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[ii]
CONTENTS
CURRENT AFFAIRS UPDATE CA-1-28
Indian Panorama 1
World Panorama 16
People Forever 30
Indian History 33
Ancient History 33
Medieval History 38
Modern History 42
World History 47
Polity 51
Geography 61
Economy 70
General Science 79
Physics 79
Chemistry 87
Biology 93
Ecology & Environment 101
Art, Culture & Tourism 105
Communication, Transport, News & Media 112
Healthcare 118
Computers, IT & Technological Innovation 119
Sports 123
[iv]
Current Affairs Update
CA-2 Current Affairs Update
Current Affairs Update CA-3
CA-4 Current Affairs Update
Current Affairs Update CA-5
CA-6 Current Affairs Update
Current Affairs Update CA-7
CA-8 Current Affairs Update
1965 Pakistan invaded india over a salt marsh in Kachchh desert forcing
Indians to withdraw some 40 miles.
1966 L.B. Shastri & Pakistani President Ayub Khan met in Taskent along
with the Soviet Union P.M. Kosygin, and signed Taskent Agreemetn.
On the same night Lal Bahadur Shashtri dies in sleep, of cardiac ar-
rest.
Gulzarilal Nanda was (once again) sworn in as acting prime min-
ister.
Indira Gandhi became PM on Congress president Kamraj endorse-
ment for which Morarji Desai was interested.
Punjab and Hariyana divided into separate staes.
1967 4th general elections was held in February & INC got 283 seats.
1969 14 banks were nationalized which was opposed by then Finance Minister
Morarji Desai
1971 The Indo-Pakistan War of 1971over Bangladesh liberation. Pakistani
troops surrendered & Provisional Government of the Peoples Re-
public of Bangladesh came into being.
5th general elections of India was held 14 months before scheduled
time and Congress returned with 362 seatsout of 520
1975 On 26thJune 1975 national emergency was declared.
Opposition leaders, including, Jayprakash Narayan, Morarji Desai,
were sent to jail. Sanjay Gandhi became leading political executive
overshading Indira Gandhi
1977 Mrs. Gandhi by surprising opponents dissolved Lok Sabha and gen-
eral elections were held.
The Congress lost around 200 seats. Both Indira Gandhi and Sanjay
Gandhi lost.
Janata Party came with majority & Morarji Desai became PM of India.
1979 Morarji Desai resigned after Janata Party splits into three parts:
headed by Morarji Desai, Jagjivan Ram and Charan Singh.
Charan Singh was sworn as Prime Minster, but a month later Indiras
Congress (I) withdrew support, which forced a mid-term election.
1980 General elections of India was held & INC won 353 seats as a result
Mrs.I.Gandhi became PM. Sanjay Gandhi died in a plane accident.
1984 Indira Gandhi is shot dead by two of her Sikh personal bodyguards.
Rajiv Gandhi became prime minister of India.
8th general elections of India was held & INC won 404 seats.
1989 general elections of India was held & INC won 197 seats. The Janata
Dal led by V P Singh secured 143 seats, BJP 85 & Left
Parties 45 seats. V.P. Singh became PM with support of BJP
& Left parties.
CA-10 Current Affairs Update
Economic
66 Bank of Japans (BoJ) announced that it is joining the European Central Bank (ECB), the
Swiss National Bank and the central banks of Denmark and Sweden in charging a negative
interest rate on commercial bank reserves.
66 Union Cabinet increases limit for foreign investment in Stock Exchanges from 5% to 15%.
66 Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA) at Hague, Netherlands rules against Antrix
Coroporation in Devas Corporation over sharing of spectrum on satellites.
66 E-commerce giant Flipkart acquired online fashion portal Jabong through its fashion unit
Myntra.
66 G-20 Finance ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting held in the Chinese city of
Chengdu pledged to boost the global economy.
66 The Parliament has passed the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Bill.
66 Japans cabinet approved an economic stimulus package worth 275 billion dollars to boost
growth of the worlds third-largest economy.
66 Technocrat Anant Maheshwari is appointed as the President of Microsoft India, a subsidiary
of US based software giant Microsoft Inc.
66 The fourth tranche of the Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB) scheme opened for subscription.
Government has fixed 3,119 Rupees per gram as the issue price for the bond in this tranche.
66 The Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) has become the first Indian
company to issue rupee-denominated bonds masala bonds on London Stock Exchange
(LSE).
66 The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has set up an inter-regulatory Working Group to study the
regulatory issues relating to Financial Technology (Fintech) and Digital Banking in India.
66 SBI has signed a MoU with the Society for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (SINE) at IIT
Bombay to promote innovation by start-ups in the financial sector.
66 Mahindra Aerostructures becomes the first Indian company to receive a direct manufacturing
contract from Airbus (European aviation major) as a Tier 1 supplier.
66 India set up an apparel training centre in Kaduna, Nigeria to support textiles industry.
66 India ranks 35th in 2016 Logistics Performance Index: World Bank Report.
66 People of UK in a historic Brexit referendum have voted in favour of leaving European Union.
66 The Bharti Group chief, Sunil Bharti Mittal elected as chairman of the International
Chambers of Commerce (ICC).
66 India has surpassed Japan to become the worlds third-largest oil consumer.
66 India ranked 2nd on GRD index on ease of doing business by A T Kearney, London.
66 The National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO) signs MoU with Iran to set up smelter
plant in Chabahar.
66 Apple Inc opens Development Office in Hyderabad, Telangana.
CA-14 Current Affairs Update
66 SBI seeks to take over 5 associate PSBs, Bhartiya Mahila Bank. 5 subsidiary banks are: (i)
State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, (ii) State Bank of Hyderabad, (iii) State Bank of Mysore, (iv)
State Bank of Patiala and (v) State Bank of Travancore.
66 India and other 5 countries viz. Canada, Iceland, Israel, New Zealand and China have signed
OECDs (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Multilateral Competent
Authority Agreement in Beijing (China).
Industries
66 The Indian auto industry accounts for 7.1% of the country's GDP.
66 The Automobile Mission Plan (AMP) for the period 20062016, designed to accelerate and
sustain growth in this sector.
66 The industry has attracted FDI worth US$ 14.32 billion during the period April 2000 to
December 2015.
66 American car maker Ford has unveiled its iconic Ford Mustang in India within the price band
of ` 45 lakh and ` 50 lakh.
66 Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited (MTWL) acquired 51 % shares in France-based Peugeot
Motorcycles (PMTC).
66 L&T Power has won a contract worth ` 3,860 crore from Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Ltd.
66 CAG in a report tabled in Parliament, said 831.88 sq km of KG-D6 area needs to be taken
away from RIL as per the contract because of $1.6 billion of excess cost.
66 India ranks third, just behind US and China, among 40 countries in renewable energy
production.
66 Agricultural product is the 4th largest exported principal commodity with a share of 10%
of total exports of the country.
66 Indian auto component industry grows by 8.8% in FY16 to ` 2.55 lakh crore.
66 The civil Aviation Ministry has cleared proposals for small airports in Uttar Pradesh.
66 Tata Advanced Systems Ltd.is tying up with US- Bell Helicopter to compete against the
Mahindra-Airbus combination for a $2-billion naval chopper manufacturing contract.
66 Government infused ` 22,915 crore into 13 PSU banks to boost lending, balance sheet, etc.
66 IDFC Bank Ltd will acquire a Tamil Nadu based microfinance institution (MFI),i.e. Grama
Vidiyal.
66 State Bank of India, has opened its first branch dedicated to serving start-up companies, in
Bengaluru.
66 Exim Bank of India and the Government of Andhra Pradesh has signed a MoU to promote
exports in the state.
66 SBI and the World Bank have inked agreements for a $625 million (` 4,200 crore) for Grid-
connected Rooftop solar Programme (GRPV) in the country.
66 US- medical devices maker Boston Scientific Corp. has agreed for its biggest R&D at Gurgaon
to develop stents, catheters and pacemakers for the Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa by
2017.
66 Nirma, the Ahmedabad-based detergent and soap maker, announced its acquisition of
Lafarge Indias 11-million-tonne (mt) cement business for $1.4 billion (about ` 9,478 crore).
66 The Indian food industry, currently valued at US$ 39.71 billion is expected to grow 11% to
US$65.4 billion by 2018.
66 The overall gross exports of Gems & Jewellery in April 2016 stood at US$ 3.23 billion,
whereas exports of cut and polished diamonds stood at US$ 1.78 billion.
66 A total of 3,598 hospitals and 25,723 dispensaries across the country offer AYUSH (Ayurveda,
Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) treatment to the people.
Current Affairs Update CA-15
66 The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), agreed for a soft loan of JPY 19.064
billion (US$ 161.2 million) for the project of pollution abatement of Mula-Mutha river in
Pune.
66 Vice Media LLC(USA) has entered into a Joint Venture with the Times Group to open a new
bureau and production hub in Mumbai through digital, television and mobile.
3. OP Singh appointed as DG of CISF 18. Sujoy Bose appointed as first CEO of NIIF
4. Alka Sirohi appointed as UPSC chairman 19. BCCI appoints Anil Kumble as the head
coach of Indian Cricket Team
5. BHVS Narayana Murthy appointed Direc-
20. Ken Miyauchi appointed as President and
tor of Research Centre Imarat
COO of SoftBank Group
6. CK Asnani appointed as CMD of Uranium
21. Hollywood actress Anne Hathaway ap-
Corporation of India Limited pointed as UN Women Goodwill Ambas-
7. Urjit Patel assumes charge as 24th RBI sador
Governor 22. Peter Thomson elected as President of
8. K M Hanumantharayappa assumes 71st session of United Nations General
charge as Chairman of Central Silk Board Assembly
23. Navin Agarwal appointed as DG of NADA
9. Dinesh Kumar Khara appointed as Man-
aging Director of SBI 24. Admiral Sunil Lanba takes charge as
Navy chief
10. Anant Maheshwari appointed as Presi-
dent of Microsoft India 25. Bhupendra Kainthola takes charge as
FTII Director
11. Rani Singh Nair appointed as Chairman
of CBDT 26. CP Gurnani appointed as Chairman of
NASSCOM
12. Ajay Bhushan Pandey appointed as CEO
27. Justice Permod Kohli appointed as Chair-
of UIDAI
man of Central Administrative Tribunal
13. Guruprasad Mohapatra appointed as 28. Htin Kyaw elected as first civilian Presi-
Chairman of Airports Authority of India dent of Myanmar
14. Rakesh Kumar Chaturvedi appointed as 29. Lt Gen N P S Hira appointed Deputy Chief
Chairman of CBSE of Army
CA-24 Current Affairs Update
30. Justice Balbir Singh Chauhan appointed 35. Ashok Chawla appointed as new Chair-
as Chairman of 21st Law Commission of man of TERI
India
36. DJ Pandian appointed AIIB Vice-Presi-
31. Vice Admiral Atul Kumar Jain appointed dent
as Chief of Staff of Eastern Naval Com-
mand 37. Archana Ramasundram becomes 1st
woman DG of Sashastra Seema Bal
32. Former CJI HL Dattu takes over as Chair-
man of NHRC 38. K Durga Prasad appointed as DG of CRPF
33. Rajendra Singh appointed as DG of Coast 39. RK Mathur sworn in as 8th Chief Infor-
Guard mation Commissioner
34. KN Vyas appointed as Director of Bhabha 40. Amitabh Kant appointed CEO of NITI
Atomic Research Centre Aayog
Best Actor: Amitabh Bachchan (Piku) PM Narendra Modi conferred Saudi Ara-
bias highest civilian honour-the King Ab-
Best Actress: Kangana Ranaut (Tanu Weds
Manu Returns). dulaziz Sash.
Best Direction: Sanjay Leela Bhansali (Ba- Playback Singer P. Susheela enters Guin-
jirao Mastani). ness World Records for singing highest
number of songs.
Best Film on Social Issues: Niranayakam
(Malayalam) directed by V. K. Prakash. Indira Gandhi International Airport wins
three international awards
Best Supporting Actor: Samuthirakani for
the film Visaranai (Tamil). Retained Worlds number one airport for
consecutive second year in 25 to 40 Million
Best Supporting Actress: Tanvi Azmi for Passengers Per Annum (MPPA) category.
the film Bajirao Mastani (Hindi).
Best airport by size & region Asia Pacific
Best Childrens Film: Duronto (Hindi) di-
(25-40 MPPA).
rected by Soumnedra Padhi.
Second best airport by region (Asia Pa-
Best Child Artist: Gaurav Menon for the
cific).
film Ben (Malayalam).
Special Jury Award: Margarita with a Straw Oscar Awards: 88th Academy
(Hindi) directed by Kalki Koechlin. Awards
Best Cinematography: Sudeep Chatterjee Best Picture: Spotlight.
for the film Bajirao Mastani (Hindi).
