SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 ‘www.mathteacherprep.com SECTION 1 ‘Time ~ 30 Minutes {60 Questions Each of the following questions consists of one word followed by five words or You are to select the one word or phrase whose meaning is closest to the word in eaptal letters. 1, ADVOCATE 8. SLUMBER (A) supporter (A) sleep (B) mechanism (B) overdo (©) institute (©) pinch (D) register () keep (®) sensation ©) permit 2. POPULATE 9. UNCONDITIONAL (A) extract (A) fundamental () present ) right (©) appear (C) absolute (@) divide (D) odd (inhabit ®) professional 3.FOCAL 10, DEFICIENCY (A) existing (A) panel (B) normal ®) shortage (©) central (© hobby (D) responsive (D) supervision © familiar ©) associate 4. BROTH 11, OFFSET (A) scarf (A)staple ) officer B) verity ©layer (©) forbid (D) soup (D) slope ©plen ©) balance 5. WALLOP 12. GRAPHIC (A) indicate (A) lifelike ©) feel () voluntary (©) search (C)available (D) insist (D) sudden, ®) punch ©) fresh 6. MENIAL 13. METTLE (A) likely (A) opening (B) useful (B) wophy (© basic (©) dispute (D) actual (D) courage © fair ©) energy 7. EXPENDITURE 14, RUFFLE (A) rejection (A) exchange (B) cost ) dissolve (©) wisdom (© buy ©) fault () disturb ©) suspicion (©) humiliate GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE -70-SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 15, CONSPICUOUS (A) modern (B) obvious (external (D) permanent (B) standard 16, RECUPERATION (A) healing (B) degree (©) intensity (D) restriction (©) feature 17. INSINUATE, (A) lengthen, (B) demand (©) exhaust (D) mite (E) suggest 18, TANGIBLE (A) overall (B) reasonable (© touchable (D) dramatic (B) comfortable 19. NETWORK (A) fastener (B) design (©) motion ©) system (B) language 20, FACILITATE (A) acquaint (B) ease (O) deliver (D) exert (E) continue 21, HOSPITABLE (A) together (B) conservative (©) responsible (D) therapeutic (E) welcoming 22, LEGACY (A) material ) distinction (©) principal (©) inheritance (&) freedom www.mathteacherprep.com 23. PATRONIZE (A) pertain (B) flavor (Obeiittle (D) confuse (®) twinkle 24,.REDUNDANT (A) industrial (B) excess (© profitable (D) slight ©) unsound 25. ONUS, (A) responsibility (B) alternative (O satisfaction, (D) apparatus (B) production 26. SPECULATE (A) examine (B) rejoice (© guess (©) adjust () target 27, JUDICIOUS (A) sensible (B) insane (O pleasant (D) nimble (E) memorable 28. TECHNICALITY (A) device (B) chart (business (D) sequence (&) detail 29, ARBITRATE (A) disagree () judge (C) wander (D) manage ©) govern 30. ULTERIOR (A) proper (B) close (© brutal (D) hidden. (@) external GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE -1-SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 ‘www.mathteacherprep.com ‘The following questions ask you to find relationships between words. For each question, select the answer choice that best completes the meaning of the sentence. 31. Crater is o voleano as chimney is to (A) smoke (B) brick (©) Santa Claus (D) house (©) firewood 32, Electrocution is to rubber as (A) riches is to huxury {(B) wood isto termite (© disease isto vaccine (D) clastcity is to plastic () lightning is to rod 33, Pilot i to alert as marksman is to (A) quick () steady (©) reassuring (©) daring (©) strong 34, Island is to ocean as (A) hill is to stream (B) forest isto valley (O) tree is to leat (D) oasis isto desert (E) peak is to mountain 35, Research isto discovery as prayer isto (A) cathedral (B) fulfillment (©religion (©) privacy (B) missionary 36. Light-year is to space as (A) fathom is to ocean (B) compass is to desert (©) spectrum is to sky (D) flora is to forest (©) thermos isto tundra 37, Request is to demand as visit is to (A) misdeed (B) invasion (event (D) festivity (E) judgment 38. Knight is to page as (@) attomey isto client (B) doctor isto stethoscope (© officer is to rookie (D) architect isto blueprint (©) waiter is to menu 39. Building is to demolish as ship is to (A) scuttle (B) drift (C) navigate () sail overrun 40. Alpha is to omega as (A) January is to December (B) Africa is to Europe (©) Earth is to Moon (D) Monday is to Thursday (©) Blue isto red 41. Score is to musician as seript isto (A) actor () playwright (©) dancer (D) author ©) sculptor 42. Daisy is to bouquet as (A) truck is to convoy ) airplane is to formation (©) grape is to bunch (D) branch isto tree (©) paper is to pulp 43. Tangible is to wealth as intangible is to (A) currency (B) emotion (© profit (D) dollar ®) success 44, Abbreviate isto speech as (A) applaud is to performance (B) extend isto deadline (C) meet isto goal (D) cancel is to reservation © edit is to article GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE -72-SSAT Upper Level Praetice Test #4 45. Anthology is to poems as thesaurus is to (A) prepositions (B) synonyms (© etinitions (D) hyperboles (E) metaphors 46, School isto tuition as (A) library is to fine (B) hospital isto insurance (© church is to tithe (D) courtroom is to oath (©) position isto salary 47. Profit is to wages as entrepreneur is to (A) payroll (B) mediator (©) union (D) capitalism (B) worker 48. Payment is to debt