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REAM Guidelines For Road Drainage Design Volume 2 PDF
REAM Guidelines For Road Drainage Design Volume 2 PDF
REAM Guidelines For Road Drainage Design Volume 2 PDF
I
Technical Committee 6 was divided into three sub-committees to
review Arahan
Teknik (Jalan) 15/97 and subsequently produced ,GUIDELINES FoR
ROAD
DRAINAGE DESIGN' consisting of the foll,owing vorumes:
LIST OF FIGURES
-E
LIST OF TABLES
F
-F
F
-F
F p
Conduit Materials
2-16
t
I
LIST OF REFERENCES
-:i
-p'r
.
2-17
ii^ APPENDIX 1
*j Reprint of Chapter 27 : Curverts, urban stormwater
Management Manual for Malaysia
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2.I INTRODUCTION
The primary purpose of culverts is to convey water under a roadway. They may
also be used to restrict flow so that a controlled amount of water is discharged
while the upstream basin of the stream channel is used for detention storage. In
road embankments, which traverse across val1eys, culverts are used to convey
water from a hisher levei to a lower level.
In1et, outiets and joints must be carefully designed so as noi to obstruct smooth
flow of the water. Attention must be paid in detailing of joints to ensure no
leakage occurs because it can endanger the embankment integrity by way of
washout of the soil mass.
The design of culverts involves hydraulic and structural design. This volume wi.ll
only discuss the hydraulic design of culverts. The method used is generally
adopted from the publication "Chapter 27 - CULVERT, Urban Stormwater
Management Manual for Malaysia" published by Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
(JPS), copy of which is reproduced here as Appendix 1.
The design of a culvert begins with the drainage survey. Before the drainage
survey is carried out, the designer should check with JPS or the local authorities
whether past survey plans are available.
If a drainage survey needs to be carried out, it is suggested that the designer first
of all estimate the design discharge. If the estimated design discharge exceeds 30
cumec for a 50 years recurrence interval, the survey should cover a minimum of
200 metres upstream and downstream from the centre line of the proposed or
existing culvert to obtain:
Physical characteristics of the existing stream channel such as, type of soil or rock
in the streambed, the bank condition and amount of drift, and debris should also
be noted as these factors could affect the durability of the culvert material used
and the sizing of the culvert.
Highwater information which may be obtained from observation of the high water
mark, local residents or Jps can be used to check results of flood estimating
)_)
procedures, establish highway grade 1ines, to locate hydraulic controls, and to
check backwater effects arisine from the construction of the new culvert.
i) date of construction,
ii) performance during past floods,
iii) scour indicated near the structures,
iv) highwater elevation with datum and dates of occurrence, and
v) structurai conditions of the structure.
Sub-soil investigation should be carried out to the extent required for the design
of the culvert and soil characteristics should be obtained for design of settlement
and protection against soil erosion.
Culvert location refers to the horizontai alignment and vertical profile with
respect to both roadway and stream. A proper location is important because, it
affects hydraulics, the adequacy of the opening, maintenance of the culvert and
possible washout of the roadway.
2.2.3.I Alignment
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Sharp bends in existing stream and new stream diversion, where channel erosion
is likely, should be avoided in the location of culvert.. Where this is unavoidable
then the sharp bends should be iined to minimise the adverse effects of erosion.
The inlet and outlet levels of a culvert should be the same as that of the existing
channel and the profile of the existing channel should not be modified wherever
possible. This could be achieved by the provision of drop sumps spillways and
flow transition sections. Any abrupt change in grades between the culvert and the
existing channel should be avoided to prevent sedimentation and scouring.
The culvert should be structuraliy adequate to carry all the imposed vertical and
lateral loads and soil pressures. Laying of culverts should be in accordance to
design requirements, site conditions and manufacturer'S specifications.
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(b) CHANGE FROM CHANNEL GRADE MAY
CAUSE SEDIMENTATION OR EROSION
PAVING OR OTHER
OPEN SPILLWAY
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NOTE:
I. PROPER CUL\RT GRADE IS ESSENThL FOR THE PROPER FUNTIONING OF THE SIRUCTURE
2. rN FiALF CUl H LF FrtL (d), (f) rHE CUL\GRT SHOULD BE LAlo ON UNIFORM BEDoINC
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XATERIAL FOR THE WHOLE LENGTH, TO UINIMIZE DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
2-l
tl CULVERT TYPE SELECTION
a) design discharge,
b) site conditions,
c) design life,
d) construction period,
e) construction joints, and
0 blockage due to floating debris from
upstream.
2-8
The designer should also take note of the amount of debris in the channel. In
areas where solid waste is a problem, trash screen with bypass should
be provided
When two or more pipes are used, the pipes should be separated by a clear
distance of about 0.3m to 0.9m to allow space for thorough compaction of
backfilling, which is essential to the side support to prevent collapse of the
pipes due to unequal surcharge loading. Backfilling between pipe barrels
shouid be with well-graded sancl. Proper headwalis and wing walls should
be provided to prevent washouts of the sand back fill. Concrete backfill
and haunching may be used in high fill areas where strength is required,
and where the founding soii is soft and weak'
The usage of multiple cells culverts should be considered with due care:
o where siltation of cells at the sides of the main cell is very likely then
adoption of multiple ceils culverts should also be avoided.
The minimum cover over the crown of culverts to the road pavement formation
level is normally dictated by traffic load and structural capacity of the culvert.
2-9 i
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a) Reinforced Concrete pipe
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2.4.2 Size of Culverts
For the purpose of maintenance, the minimum size of a culvert is related to the
length of the culvert even if the flow to be conveyed is much lesser than the
discharge capacity of the culvert. The recommended rninimum sizes of culverts
are as shown in Table 2.1.
<12 1.0
12-18 t.2
>19 1.5
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2.4.6 Gradient of Culverts
Generally gradients of 1:200 to 1:300 are used for ease of laying and minirnurn
velocity requirements.