Best Actor: Leonardo DiCaprio (The Rev-
Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film enant).
of a Director: Neeraj Ghaywan for the film
Masaan (Hindi). Best Actress: Brie Larson (Room)
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film Best Supporting Actor: Mark Rylance
on National Integration: Nanak Shah Fakir (Bridge of Spies)
(Punjabi) directed by Sartaj Singh Pannu. Best Supporting Actress: Alicia Vikander
Swat activist Tabassum Adnan wins 2016 (The Danish Girl). Best Director: Alejandro
Nelson Mandela Award G. Irritu (The Revenant). Best Original
Screenplay: Tom McCarthy (Spotlight).
List of 2016 Pulitzer Prize Winners
Yes Bank wins inaugural Green Bond
Books, Drama and Music Award in UK
Fiction: The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Malayalam film Ottal named best chil-
Nguyen. drens film at Berlin International Film
Drama: Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda. Festival
History: Custers Trials: A Life on the Fron- Sarangi maestro Ram Narayan chosen for
tier of a New America by T.J. Stiles. Bhimsen Joshi Award
Biography: Barbarian Days: A Surfing Life 2016 Padma Vibhushan Awards
by William Finnegan,
Rajinikanth-Art-Cinema
Poetry: Ozone Journal by Peter Balakian.
Music: In for a Penny, In for a Pound by Hen- Girija Devi- Art-Classical Vocal
ry Threadgill. Ramoji Rao -Literature & Education
World No 1 tennis player Novak Djokovic Dr. Viswanathan Shanta Medicine- Oncol-
from Serbia has won the 2016 Laureus
ogy
Sportsman of the Year Award.
Shri Shri Ravi Shankar-Spiritualism
Viswanathan Anand conferred with 2016
Hridaynath Mangeskar Award Jagmohan- Public Affairs
CA-26 Current Affairs Update
Parliament passes Indian Medical Council Lok Sabha passes Enemy Property (Amend-
(Amendment Bill), 2016 ment and Validation) Bill, 2016
Parliament passes NIT, Science Education & Parliament passes Carriage by Air amend-
Research (Amendment) Bill, 2016 ment Bill, 2015
Parliament passes Compensatory Afforesta- Lok Sabha passes Election Laws (Amend-
tion Fund Bill, 2016 ment) Bill, 2016
Lok Sabha passes Lokpal and Lokayukta Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
(Amendment) Bill, 2016 Amendment Act, 2015 came into force
Parliament passes Child Labour (Prohibi- The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
tion and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2016 Children) Act, 2015 comes into force
Lok Sabha passes Bill for new NIT in Andhra President gives assent to The Sugar Cess
Pradesh (Amendment) Bill, 2015
Current Affairs Update CA-27
Union Cabinet approves National Appren- National Capital Goods Policy 2016
ticeship Promotion Scheme Bihar becomes sixth state to join UDAY
Union Cabinet Approves Interest Subven- Scheme
tion Scheme for farmers for year 2016-17 Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan
Union Government launches National Green Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana
Highways Mission
National Dialysis Services Programme
Union Government approve Ramayana &
Krishna Circuits under Swadesh Darshan Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
Scheme
The Great Derangement: Climate Change The Kiss of Life- Emraan Hashmi
and the Unthinkable- Amitav Ghosh Anything But Khamosh: The Shatrughan
Courage & Commitment- Margaret Alva Sinha Biography- Bharathi S Pradhan
India vs Pakistan: Why Cant we just be Gandhi: An Illustrated Biography- Pramod
Friends? - Husain Haqqani Kapoor
Chaos and Caliphate: Jihadis and the West in Fixed! Cash and Corruption in Cricket- Jour-
nalist Shantanu Guha Ray
the Struggle for the Middle East- Patrick Cock-
burn Who was Shivaji?- Govind Pansare
A Call to Mercy: Hearts to Love, Hands to A Kingdom for His Love- Vani Mahesh, Shinie
Serve- Mother Teresa Antony
The Unseen Indira Gandhi: Dr KP Mathur Nathuram Godse: The Story of an Assassin-
Anup Ashok Sardesai
A Life in Diplomacy: Maharajakrishna Ras-
The Turbulent Years, Volume II- President
gotra
Pranab Mukherjee
Blood on my Hands: Confessions of Staged
The Z Factor- Subhash Chandra
Encounters- Kishalay Bhattacharjee
Jawaharlal Nehru and The Indian Polity in
The Making of India: The Untold Story of Perspective- Hamid Ansari
British Enterprises- Kartar Lalvani
MARU BHARAT SARU BHARAT- Jain Acharya
A State in Denial- BG Verghese Maharaj
Indian Panorama
INDIAN STATES & UNION TERRITORIES
India/State Capital Area/ Language Established Sex Literacy P. Festivals Dance Tribes
Sq.Km Year Ratio Average Density
/1000 % Sq. Km
INDIA New Delhi 3.3 No 15-08-1947 940 73% 382 G.Jayanti,
Million National I.Day.&
Language R. Day
1. Andhra Hyderabad 160205 Telegu, 01-10-1953 992 67.7% 308 Sankranti, Ugadi Kuchi Andh, Bagata,
Pradesh Urdu pudi Bhil, Konda
2. Arunachal Itanagar 83,743 Eng 20-02-1987 920/ 66.95% 17 Losar or The Bardo Chham Abor, Aka,
Pradesh 1000 New Year Apatani
3. Assam Dispur 78,550 Assamese, 1st April 397 Bihu Ankia Naat Mikirs, Khasis,
(Assom) Bengali, 1912 (Onkeeya) Nagas, Boro
4. Bihar Patna 99,200 Bhojpuri, 1st April 916 63.4% 1,102 Chhath Bidesia Ka- Gonda, Mundas,
Maithili 1936 jari Gaur
5. Chhattisgarh Raipur 135,194 C h a t t i s - 1-11-2000 991 71.04% 189 Bastar Dussere, Panthi, Rawat Agariya, Andh,
garhi, Hindi Bhoramdeo Nacha Baiga, Bhaina,
6. Goa Panaji 3,702 Konkani 30-05- 1987 968 88.70% 394 per Ganesh Chaturthi Dekhnni, Dhodia, Dubla
sq km. Fugdi (Halpati),
7. Gujarat Gandhinagar 196,204 Gujarati 01-05-1960 918 79.31% 310/ Makar Sankranti Rass-garba Bhils, Barda,
Bavacha
8. Haryana Chandigarh 44,212 Punjabi, 01-11-1966 877 76.64% 573 Haryali Teej, Lohri, Saang, Dhamal Meo, Ror
Haryanvi
9. Himachal Shimla 55,673 Pahari, 25-01-1971 974 83.78% 123 Kullu, Shoolini Losar Shona Bhot, Bodh,
Pradesh Kangri Chuksam Gaddi, Gujjar
10. J & K Srinagar 222,236 Kashmiri, 26-10-1947 883 66.7% 56 Hemis, Urs Dumhal, Balti, Beda, Bot,
Urdu Rouff Boto
11. Jharkhand Ranchi 79,714 Santhali, 15-11-2000 947 67.6% 414 Jhumar, Paika, Karam, Vat Asur, Agaria,
Mundari, Ho Chau, Agni savitri Baiga, Banjara
12. Karnataka Bengaluru 191,791 Kannada 01-11-1956 968 75.60% 320 Mysore Dasara, Bharata-naty- Adiyan, Barda,
Ugadi am, Bolak-aat Bavacha, Bhil
13. Kerala Thiruvanantha- 38,863 Malayalam, 01-07-1949 1,084 93.91% 860 Onam Kathakali Adiyan, Aran-
puram English dan
14. Madhya Bhopal 308,245 Hindi 01-11-1956 930 70.60% 236 Shivratri, Bah- Badhai, Rai, Bhil, Bhunjia,
Pradesh goriya Saira Biar, Binjhwar
15. Maharashtra Mumbai 307,713 Marathi 01-05-1960 929 82.9% 370 Vijayadashami or Lavani, Koli Andh, Baiga,
Dasara Barda,
16. Manipur Imphal 22,327 Meeteilon 21-01-1972 987 79.21% 120 Lui-ngai-ni Manipuri Aimol, Anal,
Ningol Chakouba, Angami
Yaoshang
17. Meghalaya Shillong 22,429 Khasi,Garo 21-01-1972 986 75.84% 130 Nongkrem, Nongkrem` Chakma, Di-
Wangala masa, Garo
18. Mizoram Aizawl 21,087 Mizo 20-02-1987 975 91.58% 52 Chapchar Kut, Cheraw, Chakma, Di-
Thalfavang Kut, Khuallam masa, Garo
19. Nagaland Kohima 16,579 English 01-12-1963 931 80.11% 119 Hornbill, Sekre- Zeliang Naga, Kuki,
73.45%
nyi, Mikir, Garo
20. Odisha Bhubanesh- 155,820 Odia, Eng- 01-04-1936 978 270 Ganesh Chaturthi Odissi agata, Bathudi, ,
war lish Birhor
21. Punjab Chandigarh 50,362 Punjabi 15-08-1947 893 76.68% 550 Bandi Chhor, Bhangra,
Vaisakhi, Lohri Giddha
22. Rajasthan Jaipur 342,239 Hindi, Raj- 01-11-1956 926 67.68% 201 Gangaur, Teej, Ghoomar
asthani Gogaji
23. Sikkim Gangtok 7,096 Nepali, 16-5-1975 889 82.2% 86 Maghe, Losar Singhi Chham Bhutia, Lepcha,
Bhutia Limboo
24. Tamil Nadu Chennai 130,058 Tamil 26-01-1950 995 80.33 % 550 Pongal Bharata- Adiyan, Arana-
natyam dan,
25. Telangana Hyderabad 114,840 Telugu, 02-06-2014 66.50% 310 Ugadi Kuchipudi Andh, Konda
Urdu
26. Tripura Agartala 10,491.69 Bengali , 21-01-1972 961 94.65% 350 Goria, Jhum Bhil, Bhutia,
Kokborok Chaimal
27. Uttarakhand Dehradun 53,483 Garhwali, 9-11-2000 963 79.63% 189 Kandali, Ramman, Langvir Bhotia, Buksa,
Kumaoni Nritya Jaunsari, Raji
28. Uttar Lucknow 243,286 Hindi, Urdu 01-04-1937 908 69.7% 820 Makar Sankranti, Kathak Bhotia, Buksa,
Pradesh Chhath Tharu, Baiga
29. West Bengal Kolkata 88,752 Bengali and 15-08-1947 947 77.08% 1,000 Durga Puja, Kali Chau dance Asur, Baiga,
Union Teritory
English Puja Bedia, Chero
1. Andaman and Port Blair 8,073 English, 01-11-1956 878 86.27% 46 Andamanese,
Nicobar Islands Hindi Chariar, Chari
2. Chandigarh Chandigarh 114 Punjabi 01-11-1966 818 81.9% 9,300/ Lohri Bhangra
3. Dadra and Silvassa 102 English, 11-08-1961 775 77.65% 698 Pongal Tarpa, Bha- Warlis, dublas
Nagar Haveli Gujarati vada
4. Daman and Daman 102 Gujarati, 30-05-1987 618 87.07% 2169 Garba Mando, Vira Dhodia, Dubla
Diu Marathi (Halpati)
5. Lakshadweep Kavaratti 32 English, 01-11-1956 946 92.28% 2013 Eid-Ul-Fitr, Mu- Lava, Kolkali Koya, Malmi
Malayalam harram
6. NCT of Delhi New Delhi 1,484.0 Hindi 01-02-1992 866 86.34% 11,297 Diwali, Eid ul-Fitr
7. Puducherry Pondicherry 492 Malayalam, 07-01-1963 1,038 86.34% 2,500 Pongal Garadi Grulas, Villi
Tamil
4 Indian Panorama
FIRST IN OTHERS
First Wax statue of a Living Indian Mahatma Gandhi at Madame Tussauds in 1939
First Exclusive internet magazine Bharat Samachar
First Miss India to participate in Miss Indrani Rehman
Universe
First Judge in International Court of Justice Dr. Nagender Singh
First Graduate in Medicine Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chukerbutty
Indias First University Nalanda University
Indias First Open University Andhra Pradesh Open University
Indias First Lok Sabha Member to be P.V.Narasimha Rao
elected with a record
maximum number of votes
First Indian to reach Antarctica Lt. Ram Charan
First British to Visit India Hawkins
First Test tube baby of India Indira (Baby Harsha)
First Post Office Opened in India Kolkata(1727)
SUPERLATIVES : INDIA Biggest Auditorium (Mumbai) Sri
Shanmukhanand Hall
Structures Largest zoo Arignar Anna Zoological Park
Highest Tower ( Minaret ) Qutub Minar Largest Cave Temple Ellora
Higher Gateway Buland Darwaza at Largest Gurudwara Golden Temple,
Fatehpur Sikri near Agra. Built by Akbar Amritsar
(53.5 m /175 ft High) Largest Mosque Taj-ul-Masjid at
Bhopal(M.P) with area-430,000 sq. ft, &
Highest Dam Bhakra Dam
capacity 1.75 lakh people.