as, (A) savings is to interest (B) commission isto sales (O investment is to capital (D) premium is to insurance (B) tax is to employment 49, Musiean is to solo as actor isto (A) unreaity @®) soliloquy (C) character (D) audition © playwright ‘50. Morphine is to sedates as (A) liquor isto intoxicates (B) drug is to addicts (©) medicine is to comforts (D) oil isto spreads (E) bandage is to heals 51, Dermatologist is to skin as cardiologist is to (A) brain (B) heart (© cancer (D) bone (B) stomach 52, Apostate isto religion a (A) renegade is to team (B) prophet is to future (© traitor is to country (D) amnesiac is to memory () professor is to college ‘www.mathteacherprep.com 53. Shower is to deluge as (A) surprise is to exception (B) flow is to surge (© passion isto affect (D) inttation is to rage (©) hobby is to vacation 54, Essay is to ideas as (A) novel is to themes (B) play is to characters (O encyclopedia is to words (D) propaganda is to facts (E) poem is to emotions 55. Cloud is to storm as (A) portent is to disaster (B) container is to content (© cumulus is to gale (D) thunder isto lightning ©) rain is to bail ‘56, Perimeter is to addition as area is to (A) subtraction (B) multiplication (O division (D) measurement (E) equation 57, Plaintiff is to defendant as (A) judge is to jury (B) nobleman is to serf (O) injured is to accused (D) courtroom is to bench @) attomey is to lawyer 58. Doctor is to disease as (A) psychiatrist is to maladjustment (B) sociologist is to community (C) valedictorian is to interruption (D) archacologist is to warfare (B) republican is to government 59, Picture is to portrait as (A) interpretation isto schoolwork (B) remembrance is to timetable (©) perspective isto simplicity (©) description is to characterizat (E) expression is to demonstration 60, Always is to never as (A) occasionally is to constantly (B) frequently is to imegularly (©) constantly is to frequently (D) intermittingly is to casually ) frequently isto rarely STOP! DO NOT GO ON TO THE NEXT SECTION. =SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 ‘www.mathteacherprep.com SECTION 3 Time — 40 Minutes 40 Questions ‘Read each passage carefully and then answer the questions about it. For each question, decide on the basis of the passage which one of the choices best answers the question. ‘When large cruise ships get too close to harbor seals, the animals can become distressed. A study found that when large ships got closer than 1,600 feet, seals were more likely to jump off the ice floes. The closer the ships got, the ‘more likely the seals were to dive into the water. One concern is that if seals are routinely disturbed, it will drain their ‘energy reserves, possibly resulting in lower reproduction or reduced survival, ‘AS a result, some cruise ship associations have practices in place to minimize the disturbance of the animals However, that is not always possible because of weather, navigational and other reasons, including not being able to see the seals. Also, the more time ships spend in bays, the closer the seals come to one another. Such huddling behavior is common among animals that feel threatened. Another study compared harbor seal numbers in Disenchantment Bay with those of Icy Bay, a nearby glacial fjord with similar characteristics. The only major difference between the two bays is that eruise ships do not visit Iey Bay. Both bays started out with roughly the same number of seals in May. The study found that seal populations in Iey Bay increased from May to August, while in Disenchantment Bay, they peaked in June and then dectined slightly. 1. It can be inferred in line 9 that a fjord is a (A) pe of glacier {B) body of water (©) harbor with animals (D) series of pers. () haven for seals. 2. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage? (A) Disenchantment Bay is safer for seals than Iey Bay. (B) The disturbance of seals can happen to other species. (©) Man is a major factor in the extinction of animals. (D) Large cruise ships affect the welfare of harbor seals. (E) The closer a ship, the more likely the seal will jump, 3. What message is the author sending in lines 6-7 when he says “However, that is not...see the seals.” (A) Despite efforts, avoiding seals is still difficult. (B) Weather is very unpredictable in coastal areas. (C) Cruise ships must keep away from seals at all costs. (D) Weather and visibility should not be used as excuses. (E) No animal should come before passenger safety. ~Associated Press 4. The author suggests which of the following in the last paragraph (lines 9-12)? (A) ley Bay should harbor eruse ships, because few seals live there. (B) Cruise ships should not visit Disenchantment Bay during the summer. (©) Very few similarities exist between Iey Bay and Disenchantment Bay. (D) Itis abnormal for seal population to increase between May and August. (Seal numbers fell off in Disenchantment Bay due to cruise ship activity. 