Physics Solved Problems For First Year Class by Dr. Ram Chand

SOLVED NUMERICALS IN PHYSICS: XI
C OVERING S INDH T EXTBOOK B OARD ONLY
BY
D R . R AM C HAND
P H D(P HYSICS )
Principal/Head of Physics Department
Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Govt Girls Degree College,
Jhudo, District Mirpurkhas
03332513375, ram_r25@hotmail.com
http://www.facebook.com/ramcraguel
2017
RAMS OUTLINE SERIES
Copyright
c 2017, Department of Physics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Government Girls
Degree College, Jhudo
C OMPOSED BY D R . R AM C HAND
This manuscript is written in LATEX. The diagrams and images are created in open-source
applications IPE, LatexDraw, Freeplane, VUE and Blender 3D.
The author is a visiting scientist to Aspen Center for Physicist, USA, the University of
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP),
Italy and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. The author is also a member
of American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPS), USA. The authors research prole
can be found at his LinkedIn page & Google Scholar page.
ram_r25@hotmail.com, raguelmoon@gmail.com
http://www.facebook.com/ramcraguel
@RamCRaguel
LinkedIn page: www.linkedin.com/in/ram-chand

Research page: https://sites.google.com/site/thecomphys/research-1/SoftCondensed-Matter-Theory
First printing, January 2017
Revised Edition, August 2017
Contents
1 SCOPE OF PHYSICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 SCALARS AND VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4 MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 STATICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6 GRAVITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7 WORK, POWER & ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8 WAVE MOTION & SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9 NATURE OF LIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
10 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
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1. SCOPE OF PHYSICS
1.1 Problems
Problem 1.1. Find the area of a rectangular plate having length (21.3 0.2)cm and width (9.80
0.10)cm.
Solution: Data: L = 21.3cm, and w = 9.80cm

where L = 0.2cm and w = 0.10cm are least counts of the instruments.
Area of rectangular plate = length width
A = L w = 21.3 9.80 = 208.74
The least number of signicant gures in numerical is 3, so we can round off the answer to 3
signicant gures:
A = 209cm2
Error calculation (least count) can be calculated as:

A L w
= +
A L w
A 0.2 0.10
= + = A = 4.09 = 4( round off to 1 signicant gure)
209 21.3 9.8
A = 209 4cm2 Ans.
Problem 1.2. Calculate (a) the circumference of a circle of radius 3.5cm and (b) area of a circle
of radius 4.65cm.
Solution: Data: r = 3.5cm, A = 4.65cm.

(a) Circumference of a circle is given by the formula:
S = 2r = 2 3.142 3.5 = 21.994
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6 Chapter 1. SCOPE OF PHYSICS
The least number of signicant gures is 2, so we should round off the answer to 2:
S = 22cm Ans.
(b) Area of circle is given by:
A = r2 = 3.142 (4.65)2 = 3.142 21.6225 = 67.9564
The least number of signicant gures is 3, so we should round off the answer to 3:
A = 67.9cm2 Ans.
Problem 1.3. Show that the expression x = vot + 12 at 2 is dimensionally correct.
Solution: Here x is the distance in meter, vo is velocity in m/s, a is acceleration in m/s2 and t is
time in second. The dimensions of these physical quantities are:
1
x = vot + at 2
2
L = LT 1 T + LT 2 T 2 ( 1/2 is dimensionless quantity)
L = LT 0 + LT 0
L = L + L ( T 0 = 1) = L = 2L = L = L
Since both sides of the equation have the same dimensions, therefore, the given equation is
dimensionally correct.
Problem 1.4. Find the dimension of C in the equation S = Ct 3 .
Solution: The dimension of S is L and the dimension of t is T , then the dimension of C can be
found as:
S L
C= 3 = 3
t T
Dimenions of C are: LT 3 Ans.
Problem 1.5. Estimate the number of liters of gasoline used by cars in Pakistan each year (consider
cars in Pakistan = 500000, average distance travelled by each = 16000km and gasoline consumed
per car = 6km/lit)
Solution:
No. of cars in Pakistan = 500000 = 5 105
Average distance/year = 16000km
Gasoline consumption = 6km/litres
No. of liters of gasoline used/year = ?
total distance covered

Gasoline consumed each year by each car =
distance covered per liter
16000
= = 2666.67 lit
6
gasoline consumed each year by all cars = number of cars consumption by each car.
= 5 105 2666.67 = 1.33 109 liters Ans.
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2. SCALARS AND VECTORS
2.1 Problems
Problem 2.1. State which of the following are scalars and which are vectors.
Solution:
Physical Quantity Type Physical Quantity Type

Weight Vector Entropy Scalar
Calorie Scalar Work Scalar
Specic Heat Scalar Centripetal force Vector
Momentum Vector Temperature Scalar
Density Scalar Gravitational force Vector
Energy Scalar Charge Scalar
Volume Scalar Shearing stress Vector
Distance Scalar Frequency Scalar
Speed Scalar Kinetic energy Scalar
Magnetic eld intensity Vector Electric eld intensity Vector
Problem 2.2. Find the resultant of the following displacement:

A = 20 km 30o south of east B = 50 km due to west,
C = 40 km north-east, D = 30 km 60o south west.
Solution: Here is what these vectors look like:
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8 Chapter 2. SCALARS AND VECTORS
The resultant vector is found by head to tail rule as shown in right gure. The magnitude of
resultant vector is 20.9km with direction of 21.65o south of west.
Problem 2.3. An aeroplane ies 400 km due to west from city A to city B, then 300 km north east
to city C, and nally 100 km north to city D. How far is it from city A to D? In what direction must
the aeroplane had to return directly to city D from city A?
Solution: The distance from city A to D is found graphically in following diagram:
The resultant vector from A to D is drawn in dotted line (left-side gure) which is equal to 364km.
If aeroplane returns directly from city D to A then the direction would be 310 east of south as
shown in right-side gure.

Problem 2.4. Show graphically that A B = A + B .

Solution: First we construct A B graphically as shown in gure. Choose negative of B,

then apply head to tail rule. The resultant is A B is shown in dotted line. Make a negative of
the resultant as shown in gure. Now construct A + B by taking negative of A.
Now compare both resultant vectors (as shown in 3rd gure); we see that both have same
directions and same magnitudes. Hence, the equation is proved.
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2.1 Problems 9
Problem 2.5. Given vector A, B, C

and D as shown in gure below. Construct:

(a) 4 A 3 B 2 C + 2 D
1
1

(b) C + A + B +2D
2 3

Solution: (a) 4A 3B 2C
+ 2D
First multiply all vectors by scalar values, for example, multiply A by 4, B by 3, C
by 2 and D by 2.
Then add all vectors according to head to tail rule as shown in gure:
1 1
(b) C + A + B + 2D
2 3
by 1 , D by 2 and
In this case, we also rst multiply all vectors by scalar values, like: multiply C
2
1
then nally resultant of A + B + 2D by . Now add all vectors according to head to tail rule as
3
shown in gure:
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Problem 2.6. The following forces act on a particles P:

1 = 2i + 3 j 5k,
F 2 = 5i + j + 3k
F
3 = i 2 j + 4k,
F 4 = 4i 3 j 2k
F
measured in newton, nd: (a) The resultant force F (b) Magnitude of the resultant force.
Solution: (a) Let F is the resultant of the all forces, then:
F = F
1 + F2 + F 3 + F 4
F = (2i + 3 j 5k) + (5i + j + 3k) + (i 2 j + 4k) + (4i 3 j 2k)
F = 2i 5i + i + 4i + 3 j + j 2 j 3 j 5k + 3k + 4k 2k
F = 2i j + 0k
F = 2i j
(b) The magnitude of resultant force F is given by Pythagoras Theorem:

|F| = F x 2 + F
y 2 + Fz 2

|F| = (2)2 + (1)2 + (0)2 = 4 + 1

|F| = 5 Ans.
Problem 2.7. If A = 3i j 4k, B = 2i + 4 j 3k and C

= i + 2 j k. Find:
(a) 2A B + 3C
(b) |A + B + C|
(c) |3A 2B + 4C|

(d) a unit vector parallel to: 3A 2B + 4C

Solution:
(a) 2A B + 3C
= 2(3i j 4k) (2i + 4 j 3k) + 3(i + 2 j k)
= 6i 2 j 8k + 2i 4 j + 3k + 3i + 6 j 3k
= 6i + 2i + 3i 2 j 4 j + 6 j 8k + 3k 3k
2A B + 3C
= 11i 8k Ans.
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2.1 Problems 11
(b) |A + B + C|
= |(3i j 4k) + (2i + 4 j 3k) + (i + 2 j k)|
= |3i j 4k 2i + 4 j 3k + i + 2 j k|
= |3i 2i + i j + 4 j + 2 j 4k 3k k|

= |2i + 5 j 8k| = (2)2 + (5)2 + (8)2 = 4 + 25 + 64

|A + B + C|
= 93 Ans.
(c) |3A 2B + 4C|

= |3(3i j 4k) 2(2i + 4 j 3k) + 4(i + 2 j k)|
= |9i 3 j 12k + 4i 8 j + 6k + 4i + 8 j 4k|
= |9i + 4i + 4i 3 j 8 j + 8 j 12k + 6k 4k|

= |17i 3 j 10k| = (17)2 + (3)2 + (10)2

= 289 + 9 + 100

|3A 2B + 4C| = 398 Ans.
(d) Let X = 3A 2B + 4C then unit vector parallel to this vector is:
X 3A 2B + 4C
x = = But 3A 2B + 4C
= 17i 3 j 10k
|X| 398

17i 3 j 10k
x = Ans.
398
Problem 2.8. Two tugboats are towing a ship. Each exerts a force of 6000N, and the angle between
the two ropes is 60o . Calculate the resultant force on the ship.
Figure 2.1: Problem 2.8
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Solution: Two forces which tugboats are Putting the values ( cos 60o = 0.5):
exerting on ship are equal:
1 = F2 = 6000N;
F |F| = 2(6000)2 + 2(6000)2 0.5
Angle between ropes: = 60o
Resultant force on ship: F =?. = 2 36 106 + 36000000

Following gure the total force can be calculated = 72 106 + 36 106
as:
= 108 106

= 108000000
F = F 2 F
1 + F 1 = F 2
= 10392.3
|F| = |F 1 |2 + |F2 |2 + 2|F1 ||F
2 | cos 60o
|F| = 10392.3N Ans.

|F| = 2|F 1 |2 + 2|F1 |2 cos 60o
Problem 2.9. The position vectors of points P and Q are given by r1 = 2i + 3 j k, r2 = 4i 3 j+ 2k.

Determine PQ in terms of rectangular unit vector i, j and k and nd its magnitude.
Solution:
r1 = 2i + 3 j k
r2 = 4i 3 j + 2k

PQ = r =?
These two vectors are position vectors.

Length PQ can be calculated as:
=
r

PQ = r2 r1

PQ = 4i 3 j + 2k 2i + 3 j k
Magnitude can be found as:

= 4i 3 j + 2k 2i 3 j + k
|PQ| = (2i)2 + (6 j)2 + (3k)2

PQ = 2i 6 j + 3k Ans.
|PQ| = 4 + 36 + 9 = 49 = 7

|PQ| = 7 Ans.
Problem 2.10. Prove that the vectors A = 3i + j 2k, B = i + 3 j + 4k and C

= 4i 2 j 6k can
form the sides of a triangle. Find the length of the medians of the triangle.
Data: To nd:
Magnitude of length of medians:

A = 3i + j 2k

|a f | =?
B = i + 3 j + 4k

|bd| =?
= 4i 2 j 6k
C |

ce| =?
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2.1 Problems 13
Solution: Let three vectors A, B and C form a

triangle as shown in gure. Two vectors B and C
are added in such a way so that their resultant is
A according to head-to-tail method:
A = B + C
If above equation is correct then these vectors can
and see if it
form a triangle. Lets calculate B + C

is equal to A:
= i + 3 j + 4k + 4i 2 j 6k
B + C
= 3i + j 2k = A
B + C
we see that B + C = A, hence it is proved that

these three vector can form a triangle.
Now we will calculate the medians and then we will nd their magnitudes. Median is straight line
that divides a side of a triangle into two equal parts. These are also vectors as shown in gure.
Lower case alphabet are written to mark the positions of these vectors. Following vectors addition
by head-to-tail rule we can calculate median vectors easily. And then applying Pythagoras Theorem
we can nd their magnitude.
In a f c : Therefore:

af =
ac + c f 1
B = bd + A

1 2
But
ac = B and c f = C
1
2 bd = B A

1 2
ac = B + C 1

2 bd = i + 3 j + 4k 3i + j 2k

1 2
ac = i + 3 j + 4k + 4i 2 j 6k
1 3
2 bd = i + j + 2k 3i j + 2k

ac = i + 3 j + 4k + 2i j 3k 2 2

7 1

ac = i + 2 j + k bd = i + j + 4k
2 2
|

ac| = (1)2 + (2)2 + (1)2 = (7/2)2 + (1/2)2 + (4)2

|

ac| = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6 49 1
= + + 16
|
4 4
ac| = 6 Ans.

49 + 1 + 64 114
In abd : |bd| = =
4 4
According to head to tail rule: 1

= 114
ad = ab + bd 2

1

1 |bd| = 114 Ans.
But ab = A and ad = B 2
2
Now we will nd third median:
In ceb : According to head to tail rule:

cb =
ce + eb

1
But cb = C and eb = A
2
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=
C
ce + A =
1 1 A = 4i 2 j 6k 1 3i + j 2k
ce = C
2 2 2

3 1 5 5
ce = 4i 2 j 6k i j + k = i j 5k
2 2 2 2

5 2 5 2
|
25 25
ce| = + + (5)2 = + + 25
2 2 4 4

25 + 25 + 100 150 1
| ce| = = = 150
4 4 2
1
|

ce| = 150 Ans.
2
Problem 2.11. Find the rectangular components of a vector A, 15 unit long when it forms an angle
with respect to +ve x-axis of (i) 50o , (ii) 130o , (iii) 230o , (iv) 310o .
Data:
|A| = 15 unit
(i) = 50o
(ii) = 130o
(iii) = 230o
(iv) = 310o
To nd:
Rectangular components of A: Ax =? and Ay =?.
Solution:
(i) Ax = A cos
Ax = 15 cos 50o
Ax = 15 0.6428
Ax = 9.64 unit
Ay = A sin
Ay = 15 sin 50o
Ay = 15 0.766
Ay = 11.49 unit
Ax = 9.64 unit and Ay = 11.49 unit
(ii) Ax = A cos
Ax = 15 cos 130o
Ax = 15 (0.6428)
Ax = 9.64 unit
Ay = A sin
Ay = 15 sin 130o
Ay = 15 0.766
Ay = 11.49 unit
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2.1 Problems 15
(iii) Ax = A cos
Ax = 15 cos 230o = 15 (0.6428)
Ax = 9.64 unit
Ay = A sin
Ay = 15 sin 230o = 15 (0.766)
Ay = 11.49 unit
(iv) Ax = A cos
Ax = 15 cos 310o = 15 0.6428
Ax = 9.64 unit
Ay = A sin
Ay = 15 sin 310o = 15 (0.766)
Ay = 11.49 unit
Problem 2.12. Two vectors 10 cm and 8 cm long form an angle of (a) 60o , (b) 90o and (c) 120o .
Find the magnitude of difference and angle with respect to the largest vector.
Data:
|A| = 10cm
|B| = 8cm
(a) = 60o , (b) = 90o , (c) = 120o
To nd:
(i) Magnitude of difference: |A B| =?