Highest Bridge Chenab Bridge
Largest Man-made Lake Govind Sagar
Highest Airport- Leh Air Port in Ladakh (Bhakra)
(3256 m/ 16080 ft high) Largest Dome Gol Gumbaz (Karnataka)
Highest Hydel Power Station- Rongtong Largest Cantilever Bridge Howrah
Hydel Project in Kinnaur district of Bridge
Himachal Pradesh. Longest Railway Tunnel- Pir Panjal
Highest Mountain Peak- Kanchenjunga Railway Tunnel (11 km)
Highest Road- Road at Khardungla in the Longest Road Tunnel - 9.2 km long tunnel
Leh-Manali Sector on Jammu-Srinagar National Highway
Highest Waterfall- Jog Waterfall, Largest Public Sector Bank- State Bank
Karnataka of India
Largest Residence Antilia Bhawan built Largest Botanical Garden - National
by Mukesh Ambani Botanical Garden in Kolkata
Largest Cinema Hall Prasad Max, Largest Church- Se Cathedral at Old Goa,
Hyderabad 10 km from Panaji.
Largest Museum National Museum Largest Delta- Sunderbans (75,000 sq km)
Delhi formed by the Ganga and Brahmaputra in
Largest River Barrage Farakka Barrage West Bengal and Bangladesh
14 Indian Panorama
OFFICIAL BOOKS
Blue Book : An official report of the British Government
Green Book : An official publication of Italy and Persia
Grey Book : An official reports of the Government of Japan and Belgium
Orange Book : An official Publications of the Government of Netherlands
White Book : An official Publications of China, Germany and Portugal
Yellow Book : French official Book
White Paper : An official paper of the Government of Britain and India on a particular issue
Red Data Book: Russian official book which contains lists of species whose continued existence
is threatened
The first woman Prime Margaret Shortest Day Dec. 22(in Northern
Minister of England Thatcher Hemisphere)
The first Muslim Prime Benazir Bhutto Largest Delta Sundarbans, India (8000
Minister of a country (Pakistan) sq. miles)
The first woman Prime Mrs. S. Longest Desert Sahara, Africa (84, 00,000
Minister of a country Bandamaike (Sri (World) sq. km.)
Lanka) Largest Diamond The Cullinan (over 1
The first woman to climb Mrs. Junko Tabei 1b.)
Mount Everest (Japan) Biggest Dome Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur),
The first woman Velentina (Old archi) 144 ft.
cosmonaut of the world Tereshkova diameter.
(Russia) Longest Epic The Mahabharata
The first woman President Vijaya Lakshmi Largest Island Greenland (renamed
of the U.N. General Pandit Kalaallit Nunaat)
Assembly
Largest Lake Lake Mead (Bouler)
The first man to fly into Yuri Gagarin (Artificial)
space (Russia)
Deepest Lake Baikal (Siberia); average
The first batsman to score Mohd. depth2300 ft.
three test century in three Azharuddin
Highest Lake Titicaca (Bolivia) 12645
successive tests on debut
ft. above sea level.
The first man to have Nawang Gombu
Largest Lake Lake Superior, U.S.A
climbed Mount Everest
(Fresh Water)
twice
Largest Lake Caspian Sea 3, 71,000 sq.
The first U.S. President to Richard Nixon
(Salt Water) km.)
resign Presidency
Largest Mosque Masjid-al-Haram (Mecca-
SUPERLATIVES Saudi Arabia) Surrounds
the Kaaba.
Tallest Animal on Giraffe Highest Mountain Himalayas
(land) peak (World)
Fastest Bird Swift Longest Andes (S.America) 5,500
Largest Bird Ostrich Mountain Range miles in length
Smallest Bird Humming Bird Tallest Minaret Qutub Minar, Delhi 238 ft.
Longest Bridge Lower Zambeji (Africa ) (Free Standing)
(Railway) Tallest Minaret Great Hassan Mosque,
Tallest Building Burj khalifa, Dubai (U.A.E) Casablanca, Morocco
Tallest office Patronas Twin Towers Deepest & The Pacific
Building Kuala Lampur (Malaysia) Biggest Ocean
Longest Big Ship Seuz Canal (Linkin red sea Largest Palace Imperial Palace (Gugong),
Canal & Mediterranean) Beijing (China)
Busiest Canal Baltic White Sea Canal Coldest Place or Verkhoyansk (Syberia),
(Ship) (152 miles) Region Temperature 85 C
Largest Continent Asia Driest Place Death Valley (California);
Smallest Australia rainfall 1 inch.
Continent Hottest Place Al-Aziziyah (Libya, Africa)
Largest Coral The Great Barrier Reef (World) 136F
Formation (Australia) Highest Plateau Pamir (Tibet)
Largest Dam Grand Coulee- Concrete Longest Platform Kharagpur W.B, India
Dam (U.S.A) (Railway) (833m)
Longest Day June 21 (in Northern Largest Platform Grand Central terminal,
Hemisphere) (Railway) New York (U.S.A)
24 World Panorama
Largest Port Port of New York & New World Rainiest Cherrapunji
Jersey (U.S.A) Spot (Mawsynram), India
Busiest Port Rotterdam (the Lightest gas Hydrogen
Netherlands) Hardest Diamond
Longest Railway Trans-Siberian Railway Substance
(6,000 miles Long) Longest Animal Blue Whale, (recorded
Longest River Nile (6690 km), Amazon length 106 ft. weight-195
(6570 km.) tons)
Longest River Hirakund Dam (Orissa), Longest Life Span 190 to 200 years, (Giant
Dam India 15.8 miles. of an Animal tortoise)
Largest sea-bird Albatross Largest Land African Bush Elephant
Largest Sea Mediterranean Animal
(inland) Fastest Animal Cheetah (Leopard ) 70
Tallest statue Statue of Liberty, New m.p.h
York (U.S.A), 150 ft. high. Longest Jump Kangaroo
Longest English Channel Animal
Swimming Longest wing Albatross
Course Spread Bird
Tallest Tower C.N Tower Toronto Slowest Animal Snail
(Canada) Fastest Dog Persian Grey Hound
Longest Train Flying Scoutsman (speed 43 m.p.h)
nonstop Longest King cobra
Longest Tunnel Seikan Rail Tunnel poisonous snake
(Railway) (Japan), (53.85 km.) Biggest Flower Raffesia (Java)
Longest & Le Rove Tunnel (South of Largest Stadium Strahov stadium in
Largest Canal France) Prague, (the Czech
Tunnel Republic)
Longest Tunnel Laerdal, Norway Largest Church Basilica of st. Peter,
(Road) Vetican city, Rome Italy
Highest Volcano Ojos Del Salado, Andes Largest Temple Angkor Vat (Combodia)
Argentine-Chile (6,885 Largest Diamond Kimbarley (S.Africa)
m.) mine
Largest Volcano Mauna Lao (Hawaii) Largest River in Amazon, Brazil
Longest Wall Great Wall of China (1500 volume
miles) Highest Straight Bhakhra Dam
Highest Waterfall Salto Angel Falls Dam
(Venezuela) Highest Capital La Paz (Bolivia)
Longest Strait Tartar Strait (Sakhalin City
Island & the Russian Largest Asian Gobi, Mongolia
mainland) Desert
Broadest Strait Davis Straits (Greenland & Largest India
Baffin Island, (Canada) Democracy
Narrowest strait Chaliks-45 yards Longest Verazano-Narrows, New
(Between the Greek Thoroughfare York City Harbour
mainland the island of
Largest Neck Giraffe
Euboea in the Aegean Sea)
Animal
Largest Bay Hudson Bay, Canada
Largest Animal of Lion
(Shore line 7623 miles)
the Cat Family
Largest Gulf Gulf of Mexico,( shoreline
Most Intelligent Chimpanzee
2100 miles)
Animal
World Panorama 25
1st May: International Labour Day 16th September: World Ozone Day
3rd May: World Asthma Day 18th September: International Day of Peace
5th May: World Athletics Day 21st September: Biosphere Day
8th May: International Red Cross Day 25th September: Social Justice Day, World
17th May: World Telecommunications Day Maritime Day
20th May: World Refugee Day 27th September: World Tourism Day
24th May: Commonwealth Day 1st October: International Music Day
31st May: World No Tobacco Day 2nd October: Gandhi Jayanti, International
1stJune: World Milk Day Non-Violence Day
5th June: World Environment Day 3rd October: World Habitat Day
8th June: World Ocean Day 9th October: World PostalDay National Postal
20th June: International Refugee Day Week (9thOctober to 14th October)
21st June: International Yoga Day 12th October: World Sight Day
23rd June: International Olympic Day 16th October: World Food Day
27th June: World Diabetes Day 7th November: World Cancer Awareness Day
1st July: World Doctors Day Van Mahotsav 21st November: World Fisheries Day, World
Week (1stJuly to 7thJuly) Hello Day, World Television Day
11th July: World Population Day 25th November: International Day for the
28th July: World Hepatitis Day Elimination of Violence against Women
29th July: International Tiger Day 3rd December: World Conservation Day
30th July: International Day of Friendship 5th December: World Soil Day
6th August: Hiroshima Day 9th December: International Day against
12th August: International Youth Day Corruption, National Immunization Day
19th August: World Humanitarian Day 10th December: World Human Rights Day,
8th September: International Literacy Day International Broadcasting Day
15th September: World Engineers Day 11th December: UNICEF Day
United Nations Centre for Nairobi European Free Trade As- Geneva
Human Settlements (UNCHS) sociation (EFTA)
INTL GROUPS/ORGANISATION
Acronym Full Name H.Q. Establishment
NAM Non-Aligned Movement Belgrade 1961
CHOGM The Commonwealth Heads of Government
Meeting
EU The European Union Brussels, 1993
Belgiwn
SAARC The South Asian Association for Regional Kathmandu, 1985
Cooperation Nepal.
CENSUS 2011
4 Chennai 8,696,010
It is the 15th National Census survey con-
ducted by the Census Organization of India. 5 Bangalore 8,499,399
Mr. C. Chandramouli -Commissioner & Reg-
istrar General of the Census 2011. TOP GROWTH RATE
Survey has been conducted in 2 phases - 1 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 55.88 %
house listing and population.
Population of India 1,210,193,422 with 2 Daman and Diu 53.76 %
623, 724, 248 males and 586,469, 174 fe- 3 Puducherry 28.08 %
males.
Total literacy rate: 74.04%. 4 Meghalaya 27.95 %
Density of population: 382 persons/
5 Arunachal Pradesh 26.03 %
sq.km
Sex ratio: 940 females per 1000 males
Child sex ratio: 914 females per 1000 TOP LITERATE STATES
males
1 Kerala 94.00 %
HIGH POPULATION
2 Lakshadweep 91.85 %
1 Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 3 Mizoram 91.33 %
2 Maharashtra 112,374,333 4 Goa 88.70 %
2 Puducherry 1037
MOST POPULATED METROS
3 Tamil Nadu 996
1 Mumbai 18,414,288
2 Delhi 16,314,838 4 Andhra Pradesh 993
6. Ashoka the Great 304 BCE 232 BCE Pataliputra, Patna Maurya King The Lion capital of Ashoka
7. Annie Besant 1st October 1847 20 Sep. 1933 London, UK Theosophist, writer A prolific writer
8. Al-Beruni 4/5 Sep. 973 13 Dec. 1048 Samanid Empire Medieval Islamic era Signs of Past Centuries,
9. Amir Khusro 1253 October 1325 Kasganj, (previoisly Etah) Great Sufi, Poet, Author, Wast-ul-Hayat
10. Anne Frank 12 June 1929 February, 1945 Frankfurt Germany Diarist, writer The diary of a young girl
11. Akbar 15 Oct. 1542 27 Oct. 1605 Umerkot, Rajputana Mughal King Agra Fort, Buland Darwaza
12. Anna Hazare 15 june 1937 - Bhingar, Maharashtra Social reformer Rural development
13. Aung San Suu Kyi 19 June 1945 - Myanmar Political NLD,Fight for Democracy
14. Ban-ki-moon 13 June 1944 - South Korea Diplomatic,Political General Secretary of U.N.O
15 Bhagat Singh 28 Sep. 1907 23 March 1931 Banga village, Punjab Freedom Fighter Leader of HRA,Killed John
Saunders
16 Birbal 1528 1586 Kalpi,Uttar Pradesh,India Poet,Singer Minister in Akbar's court
17. Bismillah Khan 21 March 1913 21st Aug. 2006 Dumraon, Buxar,Bihar, Musician Shehnai Music
18. Charles Darwin 12 Feb. 1809 19th april 1882 Shrewsbury, U.K. Naturalist and geologist Origin of species
21. Chanakya 350 BCE 275 BCE India Philosopher, Economist Arthshashtra
22. Chandragupta 340 BCE 297 BCE Pataliputra,India Indian emperor Founded Mauryan Empire
Maurya
23. Charles Babbage 26 Dec. 1791 18 Oct. 1871 London, United Kingdom Mathemetician Father of Computer
24. Chattarpati shivaji 9 Feb 1630 3 April1680 Junar, pune Maratha ruler Founder Maratha empire
25. BR Ambedkar 14 April 1891 6 Dec 1956 Mhow ,MP Political philospher Architect of Indian
constitution
26. APJ Abdul kalam 15 Oct 1931 27 July 2015 Rameshwaram ,Tamilnadu scientist 11th president of India
People Forever 31
27. Dhyan Chand 29 Aug 1905 3 Dec 1979 Allahabad, U.P. Hockey player Member of 3 Olympic gold
medal winner team
28. Dev Anand 26 Sept. 1923 3 Dec. 2011 Narowal dist of pakistan Actor(hindi film) Chargesheet (2011), Sau 32
Crore (1991) and Censor
(2000)
29. CV Raman 7 Nov. 1888 21 Nov. 1970 Thiruvanaikaval, T.N. Scientist Raman effect
30. Dr Rajender Prasad 3rd Dec 1884 28 Feb. 1963 Bihar Political leader First president of india
31. Dada bhai Naoroji 4 Sept. 1825 30 June 1917 Mumbai Political, reformer President of INC, Poverty
and Unbritish Rule in India
32. Dr. Vikram Ambalal 12 Aug. 1919 30 Dec. 1971 Ahmedabad scientist Physical research, IIM
Sarabhai
33. Galileo Glilei 15 Feb. 1564 8 Jan. 1642 Pisa, Italy Astronomy,physician Invented telescope
34. Guru gobind singh 22 Dec. 1666 7 Oct. 1708 Patna,India Spiritual leader Tenth and the last Sikh Guru
35. Gopal Krishna 9 May 1866 19 Feb. 1915 Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, Political leader Founder of Servants of
Gokhale India Society
36. Isaac Newton 25 Dec. 1642 20 March 1727 United Kingdom Physicist Philosophi Naturalis
Principia
37. James Watt 19 Jan. 1736 25 Aug. 1819 Greenock, U.K Instrument maker Invented steam engine
38. Jawahar lal Nehru 14 Nov. 1889 27 May. 1964 Allahabad Political leader First P.M. India
39. Khuswant singh 2 Feb. 1915 20 March 2014 Hadali, Pakistan Novelist, journalist Train to Pakistan
40. Kalpana Chawla 17 March 1962 1 February 2003 Karnal,Haryana Astronaut Columbia space shuttle,
crew.
