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kl/ro kbd k|;fb clwsf/L*
cn}rL Ps lgof{t d"ns gub] d;nf afnL xf] . g]kfnsf k"j{ b]lv klZrd ;Ddsf] ;j} dWo
kxf8L efu h'g ;d'Gb| ;txjf6 ^)) b]lv @!)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] t';f/f], cl;gf gkg]{, a9L
cf]l;nf], ;]lknf], 5xf/L ePsf], pQ/ kms]{sf] df]x8f s]xL le/fnf], kfgL ghDg], j9L kfgL kg]{
7fp+df cn}+rL v]tL Joj;flos ?kdf ;kmntfsf ;fy ug{ ;lsg] ;+efJotf b]lvPsf] 5
.k"jf{~rnsf s]xL lhNnfx?jf6 ;'? ePsf] cn}+rL v]tL xfn cfP/ clw/fHosf ;a} dWo kxf8L
lhNnfx?df lj:tf/ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . cfl{{ys jif{ @)^^)^& ;Ddsf] /]s8{ cg';f/ g]kfnsf]
s/Lj #( lhNnfsf] !$,))! x]S6/ If]qkmndf cn}+rL v]tL eO{ /x]sf] 5 h;jf6 %,@#@ d]=6g
pTkfbg eO /fv]sf] 5 . o;sf] pTkfbsTj )=$$d]=6=x]= 5 . s'n pTkfbgsf] (* k|ltzt
eGbf a9L ef/t nufot ;d'Gb|kf/ b]zx?df lgof{t eO{ /x]sf] 5 .
xfjfkfgL tyf df6f]
;j} lsl;dsf] df6f]df cn}r + L v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 ;tfklg lr:ofg j9L ePsf] kfgL ghDg] pj{/s,
vlgh tTj j9L ePsf] -k|ffl/s dno'Qm_ xn'sf bf]d6 df6f], lk=Pr $=%^=% ePsf], s]xL
cDnLo df6f]df af]6 /fd|/L km:6fp+5 . hldg ;txdf kfgL aUg] t/ ghDg] x'g' k5{ . jflif{s
jiff{ j9L x'g] 7fp+ -!^))%))) ld=ld=_ pko'Qm dflgG5 . o;sf] plrt j[l4 ljsf;sf] nflu
!)#) l8=;]= tfkqmd pko'Qm dflgG5 . of] Ps 5foflk|o afnL xf] .
g]kfndf k|rlnt cn}+rLsf hftx?
cn}+rL+df k/;]rg lqmof4f/f uef{wfg x'g] ePsf]n] hft ljz]ifsf] df}lns u'0fx?df kl/jt{g cfO{
of] hft oxL g} xf] eg]/ 5'6[ofpg cK7\of/f] kb{5 . To:t} Ps} hftnfO{ klg ljleGg 7fp+df
j]Unfj]Un} gfdn] lrlgG5 . g]kfndf v]tL ul/g] cn}rLsf hftx? lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
tL hftx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] prfOdf nufpg ;lsG5 .
/fdzfO{ uf]nzfO{ 8Da/zfO{ ;fpg] lra]zfO{ sf+6Lbf/ lhd{n]kfv];]/LGdf
!%)) !@)) &))!@)) !@)) &)) &)) &))!))) ld6/
@))) !^)) ld6/ !^)) !))) !)))