The inlet and outlet ends of the culvert should be protected against scour,
particularly at the outlet end where design flow velocities have been raised above
previous natural stream velocities.
Countermeasures would include rip-rap placed beyond the outlet end or the
provision of energy dissipating devices such as baffle-apron, drop spillway,
cascading drop, etc.
Seepage in the direction of culvert flow, in the soil mass around the culvert, could
lead to wash-out of fine material, leading to undermining of the cuivert
bedding
and side support and eventual failure of the structure. This problem could
be
minimised by the provision of an impervious bedding and embankment at the
inlet end and concrete anti-seepage collar.
Seepage and wash-in of fine material through the joints of precast culvert units
couid be reduced by wrapping the joints with suitable geotextile drainage fabric.
Suitable water-stop should also be provided in movement joints of cast-in-situ
box culverts.
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some erosion and seepage countermeasures are illustrated in Fisure
2.4.
When the drop in level from the culvert outlet to the receiving natural stream
invert is more than 1 m then considerations should be given to the provision
of
energy dissipators as described in Chapter 29 .,Urban
- Special Structures of
Stormwater Manage Manual for Malaysia',.
The flow velocities at the inlet, barrel and outlet of the culvert, are generally
not
the same. The inlet approach velocity, vi, is normally low and would
not cause
scouring problem of the embankment material at the inlet. The culvert barrel
velocity, Vc, should not exceed the scouring velocity of the culvert mateial, and
to minimise silting it should not be less than the self-cleansing velocitv.
The allowable outlet velocity can vary to prevent scouring the soil
type of the
downstream receiving channel. For a rough guide of permissible
velocities of
different conduit materials, Table 2.2 canbe used. If the outlet velocity
is greater
than the permissible velocity, consideration should be siven to:
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2-16
LIST OF REFERENCES
LOCAL PUBLICATIONS
Jabatan Pensairan Dan Saliran (JPS)
1. Hydrological Procedure No. 4
- Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in peninsurar Malaysia (19g7)
1?. Terms of Reference for Survey works and Digital Ground Modelling.
2-17
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2-18
APPENDTX 1
Chapter 27
Culverts
Acknowledgement
REAM
T
isclaimer
ery effort and care has been taken in selecting methods and recommendations that are appropriate to Malaysian
nditions. Notwithstanding these efforts, no warranty or guarantee, express, implied or statutory is made as to the
curacy, reliability, suitability or results of the methods or recommendations.
re use of this Manual reguires professional interprebtion and judgement. Appropriate design procedures and assessment
'lst be applied, to suit the pafticular circumstances under consideration.
re government shall have no liability or responsibility to the user or any other person or entity with respect to any liability,
s or damage caused or alleged to be caused, direcily or indiredy, by the adoption and use of the methods and
:ommendations of this Manual, including but not limited to, any interruption of service, loss of business or anticipatory
cfits, or consequential damages resulting from the use of this Manual.
I rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing
rm the publisher.
'inted in Malaysia
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27 e3LwffiR?s
27't INTR'oDUcrIoN
""""""" ................27-r
27.2 DESTGN CONSTDEMTTONS............
.....................27-1
27.2.t Headwater...
...27-t
27.2.2 Culvert in p|an.........
...................27 -r
27.2.3 profi1e,.........
Verticat
..........27-2
27.2.4 Muttipte Ceils............
..........27_2
27.2.5 Increasing Capacity of Cr:hyerts...
..."........27_2
27.2.6 Culverts in Flat Terrain
........27-z
27.2.7 Site Investigation.....,.......
...27-3
27.2.8 Safety..........
...27_4
27.2.9 Culvert as Flow Measuring Device
...........27_4
27.2.10 Design Documentation.................
..........27_4
27.3 HYDRAUUCS
................27_5
27.3.t General........
...27_s
27.3.2 Control at In1et........
...........?7_s
27.3.3 Control at Ouflet......
...........27-6
27.4 DESIGN PROCEDURE.
,..27-g
27.5 COtvtpuTER MODELUNG
..................27_t2
27.6 DEBRIS CONTROL
.........27_12
27.6.I General........
...27_12
27.6.2 Freeboard
.......27_t3
27.6'3 Design Precautions
.............27_t3
27.6.4 Relief Culvert
."27_t3
27.6.5 Debris Conkolstructures
....27-13
27.7 CULVERT END TREATMENT.............
.27-t3
27.7.I Introduction.
...27_!3
27.7.2 Typical End Treatments...............
...........27_13
27.8 FLow vELocITY
..........27-t3
27.8.1 Inlet Control.
...27_13
27.8.2 Outlet Controt .................
....z7_L4
27.8.3 Erosion of Conduit
...............27_!4
27.8.4 Scour at In1ets...........
.........27_L4
27.8.5 Scour at Ouilets
.................27_tq
27.8.6 Siltation
..........27-L5
i
:it Urban Stormwater Management Manual
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-.-*.dL 27-i
Cutverts
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27.10 MINIMUM ENERGY CULVERTS... ....... 27-18
APPENDIX 27.A DESIGN FORM, CHARTS AND NOMOGRAPHS .......,.....27-2I 27
APPENDIX 27.8 WORKED EGMPLE ............ 27-35
,t
?7.8.t Pipe Culvert (Inlet Control) ................ ....27-35
27.8.2 Box Culvert (Inlet Control) ................. ....27-36 ^.n'
at
27.A3 Pipe Culvert (Outlet Control) ..................27-37 -3el
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Altemate Cutvert Location
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Relocated Ctannel J\
A Channel ChanEe
Figure 27.2 Methods of Culvert Location in the Natural Channel to avoid an Inordinately Long Culvert
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Streambed l-ma$on
Deposftion
R epred r-tF...-
Use Chute
Rffi
Where Necessary
Degndlng Channel
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Figure 27.5 Development of Headwater
di
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In scour prone areas, soil characteristics should be considered to prevent entry. However, this may cause lc
assessed to enable stream protection strategies to be blockages and reduce the efficiency of the culvert. d
formulated. The design engineer should also know the _d
nature of the subsoil material underlying the stream bed, 27,2"9 Culvert as Flow Measuring Device
unless it is obvious that it is sound bed-rock or other
material, which will not cause foundation problems. As stream flow records for small catchments are very
Detailed foundation investigations should be carried out for scarce, any reliable supplementary data gathered during or
all large culverts, unless it is certain that thev will be after major floods are of considerable value. A convenient
founde on sound bed-rock. way of deriving such data is to measure high water marks
at culverts after major floods and then to estimate the
27.2.8 Safety actual flood flows, which pass through the culvert (see
Section 27.4). The calculated discharge can then be
Traffic safety - An exposed culveft end (projecting from related to the catchment characteristic and used to verifo
the plane of the batters) acts as an unyielding obstruction, or improve existing runoff estimation methods. Careful
which is likely to bring an out of control vehicle to an identification and measurement of high water marks is
abrupt stop, causing considerable damage to the vehicle essential and should be carried out as soon as possible
and high deceleration forces on the occupants. after the flood, before the evidence disappears.