People Forever
Indian History
ANCIENT HISTORY
SOURCES OF ANCIENT INDIAN Foreign travellers wrote about the infor-
HISTORY mation of India. For examples
Megasthenes: He wrote book, INDICA
Pliocene deposits in Siwaliks. It is known as
about the dynasty of Maurya.
Ramapitheus, a type of early hominid.
Fahien: He wrote about the Gupta Emperor.
Inscriptions either on stone or on metal
Hieun-Tsang: He wrote about the Buddhist
plates are old records of Ancient India. The
record of the western world during period
study of inscriptions is called epigraphy.
Coins: The study of coins is called numis- of Harshavardhan.
matics. Albiruni: He wrote Tarikh-ul-Hind.
The Punch Mark Coins (silver & copper) Ibna-Batuta: He wrote about India under
are the earliest coins of India. the rule of Muhammad Tughlaq.
Monuments: Monuments reflect the mate-
rial prosperity and development of culture PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD
e.g. Taxshila monuments about Kushans Pre - historic period is divided into three
and Stupas, Chaityas and Vihars about Mau- sections- Stone age, Bronze age and Iron
rya. age.
Vedas: Vedas point out features and develop-
Stone age is divided into three periods, i.e.
ment of different dynasties, e.g. Rigveda deals
Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age and Neo-
with Archery and known as The first testa-
ment of mankind. lithic Age.
Samveda says about the art of music (i.e. Chalcolithic Age is marked by the use of
melodies) copper as copper age.
Yajurveda: It is known as ritual Veda. The Iron age is usually associated with the
Atharvaveda: It is the latest of the four. It Painted Grey Wares (P.G.W.).
is about beliefs and superstitions.
Upanishad: It is anti-ritualistic in nature. It Indus Valley Civilization
deals about the theories of creation of the uni- The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a
verse and doctrine of action. unique Bronze Age civilization.
Sutras: Sutras deal about rituals, Sanskaras, The Civilization flourished around the In-
social life, Medical science etc.
dus river basin and its tributaries, consist-
Puranas: Puranas describe the genealogies of
ing of modern Pakistan and northwestern
various royal dynasties, i.e. Maurya, Andhra,
India.
Shishunag, Gupta, etc.
Jatak Kathas: These are the parts of art Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and Allahdin
and literature of 3rd century B.C. (Pakistan) in the cities of the Harappan civi-
Arthashastra: It is the analysis of political lization were the major ports.
and economic conditions of the Mauryas, In the valley of the Indus people used irri-
composed by Kautilya (Chanakya). gation-based agriculture.
Mudrarakshasa: It tells about the estab- Indus Valley Sites Excavators
lishment of the Maurya dynasty, the fall of Harappa - 1921- Dayaram Sahni
Nanda, Ramgupta, etc.
Rajtarangini: It was written by Kalhana Mohenjodaro- 1922- R.D.Banerjee
in 12th century A.D. It is about the rulers of Sutkagendor- 1927- Aurel Stein, George
Kashmir. It is considered the, first histori- Dalesamri - 1929- M.G.Majumdar
cal book of India. Chanhudaro- 1931- M.G.Majumdar
34 Indian History
Jainism was divided into two sects: Shwet- Nanda dynasty (344-321 B.C.)
ambaras and Digambaras. Mahapadmananda established the Nanda
The First Council was held at Pataliputra dynasty into a powerful empire.
by Sthulabahu and Second at Valabhi. Last ruler of Nanda dynasty was Dhanan-
Teachings anda. He was contemporary of Alexander.
Jainism was based on 5 doctrines : Alexander invasion of India took place in
(i) Ahinsa, i.e. non-violence; (ii) do not 326 B.C. during the reign of Dhanananda.
speak a lie, (iii) do not steal. (iv) do not ac- The Mauryan empire
quire property, and (v) observe continence
(Brahmacharya) introduced by Mahavira. (322 185 B.C.)
Three Gems of Jainism (Ratnatrya)
Founder Chandragupta Maurya
(i) Right faith (Samyak Vishwas)
(ii) Right knowledge (Samyak Gyan) He defeated the king Dhanananda with the
(iii) Right conduct/action (Samyak Karma) help of Chanakya .
Its capital was Pataliputra.
Buddhism Megasthene (Greek Ambassador) came to
Gautam Buddha was the founder of Bud-
his court.
dhism.
His real name was Siddhartha. He embraced Jainism and at Sravanbel-
His father was a king named Suddodana agola
Tharu and Mother was Mahamaya. He died at Sravanbelagola
He was born at Lumbini. The war of Kalinga (BC 261) was the turn-
He discovered enlightenment under the ing point of Ashokas life. The mass death of
peepal tree (Bodhi Vriksha) in Gaya, Bihar the war changed his mind and he became a
at the age of 35.
follower of Buddhism.
He gave his first sermon at the Deer Park
in Sarnath. Ashok Stambh of Sarnath was adopted as
It was divided into three main sects: Hinay- national emblem of India.
ana, Mahayana and Vajrayana. Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka.
Buddhist Councils Ashokas Dhamma was a code of conduct
First at Rajgir, Second at Vaishali, Third at (a set of principles like respect to elders)
Patliputra & Fourth in Kashmir. mercy to slaves & emphasis on truth, non-
violence & tolerance.
IMPORTANT DYNASTIES IN Number Name of Reign
ANCIENT INDIA Emperor
1 Chandragupta 322 BC - 298 BC
The Haryanaka dynasty Maurya
(544 412 B.C.) 2 Bindusara 298 BC - 272 BC
Bimbisara was the first ruler and founder 3 Ashoka 274 BC - 232 BC
of Haryanka dynasty. The capital of the 4 Dasaratha 232 BC - 224 BC
kingdom was Rajagriha.
5 Samprati 224 BC - 215 BC
Ajatasatru who killed his father and seized
the throne for himself. 6 Salisuka 215 BC - 202 BC
He was contemporary to Lord Mahavira 7 Devavarman 202 BC - 195 BC
and Lord Buddha and a follower of Bud- 8 Satadhanvan 195 BC - 187 BC
dhism. 9 Brihadatha 187 BC - 185 BC
Ajatasatru was succeeded by Udayin.
Sunga Dynasty (185 to 73 B.C.)
Shishunaga dynasty Pushyamitra Sunga was the senapati of last
(412 - 344 B.C.) king of Mauryan empire Brihadratha. He
The last Haryanka ruler, Nagadasaka, was killed Brihadratha and founded the Sunga dy-
killed by his courtier Shishunaga in 430 nasty in 187 B.C.
B.C, who became the king and founded the Its capital was Pataliputra but later Vidhisha
Shishunaga dynasty. was the capital of Sunga rulers.
36 Indian History
Founder of Chera Dynasty: Utiyan Cheralatan. Kalidas the great poet also belonged to this
Founder of Chola Dynasty: Vijayalaya Cap- period.
ital Kaveripattanam. Chandragupta (320-335 AD) was the son
Most powerful kings of Chola Dynasty - Ra-
of Ghatotkacha and grandson of Sri Gupta.
jaraja (985-1014) and his son, Rajendra I.
Temples & their location Sumudragupta (AD 335-375) Harisena
described him as the Hero of a Hundred
The Kailash Temple Ellora
Battles.
The Hoysala temple Belur and Halebid Prayag Prashasti (Written by Harisen) is
The Chennakesava Belur the main source of information on his reign.
temple Samundragupta was succeeded by his son
The Hoysaleswara temple Halebid Chandragupta Vikramaditya (or II).
The Ratha and Shore Mahabalipuram, Kumaragupta (AD 415-455) is the son of
temple Chandragupta II.
The Brihadeshwara Tanjavur
temple Ruler of Gupta Dynasty
The Vithala temple Harmpi Srigupta I 270 AD - 290 AD
The Meenakshi Temple Madurai Ghatotkacha 290 AD - 319 AD
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD MEDIEVAL INDIA
North India The Delhi Sultanate
(AD 800 1200) (1206 1526 AD)
After the death of Harshavardhan three dy- Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate
nasties came into existence in the northern (i) Slave Dynasty : 1206-1290 AD
part of India and Deccan. Palas, Gurjara- (ii) Khilje : 1290-1320 AD
Partiharas and Rashtrakutas. (iii) Tughlaq : 1320-1414 AD
The Palas (750-1150 AD) ruled in Bihar (iv) Sayyid : 1414-1451 AD
and Bengal from the 8th to the 12th cen- (v) Lodhi : 1451-1526 AD
tury. They supported Buddhism Sources of Medieval Indian History:
The Gurjara-Pratiharas were Rajputs who Tarikh i Firoze Shahi (Ziauddin barani);
ruled in Gujarat and Rajasthan and later Tuzuk-i-Mubarak Shahi (Yahaya bin Ahmed
Kanauj. Sirhindi); Futuhat-i-Firoze Shahi (Firoze
Bhoja-I (836-885 AD) adopted the title of Shah Tughluq), etc.
Mahmud of Ghazni targeted the North In-
Adivaraha.
dian temple cities for wealth and iconoclas-
Tripartite Struggle tic fervour.
Tripartite conflict was fought among the Muhammad Ghori nominated his trusted
Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrkutas and Palas and prominent slave, Qutubuddin Aibak
as his representative to govern the newly
for the control over Kannauj.
conquered regions in India. It was the be-
The Rajputs ginning of slave dynasty.
The period between 647 A.D. and 1192 A.D., The Mamluk dynasty or The
i.e. 500 years is known as the Rajput period
Slave Dynasty (1206-1290 AD)
in the history of India.
The most powerful Rajputs: Gahadavalas Ruler Reign
(Kanauj), the Paramaras(Malwa), and the Qutbuddin Aibek (12061210 AD)
Chauhans (Ajmer). Aram Shah (12101211 AD)
Prithviraj Chauhans (1178-92 AD) em-
pire included Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan Shamsuddin Iltutmish (12111236 AD)
and Uttar Pradesh. Ruknuddin Firuz (1236 AD)
His courts poet Chand Bardai wrote Prithvi- Raziyatuddin Sultana (12361240 AD)
raj Chauhans biography Prithviraj Raso. Muizuddin Bahram (12401242 AD)
He defeated Shahabuddin Muhammad
Ghori in the first battle of Tarrain in 1191.
Alauddin Masud (12421246 AD)
In the Second battle of Tarrain (1192) Nasiruddin Mahmud (12461266 AD)
Muhammad Ghori won and killed Prithviraj Ghiyasuddin Balban (12661286 AD)
Chauhan. Muizuddin Qaiqabad (12861290 AD)
Jayachandra was the king of Kannauj.
Kayumars (1290 AD)
Muhammad Ghori defeated and killed Jay-
achandra in the Battle of Chadawar in 1194. Qutubuddin Aibak also began the con-
Rana Kumbha was the ruler of Mewar, a struction of Qutub Minar, in the honour
state in western India. of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin
Bakhityar Kaki.
Dilwara temples at Mount Abu, the Vima- Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a slave of Qu-
la Vasahi and the Luna Vasahi were built by tubuddin Aibak.