ld6/ ld6/ ld6/ ld6/ ld6/
la?jf k|;f/0f
cn}+rL lj?jf @ tl/sfn] pTkfbg ul/G5 M kfgf 5'6\ofP/, / jLpjf6 lj?jf pdf/]/. s[ifs :t/df kfgf
5'6\ofP/, lj?jfsf] k|;f/0f ug]{ rng Aofks ePtf klg o;af6 /f]u tyf ls/fsf] ;d]t k|;f/0f x'g
;Sg] ePsf]n] lapaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] la?jf /f]Kg a9L nfebfos x'G5 . kfgf 5'6\ofP/ k|;f/0f ul/Psf]
la?jfeGbf lapjf6 k|;f/0f ul/Psf] la?jf kmNg eg] @ aif{ a9L nfUb5. kfgfaf6 k|;f/0f ug]{xf] eg]
/f]u tyf ls/f /lxt dfpaf]6 5gf}6 u/L To;nfO{ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
lapaf6 la?jf k|;f/0f ug{ ;j{ k|yd :j:y hftLo u'0f sfod ePsf] dfp af]6 5gf}6 u/L To; af6
/fd|/L kfs]sf] kmn 5fgL lap lgsfNg' kb{5 . To; lapnfO{ !@ lbg s'g} ef+8f]df /fvL @ lbg kl5
To;df afn'jf, v/fgL tyf kfgL /fv]/ /fd|f] ;+u df8]/ To;sf] n];Lnf]kg tyf s8f aflx/L
cfj/0fnfO{ s]xL kftnf] agfpg' kb{5 . To; kl5 lapnfO{ afn'jf af6 kfgLsf] ;xfotfaf6 t}/fP/
pHofnf] 5xf/Ldf ;'sfO{ e08f/0f ug'{ kb{5 . cn+}rLsf] lapnfO{ tof/ u/]sf] g;{/L Aof8df hlt ;Sbf]
rf8f] -! dlxgf leq_ nufof] To;sf] pdf/ zlQm Toltg} /fd|f] x'G5 . o;sf] lap pd+|g ;d]t nfdf]
;do nfUg] -^*dlxgf_ x'G5, g;{/L @ k6s ug'{ kb{5 .

lap /fv]sf] 6g]n agfPsf] ev{/ pld|Psf] la?jf bf]>f] g;{/L

2
 s_k|yd g;{/L *jl/i7 cn}rL+ ljsf; clws[t
g;{/Lsf] nflu kxfl/nf] kfvf, kfgLsf] /fd|f] >f]t ePsf] :yfg, lxp+ t'iff/f] gkg]{, 7"nf ?vx?
cf;kf;df gePsf], kfgL ghDg], k|z:t k|ffl/s kbfy{ ePsf] b'd6 df6f] ePsf] :yfgdf hUuf
5gf]6 ug'{ kb{5 . hldgdf /fd|f] ;+u vghf]t u/L df6f] j'/{j'/fpbf] jgfO{ sfGnf ;kmf u/L,
emf/kft x6fO{ k|lt @ ju{ ld6/df @)@% s]=hL s'lxPsf] k|ffl/s dn, ! s]=hL= v/fgL tyf
lrD6fOnf] df6f] ePdf !)!% s]=hL afn'jf ;d]t ldnfpg' kb{5 . To:t} df6f] leq j;L
gf]S;fg k'ofpg] ls/fx? lgoGq0fsf nfuL Snf]/f]kfO/Lkm; ljiffbL @# u|fd df6f]df ld;fpg'
cfjZos x'G5 .o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] hUufdf ! dL= rf}8fO / cfjZostf cg';f/ nDjfO{ / !%
@) ;]=dL= prfO ePsf Jof8x? $% ;]= dL= sf] km/sdf jgfOG5 . !%!% ;]=dL= sf] km/sdf
@# ;]=dL= ulx/f w;f{x? sf]/L @@ ;]=dL=sf] km/sdf kg]{ u/L cn}+rLsf] aLp 5l/G5 . jLp
5l/;s] kl5 xNsf df6f]n] 5f]kL lbg' kb{5 . o;/L jLp 5bf{ k|lt @ ju{ ld6/sf] nflu *!)
u|fd jLp cfjZos x'G5 . lap 5/] kl5 /fd|/L 5fkf] /fVg] / la?jf pld|g yfn]kl5 5fkf] 56fO{
!=% ld6/ cUnf] 5fgf] /fvL 5xf/L lbg' kb{5 . la?jfnfO{ rf8f] pdfg{ Knf:6Lssf] 6g]n k|lalw
;d]t ckgfpg ;lsG5 .cfjZostfg';f/ g;{/Ldf l+;rfO, uf]8d]n tyf /f]u ls/f lgoGq0f ug{'[
kb{5 . k|yd g;{/Ldf lapm c;f]h b]lv dl;/df 5l/G5 , of] lap h]7 c;f/ dlxgfdf pld|G5
o;nfO{ csf]{ aif{sf] h]7 c;f/ dlxgf;DDf k|yd g;{/Ldf x'sf{OG5 . lapsf] pdf/ zlQm sl/a
#)%) k|ltzt x'G5 .