Where a road safety barrier is not provided, culvert ends 27 .2.1O Design Documentation
should be designed so that they will not present an
obstruction to vehicles running off the road. This can be Records of culveft designs should be retained for at least
achieved by covering exposed sides with fill, providing the lives of the culverts. The amount and detail of
headwalls or wingwalls which will not present an documentation should be related to the importance of the
obstruction, or mitrering culveft ends flush with the structure. The following data would normally be retained
embankment surface. for large culverts:
The hazard presented by culverts under private and side- . Headwater depth
road entrances should be minimised by placing them as far . Outlet velocity
as practicable from the roadway and avoiding the use of r Culvert drawings
headwalls.
. Rationale for culvert choice
Child safety - Culverts can also be an attradion for . Photographs of site and developments, if there is a
adventurous and inquisitive children. At locations where possibility of future claims resulUng from the hydraulic
long culverts could a hazard, especially in urban areas, performance of the culvert.
fencing, swing gates or grates at upstream ends should be . Flood data observed during and after construction of
the culvert.
Culverts
2V.3 STYDRAT.Ii_ICS For the two fypes of control, different factors and formulae
are used to calculate the hydraulic capacity of b cutuert.
2V,3.L General Under inlet control, the cross-sectional area of the culvert
cell, the inlet geometry and the amount of headwater or
The flow hydraulics in the culvert is normally either under ponding at the entrance are of primary importance. Ouilet
condition of full flow in closed conduit or part full flow control involves the additional consideration of the
under uniform flow or non-uniform flow. The fundamental elevation of the tailwater in the outlet channel and the
hydraulic principles under these two flow conditions were slope, roughness and length of the culvert cell.
described in Chapter 12.
2V,3.2 Contnol at Inlet
The most irnportant consideration in culvert hydraulics is
whether the flow is subject to inlet or ouflet control. For cul.reds subjeC to inlet control, the important factors
Figures 27.6 and 27.7 show the range of flow types are entrance conditions, including the entrance type,
commonly encountered in culverts. For inlet control two existence and angle of headwalls and wingwalls and the
distinct regimes exist, depending on whether the inlet is projection of the culvert into the headwater pond.
submerged or not submerged. Outlet control occurs in
long culverts, laid on flat grades and with high tailwater For one dimensional flow, the theoretical relation between
depths. In designing culverts, the type of control is discharge and upstream energy can be computed by an
determined by the greater of the headwater depths iterative process or by the use of nomographs.
calculated for both inlet control and outlet control.
Culverts flowing with outlet control can flow with the Since most engineers are familiar with Manning's n, the
culvert cell full or with the cell part full for all of the culvert following expression is used to calculate the friction loss, H,.
length. With outlet control and both inlet and outlet aiong ihe conduit:
submerged (Figure 27.7(a)) the culvert flows full under
pressure. The culvert can also flow full over part of its
length, then part-full at the ouUet (Figure
27.7). The point
H,=H*,# (27.4)
(a) )ZS
Determination of Energy Head (H)
The head, H (Figure 27.7) or energy required to pass a Figure 27.8 shows the terms of Equation 27.5, the energy
given flow through a culveft operating under outlet control line, the hydraulic grade line and the headwater depth,
is made up of three major parts. These three parts are HW. The energy line represents the total energy at any
point along the culvert cell. The hydraulic grade line ls
usually expressed in metres of water and include a velocity
head, Hn an entrance loss, H, and a friction loss, ff,. The defined as the pressure line to which water would rise in
energy head is expressed in equation form as: small veftical pipes attached to the culvert wall along its
length. The difference in between these b/vo
-elevation
H=Hr+H"+H1 (27.1) Y1
lines is the velocity nead
"6'
The velocity head, H" is given by,
rt2
tl*ii+LS=hr+H,+H"+H, (27.5) Frorn the development of this energy equation and
zg
ff is the difference between the elevation of
Figure 27.8,
the hydraulic arade line at the outiet and the energy line
Then, at
the inlet. Since the velocity head in the entrance poot is
usually small under ponded conditions, the water sr:rface
tt2
hr**+LS-h2--H,+Hu+H, of the headwater pool elevation can be assumed to equal
2g (?7.7)
the elevation of the energy line.