Solankis of Gujarat. Iltutmish stopped the Mongol attack in
1221 A.D led by Chenghiz Khan.
South India Iltutmish nominated his daughter Razia
The founder of Chola Kingdom: Vijayalaya. as the successor.
Rajaraja Chola (985-1014 AD) was one of She was the first and only Muslim lady that
the imperialistic and greatest Chola rulers. ever ruled in India.
Indian History 39
The prominent sufi saints were Khwaja The Mughul era began with the Baburs
Nizamuddin Aulia, Ganj-e-Shakar Faridud- victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle
din, Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki and Of Panipat in 1526.
Hamuddin Nagori . Babur was from the princely family of
Hazrat Nizam-ud-Din was the disciple of mixed Mongol and Turkish blood.
Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakkar. He died in 1530.
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was the disciple Babur wrote his biography Baburnama
and the spiritual successor of Moinuddin i.e. Tuzk-e Babri.
Humayun succeeded Babur at the young
Chishti.
age of 23 in 1530.
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (1142-1236 AD)
He was defeated in the Battle of Chausa
The Chisti order of Sufism was founded in (1539) and Battle of Kanauj (1540) by Sher
village Khwaja Chishti near Herat in Per- Shah Suri who became the ruler of Agra
sia, i.e. Iran. and Delhi.
In India, Chisti silsila was founded by Kh- The Humayuns Tomb was built by his wid-
waja Moinuddin Chishti (born 1142 AD). ow Haji Begum in Delhi.
He came to India around AD 1192. Humayuns sister Gulbadan Begum wrote
He made Ajmer the main centre for his Humayunnama.
teachings. He died in Ajmer in 1236. He died in 1556.
The real name of Sher Shah was Farid.
The Mughals During the siege of the fort of Kalinjar one
(1526-1540 and 1555-1857) of the cannons accidentally went off killing
him on 26th of May 1535.
EMPERORS OF MUGHAL DYNASTY He was buried in Sasaram (Bihar).
He built Purana Qila in Delhi.
Ruling Period Name Bairam Khan became the Wakil of the king-
1526 - 1530 Zahiruddin Muhammad dom with the title of Khan-i-Khana.
Babur Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur at the age
of 13 years in 1556.
1530 - 1540 and Humayun Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra in the sec-
1555 - 1556 ond battle of Panipat with Hemu, a general
1556 - 1605 Akbar of Adil Shah in 1556.
Akbar built many buildings like Agra Fort
1605 - 1627 Jahangir
(1565), Lahore Palace (1572), Fatehpur
1628 - 1658 Shah Jahan Sikri, Buland Darwaza and Allahabad Fort
1658 - 1707 Mohamamed Aurangzeb (1583).
He died in 1605.
1707 (Mar 14 - Apr 27) Qutib-ud-din Azam Shah
1707 - 1712 Shah Alam Bahadur Shah-I Nine Jewels or Nav-Ratnas of Akbar
Abdul Rahim Hindi Scholar
1712 - 1713 Mohammad
Abdul Fazal Chief Advisor
1713 - 1719 Furrukhsiyar
Birbal Wittiness
1719 (Mar 1 - Jun 7) Rafi ul Darjat
Tansen Singer
1719 (Mar 30 - Mohamamd Shah
Aug 13) Nikusiyar Todar Mal Finance Minister
Mullah Do Piaza Advisor
1719 (Jun 8 - Sep 6) Mohammad Shah Jahan Sani
Raja Man Singh General (Senapati)
1719 - 1748 Mohammad Shah Faizi Poet
1720 (Oct 12 - Nov 19) Mohammad Ibrahim Hamim Humam Physician
1748 - 1754 Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)
1754 (Jun 3 - Nov 29) Alamgir II The real name of Jahangir was Salim.
1759 (Dec 11 - Dec 25) Shah Jahan III Jahangir married Mehr-un-Nisa who assumed
1759 - 1806 Shah Alam II the title of Nur Jahan (Light of the world)
His son Khurram (Shah Jahan) rebelled
1806 - 1837 Mohammad Akbar Shah II against him at the end of his reign.
1837 - 1857 Bahadur Shah Zafar Shah Jahan became emperor in 1627.
Indian History 41
MODERN HISTORY
ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS IN INDIA Mir Qasim ( May 8, 1777) was the Nawab
of Bengal from 1760 to 1763.
Portuguese The Battle of Buxar was fought on 23 Oc-
On 17th May 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portu- tober 1764 between East India Company
guese navigator, came to Calicut. led by Hector Munro and the combined
He found new trade route from Europe to army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal:
Asia via Cape of Good Hope. the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King
His second visit in 1502 established Por- Shah Alam II.
tuguese Trading Centres at Calicut, Can- Rule of the British Governors and
nanore and Cochin.
Cochin was the first capital of the Portu- Governor Generals
guese in India which was shifted to Goa After the victory of the English in Buxar,
later on. Clive was appointed the governor and
commander-in-chief of the English pos-
Dutch sessions in Bengal.
Dutch arrived in India as a beginning of Warren Hastings was appointed the Gov-
Portuguese decline in 1605. ernor of Bengal in 1772.
The Dutch East India company of Neth- In 1773 the Regulating Act was passed
erlands was formed in 1592 to trade with which provided for the setting up of a su-
East Indies. preme court to try all British subjects.
Cornelis Houtman was the first Dutch who Lord Wellesley is considered to be one
came to India. of the most brilliant Governor Generals of
Bengal.
French
He introduced the Subsidiary Alliance
In AD 1664 French came to India as a last system to undo with the French influence
European Community. and bring the Indian states within the pur-
The French East India Company was found- view of the British power of Jurisdiction.
ed by Jean Baptiste Colbert. Lord Minto-I (AD 1807-13) was followed
In 1667, the first French Factory was estab- by Lord Hastings who governed from 1813
lished at Surat. to 1823.
Danes Marquess of Hastings (AD 1813-1823)
In 1616 the Danes came to India. He was the first to appoint Indians to the
They established at Tranquebar (Tamil highest posts of responsibility. The first
Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore (Bengal) in vernacular newspaper Samachar Patri-
1676. ka published during his time.
Lord William Bentinck (AD 1828-35)
EAST INDIA COMPANY Charter Act of 1833 was passed and he was
made the first Governor General of India;
Company rule in India effectively began in Abolition of sati in 1829.
1757 after the Battle of Plassey. Lord Dalhousie (AD 1848-56) Doctrine
Company was granted the diwani, or the of Lapse, The Second Burmese war, The
right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar Second Anglo Sikh War, Shimla made the
in 1765. summer capital, First railway line was
Siraj-ud-Daula was the last independent laid from Bombay to Thane, in 1853.
Nawab of Bengal who succeeded Alivardi Lord Canning (AD 1856-58) - Annexation
Khan to the throne. of Avadh, enactment of Hindu Widow Re-
Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur, commonly marriage Bill, 1857, establishment of uni-
known as Mir Jafar, (c. 1691February 5, versities at Calcutta, Madras and Bom-
1765) was the first Nawab of Bengal under bay, revolt of 1857.
Company rule in India. Following the Queens recommendation in
After Siraj decline Mir Jafar was installed as 1858, transferring the Government from
the Nawab in 1757 by the British East India the company to the British Crown, Lord Can-
Company. ning was made the first Viceroy of India.
Indian History 43
Lord Mayo (AD 1869-72) Organised first 5. Wazir Ali 1797-98 Awadh
census which was held in 1871.
Lord Lytton (AD 1876-80) The Delhi 6. Nizam-ul-Mulk 1724-48 Hyderabad
Durbar, January 1, 1877 and the Vernacu- Asaf Jah
lar Press Act, 1878. 7. Nasir Jung 1748-50 Hyderabad
Lord Ripon (AD 1880-84) First Factory 8. Muzaffar Jung 1750-51 Hyderabad
Act of 1881. Local Self-Government was
9. Salabat Jung 1751-60 Hyderabad
introduced in 1882. Repeat of Vernacular
Press act. 10. Nizam Ali 1760- Hyderabad
Lord Curzon (AD 1899-1905) - Famine 1803
Commission, Agriculture Research Institute 11. Sikandar Jah 1803-29 Hyderabad
at Pusa, Partition of Bengal in 1905.
12. Nasir-ud-daulah 1829-57 Hyderabad
Lord Minto II (AD 1905-10) Minto-Mor-
ley Reforms in 1909. Swadeshi movement 13. Afjal-ud-daulah 1857-69 Hyderabad
(1905-08), foundation of Muslim League 14. Mahabat Ali 1869- Hyderabad
(1906), Surat session and split in the con- Khan 1911
gress (1907). 15. Osman Ali Khan 1911-49 Hyderabad
Capital of country was announced to be
shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. 16. Hyder Ali 1761-82 Mysore
Lord Chelmsford (1916-21) Government
of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford 17. Tipu Sultan 1782-99 Mysore
Reforms), enactment of Rowlatt Act (1919), 18. Ranjit Singh 1792-1839 Punjab
Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919), begin-
ning of the Non-co-operation Movement. Some important Nawabs of
Lord Irwin (AD 1926-31) Appointment Bengal (1717-1772)
of Simon commission in 1928. Gandhi-
Nawabs Period
Irwin Pact in 1931; First Around Table Con-
ference (1930). 1. Murshid Quli Khan 1717-27
Lord Willington (AD 1931-36) The Sec- 2. Suf-ud-din 1727-39
ond Round Table Conference 1931, The 3. Sarfraz Khan 1739-40
communal award, 1932, the Poona pact,
Third Round Table Conference, 1932. 4. Alivardi Khan 1740-56
Lord Wavell (AD 1944-47)- Wavell Plan 5. Siraj-ud-daulah 1756-57
and Shimla Conference, Cabinet Mission 6. Mir Jafar 1757-60
(Lawrence, Cripps and Alexander), Direct
7. Mir Qasim 1760-63
Action Day on August 16, 1946, Attlees
Declaration, 8. Mir Jafar 1763-65
Lord Mountbatten, (March 1947-June 9. Najm-ud daulah 1765-72
1948) Last Viceroy of British India and
first-Governor general of free India. Par- THE REVOLT OF 1857
tition of India in third week of June, 1947;
Political Causes: The policy of Doctrine of
Indian Independence Act, Partition of the Lapse.
country between two independent states of Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was
India and Pakistan. He was succeeded by the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao I.
C. Rajagopalachari. Military Discrimination: Discrimination
Some Important rulers in India between the Indian and the British soldiers.
Religious Discrimination: The introduc-
(1720-1949) tion of Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which
Ruler Period Place was greased with animal fat, provided the
1. Sadat Khan 1722-39 Awadh spark.
On March 29, 1857, a soldier named Man-
Burhan-ul-Mulk
gal Pandey attacked and fired at his senior
2. Safdar Jung 1739-54 Awadh at Barrackpur in Bengal (in 19th and 34th
3. Shuja-ud-daulah 1754-75 Awadh Native infantry).
4. Asaf-ud-daulah 1775-97 Awadh Mutiny spread throughout UP along with
some other parts of the country.
44 Indian History
Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II was Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of
proclaimed the Emperor of India. the Young Bengal Movement.
Causes of Failure of the Revolt: Lack of The Arya Samaj was founded by
planning, organization and leadership. Swami Dayanand Saraswati at Bombay in
Some Indians supported the British in sup- 1875.
pressing the revolt as Scindia of Gwalior, The original name of Swami Vivekananda
the Holkar of Indore, the Nizam of Hy- was Narendranath Dutta (1863-1902).
derabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, the Nawab He was famous disciple of Shri Ramkrish-
of Bhopal, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh na Paramahamsa.
and Kashmir and the Rana of Nepal. Swami Vivekananda participated at the
Parliament of Religions held in Chicago
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL (USA) on September 11,1893 and raised the
REFORMS prestige of India and Hinduism very high.
The Theosophical Society was founded
Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brah- in New York (USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P.
mo Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to Blavatsky, a Russian lady, and Henry Steel
purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism. Olcott, an American colonel.
He established the Atmiya Sabha in 1815. The Aligarh Movement was started by Sir
Raja Rammohan Roy is most remembered Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) for the social
for helping Lord William Bentinck to de- and educational advancement of the Mus-
clare the practice of Sati a punishable of- lims in India.
fence in 1829.
SOME IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION
Name of the Organization Founder Year Place
Atmiya Sabha Ram Mohan Roy 1815 Calcutta
Brahmo Samaj Ram Mohan Roy 1828 Calcutta
Dharma Sabha Radhakanta Dev 1829 Calcutta
Tattvabodhini Sabha Debendranath Tagore 1839 Calcutta
Nirankaris Dayal Das, Darbara Singh, Rat- 1840 Punjab
tan Chand etc.