v_ bf]>f] g;{/LM
bf]>f] g;{/Lsf] cy{ klxnf] Jof8df x'ls{;s]sf] la?jf k'gM csf]{ g;{/L Jof8d} ;fg'{ xf] . hUUffsf]
tof/L k|yd g;{/Ldf h:t} u/L ug'{ kb{5 . klxnf] g;{/L Jof8jf6 lj?jf pv]nL 6'Kkf eGbf dfly
uPsf kft tyf dl;gf h/fx? %& ;]=dL= /fvL c? x6fOG5 . bf]>f] g;{/Ldf la?jf c;f/
dlxgfdf ;fl/G5 eg] To;nfO{ ! aif{ x'sf{P/ cfufdL c;f/ dlxgfdf d'Vo aufgdf ;fg{sf]
nflu nfos x'G5 . g;{/Lsf] rf}8fO{ $ lkm6sf] x'g' kb{5 .Ps :yfgdf #.# cf]6f la?jf ! lkm6sf]
km/sdf auf{sf/ u/L ;fl/G5 . To;kl5 dNrL tyf !=% ld6/ cUnf] 5fgf] xfnL ;se/ hfnL
3/ leq lj?jf x'sf{pg' kb{5 . cfjZostfg';f/ uf]8d]n l;+rfO{ tyf kfgLsf] Joj:yf tyf
sfl{{ts / kmfNu'0f dlxgfdf @ k6s sDkf]i6 tyf df6f]n] la?jfdf 6k8]; ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L
cn}+rLsf] lap /fv] b]lv la?jf tof/ ug{ #) #@ dlxgfsf] ;do nfUb5 .
n] cfp6 la?jf /f]Kg], uf]8d]n / l;+rfO{
lj?jf ;fg]{ tof/L sfo{df ;aeGbf klxnf hldgsf] ;kmfO{ ug'{ kb{5 . hldgsf] ;kmfO{ sfo{
ubf{ cgfjZos /x]sf af]6 lj?jfx? k+m8fgL ug]{, 5fxf/L af]6 jfSnf] ePdf 7Ls ldnfpg] tyf
k'/fgf cn}+rLsf 7'6f ePdf h/} b]lv pv]nL hnfpg' kb{5 . lj?jf nufpg' eGbf !=% dlxgf
cufj} vf8n v' kb{5 . vf8nsf] cfsf/ -$% ;]=dL=_# sf] x'g' kb{5 . vf8n vGbf !% ;]=dL=
dfly ;txsf] df6f] cnu / To;eGbf ulx/fO{sf] df6f] cnu agfO{ /fVg' kb{5 . !% lbg ;Dd
vf8n v'nf /fvL lj?jf nufpg' eGbf ! dlxgf cufj} ;txsf] df6f]df k|lt vf8n %!)
s]=hL= s'lxPsf] sDkf]i6 dn tyf df6f] leq a;L gf]S;fg k'ofpg] ls/f dfg{ k|lt vf8n @#
u|fd Snf]/f]kfO{/Lkm; ;d]t ld;fO{ ;tx eGbf !)!@ ;]=dL= cUnf] agfO{ vf8n k'/]/ aLrdf
lsnf uf9L 5f8\g' kb{5 . klxnf] dg;'g kl5 h]i7 clGtd b]lv >fj0f klxnf] xKtf ;Dd lj?jf
/f]Kg' /fd|f] dflgG5 . hldgsf] le/fnf]kg, hft, dlnnf]kfg cflbnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL cn+}rL
nufpg] b'/L !=@ ld6/ b]vL @ ld6/sf] km/sdf juf{sf/ jf cfoftfsf/ ?kdf nufpg ;lsG5 .