(ii) Angle b/w A B and A : =?
Solution: (a) = 60o :

(i) We can apply Pythagoras theorem and dot product to nd the magnitude of vectors:
2

|A B| =
AB = A B . A B = A2 2A.B + B2

|A B| = |A|2 2|A||B| cos + |B|2 (1)
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|A B| = (10)2 2(10)(8) cos 60o + (8)2 = 100 + 160 0.5 + 64

|A B| = 164 80 = 84 = 9.165cm
|A B| = 9.165cm Ans.
(ii) Angle b/w A and (A B) can be found by:
A.(A B) = |A||A B| cos = A.A A.B = |A||A B| cos
|A|2 |A||B| cos

= cos1 (2)
|A||A B|
(10)2 (10)(8) cos 60o 100 80 0.5

= cos1 = cos1
10 9.165 91.65
1 100 40 1 60 1
= cos = cos = cos 0.6547 = 49.1o
91.65 91.65
= 49.1o Ans.
(b) = 90o :
(i) Recall equation (1):

|A B| = |A|2 2|A||B| cos + |B|2

= (10)2 2(10)(8) cos 90o + (8)2

= 100 160 0 + 64

= 164 0 + 64 = 164
= 12.806cm
|A B| = 12.806cm Ans.
(ii) Angle b/w A and (A B) can be found by equation (2):
|A|2 |A||B| cos
= cos1
|A||A B|
(10)2 (10)(8) cos 90o 100 80 0 100 0
= cos1 = cos1 = cos1
10 12.806 128.06 128.06
100
= = cos1 (0.7809) = 38.66o . = 38.66o Ans.
128.06
(c) = 120o :
(i) Recall equation (1):

|A B| = |A|2 2|A||B| cos + |B|2

= (10)2 2(10)(8) cos 120o + (8)2 = 100 160 (0.5) + 64 = 164 + 80 + 64 = 244
|A B| = 15.62cm Ans.
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2.1 Problems 17
(ii) Angle b/w A and (A B) can be found by equation (2):
|A|2 |A||B| cos
= cos1
|A||A B|
(10)2 (10)(8) cos 120o 100 80 (0.5) 100 + 40
= cos1 = cos1 = cos1
10 15.62 156.2 128.06
140
= = cos1 (0.8962) = 26.33o
156.2
= 26.33o Ans.
Problem 2.13. The angle between the vectors A and B is 60o . Given that |A| = |B| = 1, calculate
(a) |B A|, (b) |B + A|.
Data:
|A| = |B| = 1, and = 60o
To nd:
(a) |B A| =?, and (b) |B + A| =?
Solution: Apply Pythagoras Theorem and dot product of vectors:
2
(a) |B A| = B A = B2 2A.B + A2 = |B|2 2|A||B| cos + |B|2

= (1)2 2(1)(1)(0.5) + (1)2 = 1 1 + 1 = 1 = 1. |B A| = 1 Ans.
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2

(b) |B + A| =
B + A = B + 2A.B + A = |B|2 + 2|A||B| cos + |B|2
2 2

= (1)2 + 2(1)(1)(0.5) + (1)2 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3

|B + A| = 3 Ans.
Problem 2.14. A car weighing 10,000 N on a hill which makes an angle of 20o with horizontal.
Find the components of cars weight parallel and perpendicular to the road.
Data:
Weight of car: W = 10, 000N
Angle of inclination: = 20o
To nd:
Parallel to road component: W =?
Perpendicular to road component: W =?
Solution: As car is moving on inclined plane

as shown in gure, the parallel and perpendicu-
lar component of weight (W ) can be found by
trigonometry as: Perpendicular component of W :
W = W cos
W = W sin
Putting the values:
Putting the values:
W = 10000 cos 20o
W = 10000 sin 20o

cos 200 = 0.9397
sin 200 = 0.342
= 10000 0.9397
= 10000 0.342
W = 9397.2N
W = 3420.2N
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2.1 Problems 19
Problem 2.15. Find the angle between A = 2i + 2 j k and B = 6i 3 j + 2k.
Data:
A = 2i + 2 j k and B = 6i 3 j + 2k
Solution: Angle between vectors A and B can be

found by dot product:
A B = |A||B| cos (1)

Where A B can be calculated as:

= 2i + 2 j k 6i 3 j + 2k
= 2 6(i i) 2 3( j j) 1 2(k k)
Since: i i = j j = k k = 1

A B = 12 6 2 = 4 |B| = 36 + 9 + 4 = 49 = 7
Magnitudes |A| and |B| are: Putting these values into equ(1):

|A| = (2)2 + (2)2 + (1)2 A B 4 4
cos = = =
|A||B| 3 7 21
|A| = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9 = 3
= cos1 (0.1905) = 79o
|B| = (6)2 + (3)2 + (2)2
= 79o Ans.
Problem 2.16. Find the projection of the vector A = i 2 j + k onto the direction of vector B =
4i 4 j + 7k.
Solution: Projection can be found by dot product. First we have to nd the direction of vector B.
We know that direction of any vector can be found by unit vector. Unit vector of B and b is dened
as:
B 4i 4 j + 7k 4i 4 j + 7k 4i 4 j + 7k 4i 4 j + 7k
b = = = = =
|B| (4)2 + (4)+ (7)2 16 + 16 + 49 81 9
Now projection of A onto the direction of B can be calculated as:

4i 4 + 7k
j
A b = i 2 j + k
9
1 1

= i 2 j + k 4i 4 j + 7k = 4 1(i i) + 2 4( j j) + 1 7(k k)
9 9
Since: i i = j j = k k = 1
1 19
A b = (4 + 8 + 7) =
9 9
19
Hence projection of A on the the direction of B = Ans.
9
Problem 2.17. Find the angles , and which the vector A = 3i 6 j + 2k makes with positive
x, y and z axis respectively.
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Solution: According to gure the A can be writ-

ten in unit vector form as:
Aa = 3i 6 j + 2k
Ax y
A Az
where a = i + j + k
|A| |A| |A|
Ax y
A Az
where cos = , cos = and cos =
|A| |A| |A|

And |A| = (3)2 + (6)2 + (2)2

|A| = 9 + 36 + 4 = 49 = 7
In a given vector A, three components are: A x = 3, A y = 6 and A
z = 2. Now we can nd all
angles.
Ax 3
For angle: cos = = = 0.4286 = = cos1 (0.4286) = 64.62o

|A| 7
y
A 6
For angle: cos = = = 0.8571 = = cos1 (0.8571) = 149o

|A| 7
Az 2
For angle: cos = = = 0.2857 = = cos1 (0.2857) = 73.4o

|A| 7
Angles are found: = 64.62o , = 149o and = 73.4o Ans.
Problem 2.18. Find the work-done in moving an object along a vector r = 3i + 2 j 5k if the
applied force is F = 2i j k.
Data:
Applied force on an object is: F = 2i j k.
The displacement an object covered when force is applied: r = 3i + 2 j 5k
To nd:
The work-done by the force is: W =?
Solution: Work-done by force on any object is the dot product of force and displacement it
covered:

W =F r = 2i j k 3i + 2 j 5k = 2 3(i i) 1 2( j j) + 1 5(k k)

= (6 2 + 5) = 9 i i = j j = k k = 1
Work-done: W = 9J Ans.
Problem 2.19. Find the work-done by a force of 30,000 N in moving an object through a distance
of 45 m when (a) the force is in the direction of motion, and (b) the force makes angle of 40o to
the direction of motion. Find the rate at which the force is working at a time when the velocity is
2m/sec.
Data:
Force applied on an object: |F| = 30000N
= 45m
Distance covered by an object due to the force: |d|
Velocity of the object: |v| =?
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2.1 Problems 21
Angle between the direction of force and displacement: = 40o

To nd:
Work-done by the force on the object: W =?
Rate of doing work (Power): P =?
Solution: Work-done is the scalar or dot product of force and displacement (in the rst case, the
force and the displacement are in the same direction so the angle between them is zero):
W = F d = |F||d|
cos = 30000 45 cos 0o = 1350000 1
W = 1.35 106 J Ans.

F d d
Rate of doing work is equal to power: P = = F = F v = |F||v| cos
t t
P = 30000 2 cos 0o = 60000 1
P = 6 104W Ans.
In the second case, the force and the displacement make an angle of 40o :
W = F d = |F||d|
cos = 30000 45 cos 40o = 1350000 0.7660 = 1034160
W = 1.034 106 J Ans.

Rate of doing work OR power: P = F v = |F||v| cos = 30000 2 cos 40o
P = 60000 0.7660 = 45962.667
P = 4.5963 104W Ans.
Problem 2.20. Two vectors A and B are such that |A| = 3, |B| = 4, and A.B = 5, nd:
(a) the angle between A and B
(b) the length of |A + B| A B|
and |
(c) the angle between A + B and A B .
Data:
|A| = 3, |B| = 4 and A B = 5.
Solution: (a) angle between A and B can be found by dot product as:
A B = |A||B| cos
Putting the values from data:
5
5 = 3 4 cos = cos = = 0.4167
12
= cos1 (0.4167) = 114.62o
= 114.62o Ans.
(b) the length of |A + B| and |A B| can be found by Pythagoras theorem for vectors product as
follows: (also known as Law of Cosine):
2
|A + B| = A + B = A2 + 2A B + B2 = (3)2 + 2 (5) + (42 )

= 9 10 + 16 = 15

|A + B| = 15 Ans.
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Similarly:
2

|A B| =
A B = A2 2A B B2 = (3)2 2 (5) + (42 )

= 9 + 10 + 16 = 35

|A B| = 35 Ans.

(c) Consider is the angle between A + B and A B , then according to dot product:

A + B A B = |A + B||A B| cos
A A A B + B A B B = |A + B||A B| cos
A2
A
B +
A
B B2 = |A + B||A B| cos
|A + B||A B| cos = A2 B2

7
15 35 = (3)2 (4)2 = 9 16 = 7 = = cos1
3.873 5.916

7
= cos1 = cos1 (0.3055) = 107.79o
21.913
= 107.79o Ans.
(b) B A, and

If A =2i 3 j k, B = i + 4 j 2k. Find (a) A B,
Problem 2.21.

(c) A + B A B .
Data: To nd:
A = 2i 3 j k (a) A
B, (b) B A
B = i + 4 j 2k
(c) A + B A B .

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2.1 Problems 23
Solution: (a) The cross product A B can be determined as:
We can use cross arrow method to nd the cross product:
A B = (i)(3)(2) + ( j)(1)(1) + (k)(2)(4) ( j)(2)(2) (i)(1)(4) (k)(3)(1)

= 6i j + 8k + 4 j + 4i + 3k = 10i + 3 j + 11k
A B = 10i + 3 j + 11k Ans.
(b) The cross product B A can be determined as:
B A = (i)(4)(1) + ( j)(2)(2) + (k)(1)(3) ( j)(1)(1) (i)(2)(3) (k)(4)(2)

= 4i 4 j 3k + j 6i 8k = 10i 3 j 11k = 10i 3 j 11k
B A = 10i 3 j 11k Ans.

Note that A B = B A .

(c) The cross product A + B A B can be determined as:

A + B A B = 2i 3 j k + i + 4 j 2k 2i 3 j k (i + 4 j 2k)

A + B A B = 3i + j 3k 2i 3 j k i 4 j + 2k

A + B A B = 3i + j 3k i 7 j + k

Now we can use cross arrow method to nd the cross product of A + B A B :
Rams Outline Series


A + B A B =
(i)(1)(1) + ( j)(3)(1) + (k)(3)(7) ( j)(3)(1) (i)(3)(7) (k)(1)(1)

A + B A B = i 3 j 21k 3 j 21i k = 20i 6 j 22k

A + B A B = 20i 6 j 22k Ans.
Problem 2.22. Determine the unit vector perpendicular to the plane of A = 2i 6 j 3k and
B = 4i + 3 j k.
Data:
A = 2i 6 j 3k
B = 4i + 3 j k
To nd:
Unit vector to A B
Solution: Let unit vector is u and dened as:
A B
u = > (1)
|A B|
Where A B has to be determined.
A B = (i)(6)(1) + ( j)(3)(4) + (k)(2)(3) ( j)(2)(1) (i)(3)(3) (k)(6)(4)

A B = 6i 12 j + 6k + 2 j + 9i + 24k = 15i 10 j + 30k
Magnitude can be found as:

|A B| = (15)2 + (10)2 + (30)2 = 225 + 100 + 900 = 1225 = 35
Now putting these values in equation (1), we can determine its unit vector:
A B 15i 10 j + 30k 15 10 30 3 2 5
u = = = i j + k = i j + k

|A B| 35 35 35 35 7 7 7
3 2 5
u = i j + k Ans.
7 7 7
Problem 2.23. Using the denition of vector product, prove the law of sines for plane triangles of
sides a, b and c.
Solution: Plane triangle is closed geometry shape constructed from three vectors a, b and c added
according to head to tail rule. Angles are marked as A, B and C. Sum of vectors of any closed shape
is always zero, hence:
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2.1 Problems 25
a +b +c = 0 > (1)

Taking cross product of above eqaution with a :

a a +b +c = a a +a b +a c = 0
a b +a c = 0 ( a a = 0)
a b = a c =c a ( a c =c a)
a b =c a
From the gure we see that a b = |a||b| sinC and c a = |c||a| sin B.
Comparaing these equations with equation (1), we get:
|a||b| sinC = |c||a| sin B
|a| sinC |a| sin B sinC sin B
= = = > (2)
|c|
|b| |c| |b|
Again taking cross product of equation (1) with b

b a +b +c = b a +b b +b c = 0

b a +b c = 0 b b = 0

b c = b a = a b b a = a b
From the gure we see that b c = |b||c| sin A and a b = |a||b| sinC.
b|
| sin A |b|
sinC
|b||c| sin A = |a||b| sinC = =
|a| |c|

sin A sinC sinC sin B
= But =
|a| |c| |c| |b|
sin A sin B sinC
Hence: = = Law of Sines
|a| |b| |c|
Problem 2.24. If r1 and r2 are the position vectors (both lie in xy plane) making angles 1 and 2
with the position x-axis measured counter clockwise, nd their vector product when:
(i) r1 = 4cm with 1 = 30o (ii) r1 = 6cm with 1 = 220o
r2 = 3cm with 1 = 90o r2 = 3cm with 1 = 40o
(iii) r1 = 10cm with 1 = 20o
r2 = 9cm with 1 = 110o
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Solution: The vector product of two vectors can

be found as:
(i) r1 r2 = |r1 ||r2 | sin

r1 r2 = |r1 ||r2 | sin(2 1 )
r1 r2 = 4 3 sin(900 300 ) = 12 sin 600

3
r1 r2 = 12 =6 3
2

r1 r2 = 6 3cm2 Ans.
(ii) r1 r2 = |r1 ||r2 | sin

r1 r2 = |r1 ||r2 | sin(1 2 )
r1 r2 = 6 3 sin(2200 400 ) = 18 sin 1800
r1 r2 = 18 0
r1 r2 = 0cm2 Ans.
(iii) r1 r2 = |r1 ||r2 | sin

r1 r2 = |r1 ||r2 | sin(2 1 )
r1 r2 = 10 9 sin(110 200 ) = 90 sin 900
r1 r2 = 90 1
r1 r2 = 90cm2 Ans.
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3. MOTION
3.1 Problems
Problem 3.1. In an electron gun of a television set, an electron with an initial speed of 103 m/s
enters a region where it is electrically accelerated. It emerges out of this region after 1 micro
section with speed of 4 105 m/s. What is the maximum length of the electron gun? Calculate the
acceleration.
Given Data:
To nd:
Time = t = 1s = 1 106 s
Acceleration of electron = a= ?
Initial speed of the electron = Vi = 103 m/s
Length of electron gun = t = ?
Final speed of the electron = V f = 4 105 m/s
Solution: Using the rst equation of motion and putting values from the given data:
Figure 3.1: Electron gun of TV set
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28 Chapter 3. MOTION
V f = Vi + at = 4 105 = 103 + a 106

106 a = 4 105 103 = 103 4 102 1

103 4 102 1
a= = 103+6 (400 1) = (399) 109
106
a = 399 109 m/s2 Ans.
The length of the electron gun can be found by using 3rd equation of motion:
2 2
2as = V f2 Vi2 = 2 399 109t = 4 105 103
798 109t = 16 1010 106

10 6 16 104 1
16 10 10
10 6 (160000 1) 1069
t= = =
798 10 9 798 109 798
159999 10 3
= = 200.5 103
798
t = 0.2005m Ans.
Problem 3.2. A car is waiting at a trafc signal and when it turns green, the car starts ahead with
a constant acceleration of 2m/s2 . At the same time a bus traveling with a constant speed of 10m/s
overtakes and passes the car.
(a) How far beyond its starting point will the car overtake the bus?
(b) How fast will the car be moving?
Given Data:
For Car:
Initial velocity of the car = vi = 0m/s To nd:
Acceleration of the car = a = 2m/s2 Distance S = ?
For Bus: Final velocity of the car = v f =?
Speed of bus = v =10m/s (uniform)
Time = t
Solution: For Car:

