HVAC Course 2015

HVAC course
Prepared BY
Eng. Hossam ELdin Samir
e.hosam2000@gmail.com
Supervised By
Eng. Mahmud Abdelaty
Senior Electromechanical Engineer
Engmah111@gmail.com
July, 2015
QEC: 01111001659
HVAC Course prepared by \ Eng.hosam eldin samir

HVAC system
H = Heating, V = Ventilation, A = Air, C = Conditioning

...............................................
Course contents
Manual ASHRAE
1- Load Estimation HAP
2- Different HVAC systems
Chilled water system D-X Direct Expansion
" " " "
"
Split Package
i.e. 4 components in the
Mini , concealed , same package
central split
Window ,central package
3 -
central package
central split
Chilled water system
selection factor
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Type catalogue
3- Air out lets Design location, number, type, size
4- Duct design Duct Seizer

Duct Type:-
Rectangular Circular
Duct " "

Elbow " "
5- Duct construction Branch \ take off
Accessories: volume, fire damper
Duct weight: manual, Excel
6- Duct connections:
7- Duct test: smoke, light Test
8- Duct insulation: Types, Design
Chilled water net work GPM
Circulation chilled water pump

[Design flow Q, Head H , Pump set]
9- Chilled water system Balancing system, load variation system
Equipments [Chiller, circulation pump, FCU, AHU, Cooling tower]
10- Fans: [ Types, construction]

11- BMS: Building Manage System design drawings, BOQ
12- Ventilation:
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Design Package
1- Design Drawings
Grill: number for each size
2- BOQ Bill Off Quantities Pipes: length for each diameter
Duct: weight
Insulation: area
3- Specification
:
Advanced HVAC contents 12 9 -
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1- Load Estimation
*manual
. -
1-1 Types of loads:
a) External loads [solar heat gain, transmittion heat gain]
b) Internal loads [people, lighting, equipments, miscellanies equip.]
c) Ventilation [ fresh air CFM ]
1-2 notes on comparison:
a)
Dry bulb temperature Wet bulb temperature
Tdb Twb

sensible heat latent heat
Humidity Twb ,Humidity Twb
b)
Humidity Ratio Relative Humidity
: :

c)

1- Solar Sensible
2- transmittion Sensible
3- internal people Sensible, latent
4- internal lights Sensible
5- internal equipments Sensible
6- internal misc. equipments Sensible, latent
7- ventilation Sensible, latent
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1-3 BTU Sheet
- Space name: ..
- Space location: .
- Indoor condition Based on application human comfortable temperature; Tdb = 75F Air at 50% RH
- out door condition: Based on project location design condition {HAP, Ashrae, }
Load sensible Latent

1-solar
2-transmittion
a)people
b)light
3-internal
c)equipment
d)Misc. equip.
R.S.H R.L.H
Room Sensible Heat Room Latent Heat
= =
4-ventilation
O.A.S.H O.A.L.H
Outside Air Sensible Heat Outside Air Latent Heat
= =
G.S.H G.L.H
Grand Sensible Heat Grand Latent Heat
= R.S.H + O.A.S.H = R.L.H + O.A.L.H
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1-4 load estimation:

1-4-1 solar heat gain:
" Walls " -
." Glass "

[ solar, transmittion] Walls -
Qs,t transmittion solar
Qs
Qt Qs,t
- Solar heat gain through glass:

Qs = A* F * (Solar heat gain \ feet^2)
Where:
Qs BTU\hr
A area of glass window ) (
F solar heat gain factor
" "curtains glass type
:
) 16 ( -: -
-: -
-More safe: F= 1
- More applicable: F = 0.35
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(Solar heat gain \ feet^2) ) 15 (

: -
- Location of the project latitude ) (
- Timing month, hour
- Direction ) (
From table 15 we get the follow as standard for our design work:
direction Magnitude in BTU\hr

North 33
N-E 139
E 165
S-E 163
S-W 163
W 165
N-W 139
H 250
15 *
N-W N N-E
W E
S-W S S-E
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1-4-2 Transmittion load:

transmittion
Roof
transmittion only :
Level 2
a) glass,
Ceiling Partition
b) Partition"" , ceiling"" , floor ""
Level 1
Wall Floor
solar & transmittion :
a) wall " "
b) Roof "
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
transmittion only :
a) Glass:
Qt = A * U * T
Where:
A area of glass window ) (
U over all heat transfer coefficient