lj?jf /f]Kg' eGbf cufl8 lj?jf tof/L ug'{ kb{5 . lj?jf tof/L ubf{ 6'Kkfsf] kft - u'ef] eGbf
dfly uPsf] _ s]xL efu tyf nfdf h/f 5f+6L 5f]6f] - %!) ;]dL _ kf/L kfgf ;lxt !@ cf]6f
-sDtLdf_ h/f x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . Ps dlxgf cufl8 k'/]/ /fv]sf] vf8ndf k|lt vf8n #
lj?jf lqsf]0f cfsf/df /f]Kg' kb{5. la?jf k|z:t ePdf k|lt vf8n ^( cf]6f ;DDf klg
nufpg ;lsG5 . . $% ;]=dL= ;Dd ulx/f] u/]/ lj?jf /f]Kg' pko'Qm x'G5 . lj?jf /f]kL;s]
kl5 5fkf] /fvL aLrdf lsnf uf8]/ xNsf l;t jf+Wg' kb{5 .
3
 uf]8d]nemf agfpg]
cn}+rLdf dg;'g aiff{ ;'? x'gf;fy emf/x? k|;:t cfp+b5g . tL emf/ kftx?nfO{
x6fpg' kb{5 . cn+}rLsf] emfdf kmNg] / gkmNg] @ k|sf/sf] nf+qmf x'G5g . gkmNg] nfqmfdf kft,
u'ef] / ;'O/f] x'+b}g o:tf nfqmf, >fa0fefb|df b]vf kg]{ 6'+;fx?, Psk6s kmln;s]sf], nlqPsf,
ef+lrPsf /f]u sL/fn] u|:t, a9L afSnf nf+qmfx? ;d]t x6fpg' kb{5. 5xf/L ?vaf6 v;]sf] kft
klt/x? cn}rLsf] ufhdf hDdf eO{ y'fnfO{ 5f]Kg] x'+bf o;nfO{ x6fO{ ;kmf agfpg' kb{5
cGoyf y'f / kmn s'lxg ;Sb5 . nfqmf x6fpbf dl;gf, kx]nf], a9\g g;s]sf nfqmfx?nfO{
x6fO{ emfnfO{ kftnf] agfpg' kb{5 .nfdf] ;do ;Dd kfgLn] df6f] aufpb} hf+bf aufgdf kfgf
tyf h/f pq]/ hldg aflx/ b]vf kb{5 . o:tf emfnfO{ kmn l6]k] kl5 ps]/f lbg' kb{5 . ;fy}
hldgsf] dfly uPsf] ufgf] tyf h/fnfO{ glhs} vf8n vgL To;df dn /fvL w;fpg' kb{5 .
l;+rfO{ M
sflt{s b]lv df3 ;Dd aiff{tsf] kfgLn] ubf{ aufgdf lr:ofg sfod /xG5. kmfNu'0f af6 hi]7
;Dd a9L ;'Vvf x'g] ePsf]n] l;+rfO{ ug'{ kb{5 . hldgsf] lr:ofg x]/L l;+rfOsf] k|aGw ug'{
kb{5 . l:+frfO{ ubf{ nuftf/ ul//xg' kb{5 . olb r}q a}zfv h:tf] ;'Vvf df};ddf kfgLsf] >f]t
sd e} nuftf/ l;+rfO{ ug{ ;lsb}g eg] kmfNu'0f dlxgf b]lvg} l;+rfO ug]{ sfd aGb ug'{ kb{5
lsgls -hldgdf tfkqmd al9 ;s]kl5 _ la/fP/ l;+rfO{ ubf{ hldgsf] tftf] afkmn] cn}+rLsf]
h/f / k"mn s'lxG5 .
cn}+rLdf nfUg] k|d'v ls/fx? / ltgsf] Aoa:yfkg
ls/fx?