- Jv$tllcfrgegne
for
r-or
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- - IYqE@gldr,j_"e -
sat
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Figure 27.8 Hydraulics of Culvert Flowing Full under Outlet Control of hsfor High Tailwater ih
--eq
(b) Determination of Headwater Depth (HWo) Two tailwater condiUons can occur with culverts operating
9n
JN
under outlet control, (i) tailwater above the top of the
Headwater depth, HW6 can be determined from an opening and (ii) tailwater at or belsw top of opening:
equation for outlet control:
(i) Tailwater above the top of opening - when the
HWs=H+ho-LS t27.s) tailwater, TWinthe outlet channel is above the too of
the culvert ouUet Figure 27.7(a),
where,
H= head (m) determined from Design Charts 27.3 to ho--TW (27.10)
27.5 or from Equation 27.8
h0 - greater of TW and (hc + D)IZ, in which D < D The relationship of hs to the other terms in Equation
.9, for this situation, is illustrated on Figure 27.9.
hc - critical depth (m) from the Design Charts in
27
Appendix 27.A
(ii) Tailwater at or below top of opening - when the
D = culvert height (m) tailwater in the outlet channel is at or below the top of
l- = length (m) of culvert the culvert ouUet, as on Figure 27.7(b), 27.7(c) and
S = slope (m/m) of cell 27.7(d), fa is more difficult to determine.
(c) Determination of ho Full flow depth at the outlet, Figure 27.7(b), will occur only
when the flow rate is sufficient to give critical depths equal
The determination of hs is an important factor in or higher than the height of the culveft opening. For all
calculating both the headwater depth and the hydraulic such flows the hydraulic arade line will pass through the
capacity a culveft flowing under outlet control. top of the culveft at the outlet and the head, H can be
added to the level of the top of the culvert opening in
Tailwater depth, TWis the depth from the culveft invert at calculating HWq
the outlet to the water surface in the outlet channel.
Engineering judgement is required in evaluating possible When critical depth is less than the height of the culvert
tailwater depths. Tailwater is often controlled by a opening, the water surface drops as shown on Figures
downstream obstruction or'by water levels in another 27.7(c) and /7.7(d), depending on the flow. For the
stream. A field inspection should be made to check on condition shown on Figure 27.7(c), the culvert must flow
downstream conditions and flood levels. The Slope Area full for of its length. Flow profile computations show that
Method can be used to calculate flow depths, if the hydraulic arade line, if extended as a straight line from
downstream conditions do not provide an obvious control. the point where the water breaks away from the top of the
culvert, will be at a height approximately halfway between
Foftunately, most natural streams are wide compared to critical depth and the top of the culvert, at the culvert
the culveft and the depth of water in the natural channel is outlet. i.e.:
considerably less than critical depth in the culvert section.
In such cases the natural tailwater does not govern. n" =(tg:ro) (27.r1)
The head, Hcan be added to this level in calculating f/llla. inadequate, unsafe, or costly structures. The procedures
The relationship of hs to the other terms in Equation 27.9 does not address the effect of storage. The design
for this situation is illustrated on Figure 27.10. procedure is summarised on the Culveft Design fbwcha-4
Figure 27.11.
As the discharge decreases the situation approaches that
of Figure27.7(d). For design purposes, this method is 1. Assemble Site Data
satisfactory for calculated headwater depths above 0.75D.
For smaller values of headwater, more accurate result can r Site survey and locality map.
obtained by flow profile calculations or by the use of the
be
capacity charts from Hydraulic Engineering Circular No 10
. Embankmentcross-section.
(US Federal Highway Administration, t972). . Roadway profile.
D S--+
f atl
Dt-
lb = Greater of h. + D and TW
2
wnere,
4. Select Trial Culveft
lr = adjusted culvert length
(i) Choose culvert material, shape, size and entrance I = actual culved length
type. ,t = desired Manning n value
(ii) Determine the initial trial size of culvert, either by rl = Manning n value given on the nomograph
arbitrary selection or by assuming a velocity (say
3 m/s) and calculating a culvert area from A = (iv) Calculate HW = H + ho- LS
o/v
As with inlet control, where the approach velocity
5. Determine Inlet Control Headwater Depth, flft- Use is considerable, the approach velocity head can be
inlet Control Design Charts 27.3 to 27.5. ealeufated and deducted from the calculated HWo
to give the actual physical head required.
The nomographs cover various culvet types and inlet
configurations. Each nomographs has an example on it (v) It HWo is less than 0.75Dand the culvet is under
which is self-explanatory. Using the trial culvert size, the ouflet control, then the culvert may be flowing
relevant nomograph can be used to calculate l7W1 given a only part full and using (/t. + D)12 to calculate fa
known O. They can also be used in reverse to calculate e may not be applicable. If required, more accurate
given a known HWi results can be obtained by flow profile calculations
or the use of Hydraulic Engineering Circular No 10
It should be noted that where the approach velocity is (as discussed in Section 27.3.3 under (ii) tailwater
considenble, the approach velocity head can be calculated depth at or below top of opening).
and deducted from the calculated HWi to give the actual
physical head required. B. Determine Controlling Headwater, Hl1/,
6. Determine Depth, f4for Outlet control Compare HWland HWsand use the higher:
(i) Calculate both (r. + D)12 and the tailwater, Il,/ It HW > HWo the culvert is under inlet control ?nd HW, =
from known flood levels, downstream controlling HW
levels or from the Slope Area Method. If it is
clear that the downstream tailwater conditlons do lfHWy > HWithe culvert is under outlet control and HW, =
not control, take f4 = ftc + D)/2. 11, can be HWo
calculated from Design Chafts 27.8 or 27.9. If hc
exceeds Dthen take D.as D. 9. Calculate OuUet Velocity, 1,24
HWo=Ho+H-SoL
HW=HWi
(TNLET CONTROL)
OF CULVERT CELLS; REPEAT
DESIGN STEPS
CONSIDER OPTIONS:
SCOUR PROTECTION
ENERGY DISSIPATOR
IF CHANGE OF CULVERT SIZE.
REPEAT DESIGN STEPS
the culvert depending on the following relationships: design of culverts using the US Federal Highway
!7,
Administration culvert design methods. A commercial
. Use hc,if hr> TW development, HEC-MS, is also available.
. Use TW,if hc< TW< D wh
,th
. Use D,if D< TW Several computer programs have been developed
specifically for the hydraulic design of culverts, including:
cell
Calculate flow area using appropriate flow depth and then
outlet velocity using Equation 27.13.