We can nd the distance by using 2nd equation of motion:
1 1 1
S = vit + at 2 = 0 t + 2t 2 = 0 + 2t 2
2 2 2
S = t2 (1)
For Bus:
Since bus is traveling with uniform velocity, so a = 0. In this case distance covered by bus can be
found by using the equation:
S = vt = 10t
S = 10t (2)
Distance is common for both car and bus, so comparing equation (1) and (2), we get:
t 2
t 2 = 10t = = 10
t
t = 10s
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3.1 Problems 29
Now putting the value of t in equation (1), we can nd the distance travelled by car:
S = t 2 = (10)2 = 100m
S = 100m Ans.
The velocity which the car overtakes the bus can be found by rst equation of motion as:
v f = vi + at = 0 + 2 10 = 20
v f = 20m/s Ans.
Problem 3.3. A helicopter ascending at a rate of 12m/s. At a height of 80m above the ground, a
package is dropped. How long does the package take to reach the ground?
Solution: Consider upward motion from B to C:

Initial velocity of the package at B: vi = 12m/s
Final velocity of package at C: v f = 0m/s
Time from B to C is t1 =?
And acceleration due to gravity for upward motion is -ve: g = 9.8m/s2
Using the rst equation of motion:
v f = vi + at
0 = 12 + (9.8)t1 = 12 9.8t1 = 9.8t1 = 12
12
t1 =
9.8
t1 = 1.2s Ans.
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To nd the distance h1 from B to C, we use 2nd equation of motion:

1
S = vit + gt 2
2
1
h1 = 12 1.2 + (9.8)(1.2)2 = 14.4 4.9 1.44 = 14.4 7.06
2
h1 = 7.34m (1)
After reaching the maximum height, package will moves downward with +ve g. The downward
motion from C to A is:
h2 = 80 + h1 = 80 + 7.34
h2 = 87.34m
vi = 0, g = 9.8m/s2 and t2 =?
Using the equation of motion
1
h2 = vit2 + gt22
2
1
87.34 = 0 t2 + 9.8t22 = 4.9t22
2
87.34
t2 =
2
= 17.82
4.9
t2 = 4.22s Ans.
Total time the package took to reach the ground is:
t = t1 + t2 = 1.2 + 4.22 = 5.42
Total time = 5.42s Ans.
Problem 3.4. A boy throws a ball upward from the top of a cliff with a speed of 14.7m/s. On the
way down it just misses the thrower and falls the ground 49 metres below. Find
(a) How long the ball rises?
(b) How high it goes?
(c) How long it is in air and
(d) with what velocity it strikes the ground.
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3.1 Problems 31
Solution: Initial velocity of ball is vi = 14.7m/s

Height of the cliff is h1 = 49m
Final velocity at maximum height is v f = 0
(i) Time taken to reach the maximum height is t1 =?
(ii) Maximum height is h2 =?
(iii) Total time taken is t =?
(iv) Final velocity of ball at ground is v f =?
(i) For upward motion:
Time t1 for upward motion can be calculated as (take g = 9.8m/s2 )
v f = vi gt1
0 = 14.7 9.8t1
14.7
t1 = = 1.5
9.8
t1 = 1.5s Ans.
(ii) Maximum height reached:

According to 3rd equation of motion:
2gh2 = v2f v2i

2(9.8) h2 = 02 (14.7)2 = 216.09
216.09
19.6h2 = 216.09 = h2 =
19.6
h2 = 11.025m Ans.
(iii) Let h3 is the total height from maximum to the ground, then:
h3 = h1 + h2 = 49 + 11.025 = 60.025m
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Ball will take time t2 to cover this distance according to:

1
h3 = vit + gt 2
2
where vi is the initial velocity of ball at maximum height which is zero.
1
60.025 = 0 + 9.8t22 = 4.9t22
2
60.025
t2 =
2
= 12.25 = t2 = 12.25 = 3.5s
4.9
Total time taken is:
t = t1 + t2 = 1.5 + 3.5 = 5s
t = 5s Ans.
(iv) Final velocity just before hitting the ground:
v f = vi + gt2 = 0 + 9.8 3.5 = 34.5
v f = 34.5m/s Ans.
Problem 3.5. A helicopter weighs 3920 Newton. Calculate the force on it if it is ascending up at a
rate of 2m/s2 . What will be force on helicopter if it is moving up with the constant speed of 4 m/s?
Solution: Weight of helicopter W = 3920N

(i) Acceleration a = 2m/s2 , F1 =?
(ii) F2 =? if the velocity is constant v = 4m/s.
When helicopter is ascending up with acceleration then there is net force on it according to Newtons
2nd law is:
unbalanced force= F = ma
Where m is the mass of helicopter which can be found as m = Wg = 3920

9.8 = 400kg. The direction of
W is downward while external force which helicopter is applying is upward, therefore net sum of
forces on it is F1 W or:
F1 = ma +W = 400 2 + 3920 = 3920 + 800 = 4720
F1 = 4720N Ans.
Force (F2 ) on helicopter when it is ascending with constant velocity can be found as F W = ma.
In this case acceleration is zero:
F2 W = m 0 = 0
F2 = W = 3920
F2 = 3920N Ans.
Problem 3.6. A bullet having a mass of 0.005 kg is moving with a speed of 100 m/s. It penetrates
into a bag of sand and is brought to rest after moving 25cm into the bag. Find the deceleration
force on the bullet. Also calculate the time in which it is brought to rest.
Given Data:
Mass of bullet mb = 0.005kg
To nd:
Initial velocity of bullet vi = 100m/s
Decelerating force on bullet F =?
Distance covered S = 25cm = 25 102 m =
Time in which bullet is brought to rest t =?
0.25m
Final velocity of the bullet = v f = 0
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3.1 Problems 33
Solution: According to Newtons 2nd law of motion, decelerating force on bullet is given by:
F = mb a (1)
Where a is the acceleration and can be found by 3rd equation of motion
2aS = v2f v2i
2 a 0.25 = (0)2 (100)2 = 10000
10000
0.5a = 10000 = a =
0.5
a = 20000m/s2
Putting this value in equation (1), we get:
F = 0.005 (20000) = 100
Decelerating force=100N Ans.
Now time can be calculated by using rst equation of motion:
v f = vi + at
0 = 100 + (20000)t = 100 20000t = 20000t = 100
100
t= = 0.005s
20000
t = 0.005s Ans.
Problem 3.7. A car weighing 9800 N is moving with a speed of 40 km/h. On the application of the
brakes it comes to rest after traveling a distance of 50 metres. Calculate the average retarding force
Solution: Weight of the car W = 9800N

Initial velocity vi = 40km/h = 401000
3600 = 11.11m/s
Final velocity v f = 0m/s
Distance covered S = 50m
Average retarding force F =?
Retarding force on car can be calculated using Newtons 2nd law: F = ma, where a is accel-
eration of the car and m is the mass of car. Acceleration can be found by using 3rd equation of
motion:
2aS = v2f v2i

2 a 50 = (0)2 (11.11)2 = 123.457
123.457
100a = 123.457 = a = = 1.235m/s2
100
W 9800
Mass can be calculated as: m = = = 1000kg
g 9.8
Using these values:
F = ma = 1000 (1.23457) = 1234.57N
F = 1234.57N Ans.
Problem 3.8. An electron in a vacuum tube starting from rest is uniformly accelerated by an
electric eld so that it has a speed 6 106 m/s after covering a distance of 1.8cm. Find the force
acting on the electron. Take the mass of electron as 6.1 1031 kg.
Solution: Initial velocity vi = 0m/s

Final velocity v f = 6 106 m/s
Rams Outline Series

Distance covered S = 1.8cm = 0.018m

Mass of the electron m = 9.1 1031 kg
Force on electron F =?
Force on electron can be found by using Newtons 2nd law of motion F = ma, where a is
acceleration and m is the mass of electron. Acceleration can be found by using 3rd equation of
motion:
2aS = v2f v2i

2 a 0.018 = (6 106 )2 (0)2 = 36 1012
36 1012
0.036a = 36 1012 = a = = 1015
0.036
Now force on electron can be calculated:
F = ma = 9.1 1031 (1015 ) = 9.1 1016 N
F = 9.1 1016 N Ans.
Problem 3.9. Two bodies A and B are attached to the ends of a string which passes over a pulley,
so that the two bodies hang vertically. If the mass of the body A is 4.8 kg. Find the mass of body B
which moves down with an acceleration of 0.2m/s2 . The value of g can be taken as 9.8m/s2 .
Solution: Mass of body A is m2 = 4.8kg

Acceleration of body B is a = 0.2m/s2
Mass of body B is m2 =?
We know that when two bodies hang vertically, then acceleration is:
(m1 m2 )
a= g
(m1 + m2 )
(m1 4.8)
0.2 = 9.8
(m1 + 4.8)
0.2 (m1 4.8) 1 (m1 4.8)
= = =
9.8 (m1 + 4.8) 49 (m1 + 4.8)
By cross multiplication:
(m1 4.8)
(m1 + 4.8) = 49 49m1 49 4.8 = 49m1 235.2
=
m1 49m1 = 235.2 4.8 = 48m1 = 240
240
m1 = =5
48
m1 = 5kg Ans.
Problem 3.10. Two bodies of masses 10.2 kg and 4.5 kg are attached to the ends of a string which
passes over a pulley in such a way that the body of mass 10.2 kg lies on a smooth surface and the
other body hangs vertically. Find the acceleration of the bodies and tension of the string and also
the force, which the surface exerts, on the body of mass 10.2 kg.
Given Data: To nd:

Mass of body A: m1 = 4.5kg (i) Acceleration of bodies: a =?
Mass of body B: m2 = 10.2kg (ii) Tension in string: T =?
Acceleration due to gravity: g = 9.8m/s2 (iii) Force of surface: F =?
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3.1 Problems 35
Solution: (i) For such system, acceleration of bodies can be found as:
m1 g 4.5 9.8
a= = =3
m1 + m2 4.5 + 10.2
a = 3m/s2 Ans.
(ii) The tension in the string can be found by: (iii) Force on body due to surface is:
m1 m2 g 4.5 10.2 9.8 449.82
T= = = F = W2 = m2 g = 10.2 9.8 = 99.96N
m1 + m2 4.5 + 10.2 14.7
T = 30.6N Ans. F = 99.96N Ans.
Problem 3.11. A 100 grams bullet is red from a 10 kg gun with a speed of 1000 m/s. What is the
speed of recoil of the gun?
Given Data:
Mass of bullet: mb = 100g = 1000100
kg = 0.1kg
Mass of gun: mg = 10kg
Velocity of bullet before ring: ub = 0m/s
Velocity of gun before ring: ug = 0m/s
Velocity of bullet after ring: vb = 1000m/s
To nd:
Velocity of gun after ring: vg =?
Solution: According to the law of conservation of linear momentum:
mb ub + mg ug = mb vb + mg vb
0.1 0 + 10 0 = 0.4 1000 + 10vg = 100 + 10vg
0 = 100 + 10vg = 10vg = 100
100
vg = = 10
10
veoclity of gun: vg = 10m/s Ans.
The negative sign shows that the direction of velocity of gun is opposite the direction of velocity of
the bullet. It is also known as recoil velocity.
Problem 3.12. A 50 grams bullet is red into a 10 kg block that is suspended by a long cord so
that it can swing as a pendulum. If the block is displaced so that its centre of gravity rises by 10cm,
what was the speed of the bullet?
Given Data:
Mass of bullet: mb = 50g = 100050
kg = 0.05kg
Mass of block: mB = 10kg
Velocity of block before impact: uB = 0m/s
Velocity of block after impact: vB
Velocity of bullet after impact: vb
height: h = 10cm = 100 10
m = 0.1m
To nd:
Velocity of bullet before impact: vb =?
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Solution: This is type of inelastic collision because two bodies after collision (impact) stick
together. In inelastic collision, the total momentum conserves but total KE doesnt conserve. After
impact the velocity of both bodies is same (common):
v = vb = vB
According to law of conservation of linear momentum:
mb ub + mB uB = mb vb + mB vB
0.05ub + 10 0 = 0.05v + 10v (v = vb = vB )
10.05
0.05ub = 10.05v = ub = v
0.05
ub = 201v (1)
Now according to law of conservation og energy (since KE doesnt remains same but converts into
PE):
loss of KE=gain of PE
1
( mb+m mb+m
B ) v = (
2
B ) gh
2
1 2
v = gh = v2 = 2gh = v = 2gh
2
v = 2 9.8 0.1 = 1.96 = 1.4m/s
Putting this value of v in equ(1):
ub = 201v = 201 1.4 = 281.4
velocity of bullet before impact: ub = 281.4m/s Ans.
Problem 3.13. A machine gun res 10 bullets per second into a target. Each bullet weighs 20 gm
and had a speed of 1500 m/s. Find the force necessary to hold the gun in position.
Solution: Mass of bullet : m = 20g = 20 103 = 1000 20

= 0.02kg
Number of bullets: N = 10, so the mass of 10 bullets is M = N m = 10 0.02 = 0.2kg
Time: t = 1s and initial velocity of bullets is zero (vi = 0)
Final velocity of bullets is v f = 1500m/s.
Force necessary to hold the gun in position is: F =?
Force necessary to hold the gun=change in monetum of bullets per second

P Mv f Mvi 0.2 1500 0.2 0
F= = = = 300 0
t t 1
F = 300N Ans.
Problem 3.14. A cyclist is going up a slope of 30o with a speed of 3.5 m/s. If he stops pedaling,
how much distance will he move before coming to rest? (Assume the friction to be negligible).
Solution: Initial speed of cyclist: vi = 3.5m/s

Final speed (as cycle stops): v f = 0m/s
Distance covered: S =?
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3.1 Problems 37
The total distance covered by cyclist before coming to rest is given by 3rd equation of motion:
2aS = v2f v2i

Where a is acceleration of cycle on slope:
a = g sin = 9.8 sin 30o = 9.8 0.5 = 4.9m/s2
The negative sign shows that velocity of cycle is reducing.
Putting the value of "a" into above equation:
2 (4.9)S = (0)2 (3.5)2 = 12.25
12.25
9.8S = 12.25 = S = = 1.25
9.8
S = 1.25m Ans.
Problem 3.15. The engine of a motorcar moving up 45o slop with a speed of 63 km/h stops working
suddenly. How far will the car move before coming to rest? (Assume the friction to be negligible).
Solution: Initial velocity of car: vi = 63km/h = 631000

3600 = 17.5m/s
Final velocity of car (as car is going to stop): v f = 0m/s
Distance covered before coming to rest: S =?.
Using the 3rd equation of motion, we can nd distance covered by car before coming to rest:
2aS = v2f v2i

Where a is acceleration of car on inclination:
a = g sin = 9.8 sin 45o = 9.8 0.707 = 6.928m/s2
The negative sign shows that car is going to stop.
Putting the value of "a" into above equation:
2 (6.928)S = (0)2 (17.5)2 = 306.25
306.25
13.856S = 306.25 = S = = 22.102
12.856
S = 22.102m Ans.
Problem 3.16. In question 3.15, nd the distance that the car moves, if it weighs 19.600N and the
frictional force is 2000 N.
Solution: Initial velocity of car: vi = 63km/h = 631000

3600 = 17.5m/s
Final velocity of car (as car is going to stop): v f = 0m/s
Distance covered before coming to rest: S =?.
Weight of car: W = 19600N
Frictional force: f = 2000N
Rams Outline Series

Using the 3rd equation of motion, we can nd distance covered by car before coming to rest:
2aS = v2f v2i (1)

Where a is acceleration of car on inclination:
Acceleration of car on inclination with friction can be found by:
ma = (mg sin + f )
The negative sign shows that car is going to stop.
W 19600
Here m is the mass of the car: m = = = 2000kg
g 9.8
(2000)a = (2000 9.8 sin 45o + 2000) = 19600 0.707 + 2000
15857.2
2000a = 13857.2 + 2000 = 15857.2 = a = = 7.928m/s2
2000
Putting the value of "a" into equation(1):
2 (7.928)S = (0)2 (17.5)2 = 306.25
306.25
15.857S = 306.25 = S = = 19.313m
15.857
S = 19.313m Ans.
Problem 3.17. In the Figure 3.3 nd the acceleration of the masses and the tension in the string.
Figure 3.3: Problem No. 3.17
Solution: Consider the downward motion of block A:

Weight of block A: W1 = 98N
Mass of block A: m1 = Wg1 = 9.898
= 10kg
Slope of inclined plane: = 30 o
Tension in the string: T =?