5. According to the passage, large cruise ships getting too close to harbor seals is a concern for which of the I. Ithinders the seals? ability to reproduce. Il. The seals move to colder areas in the summer. IIL. Disturbing the seals could shorten their lifespai (A) ILonly (B) Land Il only (©) Land I only (D) and I only (®LMand 1 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE we 10SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 www.mathteacherprep.com ‘No man can fully grasp how far and how fast we have come in the 50,000 years of man's recorded history. We ‘know very little about the first 40,000 years, except atthe end of them advanced man had leamed to use the skins of animals to cover them. Then about 10,000 years ago, man emerged from his caves to construct other kinds of shelter. Only 5,000 years ago man learned to write and use a cart with wheels. Christianity began less then 2,000 years ago. ‘The printing press came within the last 1,000 years, and then less than 200 years ago, during this whole span of human history, the steam engine provided a new source of power. Newton explored the meaning of gravity. In the last century, electric lights and telephones and automobiles and airplanes became available, Only in the lst $0 years did wwe develop penicillin and television and nuclear power, and now if America's new spacecraft sueceeds in reaching Venus, we will have literally reached the stars. ~lohn F. Kennedy from “We choose to go to the moon. 6. According to the speaker, man learned to write about how many years ago? (a)300 (B) 1,000 (©) 5,000 (D) 10,000 (E) 20,000 7. The main idea of this passage is that (A) space travel has been a goal fora very long time, (B) man has leamed from the past during each era (C) 50,000 years has gone by in blink of an eye. (D) mankind i learning at an increasingly faster rate. (&) certain inventions have changed the course of history. 8, The speaker’s tone can best be described as (A) serious (B) inspirational (©) casual (D) argumentative (E) nervous 9. It can be inferred from the passage that (A) Venus was discovered only a few years ago. (B) gravity has been studied for over ten thousand years. (C) most major events occurred earlier in human history. (D) Christianity had its origins about 1,000 years ago. (E) nuclear power came after electric and steam power. 10, In the selection, all of the following are mentioned i turning points in history EXCEPT (A) the invention of new power sources. (B) improvements in transportation. (O) the discovery of America. (D) the start of Christianity. (B) faster ways of making books. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE -80-SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 .www.mathteacherprep.com ‘The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by United States-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the ‘government of Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. Increasing conflict between the U.S. government and Castro's regime led President Dwight D. Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961. Even before that, the Central Intelligence Agency had been training Cuban exiles for a possible invasion ofthe island. The invasion plan ‘was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy. On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with U.S. weapons, landed at the Bay of Pigs on Cuba. Hoping to find support from the local population, they intended to cross the island to Havana. It was evident from the fist hours of fighting, however, that the exiles were likely to lose. President Kennedy had the option of using the U.S. Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it. Consequently, Castro's army stopped the invasion. By the time the fighting ended on April 19, ninety exiles had been killed and the rest had been taken prisoner. The failute ofthe invasion seriously embarrassed the young Kennedy administration. Some erties blamed Kennedy for not giving it enough support and others for allowing it to take place at all. Private groups in the United States later ransomed the captured exiles. Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the United States. From the Bay of Pigs on, Castro was convinced that the Americans would try to take over Cuba again, America’s Library 1. This passage deals primarily with (A) the consequences of mistakes in polities. (B) diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Cuba (C)a failed U.S. raid on a foreign country. (D) the early history of a presidential administration. (©) an attempt to bargain with Fidel Castro. 12. The “exiles” mentioned in line I refer to (A) former Cuban citizens (B) past employees of Fidel Castro (©) goverment officials (D) US. ambassadors to Cuba () residents of the Bay of Pigs, 13. Based on the passage, all of the following led to the Bay of Pigs invasion EXCEPT (A)a desire to remove Fidel Castro from power. (B) the order ofthe invasion by President Kennedy. (C) the training of Cuban exiles by the CLA. (D) increased tension between Castro and Eisenhower. ©) the imprisonment of US. citizens by Cuba. 14. Its exiles be inferred from the passage that the 1,300 (A) were captured because they were not properly trained by the CIA. (B) did not receive as much assistance from the Cuban people as hoped. (©) fought bravely for about two months, but eventually yielded to the enemy. (D) were Cuban prisoners of war for many years before being killed. (E) never forgave President Kennedy for not providing aircraft support. 