:
) 33 ( -: -
-: -
-More safe: U= 1
- More applicable: U = 0.45
T Temp. diff. = 29F, for Egypt

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b) Partition"" , ceiling"" , floor ""
Qt = A * U * T
Where:
A area of Partition, ceiling, floor ) (
) 26 ( -: -
-: -
-More safe: U= 1
- More applicable:
*partition U = 0.33
* Ceiling, floor U= 0.1: 0.2
T
: 3

T = 0 T= Tdb Tdb T= Tdb Tdb
:
- 2 spaces conditioned room= 75F room= 75F
with the same unit
- administration building Where: Where:
Tdb = Tdpout -10F Tdb = Tdpout"

Where: Where:
Tdpout Tdpout

104F 104F
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solar & transmittion :

a) wall ""
b) Roof "
Qs,t = A * U * Teq
Where:
A area of wall or roof ) (
Teq = teq + t correction

Where:
teq from table 20
t correction from table 20-a
...
From table 20 we get the follow as standard for our design work for teq:
Condition Magnitude of teq

Exposed to sun wall & roof 46
Covered with water roof only 22
Sprayed roof only 18
Shaded roof only 14
t correction for Egypt = 12
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1-4-3 internal loads:

1-4-3-1 people: sensible, latent
Qs = no. of person * sensible heat gain for each person

Ql = no. of person * latent heat gain for each person
Where:
- No. of person -
From table 63 we get No. of person \ feet ^2 which it depends on type of application.
- Sensible, latent heat gain for each person:

It depends on type of application. From table 48
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1-4-3-2 light: sensible

:
incandescent normal lights Fluorescent lights
Light load = wattage * 3.4 Light load = wattage * 3.4 * 1.25
Locke @ table 49
: wattage light *
1- Electrical drawing: lighting fixture :
2- Electrical engineer
3- Range Assumption :
Residential Malls Factories
20: 25 wattage\m^2 25: 30 wattage\m^2 35 wattage\m^2
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1-4-3-3 Equipments: sensible
Qs = total wattage of equipments * 3.4

Where:
Qs BTU
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1-4-3-4 Miscellanies Equipments: sensible, latent:
Locke @ table 50, 51, 52
: S, L
Electrical burning table 50 Gas burning table 51

- hooded "
- not hooded
. not hooded *
not hooded hooded *
0.5
S, L : 52 *
Qs = sum [sensible load for each equipments].

Ql = sum [latent load for each equipments].
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1-4-4 Ventilation load:

Fresh air CFM
Return CFM supply CFM
Exhaust CFM no. of persons * CFM per person
Step (1): calculate Fresh air CFM from table 45 area * CFM per sq.feet
Step (2): calculate load from this air [Qs, Ql]
1) Qs = 1.08 * CFM * T
Where:
Qs BTU\ hr
T = [ Tdp)out Tdp)in ] 29 = ) 75 104 (
CFM from table 45
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2) Ql = 0.6 8 * CFM * (Gr \ lb)

Where:
Ql BTU\ hr
CFM from table 45
(Gr \ lb) " "
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] (Gr \ lb) = [(Gr \ lb)out - (Gr \ lb)in

:

Tdb)out = 104F , at 52% RH
- 5 Tdb)out = 104F , at 52% RH
= 165
(Gr \ lb)out = 165

" " :
Tdb)in = 75F , at 50% RH
- 5 Tdb)in = 75F , at 50% RH
"" =65
= (Gr \ lb)in 65
)(Gr \ lb
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*
: BTU Sheet -
BTU Sheet
- Space name: ..
- Space location: .
- Indoor condition Based on application human comfortable temperature; Tdb = 75F Air at 50% RH
- out door condition: Based on project location design condition {HAP, Ashrae, }
Load sensible latent

1-solar
2-transmittion
a)people
b)light
3-internal
c)equipment
d)Misc. equip.
R.S.H R.L.H
Room Sensible Heat Room Latent Heat
= =
4-ventilation
O.A.S.H O.A.L.H
Outside Air Sensible Heat Outside Air Latent Heat
= =
G.S.H G.L.H
Grand Sensible Heat Grand Latent Heat
= R.S.H + O.A.S.H = R.L.H + O.A.L.H
Air conditioning capacity = G.S.H + G.L.H =
TR 12000 BTU\hr
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1-5 Supply CFM:

1-5-1 By pass factor:
fresh -
" coil " -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1-5-2 Effective Sensible Heat Factor ESHF:
E S H F = (room sensible heat \ room total heat) + by pass factor
Where:
Room total heat sensible + latent

E S H F = [(R.S.H + 0.1 O.A.S.H) \ (R.S.H + R.L.H + O.1 (O.A.S.H + O.A.L.H))]
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1-5-2 Temperature Apparatus Dew Point TADP:
coil
ESHF 65 TADP -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Supply CFM = [(R.S.H + 0.1 O.A.S.H) \ ((1.08 * 0.9) (Tdp in TADP)]
CFM
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2- Cooling cycle & Different HVAC Systems
2-1 cooling cycle:
Liquid Liquid
Expansion valve outdoor unit

Evaporator
Condenser
Indoor unit Compressor
Vapor vapor
Low pressure zone high pressure zone
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2-2 HVAC Systems:

2-2-1 Types of HVAC Systems
Chilled water system D-X Direct Expansion
" " " "
"
Split Package
wall i.e. 4 components in the
ceiling Mini , central split, same package
free stand
concealed
Window ,central package
ducted unit grill mini -

Ducted
" free return return -

duct
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-2 comparison between central package & central split:

central package central split
Disadvantage: Advantage:
- required additional space for duct - dont required additional space for
risers duct risers
- no separate control - separate control
Advantage: Disadvantage:
- easier in installation - high cost for refrigerant pipes pipes,
- no oil trap is required welding, test, insulation
- oil trap is required
" S " S

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2-2-3 Factor affecting for selection:

2-2-3a Block load full project load:
required System Available Full load
Window & mini split 7 TR
Concealed 7: 15 TR
Central package, split 15: 70 TR
Chiller > 70 TR
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3b Capital cost:

L.E per TR
Window mini concealed central package central split chiller
1000 1500 2000 3000 3500 4500

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3c Running cost:

L.E per TR
Window mini concealed central package central split chiller

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3d Available duct space:

central package, central split -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2-3e previous design:

-

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2-3 load control system:

: 3
CAV VAV VRV
Constant Air Volume Variable Air Volume Variable Refrigerant
system system Volume
chilled water system - control in air flow compressor
- damper

:
- control in chilled damper -
water flow

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3- Air out lets

3-1 functions of air out lets:
Its function is; diffusion for air inside the space.
- Air out lets called diffuser, air terminals
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-2 types of air out lets:

- Colure, Shape
3-2-1 ceiling diffuser

3-2-2 linear grill
" "
3-2-3 jet diffuser 4
3-2-4 fresh air lover "
"
3-2-5 exhaust air valve " "
grill
* Exhaust air
exhaust air -
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3-3 factors roles affecting air out lets design:

3-3-1 types of ceiling:
:" "
3-3-1a ceiling tiles:
) 24 * 24 ( cm ) 60 * 60 ( -
Neck area ""
Effective area " Register "
Face area "
Ex:
- Grill 24 * 24 face area
- Grill 18 * 18 neck area
:
inch 3 ~ face neck -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-1b gypsum pored:
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3-3-2 CFM for each air out let :

CFM each air terminal = (total CFM \ no. of air terminal)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-3 size of grill

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-4 noise level:

Max. Accurate sound
db 32 =
db 48 = :
: size CFM each air terminal ceiling diffuser -
. size Nc
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-5 air through:
X = (3\4) L
Where:
X
L ........... Grill
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3-4 air out lets design:

:
Reflected ceiling plane Architectural plane
RCP
- -
CFM - noise
: RCP - grill -
Grill noise -
noise grill
CFM each air terminal - ...
RCP size -
CFM each air terminal -
Size
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4- Duct design Duct Seizer

4-1 Duct Type: - width
Depth
Rectangular Circular
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
depth Rectangular -
-: depth plane
W D W D
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
plane width Rectangular -
-:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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4-2 The factors which affected on design of ducts:

1- CFM
2- Size W * D , diameter
3- Velocity V
4- Friction f
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4-3 Rules of duct sizing selection:

4-3-1 Aspect Ratio A.R =
Aspect Ratio duct weight heat losses

square round -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
depth width 2-3-4
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-3-4
D2 > D1 -
D1 = D2 Tee -
- The role is: D1 > D2 2

main depth branch width depth -
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4-3-4 Reduction:
. -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4-4 steps of design:

4-4-1 load estimation TR CFM
4-4-2 air out lets design CFM for each grill
4-4-3 design drawing single line from ACU to air out lets simple, symmetrical
4-4-4 calculate CFM in each duct section
4-4-5 use the Duct Sizer program
4-4-6 constant friction
4-4-7 @ each section by CFM, f we get sizing
Note that:
*@ van which is nearest to compressor;
- max. Velocity 1200 fpm.
- CFM = total CFM
- By max. Velocity, total CFM; we get duct sizing friction
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duct sizer
-1
75F Air at 50% RH and 1 atm
-2 CFM 500 Flow

rate 1200 velocity .
-3 head loss 0.276

.
- 5 head loss
. 0.276
friction .
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500 flow rate -5
Equivalent diameter Duct size -6
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< branch 2" -7

. D D -8
. Duct size -9
.987 flow rate Section -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ex1:-
CFM 500 grill Grill -
- Design drawing single line from ACU to air out lets simple, symmetrical
- calculate CFM in each duct section
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- use the Duct Sizer program
- Constant friction
- @ each section by CFM, f we get sizing

9 -
16*12 Aspect Ratio 14*14 16*12

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ex2:
700 CFM for each air out let:
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- Design drawing single line from AHU to air out lets simple, symmetrical
- calculate CFM in each duct section

depth split " "
- use the Duct Sizer program
- Constant friction
- @ each section by CFM, f we get sizing

9 -
" "
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-:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

M for each grill 600
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5- Duct construction :
5-1 Volume damper:
duct -
5-1-1 Function:
- Balance for air quantities inside duct network
- Equalizing to friction or pressure drop in all baths
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-1-2 Type of volume damper:
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5-1-3 Location volume damper:

- Supply ducts at entering of each branch.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-1-4 Smacna cad standard:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Note that:
volume damper -
.
- Volume damper must be accessible BY access panel from air outlet.
Because of:
Testing & commissioning

TAB -
Testing & Balancing & Adjustment

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5-2 fire damper: smoke damper

Spring " "

spring
Return branch
" " "Fire rated wall"
Duct ) ( duct "" Fire rated wall
Fire damper Fire sealant material
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Note that:
- Return CFM is from supply CFM for the same space.
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-3 Branch take off:
flow curve
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5-4 Reducer:
. duct 10 : -
-Its location: After 10cm from the branch take off
- Its length:
L= 4(W1 W2)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
5-5 Elbow:
Guide vanes
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Design of Guide vanes: from table as shown
width plane
riser depth
Table of Guide vanes
Depth for the elbow No. of Guide vanes
Up to 10 No Guide vanes
12 : 16 one Guide vanes
16 : 24 two Guide vanes
More than 24 three Guide vanes
Ex:
1 2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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- Guide vanes
Where:
Rt ) throat radius ( 3 : 6
RH Heel radius width
RH= Rt + or
Depth
- Rt RH
-:
:
- Guide vanes Rt RH
Guide vanes R2 R1
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5-6 Canvas:
Return Supply AHU
( To prevent Horizontal Vibration( AHU
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
construction element Vertical Vibration -

Floating floor spring cup Rubber bad
spring AHU Rubber bad AHU

AHU
)(
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6- Duct test: smoke, light Test
Smoke Test light Test

- :-
fire damper 1- fall darkness
: - 2- Test to be done for separate straight
- Network branches need to be closes duct.
3- when silica used it must be opaque
before test.
- Smoke equipment to be provides
In case of leakage
- Reconstruction or used Silica (opaque or Transparent)
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
In case of no leakage
Contractor consultant
WIR Work inspection Request
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7- Duct insulation: Types, Design

7-1 Sound insulation
- In supply Duct branch.
- In return Duct branch.
- Elbow
* Sound insulation is in side duct.
Duct Arm flex -
** Its Function is damping sound level

It from 1cm to 3cm
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
7-2 Heat insulation:
- For the whole network
* Heat insulation is outside the duct
Fiber glass Duct installation -
** Its Function is:

- Decrease heat transfer.
- Prevent water vapor condensation on the outer duct surface.
Return Supply -
. Duct
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*** Density of Heat insulation:

3
Density

12 3
24 3 48
3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
**** Thickness of Heat insulation:
1 2 4
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Duct insulation
In door duct outdoor duct
- - duct is on roof or shaft
Air condition region
- Density 24 3
- Thickness 2
- Density 12 3
- Thickness 1
-
- Density 48 3
- Thickness 4
) ( outdoor duct
) ( Cladding
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***** Duct insulation steps
- 1 " " foster

- 2 4
5
over lap
5 duct tape: - 3
- 4 5
Duct tape
- 5 Duct Belt:

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8- Design Package
1- Design Drawings
Grill: number for each size
2- BOQ Bill Off Quantities Pipes: length for each diameter
Duct: weight
Insulation: area
3- Specification SPCS

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
8-1 Duct: weight
1- equations 2- General 3-
excel sheet - W= 0.4 (w + H) T * L

@ duct Rectangular:
W D L T Kg inch mm m
@ Elbow:
Rt RH 1.1 -
safety factor
**
:
- Branch , - Reducer , - Take off
Duct thickness T
Larger size Required thickness
Up to 12 0.6 mm
14 : 30 0.7 mm
32 : 40 0.8 mm
More than 40 1 mm
- Scrap percentage:
15 : 25 %
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8-2 Insulation area:
A = .05 ( W + H ) L
2 inch m
A = A * 1.2 safety factor

=
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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9- Chilled water system

9-1Chilled water net work GPM
9-2 Circulation chilled water pump [Design flow Q, Head H , Pump set]
9-3 Balancing system
9-4 load variation system
9-5 Equipments [Chiller, circulation pump, FCU, AHU, Cooling tower]
FCU: Fan cool unit

AHU: Air handling unit
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9-1Chilled water net work GPM

By: Load (Gallon per minute Gpm) Diameter (D)
Q= m CP T
Where:
Q load
m chiller water flow rate
CP heat transfer coefficient
T temp.diff. To be the same for all FCU or AHU chiller
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Q load
m T m T
- pipe size - pipe size
- Cost - Cost
- FCU cost - FCU cost
- Chiller cost - Chiller cost
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
T

10F 12F
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
m for load 1TR

m=2.4 GPM\TR m=1.9 GPM\TR
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Design steps:
1-calculate the load for each coil.
10TR = coil :
2-calculate GPM for each coil.

m = 24 GPM FOR each coil
3-calculate GPM in the main network.

: chiller
4-use the friction chart.

From GPM we get Diameter
- Friction chart friction for each 100 ft
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Friction Chart

1- Material of pipe:
1-a) Black steals
-Seamless Black steal schedule 40 pipe
1-b) Galvanizes steal: (Hot deep galvanizes or electrostatic galvanizes)

We use Black steals
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-Type of cycle: (open cycle or closed cycle)
Chilled water cycle is closed
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3-Units:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
6 GPM :
Friction size
Friction GPM 10 Friction
Friction < 10
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Note that:
* V <= 6
** F < 10 feet\100 feet
*** In case of F > 10 take the larger size for the same line of GPM
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ex: TR
GPM for each coil m=2.4 GPM\TR
2
1
3 4 5 6
GPM GPM
:
1- GPM = 24 D= 114 F=7 Feet\100Feet
2- GPM =9.6 D=1 F=6
3- GPM =33.6 D=112 F=6
4- GPM = 57.6 D=2 F=7
5- GPM =81.6 D= 212 F=5
6- GPM=105.6 D=3 F=5
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9-2 Circulation chilled water pump [Design flow Q, Head H , Pump set]
a) Flow calculation in GPM (Flow passes in pump, chiller)
Ex: TR
GPM for each coil m=2.4 GPM\TR
b) Head calculation:
= + +
- Hp pump head
- Hst static head
- Hres residual head
- Hf friction head
. closed circuit *
* For closed circuit =

Coil Friction

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Hf
))
. T Flow section ))
5 4 3 2
6 7 8 9 10 1
: ))
: - From table (10, 11)
sr section GPM D hf Lpipe Leq Ltotal Hf

