c 3
;
( )
5 t an a:
( )
6 t an a: t an y .
A NSWERS . xi
XXVI .
(Pages 1 80 ,
7
4 3 8 40 24
1 d .
J 4 1 5 5 J 4 l 41 25
gg , , an d 1 .
56
5 12
n d
4
_
_ 1 2
5
'
12 5 65 13
7
and 7 . an d 75
41
23
.
XXVI I I .
(Pag e
and l 93 1 8
.
ft .
an d 94
75 an d
XXI X . P
( g
a es 1 94,
1 20
2 . 30 4 .
1 20 and 6
"
.
77
l9 l l 9
'
8 . .
an d
an d 93
23 an d
xxx .
(Pages 1 99
2 .
fee t ;
-
5
xii TRI GONOM ETRY .
5 .
J 7 : 2 .
6 . 7 .
8 .
9 . A = 45 ; 10 .
11 . 8 96 5 . 14 . 40 y ds .
15 7 5 8946 7 5 3 7 48
.
18
226 8 7 ; 73
16 . 2 5 298 23 . 17 .
18 . A = ; B =
; c= 1 99 099
19 . B :
C=
a : 93 5 1 92
.
20 . 51 and
21 an d
. 88 33
XXXI .
(Pages 207
1 . Th ere is no t riangle .
2 . B1 01 an d 61 2 3
J ; 2 : 0
an d b G
J .
Bl Cl
3 C
. an d 5x 1 00 ; B, =
an d b, = 2 00 .
5 . 4 J 3 uh 2J 5 .
6 . 1 00 J 3 t h e t rian gle is ri
gh t -
an gled .
8 33
. an d 9 . or
10 ( )
1 Th e t riangle is righ t -angle d and B
. 60
B1 8 41 and C, 1 41
'
( )
2 b
.
11
. an d an d 38
12 . an d m ile s pe r h o ur .
13 . 63 or
an d 23
14 . an d 1 02 l 7 37 or 37
15 .
XXXI I .
( Page
1 . 7 9 11 . 4 .
5 . 1 m ile ; m ile s . 7 . 20 ft .
8 . and feet . 9 .
it .
XXI V .
(Pages 229 ,
1 . 84 . 2. 21 6 . 3 . 6 30 . 4 . 3720 .
8 . 12 . 35 yds and 26 y ds . .
13 i n ch 14 5 , 7, an d 8 ft
. . . 15 . . 1 20
17 an d and
45 1 05
. 1 35
18 . 17 sq . in s .
XXXVI .
( Pages 237 ,
3 . 1 5, 8, 2, an d 24 respect ive ly .
XXXVI I .
(Pages 247
35 . 21 5 47 or 1 5 47 t im es t h e radi us o f each circle .
39 . A,
XXXVI I I .
(Pag es 255
1 .
( ) J
l 3 I O5 s
q ft 5 ( )
2 1 OJ q
7 s ft . . . . 3 . I ; an d 21} ft .
XXI II .
(Pag es 259
1 . in s . 2 .
5 35 9 .
3 .
( )
1 sq ft ; . .
( )
2 sq ft ;. .
3
( ) sq ft ; . .
( )
4 s q ft ;. .
( )
5 s
q f t . .
4 . sq . ft . 5 . 3 sq . ft .
6 . 12 . 3 .
14 . 6 . 15 . 9 . 16 . 20 an d 10 .
17 . 6 an d 5, 1 2 an d 8, 1 8 an d 1 0, 22 an d 1 1 , 27 an d 1 2,
42 an d 1 4, 5 4 an d 1 5 , 72 an d 1 6 , 1 02 an d 1 7, 1 6 2 an d 1 8,
J 3 , J6 .
I L .
(Pages 266,
1 .
00204 . 2 . 0 0007 . 3 .
000 29 .
4 .
99999 . 5 . 25 78 3 1 0077
. 6 . 1 0 00001 1 .
7 . 8 . 9
.
10 . 11 . in ch es .
AN SWERS . XV
XLI .
( Pag es 269,
435 7 7 sq ft . . 2 . s
q.f t .
4. 6 s
q f t . .
l l 0004 in ch es
. 6 .
000446 25 in ch .
.
6 1 m iles ; n early .
396 0 miles .
xmn .
(Pages 279
4
J sin 2/3 . 29 . 30 . 31 .
1 7r
-8 o r
4
33 . m r, o r n 1 r + -
4
34 .
J 3 .
5
. 36 .
J 3 or 37 .
n, o r n n 1 . 39 . 40 . 13 .
2
a: is given by t h e e
quat io n
w
x = ab
a b
[J
T
ab 4 u
1 Jb 44 .
1 + ab
'
XLI V
.
(Pages 287
sm co se c 0 .
3n 1
A sh co se c -
E A . 6 .
sin
[ ( c + u 8 .
sin 2m : 2m :
( co s sin 2m )( co s a: si n x
) co sec 2x .
i u n 1 ) sin 2a . sin ( 2n 2) a ] co se c a .