Acceleration of the system: a =?
Resultant force on block A is:
F1 = W1 T = m1 a = W1 T ( F1 = m1 a)
10a = 98 T (1)
Consider the upward motion of block B:

Weight of block B: W2 = 147N
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3.1 Problems 39
Mass of block B: m2 = Wg2 = 1479.8 = 15kg

Resultant force on block B is:
F2 = T W2 sin = m2 a = T W2 sin ( F2 = m2 a)
15a = T 147 sin 30o = T 147 0.5 = T 73.5
15a = T 73.5 (2)
Adding equ(1) and (2), we get:
10a = 98 T
15a = T 73.5
25a = 98 T + T 73.5
24.5
25a = 24.5 = a = = 0.98m/s2
25
a = 0.98m/s2 Ans.
Tension can be found by equation (1):
10 0.98 = 98 T = 9.8 = 98 T = T = 98 9.8 = 88.2N
T = 88.2N Ans.
Problem 3.18. Two blocks are connected as shown in Figure 3.4. If the pulley and the planes on
which the blocks are resting are frictionless, nd the acceleration of the blocks and the tension in
the string.
Solution: Consider the downward motion of block A:

Weight of block A: W1 = 490N
Mass of block A: m1 = Wg1 = 4909.8 = 50kg
Acceleration of the system: a =?
F1 = W1 sin 1 T = m1 a = W1 sin 1 T ( F1 = m1 a)
50a = 490 sin 30o T = 490 0.5 T = 245 T
50a = 245 T (1)
Consider the upward motion of block B:

Weight of block B: W2 = 245N
Rams Outline Series

Mass of block B: m2 = Wg2 = 2459.8 = 25kg

Resultant force on block B is:
F2 = T W2 sin 2 = m2 a = T W2 sin 2 ( F2 = m2 a)
25a = T 245 sin 60o = T 245 0.866
25a = T 212.17 (2)
Adding equ(1) and (2), we get:
50a = 245 T
25a = T 212.17
75a = 245 T + T 212.17

32.83
75a = 32.83 = a = = 0.437m/s2
75
a = 0.437m/s2 Ans.
Tension can be found by equation (1):
50 0.437 = 245 T = 21.5 = 245 T = T = 245 21.5 = 223.5N
T = 223.5N Ans.
Problem 3.19. Two blocks each weighing 196N rest on planes as shown in Figure 3.5. If the planes
and pulleys are frictionless, nd the acceleration and tension in the cord.
Solution: Weight of block A placed on the inclined surface: W1 = 196N

Mass of block A: m1 = Wg1 = 1969.8 = 20kg
Weight of block B placed on the at surface: W2 = 196N
Mass of block B: m2 = 20kg
Angle of inclination: = 300
Acceleration of blocks: a =?
Consider the downward motion of block A:
F1 = W1 sin T = m1 a = W1 sin T ( F1 = m1 a)
20a = 196 sin 30o T = 196 0.5 T = 98 T
20a = 98 T (1)
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3.1 Problems 41
Since block B is moving in the direction of T along x-axis, therefore, unbalanced force acting on
block B is T :
T = m2 a = 20a (2)
Subsituting this value of T in equation (1):
98
20a = 98 20a = 40a = 98 = a = = 2.45m/s2
40
a = 2.45m/s2 Ans.
Now subsituting the value of "a" in equation (2), we get:
T = 20a = 20 2.45 = 49N
T = 49N Ans.
Rams Outline Series

4. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION
4.1 Problems
Problem 4.1. A rescue helicopter drops a package of emergency ration to a stranded party on the
ground. If the helicopter is traveling horizontally at 40 m/s at a height of 100 m above the ground,
(a) where does the package strike the ground relative to the point at which it was released? (b)
What are the horizontal and vertical component of the velocity of the package just before it hits the
ground?
Data: When ration package leaves helicopter,

then it gets the velocity of helicopter which be-
comes packages initial velocity in horizontal di-
rection: vix = 40m/s
Initial velocity in vertical direction:
viy = 0m/s
Since origin of coordinate system lies at the dropping point of the package so vertical distance
(height) covered would be negative in y-axis: h = 100m
In this case g is also along y so: g = 9.8m/s2
To nd:
(a) Horizontal distance covered: x =? (b) v f x =? and v f y =?
Solution:
(a) Since helicopter is moving along horizontal direction, therefore there would be horizontal
velocity in the package just after the releasing off the helicopter. There is no acceleration along the
horizontal direction so we can nd the distance covered by the equation:
x = vixt 1
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44 Chapter 4. MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION
where time t can be calculated using 2nd equation of motion:

1
h = viyt + gt 2
2
1
100 = 0 t 9.8 t 2 = 4.9 t 2
2
100
t2 = = 20.41 = t = 20.41 = 4.52s
4.9
Putting the value of time into equation (1), we get:
x = 40 4.52 = 180.7m
x = 180.7m Ans.
(b) There is no acceleration along the horizontal direction, so velocity along this direction remains
uniform throughout motion which is equal to helicopters horizontal velocity:
vx = v f x = vix = 40m/s
vx = 40m/s Ans.
Final velocity along y-axis can be found by using 1st equation of motion:
v f y = viy gt = 0 9.8 4.52 = 44.3
v f y = 44.3m/s Ans.
Negative sign shows that the direction of velocity component is along negative y-axis.
Problem 4.2. A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20o to the horizontal and at a speed
of 11m/s (a) How far does he jump? (b) What is the maximum height reached? Assume the motion
of the long jumper is that of projectile.
Data:
Initial speed of the long-jumper: vo = 11m/s
Angle of projection with x-axis: = 20o
To nd:
(a) Horizontal distance covered (range): R =?
(b) Vertical distance (maximum height reached): h =?
Solution:
(a) It is assumed that the motion of the long jumper is projectile. Range or total horizontal distance
of long jumper can be found by:
v2o (11)2 121
R= sin 2 = sin 2 20o = sin 40o
g 9.8 9.8
R = 12.35 0.6428 ( sin 40o = 0.6428)
R = 7.94m Ans.
(b) Height of the long jumper can be found by:

v2oy (vo sin )2
h= = voy = v0 sin
2g 2g
(11 sin 20 )2 (11 0.3420)2 (3.7622)2 14.154
o
h= = = = = 0.722m
2 9.8 19.6 19.6 19.6
h = 0.722m Ans.
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4.1 Problems 45
Problem 4.3. A stone is thrown upward from the top of a building at an angle of 30o to the
horizontal and with a initial speed of 20 m/s. If the height of building is 45 m. (a) Calculate the
total time the stone in ight (b) What is the speed of stone just before it strikes the ground? (c)
Where does the stone strike the ground?
Data:
Initial speed of the stone: vo = 20m/s
Angle of projection with x-axis: = 30o
Height of the building: h = y = 45m
To nd:
(a) Total time of ight: t =?
(b) Final speed of stone just before it strikes the
ground: v =?
(c) Horizontal distance covered: R =?
Solution:
First we will nd the horizontal and vertical components of the initial velocity vo :
v0x = vo cos = 20 cos 30o = 20 0.866

vox = 17.32m/s
Similarly:
voy = vo sin = 20 sin 30o = 20 0.5
voy = 10m/s
(a) Total time of ight can be calculated using the 2nd equation of motion:
1
h = y = voyt + gt 2
2
1
45 = 10 t + (9.8) t 2 = 45 = 10t 4.9t 2
2
4.9t 2 10 45 = 0
This is quadratic equation and can be solved by:

b b2 4ac
t= Quadratic Formula
2a
Here a = 4.9, b = 10 and c = 45, putting these values in quadratic formula, we get:

(10) (10)2 4 4.9 (45) 10 100 + 882 10 982
t= = =
2 4.9 9.8 9.8
10 31.34 10 31.34 21.34
t= t= = = 2.175s
9.8 9.8 9.8
10 + 31.34 41.34
OR t = = = 4.22s
9.8 9.8
Since time can not be negative so total time of ight is:
t = 4.22s
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(b) Final velocity of the stone at the ground is:

v = v2x + v2y where vx is horizontal and vy are vertical components.
In projectile motion the horizontal component of velocity remains constant
since there is no acceleration:
vx = vox = 17.32 vx = 17.32m/s
Vertical component can be found by using rst equation of motion:
vy = voy + gt = 10 + (9.8) 4.22 = 10 41.34 = 31.34m/s
vy = 31.34m/s (-ve sign shows that the direction of velocity is in the -y-axis)
The resultant velocity can be found by:

v = v2x + v2y = (17.32)2 + (31.34)2 = 300 + 982 = 1282 = 35.8m/s
v = 35.8m/s Ans.
(c) Horizontal distance covered (range) is given by:
R = vxt = 17.32 4.22 = 73m
R = 73m Ans.
Problem 4.4. A ball is thrown in horizontal direction from a height of 10 m with a velocity of
21 m/s (a) How far will it hit the ground from its initial position on the ground? and with what
velocity?
Data:
Initial horizontal velocity of the ball: vox = 10m/s
Initial vertical velocity of the ball: voy = 0m/s
Vertical distance covered (height) h = y = 10m
To nd:
(a) Horizontal distance covered: R =?
(b) Final velocity of the ball just before it strikes the ground: v =?
Solution:
(a) Horizontal distance (range) is given by the equation:
R = vx t > (1)
where time "t" has to be calculated rst using the motion equation:
1
h = y = voyt + gt 2
2
1
10 = 0 t + (9.8)t 2 = 0 4.9t 2 = 4.9t 2 = 10
2
10
t =
2
= 2.041 = t = 2.041 = 1.429s
4.9
Putting this value into equation (1), we get:
R = 21 1.429 = 30m
Horizontal distance = 30m Ans.
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4.1 Problems 47
(b) Net velocity of the ball at the ground is given by:

v = v2x + v2y > (2) where vx is horizontal and vy are vertical components.
The horizontal component of velocity remains constant a = 0
vx = vox = 21 vx = 21m/s
Vertical component can be found by using rst equation of motion:
vy = voy + gt = 0 + (9.8) 1.429 = 0 14 = 14m/s
vy = 14m/s (-ve sign shows that the direction of velocity is in the -y-axis)
Putting these values into equation (2), we get net velocity:

v = (21)2 + (14)2 = 441 + 196 = 637 = 25.24ms/s
v = 25.24m/s Ans.
Problem 4.5. A rocket is launched at an angle of 53o to the horizontal with an initial speed of 100
m/s. It moves along its initial line of motion with an acceleration of 30m/s2 for 3s. At this time the
engine fails and the rocket proceeds to move as a free body. Find (a) the maximum altitude reached
by the rocket (b) its total time of ight, and (c) its horizontal range.
For rst 3 seconds, the motion of rocket is not projectile motion as engine is providing force and
when the engine fails then it follows projectile motion:
Data:
Launch angle of the rocket: = 53o
Initial speed: vo = 100m/s with acceleration of: a = 30m/s2
Time taken before the engine failed: t1 = 3s
To nd:
(a) Maximum height reached: h =?
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(b) Total time of ight: t =?

(c) Horizontal range: R =?
Solution: When rocket fails, the nal velocity which rocket achieved during 3 seconds of ight
will become the initial velocity of the rocket for following projectile motion. Therefore rst we
will calculate the speed the rocket reaches after the engines have failed:
v f = vo + at = 100 + 30 3 = 100 + 90 = 190m/s.
This velocity v f = 190m/s would be initial velocity for projectile motion: vo = v f = 190m/s. (a)
The maximum altitude of the rocket is h = h1 + h2 , where h1 is the height reached when the engines
are running and h2 is the height reached when rocket follows projectile motion.
h1 can be calculated as:

1
h1 = vo sin t + at 2 = 100 sin 53o 3 + 0.5 30 (3)2 = 300 0.798 + 15 9
2
h1 = 239.4 + 135 = 374.4m
And h2 is given by:
v2f v2oy = 2gh2 v f = 0, voy = vo sin
0 (v0 sin )2 = 2gh2 = (190 sin 530 )2 = 2(9.8)h2
(190 0.7986)2 (151.74)2 23025.25
h2 = = = = 1174.76m
19.6 19.6 19.6
h = h1 + h2 = 374.4 + 1174.76 = 1549.2m h = 1549.2m Ans.
(b) The total time is the falling time plus the time the engines are running plus the time to reach
maximum height:
t = t1 + t2 + t3 = 3 + t2 + t3 > (1)
v0 sin 190 sin 530 151.74
where t2 = = = = 15.48s
g 9.8 9.8
And t3 can be worked out as:
v f v0 v f 0 v f
v f = vo + gt = t = = = > (2)
g g g
where nal velocity can be found as: v f v2o = 2gh
2

v2f = 2gh 0 = 2gh = v f = 2gh
Putting this value into eqation (2), we get:

2gh 2 9.8 1549.2 30364.32 174.25
t3 = = = = = 17.78s
g 9.8 9.8 9.8
Putting the values of t2 and t3 into equation (1):
t = 3 + 15.48 + 17.78 = 36.3s t = 36.3s Ans.
(c) Horizontal range R = R1 + R2 , where R1 is the range when engines are running while R2 is the
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4.1 Problems 49
range when engines are failed. First we calculate R1 and R2 as follow:
R1 can be worked out using the equation of motion:

1 1 1
Sx = vxt + axt 2 = vo cos + a cos t 2 = 100 cos 530 + 30 cos 53o (3)2
2 2 2
R1 = Sx = 100 0.602 3 + 15 0.602 9 = 180.54 + 81.25 = 261.8m
And R3 = vx (t2 + t3 ) = vo cos 33.3 = 190 cos 53o 33.3 = 3807.7m
R = R1 + R2 = 261.8 + 3807.7 = 4070m
R = 4070m Ans.
Problem 4.6. A diver leaps from a tower with an initial horizontal velocity component of 7 m/s
and upward velocity component of 3 m/s. nd the component of her position and velocity after 1
second.
Data:
Initial horizontal velocity of the diver: vox = 7m/s
Initial vertical velocity of the diver: voy = 3m/s
To nd:
(i) Horizontal distance covered: x =?
(ii) Vertical distance covered: y =?
(iii) Final horizontal velocity component: vx =?
(iv) Final vertical velocity component: vy =?
Solution:
(i) Horizontal distance covered by the diver is given by:

x = vox t = 7 1 = 7m
x = 7m Ans.
(ii) Vertical distance covered by the diver is given by:
1 1
y = voyt + gt 2 = 3 1 + (9.8) (1)2 = 3 4.9 1 = 3 4.9 = 1.9m
2 2
y = 1.9m Ans.
(iii) In projectile motion, the horizontal velocity component remains constant,
vx = v0x = 7m/s vx = 7m/s Ans.
(iv) Vertical velocity component after one second is given by:
vy = voy + gt = 3 + (9.8) 1 = 3 9.8 = 6.8m/s
vy = 6.8m/s Ans.
Problem 4.7. A boy standing 10m from a building can just barely reach the roof 12m above him
when he throws a ball at the optimum angle with respect to the ground. Find the initial velocity
components of the ball.
Rams Outline Series

