= subtransient reactance; determines current during first cycle after fault occurs. In about 0.1 s reactance increases to ransient reactance; assumed to determine current after several cycles at 60 Hz. In about 0.5 to 2 s reactance increases to Xg= synchronous reactance; this is the value that determines the current flow after a steady- state condition is reached, Synchronous generator data available from some manufacturers includes two values for direct axis subtransient reactance—for example, subtransient reactances X," (at rated volt- age, saturated, smaller) and Xj,” (at rated current, unsaturated, larger). Because a short- circuited generator may be saturated. and for conservatism, the Xj,’ value is used for short-circuit current calculations. 4.2.3 Induction machines: A squirrel-cage induction motor will contribute current to a power system short circuit, This is generated by inertia driving the motor in the presence of a field flux produced by induction from the stator rather than from a de field winding. Since this fiux decays om loss of source voltage caused by a fault at the motor terminals, the current contribution of an induction ‘motor to a terminal fault reduces and disappears completely after a few cycles. Because field ‘excitation is not maintained, there is no steady-state value of fault current as for synchronous machines. ‘Again, the same equivalent circuit is used, but the values of transient and synchronous reac- tance approach infinity. As a consequence, induction motors are assigned only a subtransient value of reactance X”. This value varies upward from the locked rotor reactance to account for the decay of the motor current contribution to the short circuit. Line-to-line short-circuit cuents are approximately 87% of three-phase shoxt-cireuit cur- rents. Line-to-ground short-circuit currents can range in utility systems from a few percent to possibly 125% of the three-phase value. In industrial systems, line-to-ground short-circuit currents higher than three phase are rare except when bolted short circuits are near the wye windings with a solidly grounded neutral of either generators or two winding, delta-wye, core-type transformers, This chapter examines three basic networks of selected impedances used for the results most commonly desired: a) First-cycle duties for fuses and circuit breakers bv) Contact-parting (interrupting) duties for medium- and high-voltage circuit breakers ©) Short-cirenit cusrents at operating times for time-delayed relaying devicesFor caleulations of short-circuit duties to be compared with the interrupting ratings of low~ medium-, or high-voltage fuses or of only low-voltage circuit breakers (according to ANSI 97.1-1972, IEEE Std C37.13-1981, IEEE Std C37.41-1981, NEMA AB 1-1975, and NEMA SG 3-1981). unmodified or modified subtransient impedances are used to represent all sotating machines in the equivalent network. Low-voltage duties. The standards for interrupting equipment allow a modified subtransient reactance for a group of low-voltage induction and synchronous motors fed from a low- voltage substation, If the total of motor horsepower ratings at 480 or 600 V is approximately ‘equal to (or Tess than) the transformer self-cooled rating in kilovoltamperes, a reactance of 0.25 per unit based on the transformer self-cooled rating may be used as a single impedance to represent the group of motors. Table 4-1—Rotating-machine reactance (or impedance) multi ‘Type of rotating machine Firsteycle Taterrupting All ocbine generators all hydrogenerators with amortisseur windings: all condensers 10," 10X," Hydrogenerators without amortisseur windings 0.78 Xy" 0.75 X," All synchronous motors 10X," 15X," Indoction motors Above 1000 hp at 1800 r/min or less 10,” 15X," Above 250 hp at 3600 r/min 10X;" 15x," All others, 50 hp and above 12%," 30x," All smaller than $0 hp neglect neglect Source: Bused on IEEE Std €37.010-1979 and IEEE Std C37.5-1979.