@^ k|sf/sf ls/fx?n] cn}+rL afnLnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL ug]{ u/]sf] l;lSsddf ePsf] Ps
cWoogjf6 yfxf ePsf] 5 . cn}+rLnfO{ Iflt k'ofpg] d'Vo ls/fx? lgDg k|sf/ 5g\M

nfxL y|LK;
em'l;n ls/f
-!_ 8f+7 tyf kmnsf] ujf/f] ujf/f]

klxrfgM uaf/f] lj?jfsf] u'ef] jf sdnf] nfqmfjf6 8f+7df k:b5. 8f+7 leq slnnf] u'bL vfG5 /
lj?jfsf] u'ef] / 8f++7 d5{ . o;n] slnnf kmnx?df ;d]t k|j]z u/L kmnnfO{ Iflt u5{ . oL
uaf/f]x? hf8f] dlxgfdf cn}rLsf] af]6df a:b5g eg] udL{ nfu] kl5 k'tnLdf kl/0ft x'G5g .
uaf/f]n] vfPsf nfqmfsf] u'ef]sf] ;'O/f] x'b}g . o:tf nfqmfx?nfO{ s[ifsx?n] ;fpg] jf ebf}/]
nfqmf eGb5g . o;sf] k|sf]k a9\b} hf++bf 8f7 ;'Sg] tyf kmn kmf];f] x'G5 .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?M ls/f nfu]sf] nfqmfnfO{ x6fO{ hnfpg] jf uf8\g] ug'{ kb{5 . ;'?sf]
cj:yfdf lgd jf ;'tL{sf] emf]nnfO{ k'/} af]6 leHg] u/L 5s{g]. o;sf] nflu !)) u|fd ;'tL{nfO{
! ln6/ kfgLdf cfwf 306f ksfP/ lr;f] x'g lbO{ ldr]/ 5f]qmf kmfnL af+sL kfgLdf w'nf] ;fjg
sl/a %) u|fd ld;fO{ ! ln6/df # ln6/ kfgL ykL 5g]{ . uaf/f] lgoGq0fsf] nfuL lgdsf] lkgf
k|lt af]6 !)) Uf|fd sDkf]:6 dn ;+u} k|of]u ug]{ . /;folgs ?kdf o;sf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu
o'/f8fg e] bfgfbf/ laiffbL k|ltaf]6 !)!% u|fdsf] b/n] km]bdf lbg] jf /f]u/, yfof]8fg,
dfnflyog h:tf b}xLs laiffbL @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ k'/} af]6 leHg] u/L !%
!% lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s :k|] ug]{.af]6df kmn nfuL ;s]kl5 laiffbL k|of]u gug]{ . To:t}
aufgsf] glhssf cl8/ sf af]6 la?jf x6fpg' kb{5 .
-@_ em'l;Nfls/f
4
klxrfgM of] e'jfbf/ ls/f xf] . sfnf] /+usf] kf]yL k'tnLn] a}zfv b]lv c;f/ dlxgf lt/ kftsf]
tNnf] ;txdf #))$)) j6f ;Dd em'08df ;]tf /+usf] km'n kfb{5 . To;sf] *!) lbgdf
dl;gf em'; ePsf ls/f lg:s]/ kftsf] tNnf] efudf a;L kftsf] xl/ts0f vfP/ kftnfO{
sfuh h:t} ;]tf] kf5{g\ . dfp cj:yfdf cn}+rLsf] km'ndf cfqmd0f u5{ .
/f]syfdsf pkfox? M z'?sf] cj:yfdf em'08df j:g] ePsf]n] kft l6k]/ dfg{ ;lsG5 .
dfnflyog @ Pd Pn= k|lt ln = kfgLdf ld;fO{ k'/} af]6df 5g]{ .
-$_ nfxL ls/f
klxrfgM of] xl/of] /+usf] ;fgf em'08df j:g] ls/f xf] / r':g] :jefjsf x'G5g . o;sf] lji6f
u'lnof] x'g] x'+bf kftdf sfnf] 9';L nfUb5 h:fn] ubf{ k|sfz ;+Dn]if0f s[of cj?4 x'G5 .
/f]syfdM /f]u/, d]6fl;i6s, l8df]qmf]g h:tf b}lxs laiffbL dWo] s'g} Ps laiffbL @ ld=ln= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ af]6 /fd|f] ;+u leHg] u/L 5s{g] .
-%_ ly|K;
klxrfgM oL ls/f clt ;fgf x'G5g, jRrf cj:yfdf ;]tf], kx]+nf] /+usf] x'G5 / jo:s ls/f v}/f]
/+usf] x'G5 . o;n] kft sf]q]/ /; r':b5 . of] ls/fsf] cfqmd0faf6 kmnx? kmf];|f x'g], cfsf/
lau|g] e} u'0f:t/df Xf; cfpb5 .