15, According to the passage, results of the invasion included which of the following? 1. President Kennedy's reputation was strengthened, IL. The Cuban leader believed in a second attack. IIL. Money was paid to free the surviving exiles. (A) only (B) Land Il only (©) [and II only (D) and 1M only (E)1, Hand 111 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE -81-SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 www.mathteacherprep.com ‘The Road Not Taken ‘Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, ‘And sorry I could not travel both ‘And be one traveler, long I stood ‘And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; ‘Then took the other, as just as fair ‘And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear, ‘Though as for that, the passing there Had wor them really about the same, ‘And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black Oh, Ukept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: ‘Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— Took the one less traveled by. ‘And that has made all the difference, ’ “Robert Frost 16. This poem is primarily about (A) attitude (B) choice (O friendship (D) courage (B) hope 19. It cam be inferred from the poem that if the poet had taken the first road, hs life would most likely have been (a) better (B) the same (worse () different (©) more unusual 17. The speaker in this poem is most likely ‘ (A) a young child (B) a teenager (C)a middle-aged man (D) an old man ®aghost 18. Inline 8, what does the author mean by “Because it was grassy and wanted wear"? (A) Itwas a good spot to lie down, (B) It was a well-traveled road. (©) It was less traveled than the other. (D) Itneeded mowing. 20. In the last stanza, why does the author say that, “T shall be telling this with a sigh/Somewhere ages and ‘ages hence.” (A) When he is older he will not believe that he even, hesitated before taking the second path. (B) He will be too old to remember the incident at all. (C) He will go back and travel the first road. (D) He will wonder what was down the path he didn’t travel. (&) He will be filled with relief that he didn’t choose the ‘wrong path. (E) It led in the direction he had started out in. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, -82-| SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 www.mathteacherprep.com ‘The free market system puts cooperation above competition, or rather, businesses cooperate first, compete second. ‘A company's primary aim is to grow the market for its product, which it does through advertising. An ad sells two things atthe same time: firs, it sells the product type, and second, it sels the company’s brand. A ear ad will first sell driving or “the car”, and then it will sell, say Ford’s version of the car. The effect of this i tht, through advertising, companies are cooperating in order to increase the demand for their type of product, and then they are competing, against each other for market share. ‘One way to increase the market for a product or service is by attacking a competing idea or product. For example, in an advertisement for Ford, @ van is seen driving past people waiting at a bus stop, looking miserable, in the rain. “The people atthe bus stop represent a portion ofthe potential car buying public; the road is perfectly clear, the bus doesn’t come. We know that good vehicles aren’t in competition with buses. But, if Ford can weaken the desire for public transport while promoting one of their vans, they are helping the automobile industry as a whole, and they are doing it in a slightly covert way. 21. In their advertisement, Ford makes the “people ‘waiting at a bus stop” look unhappy in order to A) build sympathy for people who do not drive cars. (B) show that all bus stops need protection from the rain. (© compare the driving time of a Ford van to a city bus. (D) discourage public transportation in an indirect way. (E) explain that buses and trains cost too much money. 22. Asitis used in the last line, the word “covert” ‘most nearly means (A) illegal (B) hidden (©) public (D) common (E) showy 23. The author believes that the first goal of a business isto (A) maximize profits and minimize expenses. (B) cooperate and then merge with other businesses. (C) understand fully the details ofits industry. (D) convince the public that their brand is the best. {(E) create interest in its products and services. = Bill Morgan. 24, Which of the following questions is answered by information in the passage? (A) Why do businesses need to cooperate at times? (B) When is the best time to use public transportation? (©) How do you place an advertisement for cars? (D) What are the advantages and disadvantages of trains? (E) Who is responsible for marketing in most businesses? 