1 1-2
2 2-3
3 3-4
4 4-5
5 5-6
6 6-7
7 7-8
8 8-9
9 9-10
10
From friction chart by GPM Pipe length from cad drawing Lpipe + Leq
100
head Hp Hf 1.1 Hf -
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Tee table 11 -
Tee
Flow through branch Straight through flow

:
no reduction , reduced 1/4 , reduced 1/2
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9-3 Balancing system:

:
* Balancing system -:
9-3-1 Friction\ pipe Length: Common reversed return

friction

- m 20 coil .
- 40 m
- 80 m
- 120 m
- 160 m
- 200 m
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9-3-2 Friction\ Equivalent length: Balancing valve

coil return valve

:
TAB valve Test TAB

-
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
balancing ( common reversed return( pipe length **

symmetric
)same load on all equipment same rooting for equipment(
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Balancing valve 95%
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Balancing valve Common reversed return

Concept : Concept :
B.V on the return of each coil make all the baths same pipe length
Cost: Cost:
B.V.. B.V x
Pipe cost.. Pipe cost ..
Total cost. Total cost.
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9-4 load variation system in each coil

2 way valve or 3way valve: -
9-4-1 3way valve
3way valve **
1- Load b opening , a opening , chilled water enter in the coil
2- Load b opening , a opening , chilled water enter in the coil
3- @ 1 2 Load
coil a friction

a=b
additional Balancing valve
By pass(b)

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: 3way valve
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9-4-2 2way valve:
1- Load opening , pressure in supply line , chilled water enter in the coil
2- Load opening , pressure in supply line , chilled water enter in the coil
Note that:
variable speed pump pump
2way

(Variable Frequency Driver ) VFD pump
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2way valve 3way valve

Concept: Concept:
1- 2way valve on the return of each coil 1- 3way valve
2- VFD variable speed pump 2- By pass with add. B.V
Advantage: Advantage:
- By pass with add. B.V is omitted - Capital cost
i.e. there is no Variable pump with VFD
- Electrical cost
Disadvantage:
Disadvantage: - Additional cost with add. B.V
- Maintenance cost - Electrical cost
- Life time
load fluctuation 3way 2way *
2way load fluctuation -

) (
3 way load fluctuation -
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9-5 Equipments
[Circulation pump, Chiller, FCU, AHU, Cooling tower]
9-5-1 circulation pump

*Pump flow (Q), *Pump head (H): we had calculated them previously
**pump set:
) (stand by -
9-5-1-a) Pump no. = chillers no. + 1 stand by
pump control panel pump 4 -

stand by
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
9-5-1-b)
Hp= Hf Head -
GPM stand by " "GPM -
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9-5-1-b) Selection
: " " **
1) H-Q curve
2) Curve
Electrical cost performance
3) Horse power curve
4) NPSH net positive suction head
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
head GPM , Design point **

6bar , 200 GPM
H-Q **
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Q Gpm H[feet ]
Hp = 3960
Where: = 0.65
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
*** NPSH) available >= NPSH) req.
from catalogue
cavitations **
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9-5-2 pumps hock up:
1- Two(2) isolating valve

2- Check valve
3- Pressure gage
4- Flow meter
5- PRV Pressure reducing valve
6- Strainer ) (
7- Eccentric reducer
8- Automatic air vent AAV
9- Two(2) flexible connection to prevent vibration
10- Floating floor spring cap, rubber pad
(8)
Pump
N
(1) )6( (10) (9) (3) )5( (2) (4) (1)
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- EDS Equipment Data Sheet

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
* In case of constant speed pump
Low speed High speed
@ 50 Hz 1450 rpm 2900 rpm
@60 Hz 1750 rpm 3500 rpm
Advantage Large volume smaller volume
Weight Cost Weight Cost
Noise Level Noise Level
Life Time Life Time
Friction Friction
Maintenance Maintenance
Application Circulation pumps HVAC Fire Fighting Pump

Plumbing Pump
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9-5-2 Chiller
a- Design b- selection c- Hock up
9-5-2-a) Design
- Steps:
1) Calculate Block Load
2) Determine the required No. of chiller
-: Design stream
** :
1- 100% stand by :
- chiller stand by
% 100
EX: 1000TR Block Load
- chiller 2 TR 1000 .
- Chiller 3 TR500
** Hospitals " zones

zone ( " %100 )%100

2- 65%:75% stand by
- chiller %65 %75

. diversity factor "
- chiller 3 TR 375
Malls, Hotels, Residential Tower, Administration
3- 50% stand by:

Administration .
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9-5-2-b) selection
1) Calculate Block Load
2) Determine types of chiller & its number
Types of chiller
condenser
1- Air cooled condenser 2- water cooled condenser
Air cooled chiller water cooled chiller
500 350 - -
- limited
- un limited
104 , 40 ) 3
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
chiller *
* Factor affecting on selection:

Air cooled chiller water cooled chiller
1- Load TR 1- Load TR
2- Ambient temperature 2- inlet condenser cooling water temperature
= 104 , 40 ) = - 10
3- chilled water Out temperature 3- chilled water Out temperature
) )
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
chiller *
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**
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:
- model
"family name" chiller chiller
- 30GZ chiller
CHILLER 040-30GZ

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Chiller LCWT -
Chilled water out temperature )
6 12 : 5.5 Range *
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
40 = Ambient temperature :
Air cooled chiller
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* 4
- CAP KW
- COMP KW
- UNIT KW
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
*
Ambient temperature = 40 -1
6 -2 * LCWT Range 12 : 5.5
-3 Load CAP KW 200 085-30GZ
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Air cooled chiller
* ** LCWT
6 ***
Ambient temperature = 40 **** Q0
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- :
-1 Ambient temperature = 40
-2 Load Q0 130
6 6 ) -3
98.8 6 115.2
6 132.6
130D
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water cooled chiller
** LCWT
* Range 12 : 5.5 5
*** inlet condenser cooling water temperature

) = - 10 : 30
**** Q0
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- 400 :
-1 inlet condenser cooling water temperature:

) = - 10 30
-2 Load Q0 400
5 5 ) -3
330 5 340
5 415
LCW-452PK
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** Chiller plant room:
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9-5-2-c) Hock up For chiller

1- Two(2) isolating valve, normally open
2- Balancing valve
3- Strainer ) (
4- Flow switch
5- By pass line with Gate valve, for flashing , (G.V is
normally closed)
7- Two(2) Thermometers temperature sensor
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9-5-3 Cooling tower
* " " cooling :

:surface cooling -1
: evaporate cooling -2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
** cooling tower
- 1 spray nozzles water spray
- 2 fan air spray water
- 3 water
- 4 ( ) water
- 5 rest water cooling tower
- 6 " fins" fan
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**Cooling tower construction & its hock up:
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Cooling tower selection & design:
* Range = ) - ) = 5:6 " "

Where:
) = - 10
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,,
** Approach" ) = "-
Where:
for the project , By HAP passed on project location
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
*** Loadnominal KW = . CP L/S GPM
0.0631 *
Where:
. " " Cooling tower flow rate = TR * 3GPM
CP Constant of water = 4.186
Range = ) - )
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
**** LoadActual KW = KW * capacity factor
Where:
Capacity factor from following Twb table passed on Approach, Range
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Twb Table:
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Steps of selection:
1- Calculate cooling tower flow rate . = TR * 3GPM

2- Determine for the project , By HAP passed on project location
3- Determine the range
4- Determine the Approach
5- Calculate nominal load
6- Determine Capacity factor
7- Calculate corrected actual load
8- Entering the following chart by (LoadActual KW , . " " )
. model model flow rate load
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MODEL Chart
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Capacity factor
.MODEL
- range curve
Approach
capacity factor
** :
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Cooling tower pump calculation:
1- Flow rate:
.
2- Head calculation:
Hp = Hst + Hres + Hf
Where:
- Hp pump head
- Hst static head
bar 10
- Hres residual head = 35: 50 KPa; according to catalogue
- Hf friction head
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9-5-4 Air handling unit AHU & 9-5-5 fan coil unit FCU
* The difference between AHU & FCU:

" " :
# FCU:
- load range small spaces; room in hotel
- Process:
Types of FCU
2 pipe 2way 4 pipe 4 way

return supply - :
return supply -
return supply -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
# AHU:
- load range big spaces; hole & restaurant in hotel
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
** Design of AHU, FCU:

- By CFM, TR from catalogue
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Houck up of AHU, FCU
Supply
Return
1- Two(2) isolating valve, normally open