Manav Dharma Sabha Durgaram Manchharam 1844 Surat
Parmahansa Mandali Dadoba Panderung 1849 Bombay
Namdharis Ram Singh 1857 Punjab
Radha Swami Satsang Tulsi Ram 1861 Agra
Brahom Samaj of India Keshab Chandra Sen 1866 Calcutta
Dar-ul-Ulum Maulana Hussain Ahmed 1866 Deoband
Prarthna Samaj Dr. Atmaram Pandurung 1867 Bombay
Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Saraswati 1875 Bombay
Theosophical Society Madame HP Blavastky and Col 1875 New York (USA)
H. S. Olcott
Sudharam Brahmo Samaj Anand Mohan Bose 1878 Calcutta
Deccan Education Society G. G. Agarkar 1884 Pune (Poona)
Muhammadan Educational Con- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 1886 Aligarh
ference
Indian National Conference M. G. Ranade 1887 Bombay
Deva Samaj Shivnarayan Agnihotri 1887 Lahore
Nadwah-ul-Ulma Maulana Shibli Numani 1894 Lucknow
Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekanand 1897 Belur
Servants of Indian Society Gopalakrishan Gokhale 1905 Bombay
Indian History 45
Poona Seva Sadan Mrs Ramabai Ranade and G.K. 1909 Pune (Poona)
Devadhar
Social Service League N. M. Joshi 1911 Bombay
Seva Samiti H. N. Kunzru 1914 Allahabad
10. Dandi March 1930 Gandhiji launched the movement to break the salt law
11. Civil Disobedience 1930 Non-violent non-cooperation movement led by Gandhiji
12. Quit India Movement 1942 Led by Gandhiji; asking the British to leave India
13. Direct Action Campaign 1946 Launched by Muslim league, resulted in heavy riots.
Newspapers and Journals
Newspaper/Journal Name Founder
Bengal Gazette (1780) (Indias First Newspaper) James Augustus Hickey.
Kesari B.G.Tilak
Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
Hindu Vir Raghavacharya and G.S. Aiyar
Hindustan M.M. Malviya
Mooknayak B.R. Ambedkar
Comrade Mohammad Ali
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Al-Hilal Abul Kalam Azad
Independent Motilal Nehru
Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai
1344-1328 BC The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the religious
reforms of pharaoh Akhenaton.
525 BC Persians started ruling the Egypt.
332 BC Alexander the great conquered Egypt.
305 BC A greek-speaking dynasty was established by one of the generals of Alexander
the Great.
30 BC The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied Egypt.
Greek Civilization
Time Period Events
776 BC The first official date of Olympic Games
750BC Greek started planting colonies on the Mediterranean coast
490-479 Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against invasion from
the huge Persian Empire
399 Socrates, the famous philosopher of Athens was sentenced to death as he
was questioning conventional ideas
338 The Greek city-states were defeated by King Phillip II of Macedon
Roman Civilization
Time Period Events
753 BC Rome was founded
509BC Roman republic was built
390BC Rome was sacked by the Gauls
117AD Roman Empire became the largest empire of its time
312AD Constantine the Great got converted to Christianity
410AD Goths sacked Roman Empire
476AD The last Roman emperor was thrown out by German Tribes
Glorious Revolution : It was glorious because American Revolution : It was the mutiny of
of Bloodless Revolution focussed on securing people leaving in 13 colonies of England in
North America in late 18th century.
freedom of worship from Catholics and uni- French Revolution :
fying whigs and Tories of Anglican church It put an end to French monarchy.
against the Roman Catholic ruler James-II. It started in 1789 and ended in 1799.
Industrial Revolution : It was the process of It was carried out by Napoleon in later ex-
pansion of French Empire.
change in earning livelihood by adopting in- Russian Revolution :
dustrial processes rather than agriculture in It was based on the Marxism ideology.
18th century in Britain. It took place in 1917.
World Wars- I & II and other Wars
FUNDAMENTAL
Indian
Citizenship
Fundamental Rights
Part-III of the Constitution
Article (12-35)
Justiciable in nature (i.e. they are legally enforceable by the court of law).
It promotes political democracy.
Not absolute in nature & have some restrictions.
Parliament can amend them but not those provisions that form the basic structure of the
Constitution.
Suspended during National Emergency (Except Article 20 & 21).
Can be Suspended FRs available only to citizens
Magna Carta Part III (Article during Emergency & Not to Foreigners- Art. 15,
Borrowed from
of India 12 to 35) except Art. 20 & 21 16, 19, 29, 30
USA & France
Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality Right to Freedom Right Against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Curtural and Right to Constitutional
Religion Educational Rights Remedies
Meira Kumar is the first woman Speaker of M A Ayangar was the first Deputy Speaker
the Lok Sabha (2009-2014) (1952-1956)
GMC Balyogi is the first speaker to die in GV Mavlankar was the first Speaker of the
the office (1998-2002) Lok Sabha (1952-1956)
Dr Balram Jakhar was the longest serving Sumitra Mahajan is the present Speaker of
Speaker (1980-1989) 16th Lok Sabha since June, 2014.
Polity 57
National Parties
S. Name Symbol Year of Foun- Current Current
No. dation leader(s) Lok Sabha
Seats
1. Bharatiya Janata Lotus 1980 Amit Shah 282 / 543
Party
2. Indian National Hand 1885 Sonia Gan- 44 / 543
Congress dhi
3. Communist Party of Hammer, Sickle and Star 1964 Sitaram 9 / 543
India (Marxist) Yechury
4. Communist Party of Ears of Corn and Sickle 1925 Suravaram 1 / 543
India Sudhakar
Reddy
5. Bahujan Samaj Party Elephant (In all 1984 Mayawati 0 / 543
States/U.T.s except in the
State of Assam, where its
candidates will have to
choose a symbol.
6. Nationalist Congress Clock 1999 Sharad
Party Pawar
7. All India Trunamue Jora Ghas Phul 1998 Mamta 32/545
Congress Banerjee
Polity 59
Port
Name of the Port State
Kandla Gujarat
Mumbai Maharashtra
Jawaharlal Nehru Maharashtra
Marmugoa Goa
Manglore Karnataka
Kochi Kerala
Haldia West Bengal
Paradip Odisha
Vishakapatnam Andhra Pradesh
Chennai Tamil Nadu
Ennore Tamil Nadu
Tutikorin Tamil Nadu
Mineral resources
Aluminium - Kerala.
Antimony - Antimony deposits are found in Punjab and Karnataka.
Longest Rivers
2
Name, Nation/Continent Length in kms Basin Area m km
Nile Africa 6695 3.25
Amazon, South America 6516 6.14
Yangtze Kiang, China 6380 1.72
Mississippi Missouri, USA 5959 3.20
Ob Irtysh, Russia 5568 2.97
Yenisey Angari a Selenga, Asia 5550 2.55
Yellow (Hwang Ho), China 5464
Congo (Zaire), Africa 4667
Parana Rio de la Plata, S. Am 4500 2.58
Lakes
Deepest Lakes
Baikal, Russian Fedn 1620 m
Tanganyika, Africa 1463 m
Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe 1025 m
Malawi of Nyasa, Africa 706 m
Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan 702 m
Deserts
Largest Deserts of the World
Subtropical
Sahara, North Africa 8,600,650 sq. km
Arabian, Middle East 2,300,000 sq. km
Great Victoria, Australia 647,475 sq. km
Kalahari, Southern Africa 582,727 sq. km
Chihuahuan, Mexico 453,232 sq. km
Thar, India/Pakistan 453,232 sq. km
Great Sandy, Australia 388,485 sq. km
Gibson, Australia 310,788 sq. km
Sonoran, S.W. USA 310,788 sq. km
Simpson/Stony, N Africa 145,034 sq. km
Mohave, S.W. USA 139,854 sq. km
Cool Coastal
Atacama, Chile SA 139,854 sq. km
Namib, S.W. Africa 33,668 sq. km
Cold Winter
Gobi, China 1,166,450 sq km
Patagonian, Argentina 673,374 sq km
Great Basin, S.W. USA 492,081 sq. km
Kara-kum, West Asia 349,636 sq. km
Colorado, Western USA, also called the Painted Desert 336,687 sq. km
Kyzyl-kum, West Asia 297,838 sq. km
Taklamakan, China 271,939 sq. km
Iranian, Iran 258,990 sq. km
Economy
INTRODUCTION Second Plan (1956 - 61)
Its a developing economy with agriculture Also called Mahalanobis Plan.
being its backbone. Focus - rapid industrialization
The growth rate is estimated to be around Third Plan (1961 - 66)
7.6% per cent in the year 2015-16. Target Growth: 5.6% ; Actual Growth: 2.4%
Worlds fourth largest in terms of real GDP Agriculture was given to priority to support
after USA, China and Japan. the exports and industry.
Aimed to make India a self-reliant and
HISTORY OF PLANNING IN INDIA self-generating economy.
1934: First attempt to initiate eco-
nomic planning in India was made by
Three Annual Plans (1966-69) Plan
Sir M.Visvesvarayya, through his book holiday for 3 years
Planned Economy For India. The main reasons for plan holidays were
1938: National Planning Commission was the war, lack of resources, and increase in
set up under the chairmanship of J.L. Ne- inflation.
Policy of Green Revolution was adopted.
hru first time.
1944: Bombay Plan was presented by 8 Fourth Plan (1969 - 74)
leading industrialists of Bombay. Target growth rate was 5.6%, actual growth
1944: Gandhian Plan was given by rate was 3.3%.
S. N. Agarwal. Main emphasis was on growth rate of ag-
1945: Peoples Plan was given by riculture to enable other sectors to move
M. N. Roy. forward
1950: Sarvodaya Plan was given by J. P. Fifth Plan (1974 - 79)
Narayan.
The fifth plan was prepared and launched
The Planning Commission by D.D. Dhar.
It was set up on March 15, 1950 under the Target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual
chairmanship J.L. Nehru, by a resolution of growth rate was 5.0%.
Union Cabinet. It proposed to achieve two main objectives:
removal of poverty (Garibi Hatao) and at-
It is an extra-constitutional, non-statutory
tainment of self reliance.
body.
Prime Minister is the ex-officio Chairman, Rolling Plan (1978 - 80)
one deputy-Chair appointed by the PM and There were two Sixth Plans. Janta Govern-
some full time members. ment put forward a plan for 1978-1983.
In January 2015, Cabinet resolution However, the government lasted for only 2
replaced the Planning Commission by years. Congress Govt. returned to power in
NITI Aayog. 1980 and launched a different plan.
Sixth Plan (1980 - 85)
PLANS
Target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual
First Plan (1951 - 56) growth rate was 5.4%.
It was a great success and marked the be-
Based on Harrod-Domar Model.
ginning of economic liberalisation.
Community Development Program
launched in 1952 Seventh Plan (1985 - 90)
Focus on agriculture, price stability, pow- Target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual
er and transport. growth rate was 6.01%.
Economy 71
Eighth Plan (1992 - 97) Q = Total quantity of final goods & services.
It was postponed by two years because of P = Price of final goods & services.
political uncertainty at the Centre. 2. Gross National Product (GNP): GNP is the
Modernization of industries was a major money value of total output or production
highlight. of final goods & services produced by the
Target growth rate: 5.6%; Average growth nationals of a country during a given period
rate: 6.78% of time, generally a year. In this case, the
income of all the resident & non-resident
Ninth Plan (1997- 2002) citizens of a country is included whereas
Target growth was 7.1% and the actual the income of foreign nationals who reside
growth was 6.8%. within the geographical boundary of the
country is excluded.
Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007)
Target growth: 8.1% GNP = GDP + (X M)
Growth achieved: 7.7% X = Export of goods & services
20 point program was introduced. M = Import of goods & services
It targetted a GDP growth of 8% per an- X M = Net Factor Income from Abroad
num. (NFIA)
Eleventh Plan (2007 - 2012) So, GNP = GDP + NFIA
Accelerate GDP growth from 8% to 10%.
Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1 3. Net National Product (NNP): can be cal-
Increase agriculture growth to 4%. culated in 2 ways:-
(i) NNP at market price:
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017)
NNP = GNP Depreciation
Major objective: Faster, Sustainable and
More Inclusive Growth. Depreciation means wear & tear of
The main points of the Twelfth Plan are: goods produced.
NNP at market price includes Indirect
Resource Allocation Priorities in taxes and excludes subsidies.
12th plan (ii) NNP at factor cost: NNP at factor cost
Health and Education received less than calculates National Income only on
projected in Eleventh Plan. the basis of cost incurred to produce
the goods & services. This cost is the
Infrastructure, including irrigation and wa-
payment made to the factors of pro-
tershed management and urban infrastruc-
duction.
ture, will need additional 0.7 percentage
point of GDP over the next 5 years.
NNPfc = NNPmp Indirect Taxes + Subsidy
National Income of India
National Income is the money value of all When NNP is obtained at factor cost, it is
the final goods & services which produced known as National Income.
by a country during one year. Likewise, GDP at factor cost also can be
India is now the worlds 3rd largest econ- calculated.
omy in terms of real prices and purchasing
power. GDPfc = GDPmp Indirect Taxes + Subsidy
Measures/Concepts of National 4. Personal Income : It is that income which
Income is actually obtained by nationals in one year.