" XP-Culvert200O, distributed by Xp Software, Canberra, ni
Australia.
_ps
' Waterflow, Hydraulic Design of Culvefts, Distributed wit
10. Review Results
by Roads and Traffic Authority, lVagga Wagga, NSW
Australia.
,-
Compare alternative design with the site constraints and
assumptions. If any of the following conditions are not AI
Further information on computer modelling is given in
met, repeat steps 4 to 9: ig
Chapter 17.
. The culvert must have adequate cover. _te
. The final length of the culvert should be close to the 2V.6 DEERIS CONTROL
alg
la
approximate length assumed in design.
:li,
. The headwalls and wingwalls must fit the site. 27.6.! General
iuh
. The allowable headwater should not be exceeded. rha
All too often floods have clearly demonstrated how the
. The allowable overtopping flood frequency should not performance of culverts can be affected by an
be exceeded.
accumulation of debris at inlets. This accumulation can
t7
cause failure of the drainage structure, possibly resulting in
The performance of the culvert should also be considered, ltr
overtopping of the roadway by floodwaters, with ensuing
(i) with floods larger than the design flood to ensure such )et
damage to the embankment or to the properties upstream
rarer floods do not pose unacceptable risks to life or ma
and downstream of the culvert. -D(
potential for major damage and (ii) with smaller floods
than the design flood to ensure that there will be no Experience has shown that in non-urban areas, the
,dt
27.6.2 Freeboard
" To prevent erosion of the fill and adjacent
channel;
Ail culverts with a waterway area of 1.0 m2 or more should
. To prevent undermining of culvert ends;
be designed with a minimum of 300 mm
the design water level. For large culverts
freeboard above " To inhibit the seepage and piping through
the bedding
the designer and backfill;
should consider increasing this freeboard
to allow for the . To ineet traffic safety requirements (see Section
size of debris anticipated, up to a maximum
of 1000 mm. 27.2.8);
A relief culvert passing through the embankment at 27.7"2 Typieal End Treatnnenf-s
a
higher level than the main culvert permits water
to by_pass
the latter, if it becomes blocked. The relief
culvert could and wingwalls _ are the most common encl
also be placed at a low level some distance treatment in overseas countries. An apron
away from the is generally
main culvert where it is not likely to be blockeo. incorporated between the wingwals to
tu this rimit scour of the
relief culvert is an additional requirement, the stream becl. They are usually constructed
cost of both from reinforced
culverts should be compared with that of concrete, but can be formed from masonry,
a larger culvert or rock filled
that will be less subject to blockage. gabions and mattresses, or concrete
filled mattresses.
27.6.5 Debris Control Structures Mitred ends - these are generally limited to
corrugated
metal pipe culverts, where the end of the pipe
is cut
These can be cosfly both to construct and maintain. parallel to the slope of the embankment.
The area of
Details of the various types of debris control structures embankment around the ends of the culverts is usually
.TaV
6" found in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No 9, paved with concrete or rock.
nDebris Control
Structures,, (US federat Highway
Administration, L97L). The choice of structure Projecting ends - where the ends of the culvert project
type
depends upon size, quantity and type of debris, from the face of the embankment. Although they are
the cost the
involved and the maintenance proposed. However,
for
least costly end treatment, they .r" hydraulically
existing culverts, which are prone to debris clogging, inefficient, do not meet safety requirements and
it are
may be worthwhile to construct a debris control visually objectionable. For these reasons their
structure use in
rather than replace or enlarge the culvert. Malaysia is not recommended.
27,7.1 Introduction Culverts usually increase the flow velocity over that in the
natural water course. Except when the culverts flow full,
The term "end treatment,, encompasses the shape of the highest velocity occurs near the ouflet and this is the
the
culvert ends, end structures such as wingwalls, cut_offs point where most erosion damage is likely to occurs.
and anchorages and erosion control measures for the
adjoining fill and channel (see Standard Drawini;s A check on outlet velocity, therefore, must be carried out
SD F_21
to SD F-24). The design of hydraulically improved inleb is as part of the culvert design if the outlet discharqes to an
disdssed separately in Section 27.9. unlined watenaray.
Culvert end treatment may be required to perform one or 27.8.1 Inlet Control
more of the following functions:
For a pipe culvert flowing with inlet control the outlet
r To increase the hydraulic efficiency of the culvert;
velocity can be determined from Figure 25.81 to 25.84 in
r To prevent fill from encroaching on the culvert Chapter 25, Appendix 25.B (k = 0.6) in combination with
opening; charts for part full flow in Chapter 12.
l
Figures 25.81 b
25.84 were derived from *te Cdebr@k - bar across the stream, while finer material will be carried
White equation (in Chapter 12) for k = 0.06 to 0.6. This further downstream. Depending on the supply bf lal
approach assumes that the depth of flow at the outlet sediment the scour hole may gradually refill until after the
equals the depth corresponding to uniform flow, but the next major fiood occurs. 1n
sholc length of the average culveft mostly precludes this, :nl
making this approach conservative -rlo
Table 27.1 Ma;imum Recommended Flow Velocities , str
The depth of flow should be checked against critical depth (m/s) for various conduit materials tlJt
discharge divided by the cross-sectional area of flow at the In situ concrete and hard o.u -,F
outlet. This flow area can be either that corresponding to packed rock (300mm min)
criticai depth, tailwater depth (if below the crown of the
Beaching or boulders 5.0
cuivert) or the full cross section of the culveft barrel. (250mm min)
dv
27.8.3 Eroslon of Conduit Stones (150 - 100mm) 3.0 - 2.5 lc
Grass covered surfaces 1.8
Flow of the water subjects the conduit material to
abrasion, and too fast a velocity for a given wall material SUff, sandy clay 1.3 - 1.5 Cr
will cause erosion to the conduit. Very fast flows can Coarse gravel 1.3 - 1.8
cause cavitation unless the conduit surface is very smooth,
and this results in erosion taking place at a rapid rate. Coarse sand 0.5 - 0.7 u(
However, cavitation damage does not occur in full flowing !L
Ltl
Fine sand 0.2 - 0.5
pipes with velocity less than about 7.5 - 8 m/s and about CU
embankment paving assist protecting the embankment and . Flow expansion structure. -o
c)
27.9.t General
An important parameter in the selection of an appropriate
energy dissipater is the Froude Number,
f, of the outlet The capacity of a culvert operating under inlet control
flow. Where an outlet has 4< !.7, a simple apron be significanUy increased by providing a more efficient
can
sb'ucture, riprap, or a flow expansion structure will suffice.