Data:
Height of the building: y = 12m
Horizontal distance: x = 10m
At optimum angle , the ball will be at its maximum
height (y = 12m) when it barely reaches the roof which
is 10m away and 12m above. At the maximum height,
the balls nal vertical velocity vy would be 0, but his
horizontal velocity remains constant.
To nd:
Horizontal velocity component: vox = vx =?
Vertical velocity component: voy
Solution: Choosing up and forward as positive and then solving for both components of velocity:
For vertical motion: voy can be found by: v2f v2i = 2gh,
Here in our case: h = y = 12, v f = 0, vi = voy , and for upward motion g is taken -ve:
0 v2oy = 2 (9.8) 12 = 235.2

voy = 235.2 = 15.34m/s voy = 15.34m/s
For horizontal direction:
x
x = vxt = vx = > (1)
t
where time t can be calculated from data of vertical motion:
v f y voy 0 15.34 15.34

v f y = voy + gt = t = = = = 1.565s
g 9.8 9.8
Putting tha value of time in equation (1):
x 10
vx = = = 6.4m/s
t 1.565
vx = 6.4m/s voy = 15.34m/s Ans.
Problem 4.8. A mortar shell is red at a ground level target 500m distance with an initial velocity
of 90 m/s. What is its launch angle?
Data:
Horizontal range of the shell: R = 500m?
Initial velocity of the shell: vo = 90m/s
To nd:
The launch angle of the shell: =?
Solution: Since range of the mortal shell is given so we can nd the launch angle by using the
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4.1 Problems 51
projectile range equation:

v2o
R= sin 2
g
(90)2 8100
500 = sin 2 = sin 2 = 826.53 sin 2
9.8 9.8
500
sin 2 = = 0.6049 = 2 = sin1 (0.6049) = 37.2o
826.53
37.2o
= = 18.6o
2
In projectile motion the there are two launch angles for the same range according to the relation:
1 + 2 = 90
We have found one launch angle, the second launch angle can be:
2 = 90 18.6 = 71.4o
Hence mortal shell could be red at 18.6o OR at 71.4o for the same range of R = 500m.
Problem 4.9. What is the take off speed of a locust if its launch angle is 55o and its range is 0.8m?
Data:
Horizontal range of the locust: R = 0.8m?
Launch angle of the locust: = 55o
To nd:
Take off speed of the locust: vo =?
Solution: As range is given, so we can use the equation for range of the projectile to nd the take
off speed:
v2o
R= sin 2
g
v2 v2 v2
0.8 = 0 sin 2 55o = o sin 110o = o 0.9397
9.8 9.8 9.8
0.8 9.8 7.84
vo =
2
= = 8.34 = vo = 8.34 = 2.89m/s
0.9397 0.9397
vo = 2.89m/s Ans.
Problem 4.10. A car is traveling on a at circular track of radius 200m at 20 m/s and has a
centripetal acceleration ac = 4.5m/s2 (a) If the mass of the car is 1000 kg, what frictional force is
required to provide the acceleration? (b) if the coefcient of static frictions s is 0.8, what is the
maximum speed at which the car can circle the track?
Data:
Speed of car: v = 30m/s
Centripetal acceleration: ac = 4.5m/s2
Radius of track: r = 200m
Mass of car: m = 1000kg
To nd:
(a) Frictional force: f =?
(b) Maximum speed: vmax =? when s = 0.8
Rams Outline Series

Solution: (a) Since car is travelling in circular motion, so centripetal force is required to keep car
on the circular track. This force is provided by frictional force between car and the track: f = Fc ,
where Fc is centripetal force:
f = Fc = mac = 1000 4.5 = 4500N

f = 4500N Ans.
(b) The maximum speed with which car moves is related to maximum frictional force: fmax = s R,
where R is normal force and equal to its weight: R = mg = 1000 9.8 = 9800N.
fmax = 0.8 9800 = 7840N.
This maximum force provides the centripetal force with which the car moves with maximum speed:
m(vmax )2 fmax r 7849 2

00 15698
fmax = mac = = v2max = = = = 1569
r m 10
00 10

vmax = 1569 = 39.6
vmax = 39.6m/s Ans.
Problem 4.11. The turntable of a record player rotates initially at a rate of 33 rev/min and takes
20s to come to rest (a) What is the angular acceleration of the turntable, assuming the acceleration
is constant? (b) How many rotation does the turntable make before coming to rest? (c) If the radius
of the turntable is 0.14m, what is the magnitude of the tangential acceleration of the bug at time t =
0?
Data:
Initial angular speed: i = 33rev/min
Final angular speed: f = 0
Time taken: t = 20s
Radius of turntable: r = 0.14m
To nd:
(a) Angular acceleration: =?
(b) Number of rotations completed =?
(c) Initial speed of bug: vi =?
(d) Tangential acceleration of bug at t = 0: at =?
Solution: First convert units into SI: i = 33rev/min = 33/60 = 0.55rev/s

But 1 revolution = 2 radians, hence: i = 0.55 2rad/s = 3.46rad/s
(a) Angular acceleration is found by:

f i 0 3.46
= = = 0.173 rad/s2
t 20
= 0.173 rad/s2 Ans.
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4.1 Problems 53
(b) Numebr of cycles completed is angular distance: :

= avgt > (1). Where avg is avergae angular velocity:
i + f 0.55 0
avg = = = 0.725rev/s. Put this value in equ(1):
2 2
= 0.725 20 = 5.5 revolutions.
Number of revolutions completed in 20 seconds = 5.5 Ans.
(c) Initial linear (tangential speed):vi = ri = 0.14 3.46 = 0.4844m/s
vi = 0.4844m/s Ans.
(d) Tangential acceleration of the bug is given by:at = r = 0.14 0.173 = 0.0242
at = 0.0242m/s2 Ans.
Problem 4.12. Tarzan swings on a vine of length 4m in a vertical circle under the inuence of
gravity. When the vine makes an angle of = 20o with the vertical, Tarzan has a speed of 5 m/s.
Find (a) his centripetal acceleration at this instant, (b) his tangential acceleration, and (c) the
resultant acceleration.
Data:
Tangential speed of Tarzan: v = 5m/s
Length of vine (radius): r = 4m
Angle with vertical: = 20o
To nd:
(a) Centripetal acceleration: ac =?
(b) Tangential acceleration: at =?
(c) Resultant acceleration: a =?
Solution:
v2
(a) Centripetal acceleration of tarzan is given by: ac =
r
(5)2 25
ac = = = 6.25m/s2 ac = 6.25m/s2 Ans.
4 4
(b) Tangential acceleration of Tarzan is given by: at = g sin = 9.8 sin 20o
at = 9.8 0.3420 = 3.35. at = 3.35m/s2 Ans.
(c) Since ac and at are perpendicular to each other, so a is given by:

a = a2c + at2 = (6.25)2 + (3.35)2 = 39.06 + 11.24 = 50.3 = 7.1
a = 7.1m/s2 Ans.
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5. STATICS
5.1 Problems
Problem 5.1. Locate the centre of mass of a system of particles each of mass m, arranged to
correspond in position to the six corners of a regular (planar) hexagon.
Solution: Divide the system according to co-ordinate system. Take x- and y-axis such that origin
O lies at the centre of the hexagon. The co-ordinates Xc and Yc of the center of masses are given by:
6 6
mi xi mi yi
Xc = , Yc =
i=1 mi i=1 mi
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56 Chapter 5. STATICS
By expanding the equations:

m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3 + m4 x4 + m5 x5 + m6 x6
Xc =
m1 + m 2 + m 3 + m 4 + m 5 + m 6
m(x) + mx + mx + mx + m(x) + m(x )
=
m+m+m+m+m+m
mx
+
+
mx mx + +
mx mx+
mx
= . Xc = 0
6m
And Yc :
m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 + m4 y4 + m5 y5 + m6 y6
Yc =
m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 + m6
my + my + m(0) + m(y) + m(y) + m(0) + my

= =
+
my +0+
my my + 0
m+m+m+m+m+m 6m
0
= . Yc = 0
6m
Thus the coordinates of centre of masses are: (Xc ,Yc ) = (0, 0).
Problem 5.2. Find the position of centre of mass of ve equal-mass particles located at the ve
corners of a square-based right pyramid with sides of length l and altitude h.
Solution: Since square based right pyramid is 3D structure, so we need three coordinates to locate
the CM as given by:
5 5 5
mi xi mi yi mi zi
Xc = , Yc = , Zc =
i=1 mi i=1 mi i=1 mi
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5.1 Problems 57
Using the above equations and gure, we can nd the coordinates of center of masses as:
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3 + m4 x4 + m5 x5
Xc =
m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5
mx + mx mx mx + m(0) +
mx
mx
mx + m(0)
mx 0
= = = . Xc = 0
m+m+m+m+m 5m 5m
For Yc :
m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 + m4 y4 + m5 y5
Yc =
m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5
my + my my my + m(0) +
my
my
my + m(0)
my 0
= = = . Yc = 0
m+m+m+m+m 5m 5m
For Zc :
m1 z1 + m2 z2 + m3 z3 + m4 z4 + m5 z5
Zc =
m 1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5
m(0) + m(0) + m(0) + m(0) + mh mh mh h h
= = = = . Zc =
m+m+m+m+m 5m 5m 5 5
Hence the coordinates of center of masses are: (Xc ,Yc , Zc ) = (0, 0, h/5). The center of mass lies at
h/5 along z-axis.
Problem 5.3. The mass of the sun is 329390 times the earths mass and the mean distance from the
centre of the sun to the centre of the earth is 1.496 108 km. Treating the earth and sun as particles
with each mass concentrated at the respective geometric centre, how far from the centre of the sun
is the C.M (centre of mass) of the earth-sun system? Compare this distance with the mean radius of
the sun (6.9960 105 km)
Solution: Let m1 be the mass of the earth and

m2 that of the sun. Let the centre of mass of the
earth-sun system be located at distance r1 from
the centre of the earth and at distance r2 from
the centre of the sun, so that r = r1 + r2 is the
distance between the centres of earth and sun.
Taking origin at the centre of mass of the sun, we
can nd (whole system lies on x-axis):

2
mi ri m1 r1 + m2 r2
Xc = =
i=1 mi m1 + m 2
Here m2 = 329390m1 and r = 1.496 108 km = 1.496 1011 m; using this data we can nd:
m1 1.496 1011 + 329390m1 0 1.496 1011 m1 1.496 1011

m
1
Xc = = =
m1 + 329390m1 329391m1 329391m
1
Xc = 4.54 105 m Ans.
Coordinate Xc is located at C in gure. Center of earth-sun system lies inside of the sun. Let mean
radius of the sun is rs = 6.9960 105 km = 6.9960 108 m, then comparing both values:
Xc 4.54 105
= = 6.49 104
rs 6.9960 108
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Problem 5.4. A particle of mass 4 kg moves along the x-axis with a velocity v = 15t m/s, where t =
0 is the instant that the particle is at the origin. (a) at t=2s, what is the angular momentum of the
particle about a point P located on the +y-axis, 6m from the origin. (b) what torque about P acts
on the particle?
Data:
Mass of particle: m = 4kg
Time taken is: t = 2s and the velocity of particle:
v = 15tm/s = 15 2m/s = 30m/s
Point P located on y-axis: y = 6m
To nd: (a) Angular momentum L =? and (b)
torque =?
Solution:
(a) Angular momentum can be found as:
y 6
L = mvr sin where sin = =
PQ r
6
L = mvr = 4 30 6 = 720. L = 720kgm2 /s Ans.
r
(b) We know the torque acting on the particle is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum:
L 720
= = . = 360N.m Ans.
t 2
Problem 5.5. A particle of mass m is located at the vector position r and has a linear momentum
vector P. The vector r and P are non zero. If the particle moves only in the x, y plane, prove that
Lx = Ly = 0 and Lz
= 0.
Solution: Particle of mass m moves only in x-y plane, so its position vector and momentum vectors
are:
r = rx i + ry j; P = Px i + Py j
The angular momentum can be found as: L =r P.

i j k

L = rx ry 0 = i
r y 0
rx 0
rx
ry
y 0
j + k
P Px 0 Px Py
Px Py 0
= i(0) j(0) + k(rx Py , ry Px ) = 0i 0 j + (rx Py , ry Px )k
Comparing the components of L with the coefcient of i, j and k, we get:

Lx = 0 and Ly = 0 and Lz = (rx Py , ry Px )
= 0. Hence proved.
Problem 5.6. A light rigid rod 1m in length rotates in the xy-plane about a pivot through the rods
centre. Two particles of mass 2kg and 3kg are connected to its ends. Determined the angular
momentum of the system about the origin at the instant the speed of each particle is 5m/s.
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5.1 Problems 59
Solution: Mass of particle A: m1 = 2kg

Mass of particle B: m2 = 3kg
Velocity of each particle: v = 5m/s
Length of rod: L = 1m
Distance of each particle from the pivot: r = 0.5m.
The total angular momentum L of the system can be found as:
L = L1 + L2 = m1 vr1 sin + m2 vr2 sin = 2 5 0.5 sin 90o + 3 5 0.5 sin 90o
L = 5 1 + 7.5 1( sin 900 = 1)
L = 5 + 7.5 = 12.5
L = 12.5Js Ans.
Problem 5.7. A uniform beam of mass M supports two masses m1 and m2 . If the knife edge of the
support is under the beams centre of gravity and m1 is at a distance d from the centre, determine
the position of m2 such that the system is balanced.
Solution: Mass of beam: M = Mkg

Mass of body A: m1 = m1 kg and that of B: m2 = m2 kg
Distance of body A from the center: r1 = d, and the distance of body B from the center is r2 = D.
Since the system is balanced, so we can apply 2nd condition of equilibrium:
= 0 about C
= 1 + (2 ) + 3 = W1 r1 W2 r2 +W3 r3 = m1 gd m2 gD Mg 0 = 0
= m1 gd m2 gD = 0 = m1 d = m2 D
m1
D= d Ans.
m2
Problem 5.8. A uniform ladder of length l and weight W = 50 N rests against a smooth vertical
wall. If the coefcient of friction between the ladder and the ground is 0.40, nd the minimum angle
min such that the ladder may not slip.
Data:
Length of ladder = L
Weight of ladder: W = 50N
Coefcient of friction: = 0.4
To nd:
The minimum angle made by ladder with horizontal: min =
?
Rams Outline Series

Solution: According to gure, R is reaction

Now apply 2nd condition:
force of wall and H and V are horizontal and verti-
cal components of reaction of ground respectively. = 0 about A
R DC W AE = 0 (2)
H H Consider ADC :
= = 0.4 =
V V DC DC
H = 0.4V (1) sin = =
AC L
DC = L sin
Since the ladder is in equilibrium, hence it must
satisfy all conditions of equilibrium. Consider AEB
AE AE
cos = =
AB L/2
Apply rst condition: L
Along x-axis: AE =
2
Fx = 0 Put these values in equation (2):
H + (R)0 L
20 L sin 50 cos = 0
H R = 0, = H = R 2
20L sin = 25L cos
Along y-axis:
sin 25
Fy = 0 = V + (W ) = 0 cos
=
20
= 1.25
V 50 = 0 = V = 50N tan = 1.25
From equation (1):H = 0.4V = tan1 (1.25) = 51.3o
H = 0.4 50 = 20N R = 20N
min = 51.3o Ans.
Problem 5.9. A ladder with a uniform density and a mass m rests against a frictionless vertical
wall at an angle of 60o . The lower end rests on a at surface where the coefcient of friction (static)
is 0.40. A student with a mass (M = 2m) attempts to climb the ladder. What fraction of the length
L of the ladder will the student have reached when the ladder begins to slip?
Let the ladder AD of length L of mass m having weight

W = mg acting at C (center of mass of the ladder). The
ladder makes = 60o with x-axis.
Mass of student: ms = 2m
Weight of student: Ws = 2mg
Coefcient of friction: = 0.40
To nd:
Fraction of length reached by student= XL
Solution: According to gure, R is reaction force of wall and H and V are horizontal and vertical
components of reaction of ground respectively.
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5.1 Problems 61
H H Now apply 2nd condition:

= = 0.4 =
V
H = 0.4V
V
(1)
= 0 about A
R ED 2mg AG mg AF = 0 (2)
Since the ladder is in equilibrium, hence it must Consider AED :
satisfy all conditions of equilibrium. ED ED ED
sin 600 = = = 0.866 =
AD L L
Apply rst condition: ED = 0.866L
Along x-axis: Consider AGB
Fx = 0 AG AG
cos 60o = = = 0.5 =
AG
AB X X
H + (R)0
AG = 0.5X
H R = 0, = H = R
Now Consider AFC
Along y-axis:
AF AF
Fy = 0 = V + (Ws ) + (mg) = 0 cos 60o =
AC
=
L/2
V 2mg mg = V 3mg = 0 = V = 3mg
AF
From equation (1):H = 0.4V 0.5 2 =
L
H = 0.4 3mg = 1.2mg H = R AF = 0.25L
-
Put these values in equation (2):
1.2mg 0.866L 2mg 0.5X mg 0.25L = 0
1.0392mgL mgX 0.25mgL = 0
=
mgL
0.789 = 0.789L = x
mgX
X
= 0.789 Ans.
L
Problem 5.10. A particle of mass 0.3 kg moves in the xy-plane. At the instant its coordinates are
(2, 4)m, its velocity is (3i + 4 j)m/s. At this instant determine the angular momentum of the particle
relative to the origin.
Solution: Mass of particle: m = 0.3kg
Position of particle: r = (2, 4)m = 2i + 4 j and the velocity of particle: v = 3i + 4 j
We have to nd the angular momentum: L =?
The angular momentum is given by:

L =r P =rm v P = mv
L = mr v

L = 0.3 2i + 4 j 3i + 4 j

i j k

L = 0.3 2 4 0 = 0.3 i 4 0 2 0 2 4
j + k
4 0 3 0 3 4
3 4 0

L = 0.3 i(0 0) j(0 0) + k(8 12) = 0.3 4k = 0.3 (4k)
L = 1.2kJ.s Ans.
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Problem 5.11. A uniform horizontal beam of length 8m and weighing 200N is pivoted at the wall
with its far end supported by a cable that makes an angle of 53o with the horizontal. If a person
weighing 600N stands 2m from the wall, nd the tension and the reaction force at the pivot.
Data: To nd:
Length of beam: L = 8m Tension in cable: T =?
Weight of beam: W1 = 200N Horizontal reaction: H =?
Weight of person: W2 = 600N Vertical reaction: V =?
Angle of cable with beam: = 53o Since system is in equilibrium so we can apply all
Centre of mass of beam= 4m conditions of equilibrium.
Solution: Apply rst condition of equilibrium: along x-axis:
Fx = 0 = H + (T x) = 0
H T cos 30o = H 0.602T = 0
H = 0.602T (1)
Along y-axis:
Fy = 0
V + Ty + (W1 ) + (W2 ) = 0
V + T sin 530 200 600 = 0
V + T 0.799 800 = 0
V + 0.799 800 (2)
Apply 2nd condition of equilibrium:

= 0 about C
Ty AC W1 EC W2 DC = 0
T sin 53o 8 200 4 600 2 = 0
T (0.799)8 800 1200 = 6.388T 2000 = 0
2000
6.388T = 2000 = T =
6.388
T = 313.05N Ans.
Putting the value of T in equ (1) and (2), we get:
H = 0.602T = 0.602 313.05
H = 188.45N Ans.
V + 0.799T = 800
V + 0.799 313.05 = V = 800 250 = 550
V = 550N Ans.
Resultant reaction R is given by:

R = H 2 +V 2 = (188.4)2 + (550)2 = 337994.5
R = 581.3N Ans.
Rams Outline Series

6. GRAVITATION
6.1 Problems
Problem 6.1. A 10 kg mass is at a distance of 1 m from a 100 kg mass. Find the gravitational force
of attraction when (i) 10 kg mass exerts force on the 100 kg mass (ii) 100 kg mass exerts force on
the 10 kg mass.
Solution:
Putting the values:
Given Data:
10 100
Mass of body one: m1 = 10kg F12 = 6.67408 1011
12
Mass of body 2nd: m2 = 100kg 11
F12 = 6.67408 10 103
Distance between them: r = 1m
To nd: F12 = 6.67408 108 N Ans.
Gravitational force: F =?
(ii) Force by body two on body one:
m1 m2
(i) Force by body one on body two. F21 = G = 6.67408 108 N
r2
By Newtons Law of Gravitation:
Force will same
F12 = G m1r2m2
F21 = 6.67408 108 N Ans.
This shows that both the bodies will attract each other with equal and opposite force.
Problem 6.2. Compute gravitational acceleration at the surface of the planet Jupiter which has a
diameter as 11 times as compared with that of the earth and a mass equal to 318 times that of earth.
Solution:
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64 Chapter 6. GRAVITATION
Given Data:
Diameter of Jupiter: DJ = 11DE Putting the values:
Radius of Jupiter: RJ = 11RE
Mass of Jupiter: MJ = 318ME G(318ME )
gJ =
To nd: (11RE )2
Acceleration due to gravity: gJ =? 318GME
gJ =
121R2E

Acceleration due to gravity on Earths surface is 318 GME
gJ =
given by: 121 R2E

GME
GME gJ = 2.63
gE = (1) R2E
R2E
From equation (1):
Acceleration due to gravity on Jupiters surface is gJ = 2.63gE = 2.63 9.8 ( gE = 9.8)
given by: gJ = 25.774m/s2
gJ = 25.774m/s2 Ans.
GMJ
gJ = 2 (2)
RJ
Problem 6.3. The mass of the planet Jupiter 1.9 1027 kg and that of the sun is 2.0 1030 kg. If
the average distance between them is 7.8 1011 m, nd the gravitational force of the sun on Jupiter.
Solution: Putting the values from data into the equation:

Data:
Mass of Jupiter: MJ = 1.9 1027 kg 2.0 1030 1.9 1027
F =6.673 1011
Mass of Sun: MS = 2.0 1030 kg (7.8 1011 )2
Average distance: R = 7.8 1011 m 3.8 1057
= 6.673 1011
To nd: 60.84 1022
Gravitational force of Sun on Jupiter: F =? 25.3574 10 4622
=
60.84
By Newtons Law of Gravitation: = 0.417 1024
= 4.17 1023 N
MS MJ
F =G F = 4.17 1023 N Ans.
R2
Problem 6.4. The radius of the moon is 27% of the earths radius and its mass is 1.2% of the
earths mass. Find the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon. How much will a
424N body weight there?
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6.1 Problems 65
Solution:
Data: Putting the values from data into the equation:
Mass of moon: Mm = 1.2%Me = 100 1.2
Me G 0.012Me 0.012GMe
Mm = 0.012Me gm = =
(0.27Re )2 0.0729R2e
Radius of moon: Rm = 27%Re = 100 27
Re
GMe
Rm = 0.27Re gm = 0.1646
R2e
Weight of a body on earth: We = 424N
To nd: GMe
gm = 0.1646 ge 2 = ge from equ(1)
Acceleration due to gravity on moon: gm =? Re
Weight of a body on moon: Wm =? gm = 0.1646 9.8 = 1.61m/s2
gm = 1.61m/s2 Ans.
To calculate the ge on earth and gm on moon, we
can use: Weight of a body on moon is:
We 424
Wm = mgm where m = = = 43.27kg
GMe ge 9.8
ge = = 9.8m/s2 (1)
R2e Wm = 43.27 1.6131 = 69.78N
GMm Wm = 69.78N Ans.
gm = 2
Rm
Problem 6.5. What is the value of the gravitational acceleration at a distance of (i) earths radius
above the earths surface? (ii) Twice earths radius above the earths surface?
Solution:
Data: (i) when h1 = Re , then equation (1) becomes:
Distance from earths surface: h1 = Re GMe GMe 1 GMe
Distance from earths surface: h2 = 2Re g h1 = = =
(Re + Re )2 (2Re )2 4 R2e
To nd: GMe
(i) Acceleration due to gravity for h1 : gh1 =? from equation (2): g = 2
Re
(ii)Acceleration due to gravity for h2 : gh2 =?
1
gh1 = g Ans.
To calculate the acceleration due to gravity at 4
height "h" from the earths surface:
(ii) when h2 = 2Re , then equation (1) becomes:
GMe
gh = (1) GMe GMe 1 GMe
(Re + h)2 gh2 = = =
(Re + 2Re ) 2 (3Re ) 2 9 R2e
GMe
from equation (2): g = 2
And gravitation acceleration on surface of earth: Re
1
GMe gh2 = g Ans.
g= (2) 9
R2e
Problem 6.6. At what distance from the center of the earth does the gravitational acceleration
have one half the value that it has on the earths surface?
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66 Chapter 6. GRAVITATION
Solution:
GMe
Data: from equation (1): g =
R2
Gravitational acceleration: g = 12 g GMe 1 GMe
To nd: =
R2 2 R2e
Distance from the center of the earth above the

GMe 1
GM
surface: R =? =
e
Distance from the center of the earth below the R2 2 R2e

surface: d =? R2 = 2R2e = R = 2Re = 1.41Re
R = 1.41Re Ans.
Value of the acceleration due to gravity at any
distance from the earths center is given by: The value of g becomes one-half below the sur-
face (at d):
GMe
g = (1)
R2 d
g = 1 g
Re

1 d
And: g = 1 g g = 1/2g
2 Re
GMe 1 d
g= =
R2e 2 Re
1 1 GMe
But g = g = 1
2 2 R2e d = Re Ans.
2
-
These are two positions at which the value of g becomes one-half of its value at the surface of earth.
Problem 6.7. Compute the gravitational attraction between two college students of mass 80 & 50
kg respectively, 2m apart from each other. Is this force worth worrying about?
Solution:
Mass of rst student: m1 = 80kg
Mass of second student: m2 = 50kg
Distance between two students: r = 2m
According to Newtons law of gravitational force, the force between these two students can be
calculated as:
m1 m2 80 50
F =G = 6.67 1011
r2 (2)2
4000
F = 6.67 1011 = 6.67 1011 1000 = 6.67 1011 103
4
F = 6.67 1011+3 = 6.67 108 N
F = 6.67 108 N Ans.
This force is very small as compared to the Earths gravitational force on us, therefore, it is not
worth worrying about.
Problem 6.8. Determine the gravitation between the proton and the electron in a hydrogen atom,
assuming that the electron describes a circular orbit with a radius of 0.53 1010 m (mass of proton
= 1.67 1027 kg, mass of electron = 9.1 1031 kg).
Solution:
Mass of electron: me = 9.1 1031 kg
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6.1 Problems 67
Mass of proton: m p = 1.67 1027 kg

Radius between electron and proton:: r = 0.53 1010 m
According to Newtons law of gravitational force, the force between proton and electron can be
calculated as:
me m p 9.1 1031 1.67 1027
F =G = 6.67 1011
r 2 (0.53 1010 )2
15.197 103127 101.36399 105811+20
F = 6.67 1011 =
0.2809 1020 0.2809
49 47
F = 360.85 10 = 3.6 10
F = 3.6 1047 N Ans.
This force is very very small as compared to electrostatic force between them and it is often ignored.
Problem 6.9. A woman with a mass of 45 kg is standing on a scale in an elevator. The elevator
accelerates with a constant acceleration of 1.2m/s2 . What is the womans weight as measured by
her in the elevator.
Solution:
Mass of woman: m = 45kg
Acceleration of elevator: a = 1.2m/s2
Apparent weight Fw of woman in elevator when it is moving up is given as:
Fw = ma + mg
= 45 1.2 + 45 9.8
= 54 + 441 = 495N
Apparent weight of woman Fw = 495N Ans.
Rams Outline Series

7. WORK, POWER & ENERGY
7.1 Problems
Problem 7.1. Calculate the work done by a force F specied by F = 3i + 4 j + 5k in displacing a
body from position B to position A along a straight path. The position vectors A & B are respectively
given asrA = 2i + 5 j 2k &rB = 7i + 3 j 5k.
Given Data:
F = 3i + 4 j + 5k rA = 2i + 5 j 2k and rB = 7i + 3 j 5k.
To nd: Work done: W =?
Solution: Work done by a force is given by:

W = F r = 3i + 4 j + 5k (rB rA ) = 3i + 4 j + 5k 7i + 3 j 5k 2i 5 j + 2k

W = 3i + 4 j + 5k 5i 2 j 3k = 3 5 + 4 (2) + 5 (3) = 8
15 15 = 8
Work done = 8 unit Ans.
Problem 7.2. A 2000 kg car traveling at 20 m/s comes to rest on a level ground in a distance of
100 m. How large is the average frictional force tending to stop it?
Given Data:
Mass of car: m = 2000kg Initial velocity of car: vi = 20m/s
Final velocity of car: v f = 0m/s Distance covered by car: S = 100m.
To nd: Frictional force:: f =?
Solution: Using work-energy equation:

Work done = KE f KEi
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70 Chapter 7. WORK, POWER & ENERGY
1 1
W = mv2f mv2i (But W = f .S)
2 2
1 1
f 100 = 2000 0 2000 (20)2 = 0 1000 400 = 400000
2 2
400000
f = = 4000N
100
f = 4000N Ans.
Problem 7.3. A 100-kg man is in a car traveling at 20 m/s. (a) Find his kinetic energy. (b) The car
strikes a concrete wall and comes to rest after the front of the car has collapsed 1 m. The man is
wearing a seat bell and harness. What is the average force exerted by the belt and harness during
the crash?
Data:
Mass of the man: m = 100kg (b) Since car is suddenly stopping, so KE pos-
Speed of the man: v = 20m/s sessed by man is doing work against the belt
collapsed distance: S = 1m which stops him at the end of crash:
To nd:
(a) Kinetic energy of the man: KE =? Work-done against belt=lost in KE
(b) Average force exerted by the belt: Favg =? 1
W = mv2
2
Solution: (a): KE of man can be found by: 1
Favg S = mv2
1 2
KE = mv2 1
2 Favg 1 = 100 (20)2
1 2
KE = 100 (20)2 Favg = 50 400
2
KE = 50 400 Favg = 20000N
KE = 20000J Ans. Favg = 20000N Ans.
Problem 7.4. When an object is thrown upward, it rises to a height h. How high is the object, in
terms of h, when it has lost one-third of its original kinetic energy?
Solution: Object rises to a height h; consider an object lost one third of its original KE at the
height h , then according to law of conservation of energy:
loss of KE=gain in PE
1 1 1 2
KE = PE = mv = mgh
3 3 2
1 2
v = gh > (1)
6
v can be found by using the equation of motion:

2gh = v2f v2i here g = 9.8, v f = 0, vi = v
2 9.8h = (0)2 v2 = 2gh = v2
v2 = 2gh > (2)
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7.1 Problems 71
Putting this value in equation (1), we get:

1 1 1
2gh = gh = h = h. h = h Ans.
6 3 3
Problem 7.5. A pump is needed to lift water through a height of 2.5 m at the rate of 500 g/min.
What must the minimum horse power of the pump be?
Data:
Height: h = 2.5 and rate of lifting water: m
t = 500g/min
To nd: Power of pump: P =?
500103
Solution: Rate of lifting water in SI is: m
t = 60 = 0.5
60 = 0.00833kg/s
The power of pump is given by:

work done by pump mgh m
P= = = (gh)
t t t
P = 0.00833 9.8 2.3 = 0.2042J/s = 0.02042W
1HP
1HP = 746W = 1W =
746W
1HP
P = 0.2042
W = 0.000274HP = 2.74 104 HP
746
W
P = 2.74 104 HP Ans.
Problem 7.6. A horse pulls a cart horizontally with a force of 40 lb at an angle 30o above the
horizontal and moves along at a speed of 6.0 miles/hr. (a) How much work does the horse do in 10
minutes? (b) What is the power out put of the horse?
Data:
Force that horse applied on cart: F = 40lb
Angle: = 30o
Time taken: t = 10min = 600s
Velocity of cart: v = 6miles/hour
To nd:
(a) Work done by horse: W =?
(b) Power of horse: P =?.
Solution: Because force is given in British system so we will convert all units into British:
6 1760 3
v = 6miles/hour = = 8.8 f t/s [ 1mile = 1760yard = 1760 3 f t]
60 60
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72 Chapter 7. WORK, POWER & ENERGY
(a) Work done by horse is given by:

W = FS cos , where S can be calculated using equation of motion:
S = vt = 8.8 600 = 5280 f t.
Putting this value into above equation, we can nd work-done:
W = FS cos = 40 5280 cos 30o = 211200 0.866 ( cos 30o = 0.866)
W = 1.88 105 f t lb Ans.
(b) Power of horse can be found as:
P = Fv cos = 40 8.8 cos 30o = 352 0.866 = 304.8 f t lb/s
converting into HP

304.8 1HP
P= = 0.55HP 1 f t lb/s =
550 550
P = 0.55HP Ans.
Problem 7.7. A body of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed V f in time t f . Show
that the work done on the body as a function of time t, in terms of V f and t f , is
2
1 Vf 2
m 2t
2 tf
Solution: Work-done on a body is given by:
W = FS
According to Newtons sencond law of motion:F = ma
W = ma S (1)
We can nd a in term of v f and t f from the equation of motion:
v f = vi + at = 0 + at f [ vi = 0]
vf
a=
tf
Also we nd S from the equation:
1 1 1
S = vit + at 2 = 0 t + at 2 = at 2
2 2 2
Putting these values into equation (1):
vf 1 1 vf vf 2
W = m at 2 = m t
tf 2 2 tf tf
2
1 vf
Work done = m 2 t 2 Ans.
2 tf
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7.1 Problems 73
Problem 7.8. A rocket of mass 0.200 kg is launched from rest. It reaches a point p lying at a height
30.0 m above the surface of the earth from the starting point. In the process + 425 J of work is done
on the rocket by the burning chemical propellant. Ignoring air-resistance and the amount of mass
lost due to the burning propellant, nd the speed V f of the rocket at the point P.
Data:
mass of rocket: m = 0.2kg
height reached by rocket: h = 30.0m
work-done by the rocket: W = +425J
To nd: nal velocity of the rocket at point P: v f =?
Solution: The rocket is going upward by burning propellant with velocity v, so it is gaining KE in
addition to PE as it is also covering vertical distance (height h). Therefore,
Gain in KE+ Gain in PE=work-done
1 2 1
mv + mgh = 425 = 0.2v2f + 0.2 9.8 30 = 425
2 f 2
0.1v2f + 58.8 = 425 = 0.1v2f = 425 58.8 = 366.2
366.2
v2f = = 3662 = v f = 3662 = 60.5m/s
0.1
v f = 60.5m/s Ans.
(Solved Numericals in Physics: XI