1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): P.I. = National Income Undistributed
GDP is the total money value of all final Profits of Corporation Payments for
goods & services produced within the geo- Social Security Provisions Corporate
graphical boundaries of the country (pro- Taxes + Government Transfer payments +
duced by resident citizens + foreign nation- Business Transfer payments + Net Interest
als) during a given period of time, generally paid by government.
one year. SOCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS = Payments
made by employees towards pension &
GDP = Q P, provident fund
72 Economy
Budget
Direct taxes Indirect taxes Direct taxes Indirect taxes Property tax
Income tax Custom duty Professional tax Entertainment Water tax
Wealth tax Central excise Agricultural tax V.A.T Sewerage tax
Service tax State excise duty
Central sales
Economy 73
Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate of 1.2%, as per the fourth Annual
Employment & Unemployment Survey
Features report for 2013-14, released by Labour
Uniform regim of taxes across India. Bureau, under Union Ministry of Labour
Common market of goods and services and Employment.
across India.
States will collect services taxes. Schemes for Women and Child
Centre will collect Integrated Goods and Development
Service Tax (IGST) or inter-state supplies. 1. Ahimsa Messengers
IGST rate will be equal to Central GST Scheme of Ministry of women and child
(CGST) + State GST (SGST). development launched by UPA in 2013.
It will subsume 16 central or states taxes. Includes Women Panchayati Raj Mem-
GST Replaces bers, Youth, NGOs etc.
These people work for prevention of vio-
States Taxes Central Taxes
lence against women, dowry etc.
VAT/Sales Tax Central Excise
2. CSWB
Duty
Central social welfare board (CSWB).
Entry Tax/Octroi Excise Duty on
To implement welfare programs for women
Medicines and
and children via NGOs, family counselling,
Toilet
awareness generation etc.
Local Tax Additional Cus-
3. Poorna Shakti Kendra
tom Duty
Created under National Mission for em-
Entertainment Sp. Add. Custom
powerment of women in 2013.
Tax Duty
Purchase Tax Countervailing One stop information centres.
Duty Help women get benefit from various
Mandi Tax/Local Service Tax govt. schemes.
Levis 4. SABLA
Luxury Tax Cesses and sur- Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment
charges of Adolescent Girls launched in 2011.
Tax on Lottery To provide nutrition for growing adoles-
and Betting cent girls by provision of food grains.
Inter-state Tax All girls will be given a kishori card
which will be updated with details of the
Poverty in India girls growth and provision of the food
One third of the worlds poor live in India. grains.
The number of poor in India is now SABLA is created by merging earlier
estimated at 148 million in 2014 as two schemes: Nutrition program for
compared to 396 million in 2004-05. adolescent girls + Kishori Shakti Yojana.
Goa ranks best with least poverty of 5.09% Target: girls aged 11-18.
and Chattisgarh has the most poverty with
100 gms of foodgrain per day per girl for
39.93%.
300 days in a year.
Poverty is concentrated among agricultural
5. Saksham
labourers, casual workers, scheduled castes
This is a scheme by Ministry of Women
and scheduled tribes.
and Child Development launched in
According to Economic Survey 2013-14,
2012.
poverty ratio declines to 21.9%.
Made due to rising demand for gender
Unemployment in India sensitisation among boys after the Delhi
The countrys overall unemployment rate gang-rape incident.
was estimated to be 4.9% in 2013-14. Itll give training/moral education to
In case of women living in urban areas, the adolescent boys (11-18 age) to respect
unemployment rate was 12.4%, while in ru- women.
ral areas, it was 6.4%. 6. STEP
The overall unemployment among women Support to Training and Employment
was 7.7% across the country. program for Women.
Gujarat has the lowest unemployment Provides skill training.
74 Economy
Scheduled Banks
Scheduled Scheduled
Urban Stat e
Public Sector Private Sector RRBs(82) Cooperative Cooperative
Banks (26) Banks (21) Bank (53) Bank (16)
Nationalised
Old Private Banks (14)
Bank (20)
Governors: 1st Governor Sir Smith Market Operations (OMO), Statutory Li-
(1935-37); 1st Indian Governor- CD quidity Ratio (SLR), Repo/Reserve Repo.
Deshmukh (1948-49). 2. Qualitative Credit Control:
RBI follows Minimum Reserve System Rationing of Credit, Regulation of Credit for
worth 200 crore (` 115 crore gold & Consumption Purpose, Variation of margin
` 85 crore bond). requirements, Moral Control, Direct action.
All notes except one rupee are issued by the
RBI & bear the signature of RBI Governor. Printing of Securities and Minting in India
Where as the one rupee note bears India Security Press (Nashik Road): Postal
signature of Secretary of Finance (GOI). Material, Postal Stamps, Non-postal Stamps,
No personal accounts are maintained & Judicial and Non-judicial Stamps, Cheques,
operated in RBI. Bonds, NSC, Kisan Vikas Patra, Securities of
Functions of RBI State Governments, Public Sector Enterprise
Issuance of note.
and Financial Corporations.
Banker to the Government.
Bankers Bank. Currency Notes Press (Nashik Road): Since
Controller of Credit 1991, this press prints currency notes of ` 1, `
Custodian of Foreign Reserves 2, ` 5, ` 10, ` 50, and ` 100.
Formulates and administers the monetary Bank Notes Press (Dewas): Currency notes
policy in India. of `20, `50, `100 and `500 are printed here.
Acts as the agent of the Government of In-
Modernized Currency Notes Press: Two
dia in respect to Indias membership of the
IMF and the World Bank. new modernized currency notes press are un-
RBI acts as the central clearing house for der establishment at Mysore (Karnataka) and
the inter bank transactions. Salboni (West Bengal).
Credit control means control over the Security Paper: Hoshangabad (established
quantity and value of credit in the country. in 1967-68) makes production of Bank and
Among the functions of Central Bank, one
main function is to control and regulate the Currency notes paper.
credit in the country. Coins are minted at four places: Mumbai,
1. Quantitative Credit Control: Kolkata, Hyderabad and Noida.
Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Open
Economy 77
Physics
Physics is the branch of science which deals with the study of matter, energy, and the interaction
between them.
A scalar is a physical quantity that has only a magnitude (size) E.g. : Distance, speed, time,
power, energy, etc.
A vector is a physical quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. E.g. Velocity,
displacement, acceleration, force etc.
Some physical quantities like moment of inertia, stress, etc. are neither scalar nor vector. They
are tensor.
Seven Fundamental Physical Quantities and their Units
Physical Quantity SI Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second S
Electric Current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela Cd
Amount of substance mole mol
Some Derived Physical Quantities and their Units
STATES OF MATTER
Matter
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Elements Compounds
Organic Inorganic
Digestion of Food
Name of the Name of the enzymes Substrate End product
Digestive
juice
Saliva Ptyalin (Salivary Starch Maltose
amylase)
Pancreatic Amylopsin (pancreatic Starch, Maltose and Glucose
juice amylase) Glycogen
Intestinal Sucrase (invertase), Sucrose; Maltose, Glucose and fructose,
juice Maltase, Lactase Lactose Glucose, and galactose
Gastric Juice Pepsin, Rennin Proteins, Proteoses and peptones,
Casein Calcium caseinate
Pancreatic Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Proteins, Proteoses and Peptides
Juice Carboxyl peptidases Peptides Amino acid.
Intestinal Amino peptidase, Peptides Amino acids
juice Dipeptidase
Skeletal System
Human Skeleton (comprising 206 bones)
Bacteria Diseases
Disease Pathogen Affected Organ Symptom
Anthrax Bacillus Skin and intestine Skinulcer, sore throat, nausea,
anthracis fever, breathlessness
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Vomiting, acute diarrhoea,
muscular cramps, dehydration etc.
Diphtheria Corynebacterium Respiratory tract Difficulty in respiration
diphtheriae (mainly in child of age 2-5 yrs).
Leprosy or Mycobacterium Chronic infection of Ulcers, nodules, scaly scabs
Hansens disease leprae skin and nerve (the infected part of the body
becomes senseless).
Plague Pasteurella, Blood disease High fever, weakness and
(i) Bubonic plague Yersinia pestis haemorrhage which turn black.
Biology 97
Viral Diseases
Disease Pathogen Affected Part Symptom
AIDS (Acquired HIV (Human Immuno White blood cells Weak immune system.
Immuno Deficiency Virus)
Deficiency
Syndrome)
Chicken pox Vericella virus Whole body High fever, reddish eruption on
body
Small pox Variola virus Whole body Light fever, eruption of blood
on body
Dengue fever RNA containing Whole body, High fever, backache, headache,
dengue virus particularly head, retro-orbital pain behind the
eyes and joints eye ball.
Rabies RNA virus called Nervous system Encephalitis, fear of water, high
(hydrophobia) rabies virus fever, headache, spasm of throat
and chest leading to death
Swine H1N1 flu virus Whole body Headache, tiredness, sore throat,
influenza (flu) (muscles) vomiting, breathing problems.
98 Biology
Protozoan Diseases
Disease Pathogen Vector Parts Affected and
(Causative Symptoms
agent)
African trypano- Trypanosoma Tsetse fly (Glossina Blood and nervous tissue.
somiasis gambienes palpalis) Man feels sleepy, may cause
death.
Amoebic dysen- Entamoeba None, Infection by Colon (intestine). Develop
tery (Amoebiasis) histolytica contamination loose motion with blood,
pain in abdomen
who do not have the Rh factor are Rh- Universal Donor : O blood group person
negative. can give blood to all the four blood groups
Karl Landsteiner (1900) discovered the (O, A, B, and AB).
blood group in human. Universal Recipient : AB blood group
There are four groups of blood A, B, AB person can take blood from all the four
and O. groups (AB, A, B, O).
National Parks
They are reserved for the betterment of wild life, both fauna and flora. In national parks private
ownership is not allowed. The grazing, cultivation, forestry, etc. is also not permitted. The first
national park of the world, Yellow stone, in U.S.A., was founded in 1872.
Important state wise national parks of India
Jammu and Kashmir - Dachigam, Salim Ali
Assam - Kaziranga, Manas*
Meghalaya - Nokrek
West Bengal - Sunderbans
Bihar - Hazaribagh, Palamau*
Uttaranchal - Corbett* ( Hailey ), Nanda Devi, Valley of flowers, Rajaji
U. P. - Dudhwa*
Gujarat - Gir, Marine
Rajasthan - Sariska*, Ranthambore*, Desert
Madhya Pradesh - Kanha* , Sanjay, Madhav, Panna, Bandhavgarh*, Van Vihar, Fossil
Orissa - Simlipal
Karnataka - Bandipur*
Kerala - Silent Valley, Periyar*
*These national parks are running Tiger Project also. (The maximum national parks are
present in Madhya Pradesh).
Ecology & Environment 103
Sanctuaries
In sanctuaries the protection is given to fauna only. The activity like harvesting of timber,
collection of forest products and private ownership rights are permitted so long as they do not
interfere with the well being of the animals. The important wild life sanctuaries are: Chilka wild
life sanctuary (Orissa), Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Rajasthan), Sultanpur Bird sanctuary
(Haryana) and Jalpara sanctuary (West Bengal). Gir wild life sanctuary (Gujarat), Maximum
sanctuaries belong to Andaman and Nicobar.
UNFCCC
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into force on
21 March 1994. Today, it has near-universal membership. The 195 countries that have ratified
the Convention are called Parties to the Convention.
104 Ecology & Environment
Kalamkari Golkonda and Chennai and pens made of bamboo and natural
Masulipatnam area of Hyderabad colours extracted from vegetables
Warli Painting North Sahyadri Range in India. Rice paste, mix with Gum and Water Red
clay (Geru), cow dung, mud
Gond art Gond Tribes of Central India. Made on walls, ceilings and floors of
village houses
Famous indian painters
Rabindranath Tagore 7 May 1861 7 Aug 1941
Abanindranath Tagore 7 Aug 1871 5 Dec 1951
Amrita Sher-Gil 30 Jan 1913 5 Dec 1941
Jamini Roy 1 Apr 1887 24 Apr 1972
Francis Newton Souza 12 Apr 1924 -28 Mar 2002
S.H. Raza 22 Feb 1922 - 23 june 2016
Tyeb Mehta 25 Jul 1925 2 Jul 2009
Satish Gujral 25 Dec 1925 - Till date
Nandalal Bose 3 Dec 1882 16 Apr 1966
Manjit Bawa 1941-29 Dec 2008
M. F. Husain 17 Sep 1915 9 Jun 2011
Indian Music
The music of India includes multiple varieties of folk music, pop and classical music. Indias
classical music tradition, including Hindustani music and Carnatic, has a history spanning
millennia and developed over several eras. Music in India began as an integral part of socio-
religious life.
106 Art, Culture & Tourism
Theatre Arts
Raj Bisaria 1966, Lucknow
Workshop (TAW)
TOURISM
Famous Tourist places of India
Site Location Founder
Aram Bagh Agra (Uttar Pradesh) Babur
Anand Bhawan Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) Moti Lal Nahru
Adhai Din Ka Jhopra Ajmer (Rajasthan) Qutub-ud-din-Aibak
Ajanta Caves Aurangabad Gupta Rulers
Akbars Tomb Sikandera (Uttar Pradesh) Jahangir
Bibi ka Maqbara Aurangabad (Maharashtra Aurangzeb
Bharatpur Fort Bharatpur (Rajasthan) Raja Surajmal Singh
108 Art, Culture & Tourism
HANDICRAFTS
India has got international acclamation in terms of its beautiful and creative handicrafts. Given
below are the states with diversified crafts.