inlet, which reduces the flow concentration at the entrance
Where 1.7 < n< 3 a riprap basin or hcrizontal roughness
and increases the flow depth in the cell. In outlet
elements basin is appropriate. Where control,
E > S a hydraulic the entrance losses form oniy a minor part of the total
jump basin wlll be reguired. Energy
dissipaters are head losses and major inlet improvement are not justified.
discussed in detaii ln Chapter 29.
Deposition usualiy occurs at flow rates smaller than the The 1.5:1 bevel (33.7 degrees) is more efftcient than the
design flow rate. The deposits may be removed during 1:1 bevel (45 degrees), but the latter is easier to construct
larger floods, depending upon the relative transport and more practical. Bevels should be provided on the top
capacity of flow in the stream and in the culvert, and side edges of the opening.
compaction and composition of the deposits, flow duration,
ponding depth above the culvert and other factors.
27.9.3 Frovision of Depre*sed Inlet
Siltation can also occur upstream of culverts if they are Provision sf a fall or steep slope upstream from the culvert
instailed at incorrect levels, creating pcnding areas. Such inlet may innprove the capacity of a culvert operating under
grading should generally be avsidecj.
inlet control by increasing the veiocity head. The fall may
be achieved by flattening the cell slope. This may tend to
induce sedimentation during low flows, but the deposit will
in most c:ses be washed out during floods.
Dimensions of the Opening. Figure27.14, is the headwater depth measured from the
3. To Obtain BsrelTerminaUon in One Plan on a
face section invert and l{ is the headwater depth
Rectangular Box, either Increase d b Equal b, measured from the throat section invert. The weir crest is
or Deoease the Top Bevel Angle. a third possible control section when a fall is used.
4. For Multiple Cells Calanlate b from Total CIear
Width or 3D, whidtener is Smaller. Slope Tapered Inlet- The slope tapered inlet, like the side-
tapered inlet, has an enlarged face section with tapered
Figure 27.12 Bevelled Inlet for Box Culvert side walls at the throat section (Figure 27.LS). In addition,
a steep fall is incorporated into inlet between the face and
throat section. This fall concentrates more head on the
The fall may be constructed within the limits of the flared
throat section. At the location where the steeper slope of
wingwalls, as illustrated in Figure 27.13. The drop may
the inlet intersects the flatter slope of the cell, a third
also form an integral part of a slope-tapered inlet.
section, designated the bend section, is formed.
capacity depends largely upon the amount of fall available Slope-tapered inlets can be appliedto both box culverts
between the invert at the face and invert at the throat and circular pipe culverts. For the latter application, a
section. Construction difficulties are inherent, but the square or round transition is normally used to connect the
benefits in increased performance can be great. With rectangular slope-tapered inlet to the circular pipe.
proper design, a slope tapered inlet passes more flow at a
given headwater elevation than any other configuration.
Pl-Aftl
NOTE:
Weir Slope to be Paved to
hevent Upstream Degradation
where Necessary.
ELEVATION
s----->.
?
PI.AN a
1s'to s07
t{ WeirCrd
a
{- --n
st
s{
Flare Angle
15" b So
(,4) With Fall
(B) Wirhour Fatl
fr
ELEVATION ELEVATION $
t{-Face section lV.--Faesection -'-el
a\
Weir C,rest
q
Figure 27.14 Side-Tapered Improved Inlet c
PI.AN
T[re justification
for the ratter assumpton is that rosses at
srmth fansitions are generally small.
't
n
tol
v) )tl
I
F
s
N
z.
t!
T_
; --+l f.- =
o
=
F U
F
F 1l
V1 I
t
I
h
;uJ I
8 __l
tri
z l!
TIJ
I
tl
('
z.
F ArIf,O-r3A
ll
UJ
-|jnrno
p
=
tr lltl Ill /uH
II
v 9NntourNof,
tJ) tl
tl Er
XLJ -t, I
iltl JY
(Jf! \- ll
=E
E- I
;r<
I
t; i
I
=lu
t,h
z.
fi{ {
!ry
r^s
!
\ j
I
P
I
Lr.l
=E as
;! +
\
sa tl
\1 z.
s\- F
N
\t
\ F
l- J al
o- o
d.
1l\
=
o F s']
z.
U
E
pr
I
F {.s
k l!
J
F
o
= o
z. tu 'l-
o
F
F
= \'
o
TL
z. illl ge
J
IJ.J
z.
z.
ss Eg
Eh F
z \\-
oi5 (J
(J E't b
z. E8
lt ll
-)
z, il" (t,
z
J
s
I
ss l.lJ
N
F
9 VI
z.