25. The author’s main point in the first paragraph is that (A) getting off toa strong start is important because the free market is competitive. (B) if businesses do not cooperate with each other, they will al ail (©) businesses first cooperate to promote their product and then compete for business (D) the automobile industry is extremely competitive due to high manufacturing costs. (&) demand for product remains high as long as the supply of the product remains low. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE accSSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 www.mathteacherprep.com, One of Sherlock Holmes's defects—if, indeed, one may call it a defeet—was that he was exceedingly loath to ‘communicate his full plans to any other person until the instant of their fulfillment, Partly it came no doubt from his ‘own masterful nature, which loved to dominate and surprise those who were around him, Partly also from his professional caution, which urged him never to take any chances. The result, however, was very trying for those who ‘were acting as his agents and assistants. I had often suffered under it, but never more so than during that long drive in | 5 the darkness. The great ordeal was in front of us; at last we were about to make our final effort, and yet Holmes had said nothing, and I could only surmise what his course of action would be. My nerves thrilled with anticipation when at last the cold wind upon our faces and the dark, void spaces on either side of the narrow road told me that we were back upon the moor once again. Every stride of the horses and every turn of the wheels was taking us nearer to our supreme adventure, lo Our conversation was hampered by the presence of the driver of the hired wagonette, so that we were forced to talk of trivial matters when our nerves were tense with emotion and anticipation, It was a relief to me, after that ‘unnatural restraint, when we at last passed Frankland’s house and knew that we were drawing near to the Hall and to the scene of action. We did not drive up to the door but got down near the gate of the avenue, The wagonette was paid off and ordered to return to Coombe Tracey forthwith, while we started to walk to Merripit House -Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 26, Why were the speaker and Holmes “forced to talk of trivial matters” (lines 11-12)? (A) The driver of the wagonette did not know English, (B) So no one would overhear confidential information. (C) To organize their plans before the scene of action. (D) They could not wait to arrive at the Frankland house. 29, The speaker’s mood in the selection may best be deseribed as one of (A) frustrated criticism (B) unexpected confusion (©) enthusiastic optimism {D) controlled eagerness (E) To hide their professional distrust of the driver. (@) reluctant approval 27, According to the passage, the speaker’s trip involved all of the following EXCEPT 30. It can be inferred from the passage that the speaker is a (A) the chill of the wind touching his skin. (B) passing through land with open areas. (C) frustration with Sherlock Holmes’s silence. (D) getting off near a gate to a house. (E) a drive through a city at a very late hour. (A) work associate of Sherlock Holmes, (B) family member of the Frankland house. (C) paid guide from the Merripit House, (D) close relative of Sherlock Holmes, (E) newspaper writer from Coombe Tracey. 28. The “defect” mentioned in the first line refers to Sherlock Holmes’s (A) conservative nature regarding critical decisions. (B) difficulty in clearly communicating his thoughts. (C) hatred of revealing his plans ahead of time, (D) inability to relate to agents and assistants (E) tendency to surprise friends inappropriately. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE -84-SSAT Upper Level Practice Test #4 ‘www.mathteacherprep.com ‘The Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-06 was the fulfillment of a longtime dream of Thomas Jefferson, and the success of that incredible enterprise owes much to its two leaders, the scientific-minded Meriwether Lewis and the more practical-minded William Clark. What their Corps of Discovery accomplished—essentially opening up all the possibilities of the vast trans-Mississippi West to the people of the United States—has rightly been called one of the reat feats of exploration. But Lewis and Clark did not do it alone. Their most famous assistant during the transcontinental trek was a young Indian woman whose life remains largely a mystery but whose legend lives on as strong as ever—Sacagawea, Early twentieth-century historians tended to glorify her role. More recent writers, however, are inclined to minimize her contribution, and even to adopt a somewhat scomful view of her assistance to the explorers. The truth rno doubt lies somewhere in between. It certainly was not the “Sacagawea Expedition” she did not guide Captains Lewis and Clark all the way to the Pacific Ocean. But she did know some of the geography they passed through, and she did interpret for them when they came across Shoshone-speaking Indians. The U.S. government has not overlooked her accomplishments. A Sacagawea