By
Dr. Ram Chand, Government Girls Degree College, Jhudo
For video lectures please visit college fb page:
www.facebook.com/ggdcjhudo
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8. WAVE MOTION & SOUND
8.1 Problems
Problem 8.1. An object is connected to one end of a horizontal spring whose other end is xed. The
object is pulled to the right (in the positive x-direction) by an externally applied force of magnitude
20 N causing the spring to stretch through a displacement of 1 cm (a) Determine the value of force
constant if, the mass of the object is 4 kg (b) Determine the period of oscillation when the applied
force is suddenly removed.
Data:
Force applied on the object: F = 20N
Mass of the object: m = 4kg
Spring stretch distance: x = 1cm = 1 102 =
0.01m
To nd:
(q) Spring constant: k =?
(b) Period of oscillation: T =?
Solution:
(a) Spring constant is given by Hookes Law:

F 20
F = kx = k = = = 2000N/m
x 0.01
k = 2000N/m Ans.
(b)Time period is given by:

m 4 1 1
T = 2 = 2(3.142) = 6.284 = 6.284 = 0.281s
k 2000 500 22.361
T = 0.281s Ans.
Problem 8.2. A body hanging from a spring is set into motion and the period of oscillation is found
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76 Chapter 8. WAVE MOTION & SOUND
to be 0.50 s. After the body has come to rest, it is removed. How much shorter will the spring be
when it comes to rest?
Data:
Time period of oscillation T = 0.5s
Mass of the object: m = 4kg
To nd:
Extension in spring: x =?
Solution:

m
The time period of oscillation is given by:T = 2 > (1)
k
And extension in spring is given by Hookes Law: F = kx,
Where F is the weight of object: mg, Hookes Law becomes: mg = kx
m x
Re-arranging: =
k g

x
Putting this value in equation (1), we can nd: T = 2
g
x
Squaring both sides:T 2 = 4 2 , and re-arranging order:
g
T 2g (0.5)2 9.8 0.25 9.8
x= 2 = = = 0.062m = 6.2cm
4 4(3.142)2 4 9.872
x = 6.2cm Ans.
Problem 8.3. A pipe has a length of 2.46 m. (a) Determine the frequencies of the fundamental
mode and the rst two overtones if the pipe is open at both ends. Take v = 344 m/s as the speed of
sound in air. (b) What are the frequencies determined in (a) if the pipe is closed at one end? (c) For
the case of open pipe, how many harmonics are present in the normal human being hearing range
(20 to 20000 Hz)?
Data:
Length of pipe L = 2.46m
Speed of sound of air: v = 344m/s
To nd:
(a) Pipe is opened at both ends: f1 =?, f2 =? and f3 =?
(b) Pipe is closed at both ends: ( f1 )closed =?, ( f2 )closed =? and ( f3 )closed =?
(c) Number of harmonics: N =?
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8.1 Problems 77
Solution:
(a) Frequency of fundamental tone is given by:

v 344
f1 = = = 70Hz. f1 = 70Hz Ans.
2L 2(2.46)
Frequency of overtone is given by: fn = n f1
f2 = 2 f1 = 2 70 = 140Hz. f2 = 140Hz Ans.
And frequency of 2nd overtone is given by:
f3 = 3 f1 = 3 70 = 210Hz. f3 = 210Hz Ans.
v
(b) When pipe is closed at both ends then: ( f1 )closed =
4L
344
( f1 )closed = = 35Hz. ( f1 )closed = 35Hz Ans.
4(2.46)
For closed pipe, rst overtone is given by: ( fn )closed = (2n 1)( f1 )closed
( f2 )closed = (2 2 1) 35 = 105Hz. ( f2 )closed = 105Hz Ans.
And 2nd overtone: ( f3 )closed = (2 3 1)( f1 )closed
( f3 )closed = (6 1) 35 = 5 35 = 175Hz. ( f3 )closed = 175Hz Ans.
(c) Numbers of harmonics is given by: fN = N f1 . where fN = 2000 20 = 19980Hz
fN 19980
N= = = 285. (N = 285harmonics Ans.
f1 70
Problem 8.4. A standing wave is established in a 120 cm long string xed at both ends. The string
vibrates in four segments when driven at 120 Hz (a) Determine the wavelength (b) What is the
fundamental frequency?
Data:
To nd:
Length of string L = 120cm = 1.2m
Wavelength of standing wave: 1 =?
Frequency of standing wave: f4 = 120Hz
Fundamental frequency: f1 =?
Number of loops: n = 4
Solution:
The string vibrates in four loops, so length could be divided into 4 segments:
1 1 L
L = n = 4 = 21 = 1 =
2 2 2
1.2
1 = = 0.6m. 1 = 0.60m Ans.
2
fn
Fundamental frequancy can be given the relationship: fn = n f1 = f1 =
n
120
f1 = = 30Hz. f1 = 30Hz. ans.
4
Problem 8.5. Calculate the speed of sound in air at atmospheric pressure P = 1.01 105 N/m2 ,
taking = 1.40 and = 1.2kg/m3 .
Data:
Air pressure: P = 1.01 105 N/m2 , = 1.4, and the density of air: = 1.2kg/m3
To nd: velocity of sound in air: v =?
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Solution: According to the relationship of Laplaces correction:

P 1.4 1.01 105
v= = = 11.78 104 = 3.43 102 = 343m/s
1.2
v = 343m/s Ans.
Problem 8.6. A sound wave propagating in air has a frequency of 4000 Hz. Calculate the percent
change in wave length when the wave front, initially in a region where T = 27oC, enters a region
where the air temperature decreases to 10oC.
Data:
Frequency of sound wave: f = 4000Hz
Initial temperature of air: T1 = 27o + 273 = 300K
Final temperature of air: T2 = 10o + 273 = 283K

To nd: percentage fraction change in wave length: 1 % =?

Solution: Fraction change in wave length is given by: 1 :
1 2 1 2 2
= = 1
1 1 1 1
Where 1 is wavalength at initial temp and 2 at nal temp:
v1 v2
But 1 = and 2 =
f f
v2 f v2
1 = 1 > (1)
v2 f v2
Speed of sound at any temperature is given by:

T
v = 332
273
Therefore, equation (1), becomes:

T2
332 273 T2 283
= 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 0.943 = 1 0.97 = 0.029
1 T1 T1 300
332 273
The percentage fraction change in wave length is given by:

% = 0.029 100 = 2.9%. % = 2.9% Ans.
1 1
Problem 8.7. The frequency of the second harmonic of an open pipe (open at both ends) is equal
to the frequency of the second harmonic of a closed pipe (open at one end). (a) Find the ratio of the
length of the closed pipe to the length of the open pipe.(b) If the fundamental frequency of the open
pipe is 256 Hz, what is the length of pipe? (Use v = 340 m/s).
Data:
Length of the open pipe Lo =? To nd:
Length of the closed pipe Lc =? (a) Ratio of lengths of both pipes: Lc
Lo =?
( f2 )open = ( f2 )closed (b) Lc =? and Lo =?
( f1 )open = 256Hz, v = 340m/s
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8.1 Problems 79
Solution:
(a) We are given that: ( f2 )open = ( f2 )closed

v v
2( f1 )open = (2 2 1)( f1 )closed = 2 = 3 . By cross multiplication:
2Lo 4Lc
Lc 3 Lc 3
= . = Ans.
Lo 4 Lo 4
v
(b) For Lo we use the relation: ( f1 )open =
2Lo
v 340
Lo = = = 0.66m. Lo = 0.66m Ans.
2( f1 )open 2 256
Lc 3
For closed pipe, we use the relation : =
Lo 4
3Lo 3 0.66
Lc = = = 0.498. Lc = 0.498m Ans.
4 4
Problem 8.8. A 256 Hz tuning fork produces four beats per second when sounded with another
fork of unknown frequency. What are two possible values for the unknown frequency?
Data:
Known frequency: f1 = 256Hz, and beat frequency: fb = 4Hz
To nd: Unknown frequency: f2 =?
Solution: We can the relationship for beat frequency as: fb = f1 f2
For positive case:

fb = f1 f2 = f2 = f1 fb = 256 4 = 252Hz.
And for negative case:
fb = f1 f2 = f2 = f1 + fb = 256 + 4 = 260Hz.
Unknown frequency f2 is found as 256Hz OR 260Hz Ans.
Problem 8.9. An ambulance travels down a highway at a speed of 75 mi/h. Its siren emits sound
at a frequency heard by a person in a car traveling at 55 mi/h in the opposite direction as the car
approaches the ambulance and as the car moves away from the ambulance.
Data:
Speed of ambulance (source): vs = 75mil/h
Speed of car (observer): vo = 55mil/h, and frequency of sound: f = 4000Hz
To nd: Frequency of sound heard by the listener: f =?
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Solution:
When both source and listener are moving toward each other, then:

v + vo
f = f , [where v is speed of sound = 750mil/h]
v vs

750 + 55 805
f = 400 = 400 = 477Hz
750 75 675
f = 477Hz Ans.
When both source and listener are moving away from each other, then:

v vo
f = f
v + vs

750 55 695
f = 400 = 400 = 337Hz
750 + 75 825
f = 337Hz Ans.
Problem 8.10. A car has siren sounding a 2 kHz tone. What frequency will be detected as stationary
observer as the car approaches him at 80 km/h? Speed of sound = 1200 km/h.
Data:
Speed of car (source): vs = 80km/h, Speed of sound: v = 1200km/h
Frequency of sound: f = 2kHz = 2000Hz
To nd: Frequency of sound heard by the listener: f =?
Solution:
In this case listener is at rest and source is moving away from him. So we can use:

v 1200 1200
f = f= 2000 = 2000 = 2143Hz
v vs 1200 80 1120
f = 2.143kHz Ans.
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9. NATURE OF LIGHT
9.1 Problems
Problem 9.1. How many fringes will pass a reference point if the mirror of a Michelsons interfer-
ometer is moved by 0.08 mm. The wavelength of light used is 5800.
Data:
Displacement of mirror: x = 0.08mm = 0.08 103 m
Wavelength of light used: = 5800= 5800 1010 m
To nd: Number of fringes: m =?
Solution:
Relationship b/w displacement and fringes in Michelsons interferometer is given by:

2x
x = m = m =
2
2 0.08 102 2 8 105 16 105+8
m= = = = 0.275 103 = 275
5800 1010 58 108 58
m = 275 fringes Ans.
Problem 9.2. In a double slit experiment the separation of the slits is 1.9 mm and the fringe spacing
is 0.31mm at a distance of 1 metre from the slits. Find the wavelength of light?
Data:
Separation of slits: d = 1.9mm = 1.9 103 m
Fringe spacing: Y = 0.31mm = 0.31 103 m and distance from slits: L = 1m
To nd: Wavelength of light used: =?
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82 Chapter 9. NATURE OF LIGHT
Solution:
L Y d
Fringe spacing in YDSE is given by: Y = = =
d L
0.31 103 1.9 103
= = 0.589 1033 = 0.589 106 = 5.89 107
1
= 5.89 107 m Ans.
Problem 9.3. Interference fringes were produced by two slits 0.25 mm apart on a screen 150 mm
from the slits. If eight fringes occupy 2.62 mm. What is the wavelength of the light producing the
fringes?
Data:
Separation of slits: d = 0.25mm = 0.25 103 m
8 fringes occupy: Y = 2.621mm = 2.62 103 m
Distance from slits: L = 150mm = 150 103
To nd: Wavelength of light used: =?
Solution:
Y d Y
Wavelength used in YDSE is given by: = , where Y =
L 8
2.62 103
Y = = 0.3275 103 m
8
0.3275 103 0.25 103
= = 0.0005458 106+3 = 5458 1010
150 103
= 5458 Ans.
Problem 9.4. Green light of a wavelength 5400 is diffracted by grating having 2000 line/cm. (a)
Compute the angular deviation of the third order image. (b) Is a 10th order image possible?
Data:
Length of grating: L = 1cm = 1 102 m
Wavelength of light used: = 5400= 5400 1010 m
No. of lines on grating: N = 2000 lines, No. of order of image: m3 = 3 and m10 = 10.
To nd:
(a) Angular deviation: =?
(b) is 10th order image possible?
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9.1 Problems 83
Solution:
(a) According to diffraction grating equation:

m3
m3 = d sin = sin =
d
length of grating 1 102
Where d is grating element: d = = = 5 106
No. of lines 2000
Using this value of grating element, we can nd:
3 5400 1010
sin = = 0.324 106+6 = 0.324
5 106
= sin1 (0.324) = 18.9o
= 18.9o Ans.
(b) For 10th order, the angular deviation is given by:
105400 1010
sin = = 1.08
5 106
Trigonometric ratio sin must be less than 1.
10th order is not possible Ans.
Problem 9.5. Light of a wavelength 6 107 m falls normally on a diffraction grating with 400
lines per mm. At what angle to the normal are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order spectra produced?
Data:
Wavelength of light used: = 6 107 m
No. of lines on grating per mm: N = 400
Grating element: d = 4001
mm = 25 107 m
To nd:
Angular deviation: =? with order of images: m = 1, 2, 3.
Solution:
Accroding to relation of diffraction grating: d sin = m

1 6 107
For m=1: sin = = 0.24 = = sin1 (0.24) = 13.89o
25 107
= 13.89o Ans.
2 6 107
For m=2: sin = = 0.48 = = sin1 (0.48) = 28.69o
25 107
= 28.699o Ans.
3 6 107
For m=3: sin = = 0.72 = = sin1 (0.72) = 46.1o
25 107
= 46.1o Ans.
Problem 9.6. If a diffraction grating produced a 1st order spectrum of light of wavelength 6
107 m at an angle of 20o from the normal. What is its spacing and also calculate the number of
lines per mm?
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84 Chapter 9. NATURE OF LIGHT
Data:
Length of grating: L = 1mm = 1 103 m
Wavelength of light used: = 6 107 m
Angular deviation: = 20o No. of order of image: m = 1
To nd:
(a) Grating element: d =? (b) No. of lines/mm=?
Solution:
(a) According to diffraction grating equation:

m
m = d sin = d =
sin
1 6 103 6 103
d= = = 1.75 106
sin 20o 0.342
d = 1.75 106 Ans.
(b) Number of lines per mm can be found by:
length of grating length of grating 1 103
d= = No. of lines = = = 571
No. of lines d 1.75 106
No. of lines = 571 lines/mm Ans.
Problem 9.7. Newtons rings are formed between a lens and a at glass surface of wavelength
5.88 107 m. If the light passes through the gab at 30o to the vertical and the fth dark ring is of
diameter 9 mm. What is the radius of the curvature of the lens?
Data:
Light passes at angle: = 30o
Wavelength of light used: = 5.88 107 m
No. of dark ring: m = 5, diameter of 5th dark ring d5 = 9mm = 9 103
To nd: Radius of curvature of lens used: R =?
Solution:
According to Newtons Rings formula for mth ring:

m R d5 9 103
rm = where m=5 and r5 = = = 4.5 103 m
cos 2 2
Putting all values and squaring both sides:
5 5.88 107 R 2.94 106 R
(4.5 103 )2 = =
cos 30o 0.866
2.025 105 0.866
R= = 5.96m
2.94 106
R = 5.96m Ans.
Problem 9.8. How far apart are the diffracting planes in a NaCl crystal for which X-rays of
wavelength 1.54 make a glancing angle of 15o 54 in the 1st order?
Data:
Glancing angle: = 15o 54 = 15 + 54
60 = 15.9
o
Wavelength of X-rays used: = 1.54=1.54 1010 m