/f]syfdsf M of] ls/f lgoGq0f ug{ /f]u/ #) O= ;L+ jf d]6fl;i6S; @) gfds laiffbL @ ld=
ln=k|ltln= kfgLdf @) lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s 5g'{ kb{5 .
cn}rLdf ;jf]{ Pu|f] :k|] !)!% ld=ln= ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ ls/fsf] k|sf]k x'g] a]nfdf k'/}
kft leHg] u/L ! xKtfsf] km/sdf @# k6s 5/]df lale ls/fx?af6 arfpg ;lsG5 . lgd
hGo laiffbL -lgdfug, dN6Llgd_ @=% Pd Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5gf{n] klg
sL/fx?af6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
cn}+rLdf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux? tyf To;sf] Aoa:yfkg
!= l5s]{ / km's]{ /f]u
klxrfg
l5s]{ tyf km's]{ /f]u efO/;af6 x'g] /f]u xf] . l5s]{ /f]u nfu]sf cn}+rLsf kftx? s]xL
u'hd'h tyf jfSnf] , v'lDrPsf] h:tf] b]vfk/L kftsf g;fx?sf] jLrdf @# ld==ld= nfdf ;
;fgf kx]nf / kl5 v}/fdf kl/0ft x'G5g\ . oL ;;fgf w;f{x? cfk;df ldnL k'/} kft v}/f] tyf
cGTodf sfnf]df kl/0ft x'G5g\ . To:t} km's]{ /f]usf] cfqmd0f cn}+rLsf gof+ ;'O{/fx?df b]vf
kb{5g\ . cn}+rLsf 6';fx? Ps} 7fp+df w]/} / u'hd'Hh k/]/ cfp+5g\ . o:tf ;'O/fx? a9\g /
nfqmfsf ?kdf ljsf; x'g ;Sb}gg, !)!% ;]=dL= cUnf dfq eO{ /xG5g\ .
l5s]{ tyf km's]{ /f]u lgoGq0fsf pkfox?

aufg 89\g]
cf}Onfpg] h/f / kfgf s'lxg] km's]{ /f]u
l5s]{ /f]u
/f]uL af]6 b]vf kgf{ ;fy pQm af]6nfO{ pv]nL vf8ndf k'g]{ jf 89fpg]. km's]{ /f]u la?jfsf] Ps
efudf dfq nfu]sf] cj:yfdf k'/} af]6 gkmfnL /f]u b]vf k/] eGbf s]xL efu cufl8af6 k'/} kft
tyf h/f ;lxt lgsfNbf k'Ub5 ./f]u ;fg]{ dfWod nfxL tyf /; r':g] ls/fx? ePsfn] tL
ls/fx? lgoGq0f ug]{ laiffbL 5g]{ . /f]uL tyf lg/f]uL af]6df k|of]u ug]{ cf}hf/ cnu ug]{ jf
lgd{nLs/0f u/]/ dfq k|of]u ug]{ . cn}+rL aufg lj:tf/ ubf{ ljh' lj?jfsf] dfq k|of]u ug]{ .

5
emfaf6 5'fO{Psf ;/fx? k|of]u gug]{ . cn}+rL aufgsf] /fd|f] :ofxf/ ;+e+f/ ug]{, dnhn tyf
z"Id tTj cflbsf] k|of]u ugf{n] lj?jfsf] /f]u cj/f]ws Ifdtfdf j[4L x'G5 .
@_ h/f tyf kfgf s'lxg] /f]u
of] /f]u 9';Ljf6 x'G5 .;'?df kftsf 6'Kkfx? kx]+nf] x'G5 . kx]lng] k|lqmof kftsf] tNnf] efult/
km}lnG5 / lj?jf kx]+lnP/ cf]OlnG5 .8f+7sf] km]b kx]+nf] / kfgLn] leh]h:tf] x'G5 . cGtdf kfgf
/ h/f s'lxG5g\ / la?jf d5{ .