State Handicrafts
Odisha Weaving craft, palm leaf writing, patachitra- the chitrakars foray, applique, stone
carving, metal craft,
Delhi Zardozi, lacquer work, clay and paper made dolls
Maharastra Paithani saris, sawantwadi crafts, warli paintings, kolhapuri chappals, narayan peth
West Bengal Leather craft, brass & bell metal, pottery, mat making, dhokra metal casting, cane
& bamboo, fine arts, clay dolls, horn work, jute products.
Gujrat Bead-work, jewellery, inlay work, embroidery, wood carving,
Rajasthan Tie-and-dye textiles, hand block printing, quilting, jewellery,
Himachal Jewelry, leather craft, woodcarving, architecture, kangra paintings
Pradesh
Goa Pottery & Terracotta, Brass metal ware, Crochet & Embroidery, Fiber Craft, Jute
Macrame Craft, carving, sea shell craft
Andhra Priceless Pearls
Pradesh
Karnataka Woodcarving, Ivory carving
Jharkhand Wood craft, paitkar paintings, metal work, stone carving, ornaments, toy making
Manipur Wood carving, textile weaving, stone-carving, block printing, kauna (water reed)
mat, hand-embroidery
Jammu & Carpets, Basket Weaving, Namdas, pashmina shawls, Papier-Mchie, Leather and
Kashmir fur, wood carvings
Art, Culture & Tourism 111
INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY Irani was the father of the talkie. The first talkie
India is the largest producer of films in the films in Bengali (Jumai Shasthi), Telugu (Bhakta
world and second oldest film industry in the Prahlad) and Tamil (Kalidass) were released in
world which originated around about 103 the same year.
years ago. It was in early 1913 that an Indian Largest film industry in India is the Hindi
film received a public screening. The film was film industry mostly concentrated in Mumbai
Raja Harischandra. Its director, Dadasaheb (Bombay), and is commonly referred to
Phalke. By the mid 1920s, Madras had become as Bollywood. Kochi and Kolkata are
the epicentre for all film related activities. commonly referred to as Tollywood(Telugu),
Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu, SS Vasan, AV Kollywood(Tamil), Sandalwood(Kannada),
Mollywood(Malayalam), Tollywood(Bangla).
Meiyappan set up production houses in Madras
The largest film studio complex in the world
to shoot Telugu and Tamil films. is Ramoji Film City is located at Hyderabad ,
The silent era came to an end when Ardeshir India, which was opened in 1996 and measures
Irani produced his first talkie, Alam Ara in 674 ha (1,666 acres). Comprising 47 sound
1931. If Phalke was the father of Indian cinema, stages.
Communication,
Transport, News & Media
COMMUNICATION
Post Office
The Department of Posts was founded in India on 1st April, 1774.
This department serves as an agent of Govt.
Quick Facts
Founder of Telegraph and Postal : Governor General Lord
System in India Dalhousie
First General Post Office opened in India : 1774 (Kolkata)
First postage stamp of India : Sinde Dawk (1852)
Pin system started in India : 1972
The First Indian Post Office Outside India : Dakshin Gangotri in Antarctica (1983), Indian
Territory
Speed Post started in India : 1986
Money Order System : 1880
Postal Life Insurance started : 1884
Postal Staff College situated at : Ghaziabad (UP)
World Postal Day is observed on : 9th October
Indian Postal Day is observed on : 10th October
1. USA 250000
Indian Railways
2. China 100000
Indian Railways is a state-owned enterprise
and one of the worlds largest railway 3. Russia 85500
networks comprising 115,000 km of track 4. India 65000
over a route of 65,808 km and 7,112 stations. 5. Canada 48000
It was founded on April 16, 1853.
6. Germany 41000
Indian Railways Zones and their
7. Australia 40000
Headquarters
8. Argentina 36000
Route
Name Headquarters 9. France 29000
(km)
Southern (SR) 5098 Chennai 10. Brazil 28000
114 Communication, Transport, News & Media
Bangaluru Metro: Bengaluru Metro also JRD Tata was the first licensed pilot of
known as Namma Metro is recently started Federation aeronautique International
rapid transit rail system in the Bengaluru city on behalf of the Aero Club of India and
of Karnataka. Burma.
Jaipur Metro: The pink city of Rajasthan is got Prem Mathur became the first female
its first metro line of 9.2 km from Mansarovar commercial pilot to start flying for
to Chandpole Bazaar in November 2010. Deccan Airways, as she obtained her
commercial pilots licence in 1947.
AVIATION INDUSTRY
Air transport in India made a beginning in 5/20 rule : The rule allows an Indian
1911 when airmail operation commenced carrier to fly abroad only after it has com-
over a distance of 10 km between Allahabad pleted five years of domestic operations and
and Naini. The Airport Authority of India was maintains a fleet of 20 aircrafts.
constituted in 1972.
BUSIEST AIRPORTS IN INDIA
WATER WAYS
India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways. At present, 5,685 km of major rivers are
navigable. The Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986.
Classification of Computer
Size Characteristics Uses
Super Largest, fastest, powerful and most Used for advanced scientific research
computers expensive they also generate a lot such as nuclear physics.
heat.
Main Less powerful and less expensive Used to handle all kinds of problems
frames than super computers. They also whether scientific or commercial. I.e.
have a large storage capacity. performing complex mathematical
calculations they are mostly found in
banks, hospitals, airports etc.
Mini Smaller and less powerful than the Used in scientific laboratories, research
computers main frame. institutions, engineering plants and
places where processing automation is
required.
Micro Smallest, cheapest and relatively Used to perform a variety of tasks
computers least powerful. Uses a micro including research, communication,
processor to process data. Examples banking, learning institutions, libraries
desktop, laptop and personal digital etc.
assistant (PDA).
First computer in India was installed in the (a) Random Access Memory: All active pro-
Main post office of Bangalore on August grams and data are stored in RAM so that
16, 1986. they may be available immediately and
First Computer University (in Private readily accessed by CPU.
Sector) in India is Rajeev Gandhi Computer DRAM Dynamic Random Access
University. Memory
Bengaluru is also known as the Silicon Val-
ley of India. SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Access
First Indian News Paper to be available on Memory
Internet is The Hindu. (b) Read only memory (ROM): The data
First Indian magazine to be available on In- stored in ROM cannot be changed. It keeps
ternet is India Today. its contents even in the absence of power.
First Super Computer of the world is CRAY
K-1-S, developed by Cray K Company of PROM Programmable Read Only
U.S.A. Memory.
Deep Blue is a Super Computer which had EPROM Erasable Programmable
defeated World Chess Champion Garry Read Only Memory.
Kasparov.
First Electronic Digital Computer of the EEPROM Electrically Erasable Pro-
world is ENIAC. grammable Read Only Memory.
FORTRAN is the first Programming Lan- Cache Memory is temporary Memory
guage. which can be accessed much faster than
A computer error is known as Bug. RAM. It is used to hold temporary data in
C-DAC (Centre for Development and Ad- files.
vanced Computing) was established in
Pune in 1988. Unit Size
Components of a Computer Bit One binary digit
Input unit Byte Eight bits
It receives data and instructions from the Word 16-64 bits
user.
Nibble 4 bits
It converts the instructions into machine
language. Output unit
It sends converted instructions to CPU for
It receives processed data from CPU.
processing
It converts the output into simple
CPU (Central Processing Unit) language. It displays results.
It performs processing works of computer.
It is considered as Brain of the computer. Languages of Computer
It controls all the parts of computer. There are various languages of the computer
The CPU consists of three components: which are classified in three categories:
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) (i) Machine language: In this language in-
It performs all arithmetic and logic operations. structions have two parts operation code
It has two parts and location code. Both are represented
(a) Arithmetic section It performs all by binary codes i.e. 0 and 1.
complex arithmetic process. (ii) Assembly language: The code used in
(b) Logic section It performs all logic op- this language were easy to remember
erations like selecting and comparing of like add for addition, sub for subtrac-
data etc. tion etc. Both machine languages and
Control Unit- It controls the transfer of data assembly languages are called low level
from the input device to memory and from languages.
memory to ALU. It also transfers the results
from memory to output unit. (iii) High level language: High level lan-
guages are very similar to other ordinary
Memory- It holds the received data from in-
put device temporarily/permanently it is of languages which are spoken and written
two types:- by people.
Computers, IT & Technological Innovation 121
Hardware
Wide Area Networks (WAN) WAN is a conferencing, 3D television and cloud computing.
computer Network that is distinguished It is faster and has better features than its
from a Local Area Network because of its successor 3G.
longer-distance communications. The net-
work may cover a whole country or may Project Loon: Project Loon is a research
include the sites of a large multinational and development project. It is developed
organization. by Google X with the mission of providing
Internet access to rural and remote areas.
IT TRENDS The project uses high-altitude balloons
Windows 10 placed in the stratosphere at an altitude
of about 18 km (11 mi) to create an aerial
Windows 10 is a personal computer operating wireless network with up to 4G-LTE speeds.
system developed by Microsoft. It has launched
new features to facilitate the users. Cortana is
a feature that acts as personal assistant for TECHNOLOGICAL INOVATION
the user by aiding in the easy management
of calendar, file finding, chatting, telling jokes Smart Contact Lens
and tracking packages. It gives a complete Contact lenses developed at the University of
personalized experience to the user. Office California-Davis contain conductive wires that
app is of two types for desktop and mobile. continuously monitor pressure and fluid flow
The desktop office app enables the users to within the eyes of at-risk people. The lenses
enjoy advanced features of the traditional then relay information to a small device worn
programmes. Office mobile app are deigned by the patient; the device wirelessly transmits
to work in both mobiles and tablets. Microsoft it to a computer.
Edge on Windows 10 allows users to surf the
web. Xbox offers games streaming from Xbox.
4G Absorbable Heart Stent
Fourth generation, also called as 4G, is Absorbable Heart Stent: The bio- absorbable
the succeeding generation of 3G in mobile version made by Abbott Laboratories in Illinois
telecommunications. It is an advanced system does its job and disappears. After six months the
with advanced capabilities of telephony, mobile stent begins to dissolve, and after two years its
web, gaming services, high definition TV, video completely gone, leaving behind a healthy artery.
Sports
OLYMPICS 18th will be held in Jakarta (Indonesia) in
The first Modern Olympics Games were 2018.
started in Athens on 6th April 1896. The
SOUTH ASIAN GAMES
Olympics games originated in the City of
Olympia of Greece. South Asian Games (SAG) was first held
The Olympic flag was created in 1914 in 1984 at Kathmandu, Nepal. The eight
at the suggestion of Baron Pierre de participating Countries are Afghanistan,
Coubertin and was hoisted first time in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,
Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
the Antwerp Olympic Games in 1920.
The next SAG is scheduled to be held in
It is made up of white silk and contains
2016 at Hambantota, Sri Lanka.
five intertwined rings as the Olympics
emblem. CRICKET WORLD CUP
The Colour of rings represents different It is organised by the international Cricket
continents as given below: Council (ICC) after every 4 years.
Blue - Europe The first World Cup was organized in
England in June 1975.
Yellow - Asia Australia is the Champion of ICC Cricket
Black - Africa World Cup 2015.
The next World Cup is scheduled in 2019 in
Red - America England.
Green - Australia &
Oceania FIFA WORLD CUP
Germany was The Champion of 20th FIFA
The Olympic motto is Citius Altius
world cup held in 2014 in Brazil.
Fortius (Faster, higher, Stronger)
Brazil has won five times and they are
Mary Leela Rao was the 1st Indian
the only team to have played in every
woman participant in The Olympic Games
tournament.
COMMONWEALTH GAMES The next two World Cups will be hosted by
It is held every 4th year in between the Russia in 2018 and Qatar in 2022.
Olympic years.
The first Commonwealth Games was held HOCKEY WORLD CUP
in 1930 at Hamilton, Canada. It was started in 1971.
India, for the first time, participated in the Indian has won the tournament only once
2nd Commonwealth Games held in 1934 in 1975.
in London. The last Hockey World Cup was held in
2014 in Hague, Netherlands whose winner
ASIAN GAMES was Australia.
The idea of the Asian Games was first The next tournament is scheduled in 2018
conceived by Prof. G.D. Sondhi. The first to be held in Bhubaneswar, India.
Asian Games were held at New Delhi on 4
March 1951. IPL 2016
The motto of the Asian Games Play the
game in Spirit of the game was given by It is a professional Twenty 20 Cricket
Pt. J.L Nehru. league in India (BCCI).
Its emblem is a bright full rising Sun with The ninth and the latest IPL was held in 2016.
interlocking rings. The Sun risers Hyderabad were crowned as
17th Asian Games was held in Incheon the champion after they won against Royal
(South Korea) in 2014. Challengers Bangalore in the Finals.
124 Sports