one-dollar coin is expected to replace the Susan B. Anthony dollar coin, -Quig Nielsen 31. The passage is mainly about 34, According to the passage, Sacagawea helped Lewis and Clark in which of the following ways? (A) the strengths and limitations of a famous expedition. (B) the role of Native Americans in U.S, exploration. I. She allowed passage through restricted Indian land. (C) the historical accomplishments of Lewis and Clark. Il. She bridged a language barrier with Native Indians. (D) the realization ofa vision by President Jefferson. THI. She was familiar with some of the land they traveled. (E) the extent to which Sacagawea helped an expedition. (A) Honly (B)I and If only (©Land Mf only (D) Mand Ill only (@)I, Wand I 32. According to the passage, itis reasonable to assume that (A) Susan B. Anthony was of Native American ancestry. (B) Lewis and Clark had different thinking styles. (C) Early historians were very critical of Sacagawea. {D) William Clark had visited the Pacific many times. (E) Meriwether Lewis was bom in Mississippi 35, Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the view held by “recent writers” of Sacagawea? (A) A journal entry by William Clark crediting Sacagawea. (B) Sacagawea was not actually a member of the Shoshone tribe (©) A decision to not place Sacagawea on the one-dollar 33. Which of the following is mentioned as a major ‘accomplishment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition? (A) It led tothe discovery of the Pacific Ocean (B) It opened up trade relations with Native Americans. {(C) It charted unexplored land west ofthe Mississippi. {D)Ithelped Americans learn the Shoshone language. (E) It assisted the political career of Thomas Jefferson. (D) Sacagawea had previously helped other American, explorers (E) Hard evidence that Sacagawea was born near the Pacific Ocean, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE -85-SSAT Upper Level Praetice Test #4 www.mathteacherprep.com Scientists nickname early risers “Iarks” and people who like to stay up late, “owls”. While about 80% of people {all into the middle ofthe spectrum, only slightly favoring the morning or the night, itis now believed that about 10% ofthe population are extreme larks and a further 10% are extreme owls. Larks are most alert around noon, fnetion best inthe late morning, and are talkative, friendly, and pleasant from around 9 am to 4 pm. Owls, on the other hand, are not really up and running until the aernoon, are at their best later in the day, and most alert around 6 pm. “The preference for ‘momingness’ or ‘eveningness” is areslt of variations in circadian shythms—the rough 24- hour cycle in the physiological processes of living organisms, Also known as the “body clock”, each individual has @ unigue profile, or ghronotype, that describes their rhythmic behavior over the course of a day, and which an vary significantly from person to person. “The body clock controls sleep-wake pattems by regulating body temperature and hormones such as melatonin and cortisol. A normal circadian rhythm sees melatonin rising just before bedtime and dropping just after waking, The stress hormone cortisol peaks moments before fist consciousness, and core body temperature is at its lowest during the middle ofthe night. A person is therefore inclined to be a lark or an owl depending on whether these chemical changes happen earlier or later than the norm. -Mary Tucker 36. Which of the following is most like a “chronotype”” ‘mentioned in line 8? (A)A portrait ofa famous person (B) A testimony given by an eyewitness (©) An autobiography in a bookstore (D)A resume provided by an applicant (A psychological report on a patient 37. All of the following questions are answered by information in the passage EXCEPT: (A) What makes a person a “lark” or an “owl”? (B) How does cortisol affect a person's sleep? (C) Is body temperature connected with sleep pattems? (D) Can a person change from a “lark” to an “ow! (E) “Owls” are most alert during which parts of the day? 38. The main idea of the passage is (A) sleep is an extremely important part of people's lives. {B) science has found methods to control sleep patterns. (©) people are at their best at different times of the day. (D) animals can be used to study circadian rhythms. (E) wake patterns need to be included in career decisions. 39. Which of the following is most likely to be true of people who prefer night jobs? (A) Their chronotype is similar to people who prefer day jobs. (B) Their melatonin level rises later in the day than normal. (© Their circadian rhythms are based on a 12-hour cycle. (D) They are in a group that represents about 80% of the population (E) Their cortisol level increases just before they fall asleep. 40. It ean be inferred from the passage that (A) chemicals can affect the time a person goes to sleep. (B) body temperature is lowest when people are awake. (©) more people tend to be “larks” than “owls”. (D) stress hormones can help people sleep at night. (E) humans, larks and owls have similar body clocks. STOP! DO NOT GO ONTO THE NEXT SECTION - 86 - 10