No. of order: m = 1
To nd: Distance between diffraction plane: d =?
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9.1 Problems 85
Solution:
According to relationship for X-ray diffraction through crystal:

m
2d sin = m = d =
2 sin
1 1.54 1010 1.54 1010 1.54 1010
d= = = = 2.81 1010 m
2 sin 15.9o 2 0.2739 0.5479
2.81 1010 m Ans.
Problem 9.9. A parallel beam of X-rays is diffracted by rocksalt crystal the 1st order maximum
being obtained when the glancing angle of incidence is 6 degree and 5 minutes. The distance
between the atomic planes of the crystal is 2.8 1010 m. Calculate the wavelength of the radiation.
Data:
Glancing angle: = 6o 5 = 15 + 60
5
= 6.0833o
Separation of planes: d = 2.8= 2.8 1010 m
No. of order: m = 1
To nd: Wavelength of X-rays used: =?
Solution:
According to Braggs Law:

2d sin = m = 2 v sin 6.0833o = 1
= 5.6 1010 0.106 = 0.5935 1010 m
0.5935 1010 Ans.
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10. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
10.1 Problems
Problem 10.1. An object 4 cm tall is placed near the axis of a thin converging lens. If the focal
length of the lens is 25 cm, where will the image be formed and what will be the size of the image?
Sketch the principal ray diagram.
Data:
Focal length: f = 25cm
Size of object: ho = 4cm
Object distance: p = 33.33cm
To nd:
Image distance: q =?
Size of image: hi =?
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Using thin lens formula: = + = = =
f p q q f p 25 33.33
1 33.33 25 8.33 1
= = = 0.01 = q = = 100cm. q = 100cm Ans.
q 25 33.33 833.25 0.01
hi q
Image height can be found by magnication formula as: =
ho p
q 100
hi = h o = 4 = 12cm. hi = 12cm Ans.
p 33.33
Problem 10.2. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. Determine the image distances when an
object is placed at the following distances from the lens.
(50 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm, 10 cm and 5 cm).
Data:
Focal length: f = 10cm
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88 Chapter 10. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
Object distances: p = 50cm, 20cm, 15cm, 10cm, 5cm

To nd: Image distance: q =?
Solution: 1 1 1
(iii) For p = 15cm : =
q 10 15
Using thins lens formula: 1 15 10 5
= =
1 1 1 q 150 150
=
q f p 150
q= = 30cm. q = 30cm Ans.
1 1 1 5
(i) For p = 50cm : =
q 10 50 1 1 1
(iv) For p = 10cm : =
1 50 10 40 q 10 10
= =
q 500 500 1 10 10 0
= =
500 q 100 100
q= = 12.5cm. q = 12.5cm Ans. 100
40 q= = . q = Ans.
1 1 1 0
(ii) For p = 20cm : = 1 1 1
q 10 20 (v) For p = 5cm : =
1 20 10 10 q 10 5
= =
q 200 200 1 5 10 5
= =
200 q 50 50
q= = 20cm. q = 20cm Ans.
10 50
q= = 10cm. q = 10cm Ans.
5
Problem 10.3. Two converging lenses of focal lengths 40 cm and 50 cm are placed in contact.
What is the focal length of this lens combination? What is the power of the combination in diopters?
Data: To nd:
Focal length of rst lens: f1 = 40cm Focal length of combination: f =?
Focal length of 2nd lens: f2 = 50cm Power of combination: P =?
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 5+4
Using the combination of lens formula: = + = + =
f f1 f2 40 50 200
1 9 200
= = f = = 22.2cm. f = 22.2cm Ans.
f 200 9
1 1 100
Power of lens is given by: P = = 2
= = 4.5 diopters. Ans.
f 22.2 10 m 22.2
Problem 10.4. A converging lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in front of a converging lens of
focal length 4 cm. What is the distance between the lenses if parallel rays entering the rst lens
leave the second lens as parallel rays?
Data:
To nd:
Focal length of rst lens: f1 = 20cm
Distance between two lenses: L =?
Focal length of 2nd lens: f2 = 4cm
Solution: Since rays are parallel therefore the object p1 and image q2 are at innity.
Distance between two lenses is given by: L = q1 + p2 > (1)
Where q1 is image distance formed by rst lens:
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + = + 0 = q1 = 20cm
q1 f1 p1 20 20
1 1 1 1 1 1
Similarly p2 can be found by: = = = 0 = p2 = 4cm.
p2 f2 q2 4 4
Putting these values into equation(1): L = 20 + 4 = 24cm. L = 24cm Ans.
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10.1 Problems 89
Problem 10.5. A parallel light beam is diverged by a concave lens of focal length 12.5cm and
then made parallel once more by a convex lens of focal length 50cm. How far are the two lenses
apart.
Data:
To nd:
Focal length of rst lens: f1 = 12.5cm
Distance between two lenses: L =?
Focal length of 2nd lens: f2 = 50cm
Solution: When a beam of parallel rays are diverged by concave lens and again made parallel by
a convex lens then principal focus of both lenses must be at same point. In this case the distance
between lenses is given by:
L = f1 + f2 = 12.5 + 50 = 37.5cm. L = 37.5cm Ans.

Problem 10.6. Two lenses are in contact, a converging one of focal length 30cm and a diverging
one of focal length 10cm. What is the focal length and power of the combination?
Data: To nd:
Focal length of rst lens: f1 = 30cm Focal length of combination: f =?
Focal length of 2nd lens: f2 = 10cm Power of combination: P =?
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 13
Using the combination of lens formula: = + = + =
f f1 f2 30 10 30
1 2 30
= = f = = 15cm. f = 15cm Ans.
f 30 2
1 1 100
Power of lens is given by: P = = = = 6.67 diopters. Ans.
f 15 102 m 15
The negative sign shows that the combination behaves as a concave lens.
Problem 10.7. Moon light passes through a converging lens of focal length 19 cm, which is 20.5
cm from a second converging lens of focal length 2 cm. Where is the image of the moon produced
by the lens combination?
Data: Distance between two lenses: L = 20.5cm
Focal length of rst lens: f1 = 19cm To nd:
Focal length of 2nd lens: f2 = 2cm Image distance: q =?
Solution: Since rays from moon are parallel therefore the object p1 is at innity.
Image distance q1 formed by rst lens is given by:
1 1 1 1 1 1
= = + = + 0 = q1 = 19cm
q1 f1 p1 199 19
Similarly for 2nd lens p2 can be found by: L = q1 + p2 = p2 = L q1
p2 = 20.5 19 = 1.5cm
1 1 1
And image distance formed by 2nd lens q2 is given by: =
q2 f2 p2
1 1 1 1.5 2 0.5
= = =
q2 2 1.5 2 1.5 3
3
q2 = = 6cm. [ve sign shows that nal image is virtual.]
0.5
Image distance from 1st lens: = L q2 = 20.5 6 = 14.5cm.
Image distance from 1st lens: 14.5cm and from 2nd lens: 6cm Ans.
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Problem 10.8. Find the distance at which an object should be placed in front of a convex lens of
focal length 10 cm to obtain an image of double its size?
Data: This is also k/a magnication: M = 2
Focal length of lens: f = 10cm To nd:
Image size= 2 object size. Object distance: p =?
Solution:
q
Magnication is given by: M =
p
q
2= = q = 2p, but object distance is given by:
p
1 1 1
= +
f p q
1 1 1 2+1 3
For real image: = + = = . By cross multiplication:
10 p 2p 2p 2p
2p = 30 = p = 15cm. p = 15cm Ans.
1 1 1 21 1
For virtual image: q = 2p : = + = = .
10 p 2p 2p 2p
By cross multiplication: 2p = 10 = p = 5cm. p = 5cm Ans.
Problem 10.9. A compound microscope has a 12 mm focal length objective and a 75 mm focal
length eye piece, and the two lenses are mounted 200 mm apart. If the nal image is 225 mm from
the eye piece, what is the magnication produced?
Data: Distance of nal image from eye piece:
Focal length of objective lens: fo = 12mm d = 225mm
Focal length of eye piece lens: fe = 75mm To nd:
Length of microscope: L = 200mm Magnication: M =?
Solution:
Magnication M of compound microscope is given by: M = Mo Me > (1)
Where Mo and Me are objective and eye piece magnications.
qo
Magnication of objective is given by: Mo = > (2)
po
Where qo and po have to be determined:
For eye piece lens: q = 225mm and pe is given by using lens formula:
1 1 1 1 1 3+1 4
= = = =
pe fe qe 75 225 225 225
pe = 56.25mm. But qo = L pe = 200 56.25 = 143.75mm
For objective:
1 1 1 1 1 143.55 12 131.75
= = = = = po = 13.09mm.
po fo qo 12 143.75 12 143.75 1725
143.75
Now putthing these values into equation (2): Mo = = 10.98
13.09
d 225
And magnication for eye piece is given by: Me = 1 + = 1 + = 1+3 = 4
fe 75
Magnication of compound microscope is given by equation(1):
M = 10.98 4 = 44. M = 44 Ans.
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10.1 Problems 91
Problem 10.10. An astronomical telescope of angular magnication 1000 has an objective of 15

m focal length. What is the focal length of the eye piece?
Data:
Angular magnication of telescope: M = 1000 To nd:
Focal length of objective lens: fo = 15m Focal length of eye piece lens: fe =?
Solution:
fo
The magnication of astronomical telescope is given by: M =
fe
fo 15
fe = = = 0.015m. fe = 0.015m Ans.
M 1000
Problem 10.11. A Galilean telescope has an objective of 120 mm focal length and an eye piece of
50 mm focal length. If the image seen by the eye is 300 mm from the eye piece, what is angular
magnication?
Solution:
Data:
Focal length of objective lens: fo = 120mm Angular magnication is given as:

Focal length of eye lens: fe = 50mm fo fe
Distance of nal image from eye piece: M= 1+
fe d
d = 300mm
120 50
To nd: M= 1+ = 2.4(1.1666)
50 300
Magnication: M =?
M = 2.8 Ans.
Problem 10.12. A compound microscope has an objective with a focal length of 10 mm and a tube
100 mm long. An image is produced 250 mm from the eye piece when the object is 12 mm from the
objective. What is the angular magnication?
Data:
Distance of object from objective:
Focal length of objective lens: fo = 100mm
po = 12mm
Distance of nal image from eye piece:
To nd:
d = 250mm
Magnication: M =?
Length of microscope: L = 100mm
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Solution:
Magnication M of compound microscope is given by: M = Mo Me > (1)

Where Mo and Me are objective and eye piece magnications.
qo
Magnication of objective is given by: Mo = > (2)
po
Where qo and po have to be determined:
For eye piece lens: qe = 250mm and fe is given by lens formula:
1 1 1 1 1 250 40 210
= + = + = =
fe pe qe 40 250 10000 10000
10000
fe = = 47.61mm. And qo is given by:
210
1 1 1 1 1 65 1
= = = = = qo = 60mm.
qo fo po 10 12 60 60
And L = qo + pe = 100 60 = 40mm
60
Now putthing these values into equation (2): Mo = =5
12
d
And magnication for eye piece is given by: Me = 1 +
fe
250
Me = 1 + = 1 + 5.25 = 6.25
47.61
Magnication of compound microscope is given by equation(1):
M = 5 6.25 = 31.25. M = 31.25 Ans.
Problem 10.13. A converging lens of 4 dioptres is combined with a diverging lens of 2 dioptres.
Find the power and focal length of the combination?
Data: To nd:
Power of converging lens: P1 = 4 diopters Power of combination: P =?
Power of diverging lens: P2 = 2 diopters Focal length of combination: f =?
Solution:
Power of combination is given by: P = P1 + P2 = 4 2 = 2

P = 2 diopters. Ans.
1 1
Focal length is given by: f = = = 0.5m = 50cm. f = 50cm Ans.
P 2
Problem 10.14. A convex lens forms image of an object on a xed screen 20 cm from the lens. On
moving the lens 60 cm towards the object, the image is again formed on the screen. What is the
focal length of the lens?
Data:
In second case when object is moved:
In rst case when image is formed at 20cm:
Object distance: p2 = x 60
Objective distance: p1 = x
Image distance: q2 = 80cm
Image distance: q1 = 20cm
To nd: Focal length: f =?
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10.1 Problems 93
Solution:
In rst case when object is placed at x distance:

1 1 1 1 1 20 + x
= + = + = > (1)
f p1 q1 x 20 20x
When object is moved to new position:
1 1 1 1 1 80 + x 60 20 + x
= + = + = = > (2)
f p2 q2 x 60 80 80(x 60) 80(x 60)
Comparing eq.(1) and eq.(2)
20 +x +
20 x 1 1
= = = By cross multp:
20x 80(x 60) 20x 80(x 60)
20x = 80(x 60) = x = 4(x 60) = 4x 240 = 4x x = 240
240
3x = 240 = x = = 80cm
30
20x 20 80 1600
Focal length is given by equation (1): f = = = = 16cm
20 + x 20 + 80 100
f = 16cm Ans.
Problem 10.15. Two converging lenses are 25 cm part. Focal length of each is 10 cm. An object is
placed in front of one lens at 50 cm. Find the distance between the object and the nal image?
Data: Object distance from 1st lens: p1 = 50cm
Focal length of each lens: To nd:
f1 = f2 = f = 10cm Distance between object and nal image:
Distance between lenses: L = 25cm d = p1 + q1 + p2 + q2 =?
Solution:
Distance between object and nal image is given by: d = p1 + q1 + p2 + q2 > (1)
Therefore, rst we need to nd these quantities using lens formula:
1 1 1 1 1 51 50
For rst lens: = = = = q1 = = 12.5cm
q1 f1 p1 10 50 50 4
p2 can be calculated as: p2 = L q1 = 25 12.5 = 12.5cm
1 1 1 1 1 12.5 10 2.5 125
For second lens: = = = = = q2 = = 50cm
q2 f2 p2 10 12.5 125 125 2.5
Putting these values in equation (1), we get: d = 50 + 12.5 + 12.5 + 56 = 125cm.
d = 125cm Ans.
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Physics Solved Problems For First Year Class by Dr. Ram Chand

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Physics Solved Problems For First Year Class by Dr. Ram Chand

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SOLVED NUMERICALS IN PHYSICS: XI

C OVERING S INDH T EXTBOOK B OARD ONLY

LinkedIn page: www.linkedin.com/in/ram-chand

2 SCALARS AND VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

7 WORK, POWER & ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

8 WAVE MOTION & SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

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Solution: Data: L = 21.3cm, and w = 9.80cm

A = L w = 21.3 9.80 = 208.74

Error calculation (least count) can be calculated as:

Solution: Data: r = 3.5cm, A = 4.65cm.

S = 2r = 2 3.142 3.5 = 21.994

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Problem 1.3. Show that the expression x = vot + 12 at 2 is dimensionally correct.

Problem 1.4. Find the dimension of C in the equation S = Ct 3 .

total distance covered

= 5 105 2666.67 = 1.33 109 liters Ans.

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Physical Quantity Type Physical Quantity Type

Problem 2.2. Find the resultant of the following displacement:

Solution: Here is what these vectors look like:

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Problem 2.5. Given vector A, B, C

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Problem 2.6. The following forces act on a particles P:

(b) The magnitude of resultant force F is given by Pythagoras Theorem:

Problem 2.7. If A = 3i j 4k, B = 2i + 4 j 3k and C

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(c) |3A 2B + 4C|

Figure 2.1: Problem 2.8

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Problem 2.10. Prove that the vectors A = 3i + j 2k, B = i + 3 j + 4k and C

Magnitude of length of medians:

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Solution: Let three vectors A, B and C form a

we see that B + C = A, hence it is proved that

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Solution: (a) = 60o :

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|A|2 |A||B| cos

(10)2 (10)(8) cos 60o 100 80 0.5

|A B| = 15.62cm Ans.

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Solution: Apply Pythagoras Theorem and dot product of vectors:

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Solution: As car is moving on inclined plane

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Problem 2.15. Find the angle between A = 2i + 2 j k and B = 6i 3 j + 2k.

Solution: Angle between vectors A and B can be

A B = |A||B| cos (1)

Now projection of A onto the direction of B can be calculated as:

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Solution: According to gure the A can be writ-

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Angle between the direction of force and displacement: = 40o

W = 1.35 106 J Ans.

W = 1.034 106 J Ans.

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Figure 2.2: Problem 2.20

(b) B A, and