trl
E
o a z
T
U
Iu
&
2.6
r-9
dFF
* z
tu a-
;L) lt il >= I o)
ut cts :f L)
oaE (q
=
og, =
(t
Design Chart 27.1 Design Form for Culvert Calculations
Pipe, Concrete
Ke
Projecting from fill, socket end
0.2
Projecting from fill, square cut end
0.5
Headwallor headwall and wingwalls
Socket end of pipe
0.2
Square-edge
0.5
Rounded (radius = t/LZ D)
0.2
Mitred to conform to fill slope
0.7
End-section conforming to fill slope (standard precast)
0.5
Bevelfed edges, 33.7o or 45. bevels
0.2
Side-tapered or slope-tapered inlets
0.2
Pipe, or Pipe-Arch, Corrugated Steel
Projecting from fitl
0.9
Headwall or headwall and wingwalls, square edge
0.5
MiUed to conform to fill slope
0.7
End-section conforming to fill slope (standard prefab)
u.5
Beveffed edges, 33.7" or 45" bevels
0.2s
Side'tapered or slope-tapered inlets
0.2
Box, Reinforced Concrete
Headwall
Square.edged 0.7*
Bevelled edges, 33.7" or 45. bevels O.jo
* Esiimated
D (m)
$r*tl.l HW
D
4.50 300 (1) (2) (3)
200 F:omple F6
4.00
D=0.80m Q=1.7m3ls r 6
3.50
N 5 rs
r 5
100
80 Inlet Ut' HW(m) 5 l4 4
3.00 D F
60
50 (1) 2.60 2.08 4 t-
F-3
40 (2) 2.18 r.74 3
2.50
30
(3) 2.20 t.76 3
2.00
20
,*o9
-&'
-/
10
^Ey'
9*'j'\]./
8
1.50 5
sl,F"
t.oooa$)/
1.0 1.0
0.50
8.H
0.40 0.05
0.04 0.5 0.5
0.03
0.02
0.30
D (m)
4.00 S f*Vr per mebe span)
3.50
r7O2.00 x 0.80m
Example HW
h60 Box e = 8.0m3/s D
rso n (1) ( 2) (3)
4.0m3/s per m
f <o ffi= f g 10
9
F" ry il$ t:
In'|et I
7
6
E *,.s r,
4
F,
,'#)" F
Fy^
lZuu>" ^F' I
3
1.50
/ 1,7'
zI
F,, Angleofl .
$
:f
I
I
I
x _d f'H'JlE""'i\_gF
el_a
5l l__ El.
t
I
'/,/-
I E i-'.0 i
o
s
1.00
o.st'
")'
:t- ,FLo.ni 1.0
FF*g
.9 1.0
(u
0.9 0.9
0.80
F[.'
FFi,i
I
0.8
0.8
0.70
-ho'o g
E
["
l-ou
I
t
o.7
0.7
0.60
t-0.3 r| |
Erl
rlt
[ 0.,
0.6
0.5
0.50 l- 0., t
0.5
0.5
0.40
F[.$9
[-o.oe I[04 I| 0.4 0.4
Fo.os I I
L 0.35
0.30
Lo.o+ B = span per cell L o.s 0.35
E1'
30" - 75" 1
90o (headwall) 2
0o (parallel) 3
D (m) $t"lr1 HW
300 D
4.61 4.50
4.30 200 (2) (3)
4.00
1.0
1 0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5 Inlet Edges
0.4 (1)Headwall
0.3 (2)MiEed
(3)Prcjecting
Design Chart 27.5 Inlet Control Nomograph * Conugated Metal Pipe (CMP) Culvert
Utt
27-26 Urban Stormwater Management t lanuar
Culverb
0.9
0.8
o 0.7
>
F
0'6
-<
a/q
I /-
# o's
v/vr
E 0.4
F/& ,( Q = Part - full Disdrarge
Q = Full Flow Discfrarge
,( v = Part - full Velocity
vr = Full Flor Velocity
/v
1I .7
Y
I
Y
I
R = Part - tull Flow Hydraulic Radius
Pv= Full How l-ldraullc Radius
0.1 I
I
'/
I
,1
Q/Qr vive VRr
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 t.2
Relative Discharge Q/QF , Relauve Velocity v/v, , Relative Hydraulic Radius R/R,
Design Chaft 27.6 Relative Discharge, Velocity and Hydraulic Radius in Part-full pipe Flow.
vlD
1.0
0.9
NOTE:
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
k_E___t
0.1
n
UQr vtvr
0.1 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 L.2 1,3 L.4 1.5
Design Chaft.27.7 Relative Discharge, Velocity and Hydraulic Radius in Part-full Box Culvert Flow.
Culverts
1.0
E
E
I
a u.5
oc) 6 1.2o O,n rt
E
(J 0.30
0
0.0 0.5 1.5
3.0
Disctrarge
$ f*?.1
2.4
2.0
E
u
s
c
E. l.s
E
c
u 1.0
0.6
4.0
E
-,
t 3.0
I
t
CL
E
to
E 2.0
L
u
1.2
10 20 30 40 s0 60 70 80
Discharse
ft f*rlO
(h.lD)
rn
\J/
CriticalDepth
Circular Pipe
(m)
-20
$ tr'lrl
-15 g 1000
l-800
10 FM
9 Fsoo
I 200
7 150
6 100
80
5 60
50
'4 40
2
30
20
3 11.5 m3ls 1.5
rs Q/N = rtl
hs = 1.50
10
n=2'00fi
v-
I
6 1.0
5 0.9
4
!
0.8
J
0.7
2
0.6
1.5
0.5
0.6 0.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06 0.r5
0.05
:-T
h. = 0.q67(r,rQsl*
fttD) p-
| l. l;
s---+,
CriticalDepth
Rectangular Section
I
N
(m3 /s)
:80
:70
-60
:s0
-40
-30
-20
0.2
0.3
10
9
8
u'-'o 0.4
7
t-u.t ," 0.5
6
5
"^
" 0.6
4 0.8
{tfr 1
6" 9o
0.70
Q"
t
4
0.9
0.8 0.60
0.7 'o
c
0.6 J
0.5 0.50
0.4
0.3 0.,10
Oudet Control
Conrete Pipe Culvert
Flowing Full
n = 0.012
Design Chart 27.10 Outlet Control Nomograph - Concrete Pipe Culvert Flowing Full with n = 0.012
ftt m3/s)
-200
A (mz)'
-100 40_1
:90 J
: 30t
:60
so I
2ol
.40
: l
151
:30 rgf
.:20 ttl
E]
. t1
oi
: sJ
4l
,10
-8o
'--\-
-Ul/:-
_l<
'
r
3-j
{(7rzl
\]
I
I }rk"
:4 $-
l-l
,t
'.2
t+'
:
0.8
0.7-l
]
: 0.61 .-
,;1 o'sl =t_iq
0.O
l
-0.8 0.3 -l
-o.u
- 0.21
l
=o'4
: 0.1 -I
j IG WnswallAnqle & Edqe Finistl
o.z 0.2 - 0o or 90o Bodled Edge
; - 30o to 75o Banelled Edge
: 0.5 - 90" Squre Edge
T
: - 10o to 25o Square Edge
B D
: O.t 0.7 - Projectirg Square Edge
_t
NOTE:
Design Chart 27.11 Outlet Control Nomograph - Concrete Box Culvert Flowing Full with n = 0.012
(rn3/s
:s0 D (m)
:40
4.00
:to
.zo
:10 0.3
.8
0.4
.6
.5 0.5
'4 0.5
A$ 6,
3 0.8
as Lso %
,\,p ?