/f]syfdsf pkfox?M
/f]u d'Qm la?jf /f]Kg] . uf]8\bf l6Kbf / aufgsf] ;kmfO{ ubf{ jf]6x? / kfgfx?df 3fp nfUg
glbg] ./f]u nfu]sf] lj?jf kfgf ;lxt pv]nL gi6 ug]{ . kfgL lgsf;sf] Joj:yf /fd|f] ug]{ .
ljiffbLsf] k|of]uM
lj?jfsf] pkrf/M /f]ugfzs ljiffbLsf] emf]ndf -a]aL:6Lg, qmLgf}S;Ln @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
_la?jfsf] km]b @)#) ldg]6 8'jfO{ pkrf/ u/L lj?jf nufpg].
#= kft ;8\g] /f]u
nIf0fM of] /f]u 9';Laf6 x'G5. ;fgf la?jfdf ljz]if u/L of] /f]un] ;tfpb5 . z'?df kftx?df
kfgLn] leh]h:tf yf]Knfx? b]lvG5 / lj:tf/} oL kfgL kmf]sfx?n] k'/} kft g} 9fsL lbG5g\ .kft
s'lxG5 / k|sf]k lj:tf/ x'+b} uof] eg] la?jf ;8]/ hfG5 .
/f]syfd pkfox?M
Ps k|ltztsf] jf]8f]{ld>0f - !) u|fd lgnf]t'yf], !) u|fd r'g ! ln6/ kfgL _ jf AnfO6f]S;
%) e] laiffbL # u|fd k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ aiff{ ;'? x'gf;fy /f]usf] k|sf]k x]/L !)!%
lbgsf] km/sdf @# k6s 5s{g] .
$= cf]Onfpg] /f]u aufg 89\ g] /f]u
of] /f]u Fusarium oxysporum / Fusarium solani e] 9';Lsf] sf/0faf6 nfUb5 . of] /f]u
nfu]kl5 k"/} aufg g} 89]/ ;vfk x'G5 . of] /f]u h/f tyf ufgf]af6 ;'? x'G5 . la:tf/} kft tyf
8f+7 kx]+nf] x'g yfN5 . cGtdf kft, 8f7 / ;Dk"0f{ af]6 ;'s]/ hfG5 .vf; u/L kfgL hDg]
aufgdf o;sf] k|sf]k Hofb} x'G5 t/ klg ;'Vvf aufgdf ;d]t o;sf] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . of]
/f]usf] ;'?sf] cj:yfdf kmnx? kfSb}gg\,ljofx? slnnf ;]tf b]lvG5g .
/f]u lgoGq0fM uf]8d]n ubf{ lj?jfdf rf]6k6s gk'ofpg] . lj?jfsf] jl/kl/ kfgL hDg glbg] .
la?jf /f]Kg' cufj} 9';Lgfzs laiffbLn] ufgf] of la?jfsf] pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . -! ln6/ kfgLdf
@=) u|fd a]jLi6Lg ld;fO{ la?jfx?nfO{ !%@) ldg]6;Dd 8'afP/ dfq /f]Kg] _9';L gfzs
ljiffbL aiff{ ofddf !%!% lbgsf] km/sdf k'/} af]6 leHg] u/L 5s{g] . o;sf] nflu qmLgf]S;Ln
laiffbL - Metalaxyl / Mancozeb _ # u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ k"/} af]6 leHg] u/L
5g]{ .
9';LhGo /f]u af6 arfpg la?jfdf 6fOsf]8df{ emf]n % ld=nL= ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/
la?jfdf 5gf{n] /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds zlQm ljsf; e} la:jfnfO{ 9';Ln] cfqmd0f ug{ kfpb}g . ;fy}
6fOsf]8df{af6 sDkf]i6 dn pkrf/ u/L -k|lt s]hL sDkf]i6df % ld=ln= _ ;f] dndf 6fOsf]8df{
lasl;t e};s]kl5 cn}+rLsf] km]bdf k|of]u ug'{ nfebfos x'G5 .
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cf= a= @)^&)^*
Aofkf/ ;'rgf tyf lgof{t ;xof]u cfof]hgf
k|sfzg k|lt @)))