2- Two(2) Thermometers temperature sensor
3- Strainer ) (
4- By pass line with Gate valve, for flashing , (G.V is
normally closed)
5- Balancing valve on return line
6- By pass of 3way valve with add.B.V load variation ; it may
be 2way valve according to application load fluctuation
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10- Fans
10-1 Types of fans
a) Centrifugal fan b) Axial fans c) Propeller fans
* it used in air * it used in ventilation * it used in small
conditioning AHU,FCU Application such as
CFM P kitchen
:
- not over loaded
- Forward
- Backward :
- Radial : not used in air - normal
conditioning, - tube:
But it used in compressor - vane:

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* comparison between Forward & Backward Centrifugal fan
a) Backward b) Forward
-high CFM - Low CFM
- Low speed - high speed
- Low noise - high noise
- Low Friction - high Friction
- Maintenance - Maintenance
- Life Time - Life Time
- No transient zone - transient zone
- Cost - Cost
- Not over loaded - over loaded
- CFM HP - CFM HP
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10-2 Fans in HVAC system
a) Fan section b) in line fan c) roof top fan

* it is HVAC equipment fan
- Fan -
: -
- single fan:
fan -
indoor fan *
- double fan:
out door -
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
10-3 Roof coordination:
a) Relation between fresh air fans & Exhaust air fans:
exhaust fresh
fan -
S fresh -
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b) Back pressure
-
2D
1D
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10-4 Fan construction:
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10-5 Fan Specification:

1- Flow rate: (CFM ventilation)
2- Head : static pressure
Total Length pump

= F * Total Length * 1.1
Duct sizer
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11- Ventilation
Steps of design:
1- Calculate required ventilation CFM
2- System of ventilation
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1- ventilation CFM:
Volume of space n
CFM =
60
Where:
CFM exhaust or fresh , Cubic feet per minute
N number of air change per hour
n *
n=4 -
Axial fan **
" CFM
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2- System of ventilation
2-1 Free Ventilation (Fresh air) Exhaust fan:
Cost
: *
Fresh Fresh air -1

Fresh -2
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2-2 Exhaust Fan, Fresh Fan:

Solar, Transmission,
Internal, Ventilation
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
) 2 1 ( :
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2-3 Exhaust Fan + Fresh air A/C Unit:

Solar, Transmission,
Internal
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
:
1200 1800 -
(Duct Sizer) Duct Design
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HVAC Course 2015

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HVAC course

QEC : 01111001659 , 01222284244, 01090047420, 01129269686 Page 2

4- Duct design Duct Seizer

Duct " "

Circulation chilled water pump

9- Chilled water system Balancing system, load variation system

Equipments [Chiller, circulation pump, FCU, AHU, Cooling tower]

10- Fans: [ Types, construction]

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1-3 BTU Sheet

Load sensible Latent

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1-4 load estimation:

." Glass "

- Solar heat gain through glass:

A area of glass window ) (

F solar heat gain factor

" "curtains glass type

- More applicable: F = 0.35

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(Solar heat gain \ feet^2) ) 15 (

- Location of the project latitude ) (

- Timing month, hour

direction Magnitude in BTU\hr

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1-4-2 Transmittion load:

A area of glass window ) (

U over all heat transfer coefficient

- More applicable: U = 0.45

T Temp. diff. = 29F, for Egypt

b) Partition"" , ceiling"" , floor ""

A area of Partition, ceiling, floor ) (

U over all heat transfer coefficient

* Ceiling, floor U= 0.1: 0.2

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solar & transmittion :

A area of wall or roof ) (

U over all heat transfer coefficient

Teq = teq + t correction

Condition Magnitude of teq

t correction for Egypt = 12

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1-4-3 internal loads:

Qs = no. of person * sensible heat gain for each person

- Sensible, latent heat gain for each person:

1-4-3-2 light: sensible

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1-4-3-3 Equipments: sensible

Qs = total wattage of equipments * 3.4

1-4-3-4 Miscellanies Equipments: sensible, latent:

Locke @ table 50, 51, 52

Qs = sum [sensible load for each equipments].

1-4-4 Ventilation load:

Return CFM supply CFM

Exhaust CFM no. of persons * CFM per person

Step (2): calculate load from this air [Qs, Ql]

CFM from table 45

2) Ql = 0.6 8 * CFM * (Gr \ lb)

CFM from table 45

(Gr \ lb) " "

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