I
2
-a$
s' ll Lro
1 fln
a t--9Pu-
F=1 0.90
- -K"){P Vso
+- J99 1o
0.8
o.eol-*
0.70
SIl.r H=2.29 m
0.6
0.5 0.60 3
0.4 o
c r50
4
0.3 or
c 5
cL
f 6
F
OuUet Control
Corugated Steel Pipe
Flowing Full
n=0.024
Design Chart 27.12 Outiet Control Nomograph - Corrugated Metal Pipe (CMp) Flowing Full with n=0.024
checked.
Hydraulic radius R =
ffit'ffi*; I
Estirnate required waterway area assuming V = 2,0 mls Eecause the culvert does noi fiow full it is necessary to use
the paft-fullflow relationships plotted in Design Chart27.7.
Estimated areaA= W= 2.5m2 I -s'o=0.526.
Q, 9.5 I
Try 1800 (wide) x 1200 (high) box culvert.
I
and from Design Chart 27.7 for B/D= L.5
Enter Design Chaft27.4 with Q= 5.00 m3/s.
n V I
-Y- - 1
NB
1q
1,te ; = t.O2 and y = L.02 x 4.4 = 4.5 m/s
-l
As outlined in section 27.3.3 enter Design Chart 27.11 with Outlet velocity = 4.5 m/s and the possibility of erosion or a
hydraulic jump must be checked.
l=90m
A=t.2x1.8=2.16m2
ku = 0'5 27.8.3 Pipe Culveft (Outlet Control) f
Draw line with Q = 5.0m3/s then draw the other line to I
Given the following data calculate a suitable pipe size and
obtain H= 0.45m
check the outlet velocity for the possibility of erosion. -i
Fall of culvet invert, l, = 50.00 - 49.00 = 1.00m hence: c
rJ +D Step 1 : Data
HW=-c'-+H-L I
2"-s Flow P= 0.5 m3/s
-2
Culvertlength, l=120m I
=1.06 + 0.45 - 1.00 = 0.51m (
Natural waterway invert levels : inlet R.L. = 100.0m
HW(inlet control) = 1.56m which is greater than
: outlet R.L. = 99.0m
HW(outlet control) = 0.51m Acceptable upstream flood level : R.L. = 103.0m
Try450mmpipe,D=0.45m
Step 4 : Summary
Enter Design Chart 27.3 with e/N = 0.5 m3/s Use a single line of 525mm diameter
concrete pipes with
socket end upstream.
Draw line and obtain for Inlet Type 2:
HWD= 2.8 The pipe wiil flow full under outlet control
and with a HW
HW= 2.8 x 0.45 = 1.26m for inlet control height of 1.3m giving a HW R.L. of 101.3m
and an ouflet
velocity of 2.3m/s.
This depth is tess than the limit of 2.0m.
Calculate H from Design Chart 27.11, noting that B/D =2.0 27.8.5 Mlninrum Energy Culveft
so the chart is applicable.
Given a required design flow of 25 m3/s and referring to
H= lAm Figure 27.16 with chosen widths b as set out in the
following table, calculate suitable levels for the bottom
H- l, profile of the flared culvert entry at the given sections to
then HW= TW+ =1.5 + 1.4 - 1.0 = 1.9m
achieve critical flow through the culveft. Choose an
Note that 1.9m > 1.29m, the headwater depth for inlet appropriate box culveft size for the culvert.
control, so outlet control appties.
The widths b are chosen with regard to the survey data,
However the design is not acceptable because of the risk of and then q and d, can be calculated for each section as
clogging of the 300mm deep culvert due to debris. shown in the table below.
A = 0.225m2
Section 1-1 2-2 3-3
Repeating the above steps gives:
width b t4 9 4
HLI/D = 2.7 and HW = t.1lm for inlet control, and
q= Q/b 1.79 2.78 6.25
H= 0.95m and HW= 1.45m for outlet control.
dr=1'[m u.ov 0.92 1.59
This is acceptable because 1.45 < HW = 2.0
^",
And the culvert flows with outlet control since: trial depth D 1.10 1.30 1.58
Step 4 : Summary
The depth of flow is required to be critical in the culvert
Use a single 600 x 375 concrete box culveft with square and unchanged subcritical at the start of the flared entry.
edges. Intermediate depths are interpolated.
The culvert will flow with outlet control with a HW height of For chosen values of d, H, can be calculated and the
1.45m giving a HW R.L. of 101.45 and an outlet velocity of bottom level of the culvert and approach is located 4
2.2mls. metre below the energy line in each section.
From the table it will be noted that a box culvert flow area
of 4m.x 1.58m is required hence a 4.0m wide x 1.8m high
culvert with a flow area of 7.2m2 will be suitable. This
culvert must then be checked for the risk of debris blockage
and sediment deposition in the depressed section.
Volume 2 now provides guidelines to the practical design of culverts, with a few
worked examples provided in Appendix 1, which is reprinted from Jabatan Pengairan
dan Saliran publication - Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia
(MASMA 2000).